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101. Defense-related genes expressed in Norway spruce roots after infection with the root rot pathogen Ceratobasidium bicorne (anamorph:Rhizoctonia sp.)

Author

Jøhnk, Nina, Hietala, Ari M., Fossdal, Carl G., Collinge, David B., Newman, Mari Anne, Jøhnk, Nina, Hietala, Ari M., Fossdal, Carl G., Collinge, David B., and Newman, Mari Anne

Abstract

To study the mechanisms of inducible disease resistance in conifers, changes in transcript accumulation in roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings exposed to the root rot pathogen Ceratobasidium bicorne Erikss. & Ry v. (anamorph: Rhizoctonia sp.) were monitored by differential display (DD). Because C. bicorne attacks root tips, a desiccation treatment was added to exclude genes induced by pathogen-related desiccation stress. The DD analysis was defined by the use of 11 sets of primers, covering about 5% of the transcriptome. A comparison of gene expression in control, desiccation- and pathogen-stressed roots revealed 36 pathogen-induced gene transcripts. Based on database searches, these transcripts were assigned to four groups originating from spruce mRNA (25 transcripts), rRNA (five transcripts), fungal mRNA (two transcripts) and currently unknown cDNAs (four transcripts). Real-time PCR was applied to verify and quantify pathogen-induced changes in transcript accumulation. Of the 18 transcripts tested, nine were verified to be Norway spruce gene transcripts up-regulated from 1.3- to 66-fold in the infected roots. Four germin-like protein isoforms, a peroxidase and a glutathione S-transferase, all implicated in oxidative processes, including the oxidative burst, were predicted from sequence similarity searches. Seven class IV chitinase isoforms implicated in fungal cell wall degradation and a nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) disease resistance protein homologue related to pathogen recognition were identified. Several transcript species, such as the NBS-LRR homologue and the germin-like protein homologues, have not previously been identified as pathogen-inducible genes in gymnosperms.

Published
2005

103. Syntaxins suppress salicyclic acid-mediated defence

Author

Zhang, Ziguo, Jing-long, Qui, Pedersen, Carsten, Newman, Mari-Anne, Feechan, Angela, Tippmann, Helge, Thordal-Christensen, Hans, Zhang, Ziguo, Jing-long, Qui, Pedersen, Carsten, Newman, Mari-Anne, Feechan, Angela, Tippmann, Helge, and Thordal-Christensen, Hans

Published
2005

107. Induction of resistance in maize against Bipolaris maydis

Author

Shetty, Nandini Prasad, Hansen, Michael, Newman, Mari-Anne, Neergaard, Eigil de, Jørgensen, Hans Jørgen Lyngs, Shetty, Nandini Prasad, Hansen, Michael, Newman, Mari-Anne, Neergaard, Eigil de, and Jørgensen, Hans Jørgen Lyngs

Published
2005

108. Characterisation of stress-related map kinase substrates in Arabidopsis

Author

Andreasson, E., Merkouropoulos, G., Jenkins, T., Bordersen, P., Thorgrimsen, S., Petersen, N.H., Zhu, S., Qiu, J.L., Micheelsen, P., Rocher, A., Petersen, M., Newman, Mari-Anne, Nielsen, H. Bjorn, Mattsson, O., Peck, S., Mundy, J., Andreasson, E., Merkouropoulos, G., Jenkins, T., Bordersen, P., Thorgrimsen, S., Petersen, N.H., Zhu, S., Qiu, J.L., Micheelsen, P., Rocher, A., Petersen, M., Newman, Mari-Anne, Nielsen, H. Bjorn, Mattsson, O., Peck, S., and Mundy, J.

Published
2005

112. Arabidopsis map kinase 4 substrate MKS1 interacts with WRKY factors and is a regulator of SAR

Author

Andreasson, Erik, Jenkins, Thomas, Brodersen, Peter, Thorgrimsen, Stephen, Petersen, Nikolaj, Micheelsen, Pernille, Rocher, Anne, Newman, Mari-Anne, Deslandes, Laurent, Somssich, Irme, Petersen, Morten, Mattsson, Ole, Mundy, John, Andreasson, Erik, Jenkins, Thomas, Brodersen, Peter, Thorgrimsen, Stephen, Petersen, Nikolaj, Micheelsen, Pernille, Rocher, Anne, Newman, Mari-Anne, Deslandes, Laurent, Somssich, Irme, Petersen, Morten, Mattsson, Ole, and Mundy, John

