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This study explores the infusion of myths in Kesar’s tale. The prime objective of this research is to discover the mythical elements in Kesar’s tale. Therefore, to find out the mythical elements the researcher has applied Northrop Frye’s theory of myth. Myths are analyzed on the basis of the four seasons of myths found in this theory. Qualitative methodology of data analysis has been used in conducting this research. To accomplish this research, data has been collected from some interviews by a well-known researcher of Baltistan, Muhammad Hassan Hasrat and from some books such as Kesar; The Son of god, Baltistan ka Tehzebi wa Saqafati Wirsa and Saqafat e Baltistan. The Northrop Frye’s theory of myth helps to find out the infusion of mythical elements that are found in the epic Kesar. After the data analysis, it is uncovered that the myths found in the epic Kesar; The Son of god ‘are related to the birth of Kesar, his identity, his way of invasion on the areas of the monsters, the concept of his goddess and his horse etc.This research has a crucial role in the preservation of knowledge regarding the reality and myths of this epic Kesar. This is a guide for future scholars who can delve into the depth of this epic to know about the valuable insights regarding this epic and to enrich their understanding about this tale.

This study focuses on Pakistan's bureaucracy and tries to ascertain how political influence on Pakistan's civil service ultimately contributed to the institution's decline. The methods used in this research are entirely qualitative in nature, and it uses relative methodologies to get the desired results. This study conducted semi-structured interviews with current and former civil servants. Political influence has consistently harmed Pakistan's civil service, contributing to its current level of inefficiency. This study aims to find the extent of this connection between politics and Civil Services from the very start of the newborn state. To identify the problem, more literature has been added about the public sector in general and the Civil Service in particular. The research reveals that Political leaders and bureaucrats have certain connections, which is why the civil service is deteriorating over time. To make choices free from outside influence or interference, bureaucrats must be independent.

More than half of all extant metazoan species on earth are insects. The evolutionary success of insects is linked with their ability to osmoregulate, suggesting that they have evolved unique physiological mechanisms to maintain water balance. In beetles (Coleoptera)-the largest group of insects-a specialized rectal ("cryptonephridial") complex has evolved that recovers water from the rectum destined for excretion and recycles it back to the body. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning the remarkable water-conserving functions of this system are unknown. Here, we introduce a transcriptomic resource, BeetleAtlas.org, for the exceptionally desiccation-tolerant red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, and demonstrate its utility by identifying a cation/H + antiporter (NHA1) that is enriched and functionally significant in the Tribolium rectal complex. NHA1 localizes exclusively to a specialized cell type, the leptophragmata, in the distal region of the Malpighian tubules associated with the rectal complex. Computational modeling and electrophysiological characterization in Xenopus oocytes show that NHA1 acts as an electroneutral K +/H + antiporter. Furthermore, genetic silencing of Nha1 dramatically increases excretory water loss and reduces organismal survival during desiccation stress, implying that NHA1 activity is essential for maintaining systemic water balance. Finally, we show that Tiptop, a conserved transcription factor, regulates NHA1 expression in leptophragmata and controls leptophragmata maturation, illuminating the developmental mechanism that establishes the functions of this cell. Together, our work provides insights into the molecular architecture underpinning the function of one of the most powerful water-conserving mechanisms in nature, the beetle rectal complex.

Although Pakistan has rich biodiversity, many groups are poorly known, particularly insects. To address this gap, we employed DNA barcoding to survey its insect diversity. Specimens obtained through diverse collecting methods at 1,858 sites across Pakistan from 2010-2019 were examined for sequence variation in the 658 bp barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) gene. Sequences from nearly 49,000 specimens were assigned to 6,590 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), a proxy for species, and most (88%) also possessed a representative image on the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). By coupling morphological inspections with barcode matches on BOLD, every BIN was assigned to an order (19) and most (99.8%) were placed to a family (362). However, just 40% of the BINs were assigned to a genus (1,375) and 21% to a species (1,364). Five orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera) accounted for 92% of the specimens and BINs. More than half of the BINs (59%) are so far only known from Pakistan, but others have also been reported from Bangladesh (13%), India (12%), and China (8%). Representing the first DNA barcode survey of the insect fauna in any South Asian country, this study provides the foundation for a complete inventory of the insect fauna in Pakistan while also contributing to the global DNA barcode reference library.

