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С точки зрения клинической диабетологии и клиники аутоиммунных заболеваний в целом несомненный интерес, на наш взгляд, представляет собой возможность установления индивидуального риска развития заболевания, открывающаяся на основании анализа полного HLA DRB1-генотипа. Сопоставляя присутствие в нем диабетогенных?, нейтральных и протективных HLA-DRB1-специфичностей, можно прийти к заключению о наличии или отсутствии у данного пациента (в том числе из числа членов ядерных семей) повышенной предрасположенности к развитию заболевания. Подобный подход открывает принципиальную возможность установления индивидуального риска развития СД1. Разумеется, дальнейшие исследования в области иммуногенетики СД1 могут резко повысить эффективность этого подхода. Тот уровень (HLADRB1-генотипирование), на котором удалось установить такую возможность, уже сегодня позволяет проводить подобного рода оценку не только в специализированных научных центрах, но и в любом практическом учреждении, имеющем обычную ПЦР лабораторию.

This paper analyzes the variation of the functional anatomy of the brain in healthy people performing identical activities on the basis of functional magneticresonance imaging (fMRI). According to the authors, this approach allows you to showcase a variety of individual strategies to achieve the same external (behavioral) result intracerebral different means, and to identify the factors that determine this diversity. Investigated hemodynamic (fMRT) brain reactions at activization of attention to opening of eyes, motor (search of the right and left hand fingers) and speech tests (mental transfer of months or days of the week upside-down) at 21 healthy subjects (21-30 years): 14 men, 7 women. Certain variety of fMRT answers is revealed: 3-4 jet types of hemodynamic changes were allocated for test in group, and the percent of supervision of each type fluctuated from 40 to 10%. Shown marked gender differences responses which specificity is determined by the nature of the functional load. In motor and speech tests, performed with his eyes closed, fMRI response in women is characterized by greater specificity and locality than in men. At motor tests fMRT answers of men are accompanied big, than at women, inclusion in reaction of frontal areas of the cortex, providing realization of regulatory functions. When opening of eyes the women's fMRT responses, on the contrary, become more diffusion, and men's--more local.

Bioelectrical (EEG) and hemodynamic (fMRI) responses of cerebral reactions to active and passive movements by the right hand were analyzed in 17 right-handed healthy persons. Individual and averaged fMRI and EEG data was analyzed. The main cortex fMRI responses (sensorimotor cortex of the contralateral, left hemisphere) were topographically similar during both active and passive movements. This fact allows us to recommend the usage of the passive movement paradigm for the mapping of the motor areas in patients with movement disorders. Including in reactive process of cerebellum and subcortical structures at passive movements was more variability than active ones. FMRI-reactions at passive movements were characterized more individual variability than during active ones at the expense of diversity of cerebellum and subcortical structures answers. The EEG analysis revealed that at both passive and active movements there is a coherence increase in the high-frequency alpha-ban in left central-frontal area of the left, activated hemisphere. The power-frequency changes of the EEG parameters during active and passive movements were primarily shown in a frequency increase and the desynchronization of the beta-band. Consistency with the topography of the fMRI response was not found.

Physical and chemical properties of TSEFLAR™-treated gibbsite/hydrargillite (centrifugal thermal activation) CTA HG were studied with X-ray analysis, TA, EM, BET and IRS. CTA HG product obtained at the temperature range of 330–580 °C and contact time ∼1 s is the one with a transitional non-equilibrated layered hydroxide structure with partly lost hydroxide groups. The CTA HG structure does not correspond to the produced chemical composition Al 2 O 3 ·(0.4–2)H 2 O and, therefore, the products reveal a higher reactivity. Such products are already readily hydrated at room temperature in water and aqueous ammonia to form eventually the stable bayerite-like hydroxide structure.

Computer-assisted superimposition of the equivalent dipole sources (EDSs) of the main pathological EEG patterns with the results of computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed for patients with organic CNS lesions. The greatest degree of structural determination was revealed for local and lateralized (in a traumatic injury) slow waves, whose EDSs mapped to the perifocal zone of the injury focus. The EDSs of epileptiform patterns could be located in the zone of damaged brain substance or in the intact hemisphere (when the limbic structures were damaged), reflecting the formation of secondary functional foci in the latter case. Bilateral paroxysmal patterns were more frequently determined by the functional state of the medial brain structures. The EDSs of pathological (diencephalic, hippocampal) α activity were closely associated with the corresponding anatomical brain structures, although without a strict dependence on the degree of their morphological intactness.

Mechanochemical synthesis of La1 − x Sr x Fe3 − y (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) perovskites was carried out from simple oxides. Undoped lanthanum ferrite samples calcined at 900 and 1100°C for 4 h are nearly single-phase systems, while some substituted ones (samples with 0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.8 calcined at 900°C and samples with x = 0.3, x = 0.4 and x = 0.8 calcined at 1100°C) are two-phase systems consisting of orthorhombic perovskite La1 − x Sr x FeO3 − y (A) and cubic or tetragonal perovskite Sr z La1 − z FeO3 − y (B) phases. In CO and CH4 oxidation processes, the specific catalytic activity (SCA) of samples calcined at 1100°C varies non-monotonously with the Sr content. In CO oxidation, SCA reaches a maximum in the range of La substitution by Sr where phase transition occurs and samples are comprised of two coexisting phases (x = 0.3 and 0.8). In CH4 oxidation, SCA decreases with the Sr content.

This study includes 90 children (41 female and 49 male) in the age range of 2-16 years with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Thirty-three patients developed ADEM following rubella infection, 26 children following varicella infection, 20 suspected viral aetiology ADEM and 11 multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis (MDEM). All patients had neurological, routine laboratory and viral serology study with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Brain and/or spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed in 14 children. A follow-up study was in 1-5 years. Typing of DRB1 gene HLA class II was performed in 38 patients. We established that the varicella and rubella groups had preferential patterns. Rubella ADEM is characterized by acute explosive onset, seizures, coma and moderate pyramidal signs, whereas varicella infection is characterized by cerebella ataxia and mild pyramidal dysfunction. The suspected viral aetiology ADEM was characterized by polisymptomatic presentation. MDEM was characterized by older age of patients (11.6 +/- 2.8 years), more severe and prolonged local neurological symptoms, including myelitis symptoms and marked extrapyramidal signs, with distinct demyelination in MRIs. As a whole, ADEM is associated with DRB1*01 and DRB1*017(03) in the Russian population. Thus, ADEM is a separate autoimmune condition with a specific mechanism due to the type of genetic immunoregulatory base and specificity of viral trigger.

