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Objective: To verify the functionality through muscle grip strength in animals with obesity induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) and in control animals, which suffered compression of the right median nerve, and treated with swimming with overload., Methods: During the first five days of life, neonatal Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of MSG. The control group received a hypertonic saline solution. Forty-eight rats were divided into six groups: G1 (control); G2 (control + injury); G3 (control + injury + swimming); G4 (obese); G5 (obese + injury); G6 (obese + injury + swimming). The animals in groups G2, G3, G5 and G6 were submitted to compression of the median nerve and G3 and G6 groups were treated, after injury, with swimming exercise with load for three weeks. The swimming exercise had a progressive duration, according to the week, of 20, 30 and 40minutes. Muscle strength was assessed using a grip strength meter preoperatively and on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st days after surgery. The results were expressed and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics., Results: When the grip strength was compared among assessments regardless of group, in the second assessment the animals exhibited lower grip strength. G1 and G4 groups had greater grip strength, compared to G2, G3, G4 and G6., Conclusion: The swimming exercise with overload has not been effective in promoting improvement in muscle grip strength after compression injury of the right median nerve in control and in obese-MSG rats., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.)

A mão é responsável por grande parte da realização das atividades diárias e com isso tende a ter um maior risco de lesão. Dentre as várias doenças que acometem este segmento do corpo, a síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC) é uma doença que tem incidência elevada. A Terapia Ocupacional é uma profissão que trabalha com desempenho funcional, e a STC é uma neuropatia que causa prejuízo no desempenho ocupacional, assim se faz necessário o uso de alguns elementos em sua prática, como forma de avaliar, prevenir e/ou reabilitar. Portanto este artigo teve por objetivo buscar na literatura estudos sobre elementos da prática da Terapia Ocupacional, utilizados na Síndrome do Túnel do Carpo. Os resultados foram estruturados em uma tabela para melhor organização e divididos em três categorias: Estudos com foco nos instrumentos de avaliação, estudos com foco na prevenção e estudos com foco na intervenção/reabilitação. Observou-se que apesar dos artigos terem elementos da Terapia Ocupacional, poucos deles se referiam à prática da profissão, apesar da doença causar danos tanto no desempenho funcional como no contexto social do indivíduo. AbstractThe hand is responsible for performing a large part of daily activities and, as a result, tends to have a greater risk of injury. Among the various diseases that affect this segment of the body, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a disease that has a high incidence. Occupational Therapy is a profession that works with functional performance, and CTS is a neuropathy that causes impairment in occupational performance. Thus it is necessary to use some elements in their practice, as a way to evaluate, prevent and / or rehabilitate. The objective of this study was to search in the literature the elements of the Occupational Therapy practice, before the STC. The results were organized into three categories, namely: Studies focusing on evaluation instruments, studies focusing on prevention and studies focusing on intervention / rehabilitation. It was observed that, although the articles have elements of Occupational Therapy, few of them referred to the practice of the profession, although the disease causes damages both in the functional performance and in the social context of the individual.Keywords: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Occupational Therapy, Median Nerve.

Fibrolipomatous hamartoma is a rare benign neoplasm that in some cases is associated with macrodactylia. We describe a 31-years-old man who had a tissue enlargement in the wrist, second and third fingers of the left hand since infancy. At 23-years-old he began with continuous, progressive and high intensity pain that occurred more frequently at night, localized in the left hand. It was associated with paraesthesias and hypostesias predominantly at the fingers described above. Investigation with X-ray, ultrasonography, electrodiagnosis, magnetic resonance image of the left wrist and hand showed carpal tunnel syndrome with macrodactylia by fibrolipomatous hamartoma of the median nerve. The patient did not a have good response to clinical therapy, so he was submitted to a surgical decompression of the left carpal tunnel, and after three months of follow up is asymptomatic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelioid sarcoma is an infrequent tumour, especially in upper limb, which nerve spread is not common. We describe the case of a 27 years old caucasian male with initial diagnosis of Dupuytren's disease. He underwent palmar fascia surgery, but the surgical treatment was followed by recurrence of the deformity in retraction of 4th and 5th finger of the left hand. When he presented himself at our attention, the patient underwent surgical biopsy and new histological examination was made with diagnosis of epithelioid sarcoma. We highlight essentially two aspects of this case: the diagnostic delay of tumour caused by simulation of the Dupuytren's disease and the atypical perineural spread along the median nerve.

