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Aquaculture, or aquafarming, is increasingly becoming a vital farming activity globally to meet exponentially high demand for fish and reduce pressure on global capture fisheries. In Kenya, aquaculture growth has led to concerns over the supply of quality fish seed, with farmers often reporting involving fingerling adulteration and mislabelling where frog tadpoles are packed and supplied as Clarias gariepinus fingerlings and mixed-sex Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings are falsely sold to fish farmers as sex-reversed monosex Nile tilapia. This study aims to identify strategies to enhance the quality of fish seed production in the country. Primary data were collected via questionnaires and interviews using the Kobo toolbox. Respondents were selected through purposive and random sampling. The SPSS software was used for the analysis. Findings showed moderate reliance on specific reporting offices for fish disease cases and significant variation in disease types and bio security measures. Fish disease treatment and management practices were more engaged by hatchery operators than disease reporting. No significant differences were found between disease treatment and management, type of fish diseases encountered at the hatchery, and the nature of fingerlings produced (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference between the source of broodstock, biosecurity measures, type of fish diseases encountered, and the Disease Case Reporting Office (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found between biosecurity measures and the period when the hatchery was established (p > 0.05). Lack of financial support, inexperienced workforce, and a lack of knowledge in fish disease identification and treatment were the major problems affecting the sustainability of hatchery operations in the country. Aquaculture policymakers should establish financial support for hatcheries, implement disease management training, promote research collaborations for disease surveillance, and incentivize biosecurity measures among hatchery managers and farmers to improve aquaculture sustainability in Kenya. Further research should explore treatment methods and long-term sustainability to mitigate disease risks.

The global expansion of aquaculture has driven significant technological advancements, including raceways, Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMTA) and marine offshore cages. However, unregulated aquaculture escapees pose a severe threat to aquatic biodiversity, acting as a potential time bomb for the entire ecosystem. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive understanding of the impact of unintentional escapees on aquatic ecosystems, particularly in India and riparian East African countries (Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania). Using an exploratory research design drawing from various peer-reviewed sources, this study outlines the dynamic growth of aquaculture in these countries, identifies high-impact escape incidents, and correlates risks and remedies with global cases, especially in regions such as Norway, Scotland, Ireland, Colombia, and the United States, where serious incidents of aquaculture escapees have been reported. The research categorizes aquaculture development trends, discusses mechanisms of escapee impact, proposes remedies, assesses methods and inferential strength, and highlights gaps in the existing literature. The study revealed complex ecological shifts caused by aquaculture escapees from invasive non-native fish species, affecting predation, competition, and genetic diversity. Escaped fish from aquaculture facilities pose a significant threat to aquatic biodiversity, especially in the study regions. The escalating risk of unintentional escapes was highlighted in India and three East African countries. To mitigate this, the study proposes integrating escapee management into national fisheries systems, amending fisheries laws, holding fish farmers accountable for aquaculture system failure, and developing comprehensive regulations for non-native species in aquaculture within the study regions. It is recommended to standardize the planning for aquaculture facilities and implement emergency plans, training, local mobilization and further research on the impact thresholds of aquaculture escapees in the study regions. Ecological education in aquaculture communities and the recognition of the role of translational scientists are crucial for the dissemination of knowledge. Urgent government action is needed to address unreported aquaculture escapes, preventing further ecosystem degradation and ensuring global aquaculture sustainability.

Live fish are in high demand all over the world, especially in China, where quality standards align with consumer preferences. In Kenya, discussions on live fish, particularly in aquaculture-rich regions, are focal points. However, the lack of a systematic approach to transporting live fish poses challenges for stakeholders. This research explores attitudes and perceptions of stakeholders in Kenya regarding the adoption and transportation of live fish, shedding light on transportation procedures and sector challenges. Using a descriptive research design, primary data were collected from diverse aquaculture stakeholders through a questionnaire, addressing their knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes toward live fish transportation in the country. The study unveils varied patterns of live fish transportation in Kenya, influenced by the purpose and distance. Private cars are prominent at 26.3%, with Nyanza and Mombasa leading at 35%. Modified vans are prevalent in Central-Nairobi and Western regions (25% and 22.5%, respectively), while public transport is widespread, especially in Central and Nairobi (25%). Purpose-built live fish vehicles dominate in Western and Nyanza (20% and 17.5%, respectively). Crustaceans like lobsters and crabs are primarily exported from the Coastal region (27.5%). Participants generally assessed their knowledge of live fish transportation as moderate, with a basic understanding of fish welfare. Feedback indicates common practices in live fish transport in Kenya as sealed tanks, plastic bags, and purpose-built vehicles. Temperature and oxygen fluctuations poses a significant challenge during transportation across all regions, particularly in Mombasa and Kisumu. The use of anaesthetics, especially for food fish, is infrequently reported. The study revealed favourable perceptions of stakeholders to live fish transportation and welfare, indicating early adoption. Further research is recommended on fish welfare, best management practices, technological advancements, and interdisciplinary studies to enhance the sustainability of live fish transportation sector and fish welfare in Kenya.

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common infectious diseases and is an important cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Studies have shown hyponatremia to be a common electrolyte abnormality in pneumonia. The current study was planned as there is paucity of data on hyponatremia in CAP in our setup. Purpose: To evaluate point prevalence of hyponatremia among patients presenting with community acquired pneumonia and to study correlation between CURB 65 score and levels of hyponatremia. Material and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study conducted in 100 patients of community acquired pneumonia who presented to GMC Jammu to study the correlation between CURB 65 score and levels of hyponatremia in the study cohort. Results: Out of 100 patients that we enrolled, 53% were males and 47% were females; mean age of patients enrolled in our study was 54.32 ± 17.7 years. In our study we found that hyponatremia was present in 50% of patients. Also, there was association between severity of CAP as determined by CURB 65 score and levels of hyponatremia. Among those with hyponatremia, 25% had mild, 17% had moderate and 8% had severe hyponatremia. Conclusion: Current study recorded 50%-point prevalence of hyponatremia among patients presenting with CAP. Further the study established significant association between higher CURB 65 score with hyponatremia. However, study failed to record any association with gender, smoking, alcoholism, rural or urban residence.