Pechini route [US Patent No. 3,330,697 (1967)] was used for supporting perovskite-like systems on thin-wall corundum honeycomb support to prepare catalysts for high-temperature processes of methane combustion and selective oxidation into syngas. In this preparation, the surface of corundum monoliths walls was shown to be covered by strongly adhering porous perovskite layer formed by rounded crystals. At high temperatures when pore diffusion is expected to affect catalysts performance in fast reactions, this spatial distribution of the active component could be attractive. In the kinetically controlled region of methane oxidation, samples prepared via Pechini route possess activity comparable with that of samples made via support wet impregnation with mixed nitrate solutions, when an active component is uniformly distributed across the wall thickness. Corundum-supported lanthanum manganite and ferrite are the most active in the reaction of methane combustion, while its selective oxidation into syngas effectively proceeds on supported lanthanum cobaltite and nickelates. Corundum-supported perovskites are more thermally stable as compared with those on γ-alumina support.

The phase composition of La1 – xCaxFeO3 – 0.5x perovskites synthesized from preactivated oxides was studied by powder X-ray diffraction analysis and differential dissolution. The system does not form a continuous series of homogeneous solid solutions. No intermediate samples from this series are monophasic. It was found that the synthesis under nonequilibrium conditions (mechanical activation + calcination at 900°С for 4 h) resulted in nonequilibrium microheterogeneous solid solutions with degrees of calcium substitution for lanthanum of no higher than 0.5. A longer calcination (for 16 h) or an increase in the calcination temperature of solutions up to 1100 °С decreased the calcium content of the samples down to x ∼ 0.2 because of the formation of a brownmillerite phase. The catalytic activity of the test samples in the oxidation of CO changed nonmonotonically with x, and it was maximum at x = 0.5–0.6, which correlates with the maximum density of interphase boundaries in these samples.

The article presents the results of the proximal small intestine parietal microbiocenosis research in patients with chronic pancreatitis by polymerase chain reaction in real time. The study includes an assessment of the pharmacological correction's efficiency in this category of patients.

Paper describes a study of language lateralization of patients with brain tumors, measured by preoperative functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and comparison results with tumor histology and profile of functional asymmetry.During the study 21 patient underwent fMRI scan. 15 patients had a tumor in the left and 6 in the right hemisphere. Tumors were localized mainly in the frontal, temporal and fronto-temporal regions. Histological diagnosis in 8 cases was malignant Grade IV, in 13 cases--Grade I-III. fMRI study was perfomed on scanner "Signa Exite" with a field strength of 1.5 As speech test reciting the months of the year in reverse order was used. fMRI scan results were compared with the profile of functional asymmetry, which was received with the results of questionnaire Annette and dichotic listening test.Broca's area was found in 7 cases in the left hemisphere, 6 had a tumor Grade I-III. And one patient with glioblastoma had a tumor of the right hemisphere. Broca's area in the right hemisphere was found in 3 patients (2 patients with left sided tumor, and one with right-sided tumor). One patient with left-sided tumor had mild motor aphasia. Bilateral activation in both hemispheres of the brain was observed in 6 patients. All of them had tumor Grade II-III of the left hemisphere. Signs of left-handedness were revealed only in half of these patients. Broca's area was not found in 4 cases. All of them had large malignant tumors Grade IV. One patient couldn't handle program of the research.Results of fMRI scans, questionnaire Annette and dichotic listening test frequently were not the same, which is significant. Bilateral activation in speech-loads may be a reflection of brain plasticity in cases of long-growing tumors. Thus it's important to consider the full range of clinical data in studying the problem of the dominant hemisphere for language.

Mechanoceramical synthesis of La 1− x Sr x CoO 3 (0≤ x ≤1) perovskites was made from simple oxides. Samples calcined at 900 and 1100°C for 4 h are nearly monophase and well crystallized. Sr adding was found to cause a structure rearrangement from the hexagonal (at x ≤0.4) to the cubic one (at 0.8> x >0.4) and back to the hexagonal at x >0.8. There are two maxima of the catalytic activity versus chemical composition: at x =0.3 and at x =0.8. TEM data for these samples were obtained and disordered surface layers were detected. There is a correlation between the catalytic activity and surface layers microstructure.

Calcium-substituted lanthanum manganites La 1− x Ca x MnO 3+ δ (0≤ x ≤1) were synthesized from the solid oxide precursors using two routes: a traditional ceramic method and the mechanical activation of the mixture of oxides in high power planetary ball mills, followed by the product annealing at different temperatures. The samples structure was studied by XPD and TEM methods, while their surface composition was characterized by the differential dissolution method. A pronounced effect of the preparation method on samples bulk and surface properties, reflected in their reactivity characterized by the rate of CO catalytic oxidation, was observed. For samples prepared via the ceramic route by sintering at 1100°C, continuous solid solutions are formed. In the case of mechanical activation route, by annealing of activated mixture of oxides at 700–100°C, solid solutions are formed only at the Ca content within 0≤ x ≤0.4 range. At higher Ca content, microheterogeneous composites are formed, in which the nucleus of particles is formed by the perovskite phase with x ≤0.4, while the surface layer is enriched by Ca. The catalytic activity in CO oxidation appears to correlate with the density of extended defects, being decreased when Ca is segregated in the surface layer.