ABSTRACT The clinical and surgical importance of anatomical knowledge of the musculocutaneous nerve and its variations is due to the fact that one of the complications in many upper-limb surgical procedures involves injury to this nerve. During routine dissection of the right upper limb of a male cadaver, we observed an anatomical variation of this nerve. The musculocutaneous nerve originated in the lateral cord and continued laterally, passing under the coracobrachialis muscle and then continuing until its first branch to the biceps brachialis muscle. Just after this, it supplied another two branches, i.e. the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm and a branch to the brachialis muscle, and then it joined the median nerve. The median nerve followed the arm medially to the region of the cubital fossa and then gave rise to the anterior intermediate nerve of the forearm. The union between the musculocutaneous nerve and the median nerve occurred approximately at the midpoint of the arm and the median nerve. Given that either our example is not covered by the classifications found in the literature or that it fits into more than one variation proposed, without us finding something truly similar, we consider this variation to be rare.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to describe Martin-Gruber anastomosis anatomically and to recognize its clinical repercussions. METHOD: 100 forearms of 50 adult cadavers were dissected in an anatomy laboratory. The dissection was performed by means of a midline incision along the entire forearm and the lower third of the upper arm. Two flaps including skin and subcutaneous tissue were folded back on the radial and ulnar sides, respectively. RESULTS: Nerve communication between the median and ulnar nerves in the forearm (Martin-Gruber anastomosis) was found in 27 forearms. The anastomosis was classified into six types: type I: anastomosis between the anterior interosseous nerve and the ulnar nerve (n = 9); type II: anastomosis between the anterior interosseous nerve and the ulnar nerve at two points (double anastomosis) (n = 2); type III: anastomosis between the median nerve and the ulnar nerve (n = 4); type IV: anastomosis between branches of the median nerve and ulnar nerve heading toward the flexor digitorum profundus muscle of the fingers; these fascicles form a loop with distal convexity (n = 5); type V: intramuscular anastomosis (n = 5); and type VI: anastomosis between a branch of the median nerve to the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle and the ulnar nerve (n = 2). CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the anatomical variations relating to the innervation of the hand has great importance, especially with regard to physical examination, diagnosis, prognosis and surgical treatment. If these variations are not given due regard, errors and other consequences will be inevitable.

Fibrolipomatous hamartoma is a rare benign neoplasm that in some cases is associated with macrodactylia. We describe a 31-year-old man who had a tissue enlargement in the wrist, second and third fingers of the left hand since infancy. At 23-years-old he began with continuous, progressive and high intensity pain that occurred more frequently at night, localized in the left hand. It was associated with paraesthesias and hypostesias predominantly at the fingers described above. Investigation with X-ray, ultrasonography, electrodiagnosis, magnetic resonance image of the left wrist and hand showed carpal tunnel syndrome with macrodactylia by fibrolipomatous hamartoma of the median nerve. The patient did not a have good response to clinical therapy, so he was submitted to a surgical decompression of the left carpal tunnel, and after three months of follow up is asymptomatic.

Purpose: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a neuropathy caused by compression of the median nerve at the level of the wrist, which is caused by different pathologic conditions. In some cases it has been associated with anatomic variations of the median nerve, mainly with the early duplication of the nerve inside the carpal tunnel (III Group of Lanz). The treatment of CTS is mainly surgical consisting in decompression by transection of the transverse carpal ligament, which is better performed by endoscopic release. The aim of our study was to evaluate the possibility to detect this anatomic variant by integrated imaging and assess the value of this information for planning treatment., Material and Methods: We report 6 cases of bifid median nerve examined by Ultrasonography (US) using mechanic sectorial and linear array transducers operating at 10 to 13 MHz, and by MR imaging using 0.2 T equipment., Results: In all cases US transverse scans showed two adjacent oval formations with a structure similar to that of the median nerve. CONCLUSIONS. MR imaging confirmed the sonographic findings in all cases. All patients underwent open surgical treatment by decompression of the median nerve; in all cases an early duplicated median nerve was confirmed.

Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most frequent among entrapment neuropathies. It is mainly due to entrapment of the median nerve at wrist level. The authors analyze conservative treatment options, which can be useful in the early stages of the disease. Afterward, they compare various surgical techniques. The goal of surgery is to reduce the pressure on the nerve by cutting the transverse carpal ligament. Surgery can be accomplished with open carpal tunnel release or endoscopic carpal tunnel release. Open techniques can, in rare cases, cause scar problems. On the other hand, endoscopic surgery techniques can cause iatrogenic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

resumo Objetivo: Determinar a frequência e as características da comunicação entre os nervos mus culocutâneo {NMC} e mediano {NM} em uma amostra da população colombiana e avaliar sua implicação clínica. Métodos: Os braços de 53 cadáveres foram avaliados em necropsia no Instituto Nacional de Medicina Forense, em Bucaramanga, Colômbia. As estruturas do compartimento anterior do braço foram dissecadas e caracterizadas em relação à presença de comunicação entre NMC e NM. Resultados: Um ramo comunicante foi encontrado em 21/106 membros superiores {19,8%}, ocorreu bilateralmente em 10 {47,6%} e unilateralmente em 11 {52,4%}, sem diferença signifi cativa em relação ao lado da ocorrência {p = 0,30}. Em 17% dos casos, havia uma comunicação entre NMC-NM na qual o ramo comunicante emergia do NMC após perfurar o músculo coracobraquial {Tipo I}. Em 2,8% dos casos a conexão foi do NM para o NMC {Tipo II}. O comprimento do ramo comunicante foi 57,8 ±33,4 mm. As distâncias entre os pontos pro ximal e distal desse ramo e o processo coracoide foram de 138 ± 39,4 mm e 188 ± 48,3 mm, respectivamente. O ramo comunicante se localizou principalmente no terço médio do braço. Conclusão: A frequência da comunicação entre NMC-NM observada no presente estudo está na média daquela relatada em outros trabalhos. As conexões NMC-NM devem ser levadas em consideração no diagnóstico e no manejo das lesões dos nervos periféricos dos membros superiores.

Com o objetivo de conhecermos os motivos de encaminhamento para estudo eletrofisiológico, perguntamos a 490 pacientes, encaminhados a dois laboratórios de neurofisiologia (UNIFESP e UNEF): "Qual o motivo que a(o) levou a procurar o médico e que fez com que ele solicitasse este exame"? Parestesia e/ou dor nas mãos e/ou punhos foram espontaneamente referidas como motivo principal por 175 deles (26% UNIFESP e 40% UNEF). O exame eletroneuromiográfico foi normal em, respectivamente, 30,8% e 35,3% e revelou compressão do nervo mediano no carpo em 59% e 51,5% destes pacientes. Sintomas noturnos e parestesia foram comuns nos dois grupos de pacientes, mas não foram capazes de discriminar aqueles com e sem compressão do nervo mediano no carpo. O sintoma dor predominou nos pacientes com exame normal. A pergunta formulada pareceu ser bom instrumento de seleção. Conseguiu selecionar duas amostras de pacientes sintomáticos semelhantes, em laboratórios com população alvo muito diferente.

According to median sensory latency > or = 3.7 ms (wrist-index finger [WIF], 14 cm), median/ulnar sensory latency difference to ring finger > or = 0.5 ms (14 cm) or median midpalm (8 cm) latency > or = 2.3 ms (all peak-measured), 141 Brazilian symptomatic patients (238 hands) have CTS confirmation. Wrist ratio (depth divided by width, WR) and a new wrist/palm ratio (wrist depth divided by the distance between distal wrist crease to the third digit metacarpophalangeal crease, WPR) were measured in all cases. Previous surgery/peripheral neuropathy were excluded; mean age 50.3 years; 90.8% female. Control subjects (486 hands) have mean age 43.0 years; 96.7% female. The mean WR in controls was 0.694 against 0.699, 0.703, 0.707 and 0.721 in CTS groups of progressive WIF severity. The mean WPR in controls was 0.374 against 0.376, 0.382, 0.387 and 0.403 in CTS groups of WIF progressive severity. Both were statistically significant for the last two groups (WIF > 4.4 ms, moderate, and, WIF unrecordable, severe). BMI increases togetherwith CTS severity and WR. It was concluded that both WR/WPR have a progressive correlation with the severity of CTS but with statistically significance only in groups moderate and severe. In these groups both WR and BMI have progressive increase and we believe that the latter could be a risk factor as important as important WR/WPR.Um grupo de 141 pacientes (238 mãos) com síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC) sintomático foi estudado após confirmação por condução nervosa: latência distal sensitiva do nervo mediano (LDS-M) > ou = 3,7 ms (punho -- II dedo, 14 cm), diferença de latência sensitiva mediano-ulnar > ou = 0,5 ms (punho -- IV dedo, 14 cm) e/ou latência palma-punho do nervo mediano > ou = 2,3 ms (8 cm); as latências foram medidas no pico do potencial. Todos os casos tiveram as seguintes medidas calculadas: 1. Índice do punho (IP, espessura dividido pela largura do punho); 2. Índice punho-palma (IPP, espessura do punho dividido pela distância entre a prega distal do punho e a prega mais proximal do III dedo); a média de idade foi de 50,3 anos com 90,8% do gênero feminino. Foram realizadas mesmas medidas em 486 mãos do grupo controle (GC) cuja idade média foi 43,0 anos e 96,7% do gênero feminino. O IP médio do GC foi de 0,694 contra 0,699/0,703/0,707/0,721 do grupo STC (valores relativos a casos incipiente/leve/moderado/grave). O IPP médio do GC foi de 0,374 contra 0,376/0,382/0,387/0,403 do grupo STC. Ambos os índices apresentaram significância estatística na comparação com STC mais grave (moderado: LDS-M > 4,4 ms e grave: LDS-M não obtida). O índice de massa corporal aumentou de acordo com a gravidade do STC e o IP. Conclui-se que tanto o IP como o IPP apresentam correlação progressiva com a gravidade do STC porém com significância estatística apenas nos grupos moderado e grave. Neste grupos tanto o IP como o índice de massa corporal tiveram aumento progressivo e acreditamos que o último possa representar risco tão importante quanto IP/IPP.

A síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC) é patologia frequente em consultório de ortopedia, sendo a neuropatia compressiva mais comum e também a mais tratada por cirurgia. O diagnóstico da STC é eminentemente clínico, através da história clínica, exame físico (testes de Tinel, Phalen, Durkan) e exames complementares, mais especificamente estudos de neurocondução. Eventualmente, pode-se lançar mão de exames de ultrassonografia e ressonância magnética. O tratamento conservador é reservado para pacientes em que os sintomas são leves, pouco incapacitantes e melhoram com o uso de medicações anti-inflamatórias (esteroidais ou não esteroidais), fisioterapia e modificação dos hábitos de vida. O tratamento cirúrgico é o mais frequente, empregando diversas técnicas. O objetivo da cirurgia é descomprimir o canal do carpo e liberar o nervo mediano, por secção do ligamento transverso do carpo (LTC). O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar o tratamento cirúrgico da STC por mini-incisão transversa, proximal ao canal do carpo, com a incisão clássica, longitudinal, sobre o canal do carpo. A mini-incisão mostra-se uma opção menos invasiva e igualmente eficaz para o tratamento cirúrgico da STC, com menor morbidade do que a incisão longitudinal clássica.Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common compressive neuropathy, a pathology frequently seen in orthopedic clinics and the neuropathy most often treated surgically. The diagnosis of CTS is made clinically, through a clinial history, physical examination (Tinel, Phalen, and Durkan tests) and complementary exams, and more specifically nerve conduction studies. Eventually, ultrasound scans and magnetic resonance imaging may be used. Conservative treatment is reserved for patients presenting with light symptoms, mild impairment and showing a good response to non-steroidal or steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes. Surgical treatment is the most frequent, employing various techniques. The goal of the surgery is to decompress the carpal tunnel, and by sectioning the transverse carpal ligament, releasing the median nerve. This paper's objective is to compare the surgical treatment of CTS by means of two incisions: the first is the classic longitudinal incision over the transverse carpal ligament, and the second is a mini-incision at the wrist crease and near the proximal border of the ligament. The mini-incision technique is a less invasive and equally effective technique for the treatment of CTS, with less morbidity when compared to the classic longitudinal incision.