Published
2004

122. The responses of plants to pathogens

Author

Hawkesford, M. J., Buchner, P., Collinge, D. B., Borch, J., Madriz-Ordeñana, K., Newman, Mari-Anne, Hawkesford, M. J., Buchner, P., Collinge, D. B., Borch, J., Madriz-Ordeñana, K., and Newman, Mari-Anne

Published
2001

127. Bacterial Polysaccharides Suppress Induced Innate Immunity by Calcium Chelation

Author

Aslam, Shazia N., primary, Newman, Mari-Anne, additional, Erbs, Gitte, additional, Morrissey, Kate L., additional, Chinchilla, Delphine, additional, Boller, Thomas, additional, Jensen, Tina Tandrup, additional, De Castro, Cristina, additional, Ierano, Teresa, additional, Molinaro, Antonio, additional, Jackson, Robert W., additional, Knight, Marc R., additional, and Cooper, Richard M., additional

Published
2008
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128. The Acylation and Phosphorylation Pattern of Lipid A from Xanthomonas Campestris Strongly Influence its Ability to Trigger the Innate Immune Response in Arabidopsis

Author

Silipo, Alba, primary, Sturiale, Luisa, additional, Garozzo, Domenico, additional, Erbs, Gitte, additional, Jensen, Tina Tandrup, additional, Lanzetta, Rosa, additional, Dow, J. Maxwell, additional, Parrilli, Michelangelo, additional, Newman, Mari‐Anne, additional, and Molinaro, Antonio, additional

Published
2008
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130. Lipopolysaccharides and plant responses to phytopathogenic bacteria

Author

Newman, Mari Anne, Von Roepenack, Edda, Daniels, Mike, Dow, Max, Newman, Mari Anne, Von Roepenack, Edda, Daniels, Mike, and Dow, Max

Abstract

Treatment of the leaves of pepper (Capsicum annuum) cv. ECW10R with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from both plant pathogenic and enteric bacteria alters several aspects of the plant response to subsequent inoculation with phytopathogenic xanthomonads. LPS pre-treatment prevents the hypersensitive reaction caused by strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria carrying the avirulence gene avrBs1 (a gene-for-gene interaction) and by X. campestris pv. campestris (a non-host interaction). Associated with this effect are the earlier synthesis of feruloyl- and coumaroyl-tyramine, phenolic conjugates that are potentially antimicrobial, and alterations in the expression patterns of genes for some pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Similar effects on the timing of phenolic conjugate synthesis are also seen in the compatible interaction with X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, although the level of the response is lower. Recognition of LPS by plants may allow expression of resistance in the absence of catastrophic tissue damage. However phytopathogenic bacteria may have evolved mechanisms to suppress the effects of LPS (and of other non-specific bacterial elicitors) on plant cells.

Published
2000

133. Priming: Getting Ready for Battle

Author

Conrath, Uwe, primary, Beckers, Gerold J. M., additional, Flors, Victor, additional, García-Agustín, Pilar, additional, Jakab, Gábor, additional, Mauch, Felix, additional, Newman, Mari-Anne, additional, Pieterse, Corné M. J., additional, Poinssot, Benoit, additional, Pozo, María J., additional, Pugin, Alain, additional, Schaffrath, Ulrich, additional, Ton, Jurriaan, additional, Wendehenne, David, additional, Zimmerli, Laurent, additional, and Mauch-Mani, Brigitte, additional

Published
2006
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135. The activity of lipid A and core components of bacterial lipopolysaccharides in the prevention of the hypersensitive response in pepper

Author

Newman, Mari Anne and Newman, Mari Anne

Abstract

Pre-treatment of leaves of pepper (Capsicum annuum) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations from enteric bacteria and Xanthomonas campestris could prevent the hypersensitive response caused by an avirulent X. campestris strain. By use of a range of deep-rough mutants, the minimal structure in Salmonella LPS responsible for the elicitation of this effect was determined to be lipid A attached to a disaccharide of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonate; lipid A alone and the free core oligosaccharide from a Salmonella Ra mutant were not effective. For Xanthomonas, the core oligosaccharide alone had activity although lipid A was not effective. The results suggest that pepper cells can recognize different structures within bacterial LPS to trigger alterations in plant response to avirulent pathogens.