This article generalizes the results of many years’ studies of the EEG of patients with tumorous lesions in the diencephalic, brainstem, and limbic structures, which fulfill the regulatory function in ensuring integral brain activity. The specific features of the inclusion of individual structures under investigation in the organization of the intra- and interhemispheric relations of cortical biopotentials were demonstrated against the background of diffuse changes in the biopotentials that reflect the systemic character of neurodynamic reorganizations when the regulatory brain structures are involved in the pathological process. This study expands the idea of the predominant functional connection of the diencephalic structures with the right hemisphere and brainstem structures with the left one with determination of the regional specific features of changes in the intrahemispheric EEG coherences. The distinguishing features of intercentral relations when the limbic structures are involved in the pathological process show similarity with the neurodynamic reorganizations in patients with lesions in both diencephalic and (even more so) brainstem structures. Universal elements were detected in the formation of integral adaptive reactions of the brain with lesions in its regulatory structures, which reflects their close functional interaction and makes it possible to consider them the individual links of an integral regulatory system. The study revealed reciprocal changes in various forms of electrical activity, which reflects reciprocation of interaction of individual regulatory structures. This is one of the EEG equivalents of the formation of adaptive-compensatory cerebral reactions. The specificity of influence of the studied regulatory structures are clearly seen in situations of their morphofunctional isolation observed during cerebral coma. In these conditions, when the cortex is functionally inactive, the authors demonstrated the dynamic character of changes in interhemispheric asymmetry, which reflects the dominance of individual links of the regulatory system playing the role of supreme regulator of life support of the body in critical states.

The phase analysis of La1-xCaxFeO3-0.5x perovskites prepared by a ceramic process from oxides is studied by X-ray diffraction and differential dissolution methods. Atx 0.5, the formation of the structures of a brownmillerite-based homological series is found. The catalytic activity of perovskites depends nonmonotonically on thex value and reaches the maximum atx = 0.6.

MODY - это гетерогенный подтип сахарного диабета (СД), характеризующийся ранним дебютом (до 25 лет), аутосомно-доминантным наследованием и первичным дефектом секреции инсулина. В настоящее время MODY рассматривается как результат генетического нарушения функции бета-клеток поджелудочной железы и относится к специфическим типам СД. Клиническая картина MODY в дебюте похожа на таковую при СД 1 типа (хотя и имеет свои отличия). Именно из-за своего сходства с СД 1 типа MODY (как правило, это MODY-1 или MODY-3) часто и бывает принят за СД 1 типа, что обусловливает последующее лечение таких пациентов инсулином. Учитывая сходство клинической картины MODY (особенно MODY-1 и MODY-3) и СД 1 типа возможно проводить генетическое исследование с целью обнаружения маркеров MODY у больных с СД 1 типа при отсутствии антител GAD65 и 1А-2, так как эти антитела чаще всего не обнаруживаются в крови больных MODY. Частота осложнений при разных типах MODY неодинакова по характеру и выраженности.

X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and differential dissolution were used for investigation of the phase transformation peculiarities of biphasic manganese-alumina catalysts during their thermal treatment. An effect of interaction between aluminium and manganese oxides depending on the sample preparation procedure was found.

Bioelectrical (EEG) and hemodynamic (fMRI-response) cerebral reactions to performance and imaginary motor tasks by right or left hand were analyzed in 15 right-handed healthy persons (21-39 years old). During actual movement the main fMRI-response was registered in the area of central gyrus of the hemisphere contralateral to the working hand. Areas of activation were also revealed in the supplemental motor area and the ipsilateral hemisphere of the cerebellum. EEG data showed coherence increase in high frequency alpha- and beta-bands in the activated hemisphere. In imaginary motor tasks the intensity and topography of fMRI-response became the more variable; response was decreased in the motor area and in cerebellum, they increased in the subcortical structures and in the parietal association zones. EEG changes were very variable in this situation also; it was observe an increase of EEG coherence in the right hemisphere for higher frequency of alpha and beta spectral bands. Changes of power spectrum parameters were similar to performance and imaginary motor tasks. Spectrum power and middle frequency of beta band were increased. Topographically these changes did not correspond to activated hemisphere and it was more in the left hemisphere. These changes were reflected nonspecific component of reaction.

X-ray, chemical phase analysis, TPR, DRES, adsorption technique, kinetic measurements have been used to study active sites of a combustion catalyst containing iron oxide supported on multihole plate ceramics.

To investigate and analyse the gastrointestinal mucosal-associated microbiota in the samples from diarrhea-predominant IBS (D-IBS), constipation--predominant IBS (C-IBS) patients and healthy controls.Oral cavity, duodenal, colonic and rectal mucosal samples were obtained from 40 IBS patients (20 C-IBS, 20 D-IBS) and 14 healthy controls. Duodenal and colonic tissue was collected during a flexible duodenoscopy and colonoscopy. Tissue samples were frozen for further molecular analysis. DNA was extracted from all frozen samples and used to identify 29 specific bacterial groups using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). A statistical treatment of the received data was performed.The dominant groups of bacteria of various microbiotops of the gastrointestinal tract in IBS patients and healthy controls were determined. qPCR analysis of duodenal samples demonstrated a reduction in the Bifidobacterium concentration in tissue samples from C-IBS patients when compared to healthy controls (p0.05). Analysis of rectal samples demonstrated an increase in concentrations of Faecalibacterium praustnizi (p0.05) and a reduction in the concentration of Streptococcus spp. (p0.01), Atopobium claster (p0.05), Ralstonia spp.+Burkholderia spp (p0.05) in tissue samples from D-IBS and C-IBS patients when compared to healthy controls.Our molecular data indicate that quantitative differences exist in specific bacterial groups in the microbiota between IBS and healthy subjects. The concentration of representatives of Bacteroidetes phylotypes appeared to be the most stable in various microbiotops of the gastrointestinal tract. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in IBS patients was not found. Received data help to suggest correlation with the features of the microbiota with clinical form of IBS.

The treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which include ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) is one of actual problems of modern gastroenterology and coloproctology. In recent years a great attention is paid to the molecules of adhesion. Adhesion proteins play a significant role in the development of inflammation in patients with IBD. They cause the migration of cells from the capillaries into the center of inflammation, i.e. do much to increase the inflammatory infiltration of the mucosa and homing of lymphocytes. Changes in the levels of adhesion factors under the influence of biological therapy have been insufficiently studied. So the aim of our study was to determine the diagnostic value of adhesion molecules--integrin-sVCAM-1 and selectins P-, E-, L- for the assessment of the effectiveness of therapy in patients with UC and CD and prognosis of the disease. 15 patients with IBD were examined (15 patients with Crohn's disease (CD)). 9 patients were treated using infliximab 5 mg/kg according to the standard scheme (0-2-6 and then every 8 weeks). 3 patients with IBD received anti-inflammatory therapy with the introduction of the culture of MSC in the number of 150 x 108 cells suspended in 200 ml of physiological solution with the addition of heparin (10 IU/ml). 3 patients received azathioprine (2 mg/kg) and glucocorticosteroids (GCS) 1 mg/kg. The clinical symptoms, the level of leukocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and also were analyzed before and after the treatment with infliximab and transplantation of MSC. The status of the colonic mucosa was evaluated using colonoscopy with biopsy. The concentration of adhesion molecules L-selectin, E-selectin, P-selectin, integrin-sVCAM-1 in blood serum was analyzed using immunoenzyme method twice before the beginning of treatment and after 2 months. It is established that after the standard therapy with the use of corticosteroids and azathioprine clinical and laboratory signs of IBD activity and increased levels of adhesion molecules remained in all patients. It is reliably determined that under the influence of infliximab the levels of P-selectin, E-selectin and integrin-sVCAM-1 decrease to 8.9 +/- 1.0 ng/ml, 5.5 +/- 1.7 ng/ml, 9.5 +/- 4.4 ng/ml, respectively (p0.001) in all patients with IBD. This point to the suppression of the synthesis of the main inflammatory cytokine alpha-TNF. Transplantation of MSC causes significant decrease of P-selectin, E-selectin to 6.9 +/- 1.1 ng/ml and 5.7 +/- 1.3 ng/ml, respectively (p0.001). Integrin-sVCAM-1 has decreased slightly to 12.2 +/- 2.2 ng/ml, p0.1. This is associated with the onset of the maximum therapeutic effect only in 1-2 months after transplantation. The levels of P-selectin, E-selectin, integrin-sVCAM-1, reflecting the acute phase of inflammation, decreased after MSC transplantation and infliximab induction therapy. The level of L-selectin, reflecting a chronic autoimmune inflammation, practically does not decrease after the MSC transplantation (8.9 +/- 0.5 ng/ml, p0.05) and infliximab induction therapy (9.6 +/- 0.8 ng/ml, p0.1). These include the appointment of long-term infliximab therapy and repeated MSC transplantations. P-selectin, E-selectin, L-selectin, integrin-sVCAM-1 are modern markers of inflammation and may be used to assess the effectiveness of standard and biological therapy in patients with IBD, and to predict the course of the disease.

One of the key links of pathological inflammatory process is the formation factors of adhesion. They play a leading role in the formation of inflammatory infiltration of the mucosa of the colon. Changes in the levels factors of adhesion under the influence of biological therapy are not well understood. In this regard, the aim of our study was to investigate the influence of biological therapy (infliximab, mesenchymal stromal cells) on the level of adhesion molecules in patients with IBD. Investigated the role of adhesion molecules to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment in this group of patients. Was examined 30 patients with IBD. Of these, 16 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 14 patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Of these, 16 patients received infliximab 5 mg/kg body weight, 14 patients with IBD who underwent a comprehensive anti-inflammatory therapy with the introduction of MSC culture. Before and after treatment with infliximab, MSC transplantation was carried out a study of the clinical blood test, CRP, determined by the level of adhesion molecule L-selectin, E-selectin, P-selectin, integrin - sVCAM-1 in serum by ELISA Under the influence of infliximab for all IBD patients had significantly lower levels of P-selectin, E-selectin, integrin - sVCAM-1. In the group of patients after MSC transplantation rates of P-selectin, E-selectin was significantly decreased and the level of integrin - sVCAM-1 decreased slightly. The level of L-selectin in patients both after MSC transplantation and therapy with infliximab is practically not reduced, which serves as a reflection of chronic autoimmune inflammation, and the basis for long-term use of biological therapy in IBD. Adhesion molecule P-selectin, E-selectin, integrin - sVCAM-1 decreased more rapidly under the influence of infliximab in patients with IBD because of the mechanism of drug action (suppression of the synthesis of core inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha). After transplantation of MSCs P-selectin, E-selectin, integrin - sVCAM-1 decreased more slowly due to the fact that the maximum positive effect of MSCs developed after 1 month. P-selectin, E-selectin, L-selectin, integrin - sVCAM-1 are the modern markers of inflammation and can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of biological therapy in IBD and the prognosis of the disease.

To gain a deeper insight into the relationship between the electrogenesis and oxygenation of the brain, fMRI and EEG reactions to identical functional loads (opening of the eyes and right- and left-hand fingering) were compared in 11 young right-handed healthy subjects with statistical techniques. Changes in power, frequency and coherent EEG parameters obtained by 18-channel monopolar recording were compared with values of + BOLD-fMRI response, calculated for 18 corresponding cortical areas on the basis of application of the "virtual cap" by the original algorithm. In reactive changes of both hemodynamic and bioelectrical parameters, sets of independent factors were identified, which were regarded on the basis of their topography as specific (localized in the cortical representation ofa relevant analyzer) and nonspecific (diffuse and similar under different functional loads). Specific component dominated in the fMRI response, whereas non-specific component was characteristic of the EEG reaction. The similar topography of reactive fMRI and EEG factors under normal conditions, confirmed by the correlation analysis, reflects the multilevel character of the systemic organization of the brain activity, visualized, in particular, in the sagittal projections of the individual fMRI images. Each of the reactive EEG factors included all of the EEG quantitative characteristics. EEG coherence, which dominated among other parameters (with a local increase in the cortical representation of a relevant analyzer and a diffuse decrease in the areas of the influence of the regulatory structures) displayed the highest correlation with hemodynamic responses of the brain.

