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In most eukaryotes, centromere is determined by the presence of the centromere-specific histone variant CenH3. Two types of chromosome morphology are generally recognized with respect to centromere organization. Monocentric chromosomes possess a single CenH3-containing domain in primary constriction, whereas holocentric chromosomes lack the primary constriction and display dispersed distribution of CenH3. Recently, metapolycentric chromosomes have been reported in Pisum sativum, representing an intermediate type of centromere organization characterized by multiple CenH3-containing domains distributed across large parts of chromosomes that still form a single constriction. In this work, we show that this type of centromere is also found in other Pisum and closely related Lathyrus species, whereas Vicia and Lens genera, which belong to the same legume tribe Fabeae, possess only monocentric chromosomes. We observed extensive variability in the size of primary constriction and the arrangement of CenH3 domains both between and within individual Pisum and Lathyrus species, with no obvious correlation to genome or chromosome size. Search for CenH3 gene sequences revealed two paralogous variants, CenH3-1 and CenH3-2, which originated from a duplication event in the common ancestor of Fabeae species. The CenH3-1 gene was subsequently lost or silenced in the lineage leading to Vicia and Lens, whereas both genes are retained in Pisum and Lathyrus. Both of these genes appear to have evolved under purifying selection and produce functional CenH3 proteins which are fully colocalized. The findings described here provide the first evidence for a highly dynamic centromere structure within a group of closely related species, challenging previous concepts of centromere evolution.

Master's thesis analyses investment from the People's Republic of China to Europe and seeks to understand what motivates Chinese investors and what impacts does Chinese investment have regionally, as well as on individual European countries. The primary objective of the thesis is to provide comprehensive basis for further analysis of Chinese OFDI in Europe and to evaluate the impacts of Chinese investment activity on the European market.

This thesis characterises organizational structure of business groups in Japan in the 21st and 22nd century. Research is conducted on the basis of organizational theory, which is introduced in the first chapter. Typical organizational structures prevalent in Japan during the period in question, principally keiretsu and zaibatsu are emphasised. Author consequently analyses Toyota business group, which is commonly described by the pundits as vertical keiretsu belonging at the same time to different horizontal keiretsu groups. The relevance of keiretsu in the new millennium is discussed in the conclusion of the diploma thesis.

The aim of the thesis is to characterize the development of economic policy from the beginning of the financial crisis to the current policy in the United States and to determine the impact of this policy on the economy of the United States. The first chapter of this thesis deals generally with the global crisis and solves the cause of the crisis. The second chapter deals with economic policy and describes anti-crisis measures of fiscal and monetary policy. The last chapter deals with the development of key macroeconomic indicators, the development of government debt and Fed's criticism, and evaluates the effectiveness of economic policy.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the impact of the so called abenomics reforms on the japanese economy and to assess its success and effectivity. It will consist of three main chapters. First chapter will describe how the japanese economy developed and what has caused its current state. Second chapter will explain how so called three arrows of abenomics work. Last chapter will analyse how successful these reforms were in meeting their goals and will try to estimate the future development of the japanese economy.

The bachelor thesis analyses the impact of globalisation on the field of international trade in goods. The first part elucidates theoretical sources and development of international trade in goods during the course of the most striking periods of its progress. The second part considers the term globalisation and its impacts on the area of international trade in goods. The third part is based on the analysis of selected macroeconomic indicators and refers to the specific impacts of globalisation in world´s largest economies.The conclusion is dealt with the impact of globalisation on the world economy in the field of trade in goods.