Published
1997

142. A Lesion-Mimic Syntaxin Double Mutant in Arabidopsis Reveals Novel Complexity of Pathogen Defense Signaling.

Author

Ziguo Zhang, Lenk, Andrea, Andersson, Mats X., Gjetting, Torben, Pedersen, Carsten, Nielsen, Mads E., Newman, Mari-Anne, Bi-Huei Hou, Somerville, Shauna C., and Thordal-Christensen, Hans

Subjects
ARABIDOPSIS, PLANT-pathogen relationships, PLANT genetics, CELL death, PHENOTYPES
Abstract

The lesion-mimic Arabidopsis mutant, syp121 syp122, constitutively expresses the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway and has low penetration resistance to powdery mildew fungi. Genetic analyses of the lesion-mimic phenotype have expanded our understanding of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. Inactivation of SA signaling genes in syp121 syp122 only partially rescues the lesion-mimic phenotype, indicating that additional defenses contribute to the PCD. Whole genome transcriptome analysis confirmed that SA-induced transcripts, as well as numerous other known pathogen-response transcripts, are up-regulated after inactivation of the syntaxin genes. A suppressor mutant analysis of syp121 syp122 revealed that FMO1, ALD1, and PAD4 are important for lesion development. Mutant alleles of EDS1, NDR1, RAR1, and SGT1b also partially rescued the lesion-mimic phenotype, suggesting that mutating syntaxin genes stimulates TIR-NB-LRR and CC-NB-LRR-type resistances. The syntaxin double knockout potentiated a powdery mildew-induced HR-like response. This required functional PAD4 but not functional SA signaling. However, SA signaling potentiated the PAD4-dependent HR-like response. Analyses of quadruple mutants suggest that EDS5 and SID2 confer separate SA-independent signaling functions, and that FMO1 and ALD1 mediate SA-independent signals that are NPR1-dependent. These studies highlight the contribution of multiple pathways to defense and point to the complexity of their interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2008
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143. Invited review: Priming, induction and modulation of plant defence responses by bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

Author

Newman, Mari-Anne, Dow, J. Maxwell, Molinaro, Antonio, and Parrilli, Michelangelo

Abstract

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) have multiple roles in plant—microbe interactions. LPS contributes to the low permeability of the outer membrane, which acts as a barrier to protect bacteria from plant-derived antimicrobial substances. Conversely, perception of LPS by plant cells can lead to the triggering of defence responses or to the priming of the plant to respond more rapidly and/or to a greater degree to subsequent pathogen challenge. LPS from symbiotic bacteria can have quite different effects on plants to those of pathogens. Some details are emerging of the structures within LPS that are responsible for induction of these different plant responses. The lipid A moiety is not solely responsible for all of the effects of LPS in plants; core oligosaccharide and O-antigen components can elicit specific responses. Here, we review the effects of LPS in induction of defence-related responses in plants, the structures within LPS responsible for eliciting these effects and discuss the possible nature of the (as yet unidentified) LPS receptors in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2007
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144. A SNARE-protein has opposing functions in penetration resistance and defence signalling pathways.

Author

Ziguo Zhang, Feechan, Angela, Pedersen, Carsten, Newman, Mari-Anne, Jin-long Qiu, Olesen, Karen L., and Thordal-Christensen, Hans

Subjects
PROTEINS, SALICYLIC acid, KETONIC acids, ETHYLENE, POWDERY mildew diseases, FUNGAL diseases of plants, CELL death
Abstract

Penetration resistance is often the first line of defence against fungal pathogens. Subsequently induced defences are mediated by the programmed cell death (PCD) reaction pathway and the salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signalling pathways. We previously demonstrated that full penetration resistance in Arabidopsis against the non-host barley powdery mildew fungus ( Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) requires the syntaxin SYP121 (PEN1). Here we report that SYP121, together with SYP122, functions as a negative regulator of subsequently induced defence pathways. The SA level in the syntaxin double mutant syp121–1 syp122–1 is dramatically elevated, resulting in necrosis and dwarfism. This phenotype is partially rescued by introducing the SA-signalling mutations eds1–2, eds5–3, sid2–1 and npr1–1 as well as the NahG transgene. These partially rescued triple mutants have an unknown defence to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, and have increased HR-like responses to non-host and host powdery mildew fungi. The HR-like responses cause efficient resistance to the latter. These defence pathways are SA-independent. Furthermore, the JA/ET signalling marker, PDF1.2, is highly upregulated in the triple mutants. Thus SYP121 and SYP122 are negative regulators of PCD, SA, JA and ET pathways through a molecular function distinct from that of SYP121 in penetration resistance. Our data suggest that individual cells preferentially express either penetration resistance or the subsequently induced defences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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146. Defense-related genes expressed in Norway spruce roots after infection with the root rot pathogen Ceratobasidium bicorne (anamorph: Rhizoctonia sp.).