OBJECTIVES: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an increasingly common, chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease characterized by impaired epidermal barrier function and cutaneous inflammation. The prevalence of AD has steadily increased during the past few decades. The aim of this study was to comparatively investigate cytokine gene expression in the skin and peripheral blood of atopic dermatitis patients and healthy individuals. RESULTS: In the skin of patients with AD, a significant increase of the level of gene expression was observed for interleukin (IL)-2r (p0.0023), IL-5 (p = 0.002), IL-6 (p0.0023), IL-8 (p = 0.01), IL-12B (p0.0023), IL-10 (p0.0023), IL-23 (p = 0.002), IL-29 (p0.0023), and transforming growth factor beta (tGFbeta) (p0.0023) as compared to healthy individuals. In contrast, no difference between AD patients and healthy donors was detected with respect to cytokine gene expression in the peripheral blood. METHODS: Samples of skin and peripheral blood from 48 severe AD patients (SCORAD = 78.5 [57;89], IGA = 4.2 [3,9;4,7]) at the age of 17 to 45 years and 20 healthy donors aged from 19 to 32 years were analyzed for gene expression of cytokines using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). CONCLUSIONS: Activity of markers of chronic inflammation and Th1 immune response in severe AD, namely IL-2r, IL-8, IL-12B, IL-23, IL-29 and TGFbeta, as well as activity of anti-inflammatory IL-5 were predominant in the skin but not in the blood of AD patients.

fMRI (1.5 or 3 T) and EEG studies with estimation of reactive responses on motor task (by right or left hand) were performed in 9 patients with tumors localized in frontal lobe of the brain. Results of this investigation were compared with results of the similar study in 12 healthy persons. It was shown that in cases of the brain pathology disorders of functional specialization and increase of diffuse component of reactivity was observed, fMRI-responses had been characterized the more intact reactions than reactive changes of EEG parameters. This specificity was described in cases of afferent loads in damaged hemisphere. Peculiarity of including different spectral bands in forming of EEG responses on motor tasks and changes of fMRI-answer depend on degree of cerebral decompensation, reflected in the of baseline EEG reorganization and degree of motor defect. Predominantly an increase of EEG coherence in delta-band with the predominance of reaction in the damaged hemisphere in cases of addressing any afferent load was observed in patients with severe cerebral decompensation and reflect dominant character of pathological focus forming. This data indicate on the more including of the deep brain structures in process of reactivity in patients compared with healthy persons and confirmed by fMRI-data.

The analysis of five Alu insertion loci (ACE, AP4OA1, B65, PV92, TPA25) has been carried out for the first time in 10 Russian populations (1088 individuals), covered all parts of historical area of the Russian ethnos. Depending on locus, Russian populations exhibit similarity with their western (European populations) or with the eastern (populations of the Ural region) neighbors. Considering frequencies of the studied Alu-insertions, Russian gene pool exhibits low variation: average difference between populations is d = 0.007, whereas on classical markers, mtDNA and Y chromosome heterogeneity of Russian gene pool is essentially higher (0.013, 0.033 and 0.142 respectively). Therefore, this set of five Alu insertions has lower variability on the intra-ethnic level. However in inter-ethnic comparisons the clear pattern was obtained: 13 Eastern European ethnic groups formed three clusters, according with their historical and geographical position--East Slavic, Caucasian and South Ural clusters. The obtained data confirms efficiency of using Alu insertions for studying genetic differentiation and history of a gene pool of the Eastern European populations.

A scheme relating population genetics and TB epidemiology data in Russia is proposed. For this, a genetic susceptibility index is suggested based on relative risk estimates and published data on genetic polymorphisms of various ethnic groups. The index correlates well (r 0 746 p 0 05) with TB morbidity in genetically and geographically distant populations clearly indicating an important role of the genetic component in determining TB epidemiology in Russia.

The correlation between DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 genes of HLA class II, and the development of germ cell tumors (GCTs), as well as serological response to HERV-K proteins were investigated. Genomic DNA prepared from 99 GST patients was subjected to HLA typing by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the set of sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP). This set of primers made it possible to detect 14 specificities of DRB 1 locus, 12 alleles and groups of alleles of DQB 1 locus, and 8 alleles of DQA1 locus. Alongside with the definition of the occurrence of HLA markers in the total group of patients, the frequency of the occurrence of HLA-DR-DQ alleles was calculated in: 1) patients with different morphological forms of GSTs (seminomas and non-seminomas); 2) GCT patients producing or non-producing antibodies to Gag and/or Env HERV-K proteins. The comparison group consisted of 300 Moscow blood donors. The study did not reveal statistically significant differences in the frequency of the occurrence of DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 alleles between the total group of GCT patients, its subgroup, and the control group. Thus, the data obtained demonstrated the absence of a strict correlation between the distribution of HLA class II alleles and GCT occurrence in the Russian population, as well as the ability of GCT patients to develop an antibody to HERV-K proteins, though more numerous observations are required to confirm this conclusion.

The authors summarized EEG findings and defined the nature of the intercentral EEG relationships in different functional states in healthy subjects and patients with organic cerebral pathology, based on a coherence analysis. Similar EEG characteristics in healthy individuals were identified: an anterior-posterior gradient of average coherence levels, the type of cortical-subcortical relationships in anterior cerebral structures. Right- and left-handed individuals showed frequent and regional differences in EEG coherence, which mainly reflected specificity of intracortical relationships. Development and regression of pathology in right-and left-handed individuals with organic brain lesions were thought to be caused by these differences. Lesions of regulatory structures (diencephalic, brain stem and limbic structures) provoked a more diffused kind of changes of intercentral relationships, in contrast to cortical pathology. These changes tended to reciprocate. The dynamic nature of intercentral relationships and their interhemispheric differences was revealed when changing functional states of the brain (increase and decrease of functional level) in healthy individuals and patients with organic cerebral pathology in the process of conscious and psychic activity restoration. Changing activity predominance of certain regulatory structures was considered one of the most important factors determining the dynamic nature of EEG coherence.