This thesis is devoted to the description of the German economy throughout recent decades including the unification and introduction of the euro. The thesis enumerates the basic features of the German economic model and identifies the main policy failures, as well as successes of its government. An important part of this thesis concerns the consequences of the introduction of euro and the subsequent increase in the competitiveness of the German economy at the expense of the other Eurozone members. The main part of this thesis investigates the economic sustainability of the German economic model in the context of the current European refugee crisis. This thesis focuses mainly on the challenges and opportunities brought by the changing global environment and it examines the changing population trends in Germany and the possible scenarios immigrants can cause. It finds opportunities of how the German economic model could be changed towards the better sustainability.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to evaluate the current situation of public finance in Japan and its long-term fiscal sustainability. The partial objective is to define the fiscal and debt sustainability of the Japan's economy and to evaluate the objectives of government reforms undertook in this area. Further, the thesis examines the link between the fiscal situation and the other problems that Japan is facing, particularly Japan's ageing population, weak domestic consumption and slow economic growth. The diploma thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter recalls the basic knowledge of the theory of public finance and fiscal policy. The other two chapters are empirical. It is analysed economic development of Japan after the entry into the new millennium and the fiscal reforms approved by Prime Minister Koizumi and current Prime Minister Abe. At the end of the thesis the fiscal situation and long-term sustainability is evaluated.

This work is describing an effort of OPEC to maintain its oil market share. The aim of the dissertation thesis is to examine the oil market and provide an insight on members of the OPEC in their effort to pursue their intentions on this market. The thesis looks in to the conditions on the oil market and examine the possibilities of OPECs influence on the oil price through supply cuts and subsequent effects on oil market, competitors and OPECs market share. In additional, the thesis looks in to the history of relations between the member states and in to its capabilities in fulfilling of agreed limits within the OPEC. In the thesis are also mentioned new competitors and their influence on this market or their capability of decreasing OPECs market share.

This diploma thesis analyzes how German competitiveness can possibly influence euro exchange rate and consequently cause economic disparities within the Eurozone member states. This thesis conducts an examination of processes that lead to balancing the balance of payments of the member countries and impacts of these processes on various macroeconomic indicators in order to outline possible impacts of German competitiveness on economic disparities within Eurozone. The analysis showed that Germany due to its high competitiveness and weak currency gains significant economic advantage whereas other less competitive Eurozone countries are ending up on the economic periphery. Contribution of this thesis is that it provides us with an explanation of an opposing development of some macroeconomic indicators compared with development of the same indicators in Germany.

This thesis deals with the topic of The Domestic value added of Czech exports, its increasing and the role of the state in this process. The main focus is on the low domestic value added of the crucial Czech export industries that represent the core of the Czech economy. We examine the data based on TiVA methodology which is the joint OECD-WTO initiative coping with changing global trade relations. It captures not only the domestic value added but also the origin of the foreign value added embedded in domestic exports. In this context, we critically examine the low level of territorial diversification of Czech exports and outdated policies in these areas. According to the outcomes of the analysis, the Czech economy is pursuing the path from the status of a transition economy that follows foreign markets to an innovation-driven economy that shapes industries, creates new ones and specializes on activities with high value added in GVCs. The Czech Republic can become one of these innovative economies only if it reviews its comparative advantages and adopts sound policies.

The thesis deals with the priorities of the Slovak Presidency of the Council of the European Union in the context of the challenges at the current period. The emphasis is placed on a sustainable asylum and migration policy and a single internal market. The thesis is devoted to the challenges that not only the Slovak Presidency but also the whole European Union had to face, based on the comparisons of the events since 2014, when the migration crisis became widely discussed in public sector.

The aim of this thesis is to assess the standard of living in the Czech Republic and compare it to Germany, Austria, Slovakia and Poland. The countries are compared based on following indicators of standard of living: gross domestic product in purchasing power parity per capita, gross national income in purchasing power parity per capita, Human Development Index, Inequality adjusted Human Development Index, Lorenz Curve and Gini coefficient all studied in the year 2015 with the development from 1990 to 2015 considered. In the theoretical part of this thesis, the problem of defining and measuring standard of living is analysed in detail and the applied indicators of standard of living are briefly explained. The thesis analyses the standard of living of given countries based on previously said indicators, it also briefly researches the approach of governments of those countries and their historical and cultural conditions, which are crucial for the standard of living. Finally, the standard of living of the countries is compared and evaluated. Set hypothesis is that the critical view of Czechs on the standard of living in the Czech Republic is not justified. Therefore, the state and the development of satisfaction of the Czechs through the reference period is included as well.