The Shyness, reluctance, hesitation, and unawareness hamper to react in a safe way and may cause causalities. Usually children between the age of 13 to 15 get involved in road accidents due to carelessness. Safety awareness reduces the chances of accidents and injury happenings. A sample of 200 students and 99 teachers from secondary level public schools was taken. In order to develop awareness among secondary school students, action oriented SW instructional methods through hands-on-activities, experiential learning, labs, weather safety precaution, fire, electricity safety, and ways to motivate students to protect themselves and conserve their wellbeing were used. By using valid and reliable survey questionnaire and observation protocol, perceptions about SW were assessed after interventions and prominent awareness and behavioural changes were declared such as reduced number of accidents and injuries. The results are useful for the school administration and teachers to reflect on the inclusion of safety and wellbeing activities.

More than half of all extant metazoan species on earth are insects. The evolutionary success of insects is intrinsically linked with their ability to osmoregulate, suggesting that they have evolved unique physiological mechanisms to maintain water balance. In beetles (Coleoptera)—the largest group of insects—a specialized rectal (‘cryptonephridial’) complex has evolved that recovers water from the rectum destined for excretion and recycles it back to the body. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning the remarkable waterconserving functions of this system are unknown. Here, we introduce a transcriptomic resource, BeetleAtlas.org, for red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, and demonstrate its utility by identifying a cation/H+ antiporter (NHA1) that is enriched and functionally significant in the Tribolium rectal complex. NHA1 localizes exclusively to a specialized cell type, the leptophragmata, in the distal region of the Malpighian tubules associated with the rectal complex. Computational modelling and electrophysiological characterization in Xenopus oocytes show that NHA1 acts as an electroneutral K+/H+ antiporter. Furthermore, genetic silencing of Nha1 dramatically increases excretory water loss and reduces organismal survival during desiccation stress, implying that NHA1 activity is essential for maintaining systemic water balance. Finally, we show that Tiptop, a conserved transcription factor, regulates NHA1 expression in leptophragmata and controls leptophragmata maturation, illuminating the developmental mechanism that establishes the novel functions of this cell. Together, our work provides the first insights into the molecular architecture underpinning the function of one most powerful water-conserving mechanisms in nature, the beetle rectal complex.

Buffalo flies (Haematobia irritans exigua) are hematophagous ectoparasites of cattle causing production and welfare impacts in northern Australian herds. Skin lesions associated with buffalo fly infestation and Stephanofilaria nematode infection are manifested as focal dermatitis or ulcerated areas most commonly on the medial canthus of the eye, along the lateral and ventral neck and on the abdomen of cattle. For closely related horn flies (Haematobia irritans irritans), Staphylococcus aureus have been suggested as a contributing factor in the development of lesions. To investigate the potential role of bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of buffalo fly lesions, swabs were taken from lesions and normal skin, and bacteria were also isolated from surface washings of buffalo flies and surface-sterilised homogenized flies. Bacterial identification was conducted by MALDI-TOF, strain typing by rep-PCR and DNA sequencing to determine species similarity and virulence factors. Of 49 bacterial isolates collected from lesions, 37 were identified as Staphylococcus agnetis and 12 as Staphylococcus hyicus, whereas from normal skin four isolates were S. hyicus and one was Staphylococcus sciuri. Of the Staphylococcus isolates isolated from buffalo flies, five were identified as S. agnetis and three as S. hyicus. Fifty percent of the buffalo fly isolates had repPCR genotypic patterns identical to the lesion isolates. Genome sequencing of 16 S. agnetis and four S. hyicus isolates revealed closely similar virulence factor profiles, with all isolates possessing exfoliative toxin A and C genes. The findings from this study suggest the involvement of S. agnetis and S. hyicus in buffalo fly lesion pathogenesis. This should be taken into account in the development of effective treatment and control strategies for lesions.