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Contains fulltext : 202781.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Animal and cellular models are essential tools for all areas of biological research including neuroscience. Model systems can also be used to investigate the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this review, we provide a summary of animal and cellular models for three genes linked to ADHD and ASD in human patients - CNTNAP2, ADGRL3, and PARK2. We also highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each model system. By bringing together behavioral and neurobiological data, we demonstrate how a cross-species approach can provide integrated insights into gene function and the pathogenesis of ADHD and ASD. The knowledge gained from transgenic models will be essential to discover and validate new treatment targets for these disorders.

Volcanism of Late Cretaceous–Miocene age is more widespread across the Zealandia continent than previously recognized. New age and geochemical information from widely spaced northern Zealandia seafloor samples can be related to three volcanotectonic regimes: (1) age-progressive, hotspot-style, low-K, alkali-basalt-dominated volcanism in the Lord Howe Seamount Chain. The northern end of the chain (c. 28 Ma) is spatially and temporally linked to the 40–28 Ma South Rennell Trough spreading centre. (2) Subalkaline, intermediate to silicic, medium-K to shoshonitic lavas of >78–42 Ma age within and near to the New Caledonia Basin. These lavas indicate that the basin and the adjacent Fairway Ridge are underlain by continental rather than oceanic crust, and are a record of Late Cretaceous–Eocene intracontinental rifting or, in some cases, speculatively subduction. (3) Spatially scattered, non-hotspot, alkali basalts of 30–18 Ma age from Loyalty Ridge, Lord Howe Rise, Aotea Basin and Reinga Basin. These lavas are part of a more extensive suite of Zealandia-wide, 97–0 Ma intraplate volcanics. Ages of northern Zealandia alkali basalts confirm that a late Cenozoic pulse of intraplate volcanism erupted across both northern and southern Zealandia. Collectively, the three groups of volcanic rocks emphasize the important role of magmatism in the geology of northern Zealandia, both during and after Gondwana break-up. There is no compelling evidence in our dataset for Late Cretaceous–Paleocene subduction beneath northern Zealandia.

The Hekeia Gabbro in the Longwood Range of Southland, New Zealand, is prospective for platinum group element mineralisation. Recently acquired geological and isotopic data, combined with reinterpreted aeromagnetic data, provide new constraints on the three-dimensional extent and internal structure of the gabbro. Direct observations of in situ subvertical igneous layering give confidence that most curvilinear aeromagnetic patterns are largely caused by macroscopic primary igneous layering. Steep magnetic gradients can be used to reliably define the areal limits of the Hekeia Gabbro and show that it extends to depths of over 1 km. Neodymium isotope ratios distinguish Hekeia Gabbro from younger gabbros and confirm the presence of at least two surface outcrops of Hekeia Gabbro a few kilometres west of the main body. Hekeia Gabbro is interpreted to be part of a 5 km thick Late Permian lopolith that was subsequently deformed and intruded by Triassic plutons. (Authors.), The Hekeia Gabbro in the Longwood Range of Southland, New Zealand, is prospective for platinum group element mineralisation. Recently acquired geological and isotopic data, combined with reinterpreted aeromagnetic data, provide new constraints on the three-dimensional extent and internal structure of the gabbro. Direct observations of in situ subvertical igneous layering give confidence that most curvilinear aeromagnetic patterns are largely caused by macroscopic primary igneous layering. Steep magnetic gradients can be used to reliably define the areal limits of the Hekeia Gabbro and show that it extends to depths of over 1 km. Neodymium isotope ratios distinguish Hekeia Gabbro from younger gabbros and confirm the presence of at least two surface outcrops of Hekeia Gabbro a few kilometres west of the main body. Hekeia Gabbro is interpreted to be part of a 5 km thick Late Permian lopolith that was subsequently deformed and intruded by Triassic plutons. (Authors.)