Baseado na experiência eletrofisiológica do autor em 668 pacientes e em dados de literatura, foi realizada revisão sobre síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC) analisando aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos e de conducão nervosa. O nervo mediano sofre desmielinização nodal ou segmentar por compressão no túnel do carpo, 3-4 cm distal à prega do punho. O complexo sintomátíco inclui dormência e fomigamento noturno nas mãos, frequentemente bilateral e mais comum em mulheres na faixa etária de 40-60 anos. São descritos casos familiares em que a herança poderia determinar ligamento transverso do carpo mais espesso. Fatores antropomórficos podem também representar risco adicional porém com pouca significância estatística. Ressonância magnética pode ser útil em casos selecionados e atípicos. São discutidos aspectos do tratamento conservador e controvérsias do tratamento cirúrgico. Na condução nervosa clássica observa-se aumento de latência distal sensitiva (segmentar) e motora do nervo mediano. Métodos adicionais de sensibilização incluem latência palma-punho do mediano (misto), diferença de latência palma-punho mediano/ulnar (misto), diferença de latência mediano/radial e mediano/ulnar (sensitivo), técnica da centimetragem punho-palma com registro no II/III dedos e diferença mediano/ulnar com registro lumbrical/interósseo (motor).A clinical, epidemiological and nerve conduction studies report on carpal tunnel syndrome was done after electrophysiological author's experience on 668 cases and literature review. The median nerve underwent focal (nodal) or segmental demyelination after compression on carpal tunnel, 3-4 distal to wrist fold. The symptomatic complex includes nocturnal hands numbness and paraesthesia, mostly bilateral and between 40-60 years old. Familial cases are described and the gene could encode thick transverse carpal ligament. Anthropomorphic findings could also bring about an additional risk, but with low significance. Magnetic resonance could be a useful tool for selected atypical cases. Conservative treatment and controversies on surgery timing are discussed. Classical conduction studies on median nerve reveal a prolonged distal segmental sensory latency and also on distal motor latency. Increasing sensitivity may be reach using additional methods such as, median mixed mid-palm latency, comparative mid-palm latency median/ulnar, comparative sensory latency median/radial and median/ulnar, inching method from wrist to palm recording on index/middle finger and comparative motor median/ulnar recording on lumbrical/interosseous muscle.

Median sensory and motor distal latencies (SDL/MDL) were correlated with age and duration of symptomatology in 1498 carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) patients (17-90 years old, 87.6% female). Patients were distributed in four groups according to distal latencies severity. There was an increase in age as long as SDL/MDL became more severe, ranging from 47.5 to 67 years old (mild to severe-absence potentials in both hands groups, respectively). There was a less dramatic increase in duration of complaints as long as SDL/MDL became more severe, ranging from 12 to 30.7 months (mild to severe-absence potentials in both hands groups, respectively). Aging correlates more positively than duration of complaints with severity of SDL/MDL in CTS. The effects of increasing median blockage in CTS are more severe as long as patients become older regardless duration of symptomatology.Latências distais sensitivas e motoras (LDS/LDM) do nervo mediano foram correlacionadas com idade e duração da sintomatologia em 1498 pacientes com síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC); a idade variou de 17 a 90 anos e 87,6% eram do sexo feminino. Os casos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos de acordo com a gravidade das latências distais. Houve aumento de idade proporcional ao aumento de LDS/LDM, variando de 47,5 a 67 anos nos grupos leve e grave-ausência de potenciais nas duas mãos, respectivamente. Houve aumento menos dramático na duração da sintomatologia proporcional ao aumento de LDS/LDM, variando de 12 a 30,7 meses nos grupos leve e grave-ausência de potenciais nas duas mãos, respectivamente. O aumento da idade correlaciona-se melhor que a duração da sintomatologia com o aumento de LDS/LDM. Os efeitos do aumento do bloqueio do nervo mediano no STC são mais graves com o avanço da idade, independentemente da duração da sintomatologia.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is defined by compression of the median nerve in the wrist. It is the commonest of the compressive syndromes and its most frequent cause is idiopathic. Even though spontaneous regression is possible, the general rule is that the symptoms will worsen. The diagnosis is primarily clinical, from the symptoms and provocative tests. Elec-troneuromyographic examination may be recommended before the operation or in cases of occupational illnesses.

Somatosensory evoked potentials after stimulation of the median nerve were obtained in a group of normal individuals. The components obtained between 12 and 22 ms were analysed with cephalic and non-cephalic references. It is shown that the P13-14 complex is the major contributor for the amplitude of the N13 component recorded with electrodes between the posterior neck and the scalp. It has not been possible to detect differences in amplitude or latencies for the components N18 and P22 recorded between FZ-non cephalic and C6-FZ. Implications of these findings to clinical interpretations of the responses are discussed.

After stimulation of the right median nerve in 20 normal adult volunteers interpeak latency N13-N20 and the difference in onset latency of the components N11-N20 are compared. A fractionation of the last measure was made at the onset of the P13-14 complex. The results concur with the ones in the literature, and it has been observed that all points measured could be obtained without significant difference on the C6-FZ and P3-FZ montages.

