Search

Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit den kurz- und langfristigen Folgen der Jugoslawienkriege für die Emigration von Ungarn aus der Woiwodina [Vojvodina] nach Ungarn. Wir zeigen auf, wie sich die Motive für die Emigration über die letzten 20 Jahre verändert haben, von der Flucht während der Kriege über die Arbeitsmigration während der Krise zur bewusst gewählten Strategie der Bildungsmigration im vergangenen Jahrzehnt. Wir analysieren, wie die Migranten ihre Migrationsgeschichte rekonstruieren und diese wahrnehmen, wie sie mit der Migration umgehen und wie sich die Migration auf die Konstruktion ihrer Identität ausgewirkt hat. Schließlich legen wir besonderes Augenmerk auf die Frage, ob diese Formen der Migration als transnationale Migration mit entsprechenden transnationalen Lebensformen verstanden werden können oder ob es sich um ethnische Migration handelt, im Rahmen derer die Auslandsungarn ins „Vaterland2) zurückkehren“, wie dies oft dargestellt wird.

The first part of the paper gives an overview of research papers on the landscape with special emphasis on the visual and environmental studies. Long-time development of visual research landscape provides a basis for a critical review pointing to the need to increase the validity of visual research, the category selection, visual perspective of a landscape, as well as the technical characteristics of the performance of visual material. In this paper the results of research of attitudes of Hungarian and Croatian students, conducted through visual materials and questionnaires on river landscape transformation are interpreted. The results indicate the need for harmonization of cross-border categorizations of the observed landscape, as well as the complement of the objective parameters by the parameters which include cultural accumulation., U prvom dijelu rada dan je pregled radova koji analiziraju istraživanja krajolika s posebnim ostvrtom na vizualna i ekološka istraživanja. Dugogodišnji razvoj vizualnih istraživanja krajolika pruža podlogu kritičkom osvrtu koji upućuje na potrebu povećanja validnosti vizualnih istraživanja u kategori odabira, prezentnosti krajolika kao i u tehničkim karakteristikama same izvedbe vizualnog materijala. U članku se interpretiraju rezultati istraživanja stavova mađarskih i hrvatskih studenata vizualnim materijalima i upitnikom o promjenama riječnog krajolika. Rezultati upućuju na potrebu usuglašavanja prekograničnih kategorizacija promatranog krajolika kao i dopunu objektivnih parametara parametrima koji uključuju kulturne akumulacije.

Már 2006 óta tapasztalható a vendéglátóipar forgalmát érintő stagnálás, amit a 2009-ben jelentkező gazdasági válság csak tovább rontott. A Magyar Vendéglátók Ipartestületének elnöke szerint az ágazat egyharmada teljesen eltűnhet, ami akár 40 ezer munkahely megszűnésével is járhat. Igazán nagy problémával a 100-200 főt befogadni képes rendezvényes éttermek küzdenek, ellenben a 30-40 fős éttermekkel, ahol az üzemi költségek megfogásával, leépítéssel „áramvonalasabbá” tehetik az üzleteiket az ellenszélben. A tapasztalatok szerint az ilyen válságokat leginkább a luxuséttermek szenvedik meg, mert itt a legmagasabbak az állandó költségek. Komoly probléma továbbá, hogy nincs megfelelő számú polgári réteg, amely a kisvendéglők középső szegmensét jelentené. Vagy olcsó kifőzdék vannak, ahol az ár és a mennyiség számít, vagy csúcsgasztronómiai éttermek. Dolgozatom célja, hogy saját tapasztalataim alapján és vendéglátó egységek vezetőivel készített interjúk segítségével valamint a szakirodalom kiegészítésével bemutassam a költségmegtakarítás és a profitmaximalizálás lehetőségeit ezen nehéz időszak átvészelésére. Ahhoz, hogy mindezt értékelhető formában készíthessem el a vendéglátóegységeket kategóriájuk és elhelyezkedésük figyelembevételével mérem össze. Mindazon lehetőségek feltárása, amely mellőzi a dolgozói létszám leépítését kiemelt fontosságúak a dolgokat elkészítésekor. Minden vendéglátóüzlet más. Más a környezet, más a berendezés, más a személyzet a vezetés, a fogyasztók igénye, ezért nagyon összetett a téma vizsgálata. Mégis bízom benne, hogy sikerül az olvasójának ötleteket adni a pozitívabb eredmény eléréséhez. A dolgozat nemcsak az üzlet gazdálkodásával, – beszerzési források, árképzés, fogyasztásösztönzés, bérpolitika – hanem az arra ráható küldetéstudat, marketingeszközök, belsőmarketing összehangolásával keresi a legjobb utat. ---------------------------------------------------- Since 2006, the catering industry has been experiencing stagnation in circulation, and this process was worsened by the 2009 economic crisis. According to the chairman of the Hungarian Association of the Caterer Corporations, one-third of the industry may disappear completely, which could lead to the end of 40,000 jobs. A really big problem is faced by those larger restaurants that can take in 100-200 people for their happenings, while smaller restaurants can make their business more streamlined in headwind by redundantizing and lowering their costs. Experience has shown that such crises affect luxurious restaurants mostly, because their constant costs are the highest. It is also a serious problem that there is no significant civilian layer in society that could serve as a middle segment for small family restaurants. There are cheap hash-houses, where the price and volume counts, or highly luxurious restaurants. The aim of my thesis is to provide possible solutions for lowering costs and maximizing profit to survive the harsh period with the help of using my own experiences, interviews I made with catering managers and complementing the sources. To shape it into an assessable form I evaluate the catering units considering their location and category. I am looking for those cost-saving methods that would not cause redundancies. Restaurants differ from each other. The environment, the equipment, the personnel management, the consumer demand are different in each case, so the examination of the topic is complex. I hope the thesis manages to provide ideas for the readers, in order to reach more positive outcomes. The study wants to find this way not only by examining the businesses’ inner budget (supplies, pricing, motivating consumption, wages), but also harmonising it with the factors that affect it (the awareness of their errand, marketing tools, inner marketing).