In order to reveal features of the brain reactions to external stimuli in the course of consciousness recovery after a severe craniocerebral injury, component P300 of acoustic evoked potential was analyzed in 9 patients with chronic and 32 patients with reversible unconsciousness. In patients with chronic unconsciousness, P300 parameters displayed a linear correlation with the current functional state. However, this component remained significantly different from its normal shape and varied only in a narrow range. In patients with reversible unconsciousness, time course of changes in amplitude and latency between recovery stages was of linear character with a tendency to normalization. The findings suggest that, in reversible unconsciousness states, processing of sensory information at different recovery stages may be performed with various functional systems that determine varying quality of processing, whereas changes in chronic unconsciousness are caused by a decrease in the number of active elements within the same functional system.

Актуальность. Выявление генетических маркеров предрасположенности к различным заболеваниям является одним из наиболее быстро развивающихся направлений медицинской науки. Впервые ассоциация между HLA и инсулинзависимым сахарным диабетом (ИЗСД) была установлена более 20 лет назад. В последние 3- 5 лет появилась возможность использования молекулярно-генетических методов для выявления HLA-специфичностей (генотипирование). Существуют различия в распределении HLA-специфичностей (HLA профилю) среди здоровых представителей трех этнических групп - русских, бурят и узбеков. Цель. Установление генетических основ сахарного диабета в различных этнических группах. Материалы и методы. В контрольные группы вошли 145 здоровых русских жителей Москвы. 139 здоровых узбеков - жителей Ташкента. 100 здоровых бурят - жителей Бурятии. Группы больных ИЗСД составили 85 русских - жителей Москвы. 47 узбеков - жителей Ташкента и 22 бурята (все больные ИЗСД. зарегистрированные и вновь выявленные в Бурятии в 1996 г.) - жители Бурятии. Типирование генов DRB1 с использованием наборов HLA генотипирующих реагентов фирмы "ДНК-Технология" (Россия), выявляющие 14 специфичностей гена DRB1 на уровне групп аллелей, 8 ал лелей гена DQA1 и 10 аллелей и групп аллелей гена 998 19 Сахарный диабет DQB1 (наборы прошли контроль качества в рамках XII Международного рабочего совещания по HLA). Результаты. У бурят в отличие от других ранее обследованных, в том числе в рамках международных исследований монголоидных популяций, наиболее выраженные ассоциации с ИЗСД относятся к "новым" HLA генетическим маркерам - генам HLA DQA1 и DQB1. Выявлены особенности в распределении маркеров резистентности к ИЗСД у бурят. В отличие от других ранее обследованных монголоидных групп у бурят среди аллелей-протекторов находятся HLA DRBI:11 и HLA DQB1:301. У узбеков в отличие от бурят в отношении аллелей HLA DQ локуса, имеющих ассоциации с ИЗСД (как положительные, так и отрицательные), установлено, что все они относятся к "классическим" аллелям-маркерам HLA DQ локуса. Выводы.Таким образом, в результате наших исследований выявлен полиморфизм в отношении HLA аллей и генотипов, ассоциированных с ИЗСД в изученных этнических группах. Установлены как меж-, так и внутрирасовые, ассоциированные с HLA DR и DQ генотипами, различия в заболеваемости ИЗСД.

The paper analyzes the epidemic situation associated with tuberculosis and AIDS in the Republic of Kalmykia and shows the high incidence (21.2%) of tuberculosis in the HIV infected. The authors propose a classification of tuberculosis and AIDS according to the clinical manifestations and outcome of a disease. Tuberculosis associated with HIV infection has been established to run most severely in socially unfavorable groups of patients. The timely and regular preventive treatment of tuberculosis in the development of immunosuppression (CD4, 200 cells or less) makes it possible to postpone and, at times, prevent the development of a tuberculous process in these patients. Combined antiviral therapy permits more effective treatment of tuberculosis.

The authors summarized the EEG findings and defined the nature of intercentral EEG relationships in different functional states of healthy subjects and patients with organic cerebral pathology based on coherence analysis. The EEG features typical of healthy subjects were identified: an anterior-posterior gradient of the mean coherence and the character of cortical-subcortical relationships in the anterior cerebral structures. Right- and lefthanded subjects showed the frequency and regional differences in EEG coherence, which reflected, mainly, specific intracortical relationships. Development and regression of pathologic signs in right- and lefthanded patients with organic brain lesions are thought to be determined by these differences. As distinct from cortical pathology, lesions of regulatory structures (diencephalic, brainstem, and limbic) were shown to produce more diffuse changes in intercentral relationships with a tendency to reciprocity. Intercentral relations, including their interhemispheric differences, varied with changes in the functional state of healthy subjects (increase and decrease in the level of functioning). A certain time course of changes in intercentral relationships was also revealed in patients with organic brain lesions during recovery of their consciousness and mental activity. Changes in the dominance of activity of individual regulatory structures are considered to be one of the most important factors that determine the dynamic character of EEG coherence.