From 1989 to 2004, 3125 consecutive patients had electrodiagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS); from these 43 cases (1.38%) were associated to manual milking; mean age was 44.9 years and 88.4% were male. The mean time in the milking profession was 247 months; the mean daily milking time was 146 minutes; symptoms referred at electrodiagnostic consultation had lasted on average 34 months, 83% were bilateral. The median sensory nerve conduction study was abnormal in 75.6% to the right and 66.7% to the left hand. The median nerve motor distal latency (MDL) was abnormal in 92.1% to the right and in 80.0% to the left hand. There were no differences between right and left for all electrophysiological parameters. In CTS related to manual milking most cases were men, with the MDL more affected than the sensory distal latencies and the electrophysiological abnormalities were found to be symmetric. Manual milking could be a natural model for occupational CTS. In contrast to idiopathic CTS, there was a greater involvement of motor fascicles; this finding is remarkable for CTS.No período de 1989 a 2004 foram diagnosticados por meio de eletroneuromiografia 3125 casos consecutivos de Síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC) e destes, 43 (1,38%) estavam associados com ordenha; a média de idade foi 44,9 anos e 88,4% eram do sexo masculino. O tempo médio de atividade profissional era 247 meses; o tempo médio de ordenha diária era 146 minutos; a sintomatologia referida na consulta eletrodiagnóstica tinha em média 34 meses de duração e 83% a referiam bilateralmente. O estudo da condução senstiva do nervo mediano estava anormal em 75,6% na mão direita e em 66,7% da mão esquerda. A latência distal motora (LDM) do nervo mediano estava anormal em 92,1% à direita e em 80% à esquerda. Não havia diferença significante dos parâmetros eletrofisiológicos entre os lados direito e esquerdo. Na STC associada a ordenha, a maioria dos casos é de homens, a LDM está mais afetada que as latências distais sensitivas e as anormalidades eletrofisiológicas são simétricas. A ordenha poderia ser considerada um modelo para STC ocupacional e diferente da STC idiopática, há maior envolvimento dos fascículos motores.

Temperature is an important and common variable that modifies nerve conduction study parameters in practice. Here we compare the effect of cooling on the mixed palmar median to ulnar negative peak-latency difference (PMU) in electrodiagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Controls were 22 subjects (19 women, mean age 42.1 years, 44 hands). Patients were diagnosed with mild symptomatic CTS (25 women, mean age 46.6 years, 34 hands). PMU was obtained at the usual temperature, >32°C, and after wrist/hand cooling to Temperatura é uma variável comum e importante que modifica os parâmetros de condução nervosa na prática eletrodiagnóstica. Neste trabalho nós estudamos o efeito do esfriamento na diferença de latências palmares entre o nervo mediano e ulnar (PMU), segmento palma-pulso, utilizada rotineiramente para o eletrodiagnóstico da síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC). Foram estudados 22 controles (19 mulheres, média de idade 42,1 anos, 44 mãos) e 25 pacientes (25 mulheres, média de idade 46,6 anos, 34 mãos) com diagnóstico de STC leve. PMU foi obtida em temperatura usual (>32°C), e após resfriamento de mão/pulso em água com gelo (

BACKGROUND: Variations in the branching pattern of the axillary artery are a rule rather than an exception. The knowledge of these variations is of anatomical, radiological, and surgical interest to explain unexpected clinical signs and symptoms. OBJECTIVE: The large percentage of variations in branching pattern of axillary artery is making it worthwhile to take any anomaly into consideration. The type and frequency of these vascular variations should be well understood and documented, as increasing performance of coronary artery bypass surgery and other cardiovascular surgical procedures. The objective of this study is to observe variations in axillary artery branches in human cadavers. METHODS: We dissected 80 limbs of 40 human adult embalmed cadavers of Asian origin and we have studied the branching patterns of the axillary artery. RESULTS: We found variations in branching pattern of axillary artery in 62.5% of the limbs. Anatomical variations included: origin of lateral thoracic artery from the subscapular artery; absent thoracoacromial trunk and all its branches arose directly from the second part of the axillary artery; division of thoracoacromial trunk into deltoacromial and clavipectoral trunks, which were divided into all branches of thoracoacromial trunk; origin of subscapular, anterior circumflex humeral, posterior circumflex humeral and profunda brachii arteries from a common trunk from the third part of the axillary artery; and origin of posterior circumflex humeral artery from brachial artery in addition to third part of the axillary artery. CONCLUSIONS: The study was carried out to show important variations in the branching pattern of axillary artery, in order to orient the surgeons performing angiography, coronary bypass, and flaps in reconstructive surgeries.CONTEXTO: As variações no teste padrão de ramificação da artéria axilar são preferencialmente uma regra do que uma exceção. O conhecimento destas variações é de interesse anatômico, radiológico e cirúrgico para explicar os sinais e sintomas clínicos inesperados. OBJETIVO: O grande percentual de variações no padrão de ramificação da artéria axilar deve ser levado em consideração. O uso crescente de procedimentos invasores e intervencionistas em procedimentos cirúrgicos cardiovasculares e em cirurgias reconstrutivas da região axilar faz com que seja mais importante que o tipo e a frequência destas variações vasculares sejam entendidos e documentados. MÉTODOS: Oitenta membros de 40 cadáveres adultos embalsamados de origem asiática foram dissecados, e os testes padrões de ramificação da artéria axilar foram estudados. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas variações no padrão de ramificação da artéria axilar em 62,5% dos membros. Variações anatômicas incluíram: origem da artéria torácica lateral da artéria subescapular; tronco toracoacromial ausente e todos os ramos surgiram diretamente a partir da segunda parte da artéria axilar; divisão do tronco toracoacromial em troncos deltoacromial e clavipeitoral, que foram divididos em todos os ramos do tronco toracoacromial; origem do subescapular umeral circunflexo anterior, umeral circunflexo posterior e artérias braquiais profundas a partir de um tronco comum da terceira parte da artéria axilar; e origem da artéria umeral circunflexa posterior da artéria braquial, além de terceira parte da artéria axilar. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo foi realizado para mostrar as importantes variações no teste padrão de ramificação da artéria axilar para orientar os cirurgiões que realizam angiografias, pontes de safena e retalhos em cirurgias reconstrutivas.