Author

Jøhnk, Nina, Hietala, Ari M., Fossdal, Carl G., Collinge, David B., and Newman, Mari-Anne

Subjects
GENE expression in plants, PLANT defenses, NORWAY spruce, PLANT roots, PHYTOPATHOGENIC microorganisms, FUNGI imperfecti, RHIZOCTONIA, CONIFER diseases & pests
Abstract

To study the mechanisms of inducible disease resistance in conifers, changes in transcript accumulation in roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings exposed to the root rot pathogen Ceratobasidium bicorne Erikss. and Ryv. (anamorph: Rhizoctonia sp.) were monitored by differential display (DD). Because C. bicorne attacks root tips, a desiccation treatment was added to exclude genes induced by pathogen-related desiccation stress. The DD analysis was defined by the use of 11 sets of primers, covering about 5% of the transcriptome. A comparison of gene expression in control, desiccation- and pathogen-stressed roots revealed 36 pathogen-induced gene transcripts. Based on database searches, these transcripts were assigned to four groups originating from spruce mRNA (25 transcripts), rRNA (five transcripts), fungal mRNA (two transcripts) and currently unknown cDNAs (four transcripts). Real-time PCR was applied to verify and quantify pathogen-induced changes in transcript accumulation. Of the 18 transcripts tested, nine were verified to be Norway spruce gene transcripts up-regulated from 1.3- to 66-fold in the infected roots. Four germin-like protein isoforms, a peroxidase and a glutathione S-transferase, all implicated in oxidative processes, including the oxidative burst, were predicted from sequence similarity searches. Seven class IV chitinase isoforms implicated in fungal cell wall degradation and a nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) disease resistance protein homologue related to pathogen recognition were identified. Several transcript species, such as the NBS-LRR homologue and the germin-like protein homologues, have not previously been identified as pathogen-inducible genes in gymnosperms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2005
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147. List of Contributors

Author

Al-Maharik, Nawaf, Annuk, Heidi, Apicella, Michael A., Appelmelk, Ben J., Boneca, Ivo G., Born, Petra, Brandenburg, Klaus, Brennan, Patrick J., Briken, Volker, Brown, Eric D., Carrington, Stephen D., Cescutti, Paola, Chatterjee, Delphi, Clyne, Marguerite, Cooper, Richard M., Corfield, Anthony P., Cunneen, Monica M., de Groot, Piet W.J., De Libero, Gennaro, de los Reyes-Gavilán, Clara G., Doering, Tamara L., Dow, Max, Driessen, Nicole N., Dyason, Jeffrey C., Egelseer, Eva Maria, Elbein, Alan D., Feldman, Mario F., Fitz Patrick, Eamonn, Fujimoto, Yukari, Fukase, Koichi, Garidel, Patrick, Geurtsen, Jeroen, Gonzalez, Marlyn, Grice, I. Darren, Guerry, Patricia, Gutsmann, Thomas, Heine, Holger, Heng, Joanne, Holst, Otto, Jennings, Harold. J, Jennings, Michael P., Kanipes, Margaret I., Kasper, Dennis L., Khamri, Wafa, Kiefel, Milton J., Klein, Dionne C.G., Klis, Frans M., Knirel, Yuriy A., Kohler, Thomas, Kosma, Paul, Kulauzovic, Emir, Kusumoto, Shoichi, Lawrence, John R., Lingwood, Clifford A., Lipke, Peter N., Logan, Susan M., Mahfoud, Radia, McConville, Malcolm J., McLoughlin, Rachel M., Messner, Paul, Molinaro, Antonio, Moran, Anthony P., Naderer, Thomas, Neu, Thomas R., Newman, Mari-Anne, Nikolaev, Andrei V., Pedersen, Christian M., Pereira, Mark P., Peschel, Andreas, Pöhlmann, Stefan, Pon, Robert A., Ralph, Stuart A., Reeves, Peter R., Reid, Anne N., Reid, Colm J., Reilly, Morgann C., Riekenberg, Sabine, Ruas-Madiedo, Patricia, Salazar, Nuria, Schäffer, Christina, Schmidt, Richard R., Schoenhofen, Ian C., Sletmoen, Marit, Sleytr, Uwe B., Soo, Evelyn C., Steffen, Imke, Stein, Daniel C., Stokke, Bjørn T., Szymanski, Christine M., Tiralongo, Joe, Tee, Jennifer A., Thursz, Mark R., Trent, M. Stephen, Tsegaye, Theodros S., Heijenoort, Jean van, Vollmer, Waldemar, Itzstein, Mark von, Wilson, Jennifer C., and Xia, Guoqing