To compare the safety of therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) who have received combination anti-inflammatory therapy using bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and standard therapy with 5-aminosalicylic acid, glucocorticosteroids, and immunosuppressive agents.Unfavorable consequences were analyzed in 103 patients (56 with UC and 47 with CD) with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) after MSC administration. The findings were compared with data obtained in 208 patients with UC and CD on standard anti-inflammatory therapy. All the patients were similar in demographic parameters, the duration of disease, the extent of intestinal injury, the nature of a course, the type and degree of disease. The analyzed groups did not include patients who had received therapy with anti-TNF-α drugs. The safety of therapy was evaluated from the presence of complications occurring during the follow-up.By analyzing the unfavorable consequences in 103 patients with IBD and comparing them with treatment results in 208 patients with UC and CD on standard anti-inflammatory therapy, the authors revealed no differences in the development of acute posttransfusion reactions, infectious complications, exacerbations of chronic inflammatory diseases, severe infectious complications, malignant transformation, and fatal cases in patients with UC and CD, except for those with transient fever.The results of this study demonstrate that the innovative method of cell therapy is clinically safe.Цель исследования. Сравнить безопасность терапии у больных язвенным колитом (ЯК) и болезнью Крона (БК), получавших комплексную противовоспалительную терапию с применением мезенхимальных стромальных клеток (МСК) костного мозга, и стандартную терапию препаратами 5-аминосалициловой кислоты, глюкокортикостероидами и иммуносупрессорами. Материалы и методы. Неблагоприятные последствия проанализированы у 103 больных (56 с ЯК и 47 с БК) воспалительными заболеваниями кишечника (ВЗК), которым вводили МСК. Полученные результаты сравнили с данными, полученными у 208 пациентов с ЯК и БК, которые находились на стандартной противовоспалительной терапии. Все пациенты сопоставимы по демографическим параметрам, длительности заболевания, протяженности поражения кишечника, характеру течения, форме заболевания, степени тяжести. В анализируемые группы не включали больных, которые получали терапию анти-α-ФНО-препаратами. Безопасность терапии оценивали по наличию осложнений, возникших за время наблюдения. Результаты. Проведя анализ неблагоприятных последствий у 103 больных ВЗК, которым вводили МСК, и сравнив их с результатами лечения 208 больных ЯК и БК, получавших стандартную противовоспалительную терапию, мы не выявили различий в развитии острых посттрансфузионных реакций, инфекционных осложнений, обострений хронических воспалительных заболеваний, тяжелых инфекционных осложнений, злокачественной трансформации и смертельных случаев у больных ЯК и БК, за исключением транзиторной лихорадки. Заключение. Результаты нашего исследования демонстрируют, что инновационный метод клеточной терапии является безопасным для клинического применения.

The main task of the future Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment (CBM), to be operated at the FAIR facility at GSI, Darmstadt, is the exploration of the properties of super-dense nuclear matter. The search for in-medium modifications of hadrons, the study of the transition from dense hadronic matter to quark-gluon matter, and the possible location of a critical endpoint in the QCD phase diagram of strongly interacting matter are the most important physics goals of CBM. Detailed measurements of di-leptons stemming from low-mass vector-mesons and charmonium have a large potential to shed light on the existence of such effects. The Ring Imaging Cherenkov detector of the CBM experiment aims at a clean and efficient electron identification. It is foreseen to use CO2 as radiator gas and equip the detector with a focussing mirror system and multi-anode photomultiplier tubes as photon detector. In this paper we present selected results of R&D studies and beam test measurements of the detector prototype performed in fall 2011 and 2012 at the CERN/PS with a mixed electron-pion beam.

Simultaneous study of both external and hereditary risk factors of the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) was carried out in Moscow population. As a result of the genotyping of HLA-DR locus on the chromosome 6, there were found markers of the predisposition to MS: by HLA-DR: DR2(15) way, especially, in homozygous heredity and in the absence of such specificity--alleles of DR3 group. The data were confirmed concerning both the elevation of frequency of the alleles of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)a1 and alpha 2 and the decrease of frequency of TNF-alpha 7 allele in MS. There was also confirmed association of the disease with the external factors, such as "predominance of the meat nutrition at the age under 15 years" and "tonsillitis at the age under 15 years". There were two combinations of the external and hereditary factors, when the power of the association increased significantly: "predominance of meat nutrition at the age under 15 years" and DR2(15) and "tonsillitis at the age under 15 years" and DR3. When genetic factors were excluded, the relation of MS with the external factors was considerably reduced; when the external factors were excluded, the association of MS with genetic markers became statistically insignificant. A combination of these external factors, which were the sources for the additional antigenic immunostimulation, with certain genetic factors in DR region suggested the presence of the genetically determined peculiarities of the composition of antigen presentation HLA-DR in the individuals with DR2(15) and DR3. There was no statistically confirmed presence of a combination of the external factors with TNF-alpha alleles which increased additionally MS risk. The presence of immunostimulating antigen-containing external factors may be significant for the influence of TNF-alpha in less degree than for the realization of predisposition in form of the certain composition of HLA molecules.

Dependence of manifestations of EEG pathological activity on the electrode montage was studied in cases of brain lesions involving limbic structures by means of the topographic mapping and 3-d dipole source localization. The original program DIPVIS on the basis of BRAINLOC software allowed us to reveal the stable sources of lateralized pathologic alpha activity and demonstrate the discrepancy between its localization and the localization of the normal human alpha rhythm. The sources of pathological activity in question were predominantly localized in the mediobasal structures of the affected hemisphere in contrast to the occipital region of a healthy human. It was established that the topography of the cortical pathological activity may be determined by peculiarities of localization and, especially, orientation of its dipole generators. Afferent stimulation produced an enhancement of the pathological alpha-activity and increase in dipole source concentration in the mediobasal portion of the temporal lobe. The findings suggest that the discovered from of the alpha-rhythm reflects the reaction of activation of the hippocampal structures involved in the pathological process.

Patients' genotyping of Russian ethnic group with multiple sclerosis (MS) was performed for the first time in two loci of the main complex of histocompatibility: in DR HLA class II (gene DRB1) and in the locus of tumor necrosis factors (TNF). There was no difference in the incidence of alleles groups which correlated with some specificity of DR. Meanwhile TNF-a1 and TNF-a9 alleles were encountered significantly more frequently in patients and TNF-a7 in control group. When all the patients and controls examined were divided into groups in dependence on combination of DR and TNF it was found that relations observed between MS and TNF-a7 and TNF-a9 alleles were displayed much more in individuals which carried alleles of gene DRB1, corresponding to DR15 specificity. These are alleles which are known as the main risk factor of MS in Caucasians. The patients with "protective" TNF-a7 allele were characterized by more favorable course of the disease. Thus highly significant genetic markers were revealed for the first time in region of TNF genes which were associated with increased or decreased risk of MS development at least in Russian ethnic group. There was also possibility of their interaction with group of DR15 alleles of DRB1 gene. One of the markers revealed (TNF-a7) occurred to be bound both with decreased risk of MS and with favorable clinical course, which was observed for genetic markers of MS for the first time. Manifestation of one or another property of TNF-a7 marker depends on the presence of alleles of DRB1 gene which corresponds to DR15 specificity.