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Foram estudados 668 pacientes (1 059 mãos) com síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC) entre janeiro de 1989 e junho de 1996. O critério de seleção e inclusão dos pacientes baseou-se na diferença de latência sensitiva >1,0 ms entre os potenciais de ação sensitivos (PAS) dos nervos mediano e radial após estimulação simultânea no punho e registro no I dedo (diferença mediano-radial, DMR), representando diferença maior que 6 desvios-padrão (DP). DMR foi obtida em 125 mãos normais (grupo controle) com limite superior de normalidade de 0,43 ms (média + 2DP). Todos casos tiveram estudo eletrofisiológico bilateral, sendo excluídos casos com cirurgia prévia ou evidência de neuropatia periférica. A idade variou de 17 a 83 anos com média de 47,5 anos; 91,3% eram do sexo feminino. Valor de DMR > 1,0 ms correlacionou-se em 95% dos casos com latência distal motora do nervo mediano >4,25 ms (80 mm) e com latência distal sensitiva punho - II dedo >3,01 ms (VC 3,14 ms (VC 3,26 ms (VC 1,0 ms que indica diagnóstico seguro de STC em praticamente 100% dos casos suspeitos.

OBJECTIVE: To establish nerve conduction parameters for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) electrodiagnosis in the elderly. METHOD: Thirty healthy subjects (65-86 years), 9 male and 21 female, were studied. Routine median and ulnar sensory and motor nerve conduction studies, median mixed palmar latency, comparative latency techniques median to ulnar (sensory, mixed and motor lumbrical-interossei), median to radial (sensory), and combined sensory index (CSI) were performed in both hands. RESULTS: The upper limits of normality (97.5%) were: median sensory distal latency 3.80 ms (14 cm); median motor distal latency 4.30 ms (8 cm); median palmar latency 2.45 ms (8 cm); lumbrical-interossei latency difference 0.60 ms (8 cm); comparative median to radial 0.95 ms (10 cm); comparative median to ulnar 0.95 ms (14 cm); comparative palmar median to ulnar 0.50 ms (8 cm); and CSI 2.20 ms. Sensory and mixed latencies were measured at peak. CONCLUSION: Our results establish new nerve conduction parameters for mild CTS electrodiagnosis in the elderly and will be helpful to reduce the number of false positive cases in this age.OBJETIVO: Estabelecer parâmetros de condução nervosa para o eletrodiagnóstico da síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC) em idosos. MÉTODO: Foram estudadas 30 pessoas idosas (65-86 anos) saudáveis. Foi realizado estudo de condução nervosa sensitiva e motora rotineira dos nervos mediano e ulnar, latência palmar mista do mediano, técnicas de comparação de latências mediano-ulnar (sensitivo, misto e motor lumbrical-interósseo) e mediano-radial (sensitivo) e índice sensitivo combinado (ISC) em ambas as mãos. RESULTADOS: Os limites superiores de normalidade, 97,5% foram: latência distal sensitiva do mediano 3,80 ms (14 cm); latência distal motora do mediano 4,30 ms (8 cm), latência palmar do mediano 2,45 ms (8 cm), diferença de latência lumbrical-interósseo 0,60 ms (8 cm), comparação mediano-radial 0,95 ms (10 cm), comparação mediano-ulnar 0,95 ms (14 cm), comparação mediano-ulnar palmar 0,50 ms (8 cm) e ISC 2,20 ms. As latências sensitivas e mistas foram medidas no pico. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados estabelecem novos valores de condução nervosa para o eletrodiagnóstico da STC leve em idosos.