Published
2009
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148. A Unique Bicyclic Monosaccharide from the BradyrhizobiumLipopolysaccharide and Its Role in the Molecular Interaction with Plants

Author

Silipo, Alba, Leone, Maria R., Erbs, Gitte, Lanzetta, Rosa, Parrilli, Michelangelo, Chang, Woo‐Suk, Newman, Mari‐Anne, and Molinaro, Antonio

Abstract

Sugar coat: The nitrogen‐fixing soil bacterium Bradyrhizobiumsp. BTAi1 is coated with a unique lipopolysaccharide that does not induce innate immune responses in its host plant Aeschynomene indicaor in different plant families. The chemical nature of the monosaccharide forming the polymer (see picture) is unprecedented in nature, which helps to avoid “harmful” recognition by its symbiotic host.

Published
2011
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149. Priming: Getting Ready for Battle

Author

Conrath, Uwe, Beckers, Gerold J. M., Flors, Victor, García-Agustín, Pilar, Jakab, Gábor, Mauch, Felix, Newman, Mari-Anne, Pieterse, Corné M. J., Poinssot, Benoit, Pozo, María J., Pugin, Alain, Schaffrath, Ulrich, Ton, Jurriaan, Wendehenne, David, Zimmerli, Laurent, Mauch-Mani, Brigitte, Conrath, Uwe, Beckers, Gerold J. M., Flors, Victor, García-Agustín, Pilar, Jakab, Gábor, Mauch, Felix, Newman, Mari-Anne, Pieterse, Corné M. J., Poinssot, Benoit, Pozo, María J., Pugin, Alain, Schaffrath, Ulrich, Ton, Jurriaan, Wendehenne, David, Zimmerli, Laurent, and Mauch-Mani, Brigitte

Abstract

Infection of plants by necrotizing pathogens or colonization of plant roots with certain beneficial microbes causes the induction of a unique physiological state called “ priming”. The primed state can also be induced by treatment of plants with various natural and synthetic compounds. Primed plants display either faster, stronger, or both activation of the various cellular defense responses that are induced following attack by either pathogens or insects or in response to abiotic stress. Although the phenomenon has been known for decades, most progress in our understanding of priming has been made over the past few years. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of priming in various induced-resistance phenomena in plants.

150. Priming: getting ready for battle

Author

Conrath, Uwe, Beckers, Gerold J. M., Flors, Victor, García-Agustín, Pilar, Jakab, Gábor, Mauch, Felix, Newman, Mari-Anne, Pieterse, Corné M. J., Poinssot, Benoit, Pozo, María J., Pugin, Alain, Schaffrath, Ulrich, Ton, Jurriaan, Wendehenne, David, Zimmerli, Laurent, Mauch-Mani, Brigitte, Conrath, Uwe, Beckers, Gerold J. M., Flors, Victor, García-Agustín, Pilar, Jakab, Gábor, Mauch, Felix, Newman, Mari-Anne, Pieterse, Corné M. J., Poinssot, Benoit, Pozo, María J., Pugin, Alain, Schaffrath, Ulrich, Ton, Jurriaan, Wendehenne, David, Zimmerli, Laurent, and Mauch-Mani, Brigitte

Abstract

Infection of plants by necrotizing pathogens or colonization of plant roots with certain beneficial microbes causes the induction of a unique physiological state called “priming.” The primed state can also be induced by treatment of plants with various natural and synthetic compounds. Primed plants display either faster, stronger, or both activation of the various cellular defense responses that are induced following attack by either pathogens or insects or in response to abiotic stress. Although the phenomenon has been known for decades, most progress in our understanding of priming has been made over the past few years. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of priming in various induced-resistance phenomena in plants.

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