In 50 patients with focal lesions of the brainstem was analysed the postsurgery dynamics of the interhemispheric interaction (by the characteristics of EEG coherence). Was shown a specific participation of the left and the right hemispheres in a realization of postoperative compensatory brain reactions. In survived patients in early terms after surgery the phase was revealed in which coherence in the left hemisphere exceeded that in the right one and the difference being significant for the frontal areas. This phenomenon reflected higher reactivity of the dominant hemisphere in a realization of the adaptive reactions of the CNS. Right hemispheric EEG coherence in general had lower values and was more inert. It dominated under the conditions when only vegetative regulation remained before the lethal exit.

Comparative EEG studies (with the normative data control) were carried out in patients with different anatomic-topographical variants of craniopharyngioma, effecting the hypothalamus (12 patients) and involving thalamo-subcortical structures in the pathological process (17 patients). Characteristics of EEG reorganization were found to be determined in the first instance by the stage of development of the focal process. Analysis of the regional characteristics and intercentral relations of the brain biopotentials revealed besides the common features, the differences in the effects of certain diencephalic structures on the spatial-temporal EEG organization. Hypothalamic areas exert mainly global influence on the EEG pattern formation. Thalamic structures influence genesis of the rhythmic activity forms and their intercentral relations more differentially and make more important contribution to the formation of the balanced (in norm) pattern of the brain electrical processes spatial-temporal organization.

In this work was studied a hemispheric specificity of the human brain in a realization of adaptive-compensatory reactions of the CNS. The interhemispheric correlation of EEG coherence functions of the left and the right hemispheres was computed in patients with brain focal lesions in early postsurgery period after an extraction of the medially-located tumor or in far-off time after a hard brain injury (i.e. at different stages of cerebral compensation). The observed peculiarities of changes of the interhemispheric biopotential relations revealed the dynamic character of preferable switching on the right or the left hemisphere in a formation of adaptive-compensatory brain reactions. The specificity of this switching depended on the stage of the pathologic process and reflected the degree of consciousness disturbance.

As many as 16 epileptic patients with the sings of sinistrality in the motor and sensory spheres were examined. The authors demonstrate the clinical characteristics of epilepsy in the left handed, that distinguish them from the right-handed; dissimilarity of each psychopathological symptom and syndrome to their analogs in the right-handed, the occurrence of unusual phenomena, impossible in the right-handed. Depict specific features of the EEG that distinguish the patients examined from healthy right- and left-handed. The data obtained are interpreted as evidence that the clinical characteristics and the EEG appearance of epilepsy are determined to a considerable measure by the profile of asymmetry of each patient as well as by the fact that the left-handed may demonstrate diverse varieties of functional brain asymmetry, differing from the type of asymmetry of cerebral hemisphere functions common to all the right-handed in the maintenance of integral neuropsychic activity.

Цель. Анализ ассоциаций генетических маркеров предрасположенности и резистентности к сахарному диабету (СД) 1 типа, локализованных в системе HLA, с помощью ДНК-генотипирования полиморфных аллелей этой системы в тувинской популяции. Материалы и методы. Среди тувинцев больные СД 1 встречаются с частотой 0.01%, т.е. в 5 раз реже, чем у русских, проживающих в той же географической зоне. Обследованы 15 тувинцев, больных СД 1. Контрольную группу составили 164 произвольно набранных доноров-тувинцев без аутоиммунных заболеваний и отягощенной наследственности по ним. Проведено HLA-типирование больных СД1 и здоровых представителей тувинской национальности выполнялось по трем генам: DRB1; DQA1 и DQB1. Результаты. При исследовании DRB1-специфичностей установлено, что наиболее частотным у лиц с СД1 был DRBP03 (26.7% у больных СД 1 против 6.1% в контрольной группе, относительный риск, ОР=6.3. При исследовании DQA1 аллелей в тувинской популяции (контрольная группа) и в группе больных диабетом наблюдались значительные отличия в частоте аллелей DQA1*0501. Для этого аллеля характерен и самый высокий показатель относительного риска. т.е. данный ген может рассматриваться как маркер предрасположенности к СД 1 в тувинской популяции. При исследовании распределения DQB1-аллелей наиболее частотными аллелями у больных СД 1 оказались DQBP0201 и DQB1*0302. Среди вычисленных показателей относительного риска единственно значимое значение отмечено для аллеля DQBP0201. Указанный аллель может рассматриваться как маркер предрасположенности к СД 1. Маркерным гаплотипом для тувинской популяции является 03-0501-0201, ОР развития заболевания при наличии которого составляет 6,3. ОР развития СД 1 при наличии другого классического? маркерного гаплотипа 04-0301-0302 составил 2,31. Наиболее значимым оказался показатель ОР для генотипа, включающего оба ?маркерных? гаплотипа (03-0501-0201, 04-0301-0302), ОР составил 409,8. Такой генотип не был обнаружен ни у одного из 164 здоровых тувинцев. Выводы. Генотипирование аллелей HLA-DRB1, HLADQA1 и HLA-DQB1 у больных СД1 и у здоровых доноров в тувинской популяции обнаружило маркеры предрасположенности к сахарному диабету 1 типа. Сравнение частот выявленных аллелей в норме и у больных сахарным диабетом 1 типа показало наличие выраженной положительной ассоциации СД1 как с отдельными аллелями DRB1*03, DQA1*0501, DQB1*0201, так и с гаплотипом DRB1*03-DQA1*0501- DQBP0201. 3. Наиболее выраженная ассоциация обнаружена для классического? маркерного генотипа DRB1*03-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201/DRB1*04 - DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302, не встречающегося среди здоровых тувинцев.