US Congress lifted oil ban in December 2015 after 40 years of its existence. The ban was originally in place to preserve national crude oil production for domestic use in case of any import disruptions. The ban was lifted even though US is currently not net energy exporter or energy independent state. The aim of this theses is to state under which circumstances US approved the oil ban in 1975. Furthermore, the aim is to analyse the impact of current legislation and non-regulated crude oil export on US energy sector. The first chapter defines a sanction, its types, how we can measure its effectivenes and describes UN sanctions legislation process. The second chapter describes the Arab embargo from 1973 and last chapter analyses the impact of a new legislation on energy producers and refiners.

The diploma thesis looks into the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU on agrarian sector of Czech Republic. The target of this diploma thesis is to determine wheter the accession within the EU and application of the CAP policies has had positive or negative influences on Czech agriculture. The first chapter, explains the craetion, targets and principles of the CAP. Next, discusses reforms and changes that influences Czech Republic, and describes how is the system financed thorought history. The chapter that follows, is about Czech agriculture sector. It's analyses it's development after 1989 and the agricultural policy before and after EU accession. The final and last chapter shows tangible financial payments from EU to the Czech Republic. Financial payments are divide into direct payments and rural development. The conclussion, analysis of the impact of CAP on development, benefits and international trade that accession brought to Czech

The crude oil phenomenon has always been a big issue and the current situation does not prove different. Crude oil as a commodity is indisputably considered as one of the most utilized energy source as well as production input which enters into economic processes in the vast majority of countries over the world. The aim of this masters thesis is to provide a detailed description and analysis of the crude oil world market. Furthermore it not only gives a characteristics of the commodity and its energy use it also defines the market and its participants crude oil pricing crude oil trading and it also provides an analysis of the world oil demand as well as supply.The purpose of this masters thesis is among other to thoroughly analyze the crude oil prices development and introduce the contemporary trends present on the market. In the latter part of this thesis there will be a crude oil prices time series modelled and probable future price direction outlined. Moreover the thesis will reflect on the current oil prices drop with its possible effect on world economy.

The aim of this thesis is to summarize up to date findings concerning globalization of Africa, its effects on the continent, real problem solutions, as well as possible recommendations which could attribute to the acceleration of economic growth. Is this impact positive or negative? The initial chapter partially aims to characterize globalization as such, its basic spheres and manifestations that were used to record the impact of this phenomenon. In the following chapter, a summary of positive as well as negative consequences for the African continent, which were induced by globalization, is given. The third chapter focuses on the airline network and its characterization as a potential measure of globalization in African cities. The advantages resulting from this evaluation of city globalization are also stated. Subsequently, possible recommendation thanks to which Africa could get the best out of globalization, are mentioned. The end of the chapter is devoted to international aid.

The aim of the master thesis is to characterize development trends of Chinese urbanization since the establishment of People´s Republic of China until today, approaches to these trends and evaluate their sustainability. Thesis includes four main parts. The first part introduces main urbanization theories: Stages of Urban Development, Differential Urbanization, and Environmental Kuznets Curve. The second part characterizes the development of Chinese urbanization, defines two main determinants of the future development and tries to cover different potential future scenarios. The third part deals with Chinese urban policies, such as five-year-plans, Urbanization plan and reforms. After that, the sustainability issue is evaluated. Last part of the thesis deals with urbanization trends and policies in Chongqing municipality.

This bachelor´s thesis deals with the economic development of Alaska, specifically in the 2007 to 2015 period. The thesis tries to define the economy of Alaska as a resource-based economy. The thesis describes the changes within chosen economic sectors in context of such economy. Next, the thesis describes certain specifics of the economy of Alaska required to understand the topic. Finally, the thesis analyses the fiscal crisis of 2013 and onward in Alaska, including the causes, the consequences and the available solutions.

This diploma thesis focuses on moral hazard in the recent financial crisis which was caused by the burst of the housing bubble in the United States of America almost nine years ago. The main contribution of this thesis is providing evidence of possibility to measure moral hazard. This measuring possibility is achieved by establishing key indicators which are linked to various types of moral hazard according to its origin or closest relation. The thesis also in part drafts a solution to moral hazard in the form of an effective regulation. This thesis is written comprehensibly and does not provide information about every detail of the financial crisis. Regardless of that it still provides most readers interesting and useful piece of information, which they probably have not encountered elsewhere.