OBJECTIVE: To compare a long-term carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) on nerve conduction studies (NCS) in hands treated non-surgically. METHOD: We retrospectively selected 261 symptomatic CTS hands (166 patients), all of them confirmed by NCS. In all cases, at least 2 NCS were performed in an interval greater than 12 months. Cases with associated polyneuropathy were excluded. NCS parameters for CTS electrodiagnosis included a sensory conduction velocity (SCV) 4.25 ms (wrist to APB, 8 cm). RESULTS: 92.8% were women; mean age was 49 years (20-76); the mean interval between NCS was 47 months (12-150). In the first exam, the median sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) and the compound action muscular potential were absent in 9.8% and 1.9%, respectively. In the second/last exam, SCV worsened in 54.2%, remained unchanged in 11.6% and improved in 34.2%. SNAP amplitude worsened in 57.7%, remained unchanged in 13.1% and improved in 29.2%. DML worsened in 52.9%, remained unchanged in 7.6% and improved in 39.5%. Overall, NCS parameters worsened in 54.9%, improved in 34.3% and remained unchanged in 10.8%. CONCLUSION: Long-term changing in NCS of CTS hands apparently were not related to clinical symptomatology and could lead to some difficulty in clinical correlation and prognosis. Aging, male gender and absent SNAP were more related to NCS worsening, regardless the mean interval time between the NCS.OBJETIVO: Comparar evolutivamente parâmetros de condução nervosa (CN) na síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC) em mãos não submetidas à cirurgia. MÉTODO: Foram selecionadas retrospectivamente 261 mãos (166 pacientes) com STC sintomática confirmadas por CN e que posteriormente realizaram exame controle com intervalo >12 meses; foram excluídos casos com polineuropatia. Os parâmetros eletrodiagnósticos anormais foram: velocidade de condução sensitiva (VCS) 4,25 ms, segmento pulso-APB (8 cm). RESULTADOS: 92,8% eram mulheres; a média de idade foi 49 anos (20-76); o tempo médio entre os exames foi 47 meses (12-150); 9,8% e 1,9% não apresentaram potenciais de ação do nervo sensitivo (PANS) e potenciais de ação muscular compostos, no primeiro exame. No segundo exame a VCS piorou em 54,2%, ficou igual em 11,6% e melhorou em 34,2%; a amplitude do PANS piorou em 57,7%, ficou igual em 13,1% e melhorou em 29,2%; a LDM piorou em 52,9%, ficou igual em 7,6% e melhorou em 39,5%. Incluindo todos os parâmetros eletrofisiológicos, houve piora em 54,9%, melhora em 34,3% e permaneceram sem alterações 10,8%. CONCLUSÃO: As anormalidades da CN na STC podem oscilar ao longo do tempo e aparentemente independem da sintomatologia clínica, dificultando a correlação e prognóstico; idade mais avançada, sexo masculino e PANS ausentes no primeiro exame foram as variáveis que tiveram menor percentual de melhora evolutiva, independentemente do intervalo entre os exames.

Nós avaliamos a freqüência e localização de dor e parestesias em pacientes com síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC) e em indivíduos da população geral, pareados por gênero e idade. Determinamos a sensibilidade e a especificidade desses sintomas para o diagnóstico de STC. Dor foi um sintoma comum nos dois grupos de pacientes. Parestesia ocorreu com mais freqüência em pacientes com STC (p75%) quando são localizadas nas mãos.We studied the frequency and localization of pain and numbness in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), in comparison with individuals of the general population, matched for sex and age, and we determined the sensitivity and the specificity of these symptoms for the CTS diagnosis. Pain was a common symptom in the two groups of patients. Numbness occurred more frequently in CTS group (p

In this study we compared the effect of temperature variation (>32ºC to O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o efeito da variação de temperatura da mão (>32ºC e