This paper presents results from ruthenium release, transport and speciation experiments obtained in recent European studies. Experiments have shown that ruthenium may be released from the fuel already at a relatively moderate temperature, if the cladding is breached and if the flow contains oxygen. Furthermore, a significant fraction of released ruthenium is expected to be transported in the primary circuit in gaseous form. This work helps to resolve a severe accident safety issue related to fission product release in highly oxidising environment, which was indicated in the EURSAFE phenomena identification and ranking table (PIRT) [1]. Ultimately the goal of the ongoing projects is to improve modelling of ruthenium transport phenomena in severe accident codes such as ASTEC/Sophaeros

Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis was performed on altogether 42 surgically removed tissue specimens of 32 patients, which were taken either from intact thyroid parts or various histopathologically verified tumors of the thyroid gland. The tissue specimens were processed with the freeze-fracture-freeze-drying technique and then analyzed in the so-called bulk specimen form. The studies were carried out during the years 1980-81, when intranuclear monovalent ionic composition was studied in detail. From the retained total elemental peak list, it was possible to calculate retrospectively the relative intranuclear Mg and P contents. The data processed by nested (hierarchical) analysis of variance show that the intranuclear Mg content of the 5 diagnostic groups (normal thyroid tissue, thyroiditis, benign adenomas, differentiated carcinomas and undifferentiated thyroid tumors) increases significantly, in parallel with the increasing malignancy, but the P content remains unchanged. One can conclude that the elevated intranuclear Mg content in the tumors of high malignancy may be of diagnostic importance, and a warning signal for the therapeutic approaches based on Mg-supplementations.

The theoretical background and the experimental data described in this paper justify the application of the Hall's continuum method of quantitation and the use of bulk crystals of known composition as standards, without ZAF correction, for the biological bulk specimen X-ray microanalysis, provided that proper criteria are respected during the realization of such measurements. The most important points are as follows: (i) Only crystals can be selected where the electrostatic charging is negligible or absent. This depends in part on the own characteristics of the crystals, and can also be facilitated by using low accelerating voltage, e.g. 10 kV, well-conducting specimen holders, and fast scanning rates; (ii) Apart from the element of interest (Na, K, Cl, etc.) all other accompanying components must be of low atomic number (11 or lower), in order to assure the similarity to the composition of the biological matrix where C, O, N and H are the most abundant elements. Comparison of the results in brain and liver cell nuclei and cytoplasm revealed that the elemental concentrations of Na and K are identical within the statistical scatter, if the continuum radiation used for the calculation of the peak-to-background ratios is selected under the respective elemental peak, or farther, in a peak-free region of the spectrum.