The main aim of the work is to find out how Irish immigrants influenced trade relations between Ireland and USA and if their influence in this area is still visible today. Did they assist by formation of these relations or did they influence them only during recent years? Or has the situation turned and USA are the key element in these relations. How do both countries profit from these relations?

This thesis aims to estimate the macroeconomic impact of maternity and parental/paternal leave in the Czech Republic and Brazil. In addition, the thesis stresses out the costs of Czech model application to Brazil and vice-versa. The first chapter brings a theoretical framework. It compares the analyzed policies in both countries and introduces the relevant terms. The second chapter estimates the costs of maternity and parental/paternal leave related to public expenditure and GDP for the years 2005-2014 and brings own simulation model for Czech model application to Brazil and vice-versa. The third chapter analyses the inefficiencies and suggest possible mitigation. The results show the costs of 0.71% of GDP and 1.66% of public expenditure in the Czech Republic and 0.50% GDP and 2.27% of public expenditure in Brazil in 2014. The Czech model applied in Brazil would be very costly and the opposite scenario would lead to the decrease of macroeconomic burden in the Czech Republic. The thesis also analyzes the influence of maternal and parental leave in other areas, such as labor market, where the current structure may penalize Czech women in long term. By this analysis, the thesis contributes to the current debate about the impact, the length and costs of maternity and parental leave.

The problematics of the environment has been underestimated in China for a long time. This country has been developing with incredible speed in the last three decades. The price for such growth is the current state of the environment in China. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The goal of this thesis is to evaluate the current state of the environment in China and the development of the stance of the Chinese government towards the protection of the environment in the new millennium. In connection with the economic growth is analysed the dependence on air pollution and Chinese GDP. Last but not least are offered possible solutions and perspectives of the future development of air pollution in China.

The thesis takes a look at the reforms of the current Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe and his Cabinet, specifically it evaluates the impact of the second arrow of Abenomics on the sustainability of the critical state of public debt of Japan.

The aim of this thesis is to characterize the current export strategy of the Czech Republic and analyze whether Morocco has potential for Czech entrepreneurs and companies. The first part of the thesis describes theories of international trade. The second part is dedicated to explain the term trade policy and to describe the development of export policy of the Czech Republic. In the third part there are fundamental information about the Kingdom of Morocco as well as analysis of investment climate. The key part of the thesis analyzes business opportunities for Czech companies and entrepreneurs.

Bachelor thesis "Analysis of luxury goods markets. Case study: Superyacht industry" covers the topic of luxury goods as a specific sector of the global economy. The thesis describes economic trends and aims to forecast the future developments on the markets. The thesis is mainly focuses on the superyacht industry which is a very niche market but its global contribution cannot be overlooked. The thesis describes main players in the industry, analyzes recent trends and evaluates the overall contribution to global economy.

The thesis deals with Hong Kong in terms of logistics, economy and foreign trade. The main goal of the paper is to evaluate the current status of Hong Kong in international trade and transport. Partial objectives of the thesis include answering the question of logistics and infrastructure facilities sufficiency and analysing Hong Kong's status within the principle One Country, Two Systems. In terms of methodology, the thesis works with time comparison, relation analysis, root cause analysis and deduction. The paper is divided into four parts. The first one deals with logistics from the general and theoretical point of view. The second part focuses on Hong Kong economy development after 1997. In the third part, Hong Kong foreign trade development from 1980s until now is analysed and the last part deals with transport and logistics in Hong Kong.

The aim of this work is to analyze the causes, consequences and to describe the recent financial crisis with regard to the identification of potential culprits of the financial crisis and the slow recovery of the US economy from the financial crisis. The main content of this work is to focus on the identification of the particular consequences which were caused by the lack of a regulatory framework, monetary policy of the US central bank and new financial derivatives. It affected for several years the process of the US economy. The last chapter brings based on the lessons learned from the analysis of the financial crisis the scheme of recent financial crisis and thus it provides a comprehensive view of this financial crisis.