The geology of New Zealand consists of two main Cambrian-Early Cretaceous basement units with a Late Cretaceous-Holocene sedimentary and volcanic cover. Most of the onland metallic mineral deposits are found as: intrusion-related associations in the Western Province Tuhua Intrusives; mesothermal associations in Palaeozoic Western Province metasediments and Mesozoic Eastern Province schists and shear zones; epithermal associations in Miocene (subduction-related) Whakaari Supersuite volcanic rocks; or as placer associations in the Holocene Pakihi Supergroup beach and river deposits. Industrial minerals such as limestone, silica and clay are obtained principally from Cainozoic Zealandia Megasequence sedimentary rocks and from Whakaari Supersuite lavas. The Litho2014 high-level stratigraphic scheme for New Zealand, developed for national digital database needs, offers a more holistic and complete description and interpretation of New Zealand geology than previous schemes. The high-level stratigraphic units are bounded by intrusive contacts, faults, and/or unconformities. These units define discrete depositional, tectonic and magmatic episodes that can be related to mineralisation and crustal fluid flow, and provide fresh insights and understanding of mineralising processes., The geology of New Zealand consists of two main Cambrian-Early Cretaceous basement units with a Late Cretaceous-Holocene sedimentary and volcanic cover. Most of the onland metallic mineral deposits are found as: intrusion-related associations in the Western Province Tuhua Intrusives; mesothermal associations in Palaeozoic Western Province metasediments and Mesozoic Eastern Province schists and shear zones; epithermal associations in Miocene (subduction-related) Whakaari Supersuite volcanic rocks; or as placer associations in the Holocene Pakihi Supergroup beach and river deposits. Industrial minerals such as limestone, silica and clay are obtained principally from Cainozoic Zealandia Megasequence sedimentary rocks and from Whakaari Supersuite lavas. The Litho2014 high-level stratigraphic scheme for New Zealand, developed for national digital database needs, offers a more holistic and complete description and interpretation of New Zealand geology than previous schemes. The high-level stratigraphic units are bounded by intrusive contacts, faults, and/or unconformities. These units define discrete depositional, tectonic and magmatic episodes that can be related to mineralisation and crustal fluid flow, and provide fresh insights and understanding of mineralising processes.

During the Cretaceous the Otago schist belt in New Zealand was in the latter stages of formation as an accretionary complex with 2 000 km strike length on the Pacific margin of Gondwana. The schist is interpreted as an exhumed accretionary wedge of structurally stacked clastic metasedimentary rocks with minor metabasic rocks. Metamorphic grade reached upper greenschist facies. Gold and other related elements were mobilised from the metasedimentary rocks during metamorphism, and these elements contributed to the high levels of orogenic gold endowment (more than 18 000 000 oz) in the schist belt. Mesozoic gold deposits were emplaced in two distinct pulses at the beginning and the end of the Early Cretaceous. These mineralising pulses were driven by regional tectonic events that may have involved episodic underplating of subducting material, and/or subduction of spreading ridges. The earlier event was most closely associated with metamorphic processes that mobilised gold from the accreted metasediments during convergent tectonics, and appears to have been the more economically significant. The later event took place as accretionary processes ceased and the Zealandia portion of Gondwana began to undergo intracontinental rifting., During the Cretaceous the Otago schist belt in New Zealand was in the latter stages of formation as an accretionary complex with 2 000 km strike length on the Pacific margin of Gondwana. The schist is interpreted as an exhumed accretionary wedge of structurally stacked clastic metasedimentary rocks with minor metabasic rocks. Metamorphic grade reached upper greenschist facies. Gold and other related elements were mobilised from the metasedimentary rocks during metamorphism, and these elements contributed to the high levels of orogenic gold endowment (more than 18 000 000 oz) in the schist belt. Mesozoic gold deposits were emplaced in two distinct pulses at the beginning and the end of the Early Cretaceous. These mineralising pulses were driven by regional tectonic events that may have involved episodic underplating of subducting material, and/or subduction of spreading ridges. The earlier event was most closely associated with metamorphic processes that mobilised gold from the accreted metasediments during convergent tectonics, and appears to have been the more economically significant. The later event took place as accretionary processes ceased and the Zealandia portion of Gondwana began to undergo intracontinental rifting.