The core topic of this work are relationships between states through flows of goods, services and capital. This work aims to define the concept of mobility, analyze flows of goods, services and capital and determine factors contributing to their growth in recent decades. It will also explain what are the current trends affecting the development of the world economy such as globalization and regionalism. The last part of this work will provide insight into the implications of the involvement of countries in the international exchange of goods and services. Then it will examine the effect of FDI and transnational corporations on the country's economy.

The work examines the hypothesis that the Italian debt has already reached its critical level and the creditors no longer trust the country. I concluded that it's far from having reached its critical level. Despite the rising debt and internal problems, Italy borrows more cheaply than before and thanks to economic growth and some reforms we can expect this trend to continue. On the other hand, the country still has major structural problems and struggles with high unemployment and declining competitiveness. In the case of failure to introduce necessary reforms, in a longer-term can Italy suffer by significant problems.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the current state of the Mexican economy and its integration into the world economy. The first chapter deals with the historical development of the economy since World War II. The second chapter analyzes the economic and political relations of Mexico with a focus on foreign trade, foreign direct investment, the involvement of Mexico to the integration groups and international organizations, as well as the position of Mexico in international development assistance. The third chapter is devoted to contemporary factors that positively or negatively affect the position of Mexico on the world stage.

The theme of this thesis is foreign direct investment in Slovak Republic. The first part is a theoretical basis for, the second part analysis the inflows and outflows and the third part evaluates the competitiveness of Slovakia in comparison with the other countries of the V4 group. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the foreign direct investment of Slovakia and to assess the attractiveness of Slovakia for foreign investors.

The primary focus of this bachelor's thesis is a new phenomenon of multinational and transnational corporations being established on developing and emerging markets. The market of People's Republic of China has been chosen to demonstrate this phenomenon on local multinationals with a special focus on on their rapid internationalization process and key factors of success. In order to arrive there we use the classic internationalization theories, which were established during the second half of 20th century, meaning that the majority of internationalizing companies were from developed markets. The first chapter contemplates the general characteristics of multinational companies and the way they expand according to classic theories of internationalization. The second chapter is focused on developing countries and their enforcing role on the global investment markets. It also includes the modified theories of internationalization, which were established as a consequence of empowering role of companies from developing markets. The third chapter is an analysis of rapid internationalization process of Chinese multinationals, it uncovers the conditions under whom the companies were expanding to foreign markets and the main motives of their actions. The chapter also includes a case study of Chinese home appliance company Haier and is terminated by drawing possible future development of Chinese multinationals.

The aim of this master thesis is to explore the significance of the growing oil sands production for the economy of the province of Alberta as well as the whole of Canada. Parts of this thesis will outline current global energetic situation with the emphasis on oil production and explain the importance of seeking new alternative sources which includes the renewable energy as well as the unconventional oil and gas. With the waning amount of easily accessible light oil reserves it is likely that the unconventional oil resources where the production is both energetically and financially challenging will become more and more important.

The thesis aims to illustrate the problem of unemployment of the Member States of the European Union, in particular focusing on the comparison between the Czech Republic and France. The first, theoretical part characterizes the concept of unemployment (definitions, types, consequences) and the second the employment policy of the European Union. Third, fourth and fifth part focus on the development and current situation of unemployment in the European Union as a whole, but particularly in the two selected European Union countries - the issue of unemployment in the Czech Republic and France. The final part defines possible solutions and ways to combat this macroeconomic problem.

This study is focused on the comparison of the economic development of the two Asian countries, Iraq and Afghanistan from the end of the 2nd World War to the present. During this period both of these countries faced many political turbulence in the form of changing authoritarian regimes, numerous national or transnational conflicts as a direct threat of terrorist organizations. The presence of foreign actors in both countries, especially in the early 21st century when the US declared war on terrorism after the air attacks of 11 September 2001, brought to the destruction of important economic infrastructure on one side and humanitarian aid to long distressed civilian population on the other. The current economic situation is therefore strongly influenced by both international political developments as well as national apparatus which often lacks transparency, legitimacy and effectiveness. Despite considerable analogy in development of Iraq and Afghanistan the study shows that Iraq due to the oil industry was able to use its economic potential while Afghanistan is regularly placed on the lowest rungs of the economic development.