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This paper examines the behavioral responses of mortgage loan borrowers to Macroprudential Policy (MPP) its transmission channel, and the lag effect. We also explore the effectiveness of lender-based instruments Using borrower-level loan data from an Indian bank with a national presence from 2010 to 2021, we find that MPP tightening leads to a decline in borrower leverage. The impact is primarily channeled through downpayment changes rather than the cost of housing. The heterogeneous analysis reveals that the relaxation in MPP norms to promote affordable housing has helped middle-income groups in their mortgage decisions. A disaggregated analysis shows that risk weights have a stronger impact than LTV limits and provisioning requirements, suggesting that banks are capital-conscious in their lending decisions. Overall, the findings stress that MPPs, especially the timely intervention concerning risk weights have been effective in managing the borrowing risk thereby ensuring stability in the mortgage market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the economic consequences of a rule designed to improve consumers' understanding of mortgage information. The 2015 TILA‐RESPA Integrated Disclosures rule (TRID) simplifies the mortgage disclosures provided to consumers. As a consequence, TRID‐affected mortgages become a less attractive investment opportunity to banks. Our main results document that mortgage applications affected by TRID are less likely to be approved following the rule's effective date. We find evidence consistent with both a decrease in consumers' information processing costs and an increase in banks' secondary market frictions, providing insight into the potential channels through which this reduction in mortgage credit operates. We also find that banks partially compensate for reduced mortgage lending by increasing small business lending, and that fintechs absorb mortgage demand in areas with reduced mortgage lending by banks. Our study documents real actions that firms take in response to disclosure transparency regulation and contributes to the literature on the economic consequences of such regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early contact with people who need financial help is key in preventing financial derailment. It can prevent avoidable debt accumulation and accompanying psychological problems. In this field experiment, we investigated whether a descriptive social norm message mentioning an absolute number of customers who had previously reached out for help motivates customers of a Dutch mortgage lender to get in contact when they expect financial problems in the near future. The descriptive social norm letter did not result in more contacts. The results of our research contribute to the literature on social norm communication and debt prevention. Moreover, we present insights into the challenges associated with experimental field research on social influence and provide recommendations for future field work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of the 2008 Great Recession, a section of the Dodd–Frank Act (DFA) ostensibly provided greater protection to low-income borrowers by capping bank charges on small dollar mortgages (defined here as less than $100,000) and requiring more bank oversight by outside auditors. Previous research has shown that both actions had the perverse consequence of reducing the availability of mortgage credit to low-income borrowers. Building on these findings, we investigate the following question: Did the decline in access to credit lead to a decrease in demand for homes in high poverty census tracts, and a corresponding decline in property values in these areas? Using an OLS regression model of home values and census tract data in Forsyth County, North Carolina from 2007 to 2020, we calculate that nominal home values dropped by over 40% in the county's lowest income census tracts after the institution of the DFA, relative to the rest of the county. Our paper offers evidence that DFA has harmed those that the Act was intended to help. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bank capital requirements aim at reducing the likelihood of banks' failure. However, these policies may generate externalities on the overall economy. By investigating the pathways from capital requirements to housing tenure using structural equation modelling, we show that community banks' capital requirements increase the gap between the regional real estate loans‐based and non‐real estate loans‐based housing purchase rate and act as driving factors of housing market imbalance. The drop in residential real estate loans caused by the increase in capital requirements has two opposite effects: the direct effect motivates residents to rent properties, while the indirect effect motivates residents to purchase them due to the fall in housing prices. When both effects exist in housing purchases with real estate loans, the former effect is more influential than the latter one. Our findings suggest that the impact of capital requirements on housing tenure will depend on residents' reliance on real estate loans. If a housing purchase requires real estate loans, capital requirements will have a negative impact on the housing purchase, and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studies the effects of mortgage subsidies and asymmetric information in the US mortgage market. I exploit discontinuities in interest rates generated by pricing rules and find patterns consistent with advantageous selection. I estimate an industry model that highlights the relationship between mortgage subsidies, intermediary lenders' incentives, and borrowers' advantageous selection. The model shows that mortgage subsidies enable advantageous selection, creating a deadweight loss of $7.90 billion. The counterfactual analysis reveals that pricing borrowers' private information eliminates advantageous selection only if mortgages are not subsidized. Without the mortgage subsidy, pricing borrowers' private information improves efficiency by $728.58 million. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New Deal era's Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) programme has garnered notoriety for denying Black communities financial investment based on their race through the practice known as redlining. It is possible that redlining influenced future investment in these neighbourhoods by making them more appealing to gentrifiers through creating a rent gap or increasing the percentage of non-White populations. To explore the link between HOLC redlining and gentrification, we drew upon a sample of 58 cities across the United States from the Mapping Decline project. We also leveraged historical Census data collected by IPUMS and the Longitudinal Tract Database, as well as data on urban renewal from Renewing Inequality to control for intervening factors. Findings indicate that HOLC redlining can either directly or indirectly relate to gentrification depending on when gentrification begins. These findings encourage more consideration of the role of racist government policies in determining when gentrification will occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studies the impact of Foreign Direct Investment and portfolio flows on house prices of emerging market economies using a static factors panel VARX model. The results show that an increase in both Foreign Direct Investment and portfolio flows leads to higher house prices but that portfolio flows have a more persistent effect. This work also finds that mortgage credit, as a proxy for residential investment, is an essential variable in house price dynamics because it has a higher positive impact than any of the other endogenous variables. The results are robust to different model specifications, such as adding additional lags or changing the order in which the endogenous variables enter the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to safe and affordable financial services is essential to the economic well‐being of individual households and entire urban neighborhoods. However, prior research raises concerns about spatial inequities in the distribution of brick‐and‐mortar financial services offerings—either mainstream financial institutions or alternative 'fringe' financial service providers—and the resulting implications for financial inclusion and social justice. This study uses a novel method to identify fringe financial ecologies that captures the recent tandem processes of abandonment by mainstream financial institutions and the proliferation of alternative financial service providers. We explore how fringe financial ecologies potentially overlap existing inequalities of race, class and subprime mortgage lending in two US metropolitan areas, Los Angeles, California, and Miami, Florida. Our results raise concerns that communities of color, low‐income neighborhoods and otherwise vulnerable segments of the population are disproportionately at risk of both financial exclusion and predatory targeting. We find that fringe financial ecologies are associated with a high prevalence of subprime mortgage lending. The results advance an understanding of financial ecologies that raises awareness about place‐based financial exclusion as a form of systemic racism in the broader context of the national reckoning with racial justice in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subprime lending is concentrated in minority neighborhoods. However, the literature provides little evidence for what led to this concentration. We use the endorsement of credit scores in mortgage underwriting by the Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) in 1995 to answer this question. We show that prime lenders were substituted by subprime lenders in minority neighborhoods. As a result, the share of subprime lending increased by 5 percentage points in minority neighborhoods, relative to nonminority neighborhoods. Prime lenders with a stronger relationship with the GSEs reduced their lending in minority neighborhoods more, and the level of securitization by the GSEs in minority neighborhoods also decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper documents that mortgage market deregulation helps mitigate the risk of population aging by affecting a foundational family-level decision: the choice to have children. Using a U.S. federal regulator ruling, I show that young households fully exposed to mortgage market deregulation increase their probability of purchasing a home and having a child by 6 percentage points. Supplemental tests reject alternative hypotheses based on income or housing wealth growth and, instead, suggest that access to space is the relevant economic mechanism. Collectively, the evidence indicates that increased access to mortgage credit affects the total number of children in the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper isolates the causal impact of neighborhood environment on the credit outcomes of low-income borrowers by analyzing the participants of the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) experiment. MTO was a unique, large-scale experiment that offered families vouchers to move to better neighborhoods via randomized lottery. We find higher credit scores and use among those required to move to the lowest poverty areas as young children. For those who moved as adults, we find that better neighborhoods lead to a reduction of overdue debts and delinquencies, but only among those given unrestricted neighborhood choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of negative phenomena over the past two years: the Covid-19 pandemic, the temporary disruption of supply chains, the war in Ukraine and the energy crisis has affected many aspects of the global economy, including the rise in inflation and interest rates. All borrowers, including more than two million households in Poland repaying home loans, have been affected by these changes - most notably visible in the dynamic increase in lending rates. In order to help borrowers repay the instalments of such loans granted in zloty, the Legislator introduced legislation in July 2022 allowing for the use of „credit holidays”. The purpose of this article is to present the results of a study carried out on the basis of sample home loans - the impact of the introduction of „credit holidays” on the level of loan principal and instalments, assuming that all the money saved from the suspension of instalments is used to overpay the loan.

This paper studies the role of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) in the U.S. housing boom-bust cycle. I find that enhanced CRA enforcement in 1998 increased the growth rate of mortgage lending by CRA-regulated banks to CRA-eligible census tracts. I show that during the boom period house price growth was higher in the eligible census tracts because of the shift in mortgage supply of regulated banks. Consequently, these census tracts experienced a worse housing bust. I find that CRA-induced mortgages were awarded to borrowers with lower FICO scores and were more frequently delinquent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the political underpinnings and significant transformations within the U.S. banking industry spanning the last fifty years. It emphasizes the escalating reliance on government backing and explores the rise of fintech shadow banks as potential challengers. It underscores the implications of government interventions, such as deposit insurance expansions and mortgage credit subsidies, on the banking landscape.

The cost and process when financing manufactured homes (MHs) are the greatest barriers to owning them. MHs are considered personal properties and do not qualify for conventional real estate loans with lower interest rates than personal (chattel) loans. The resulting higher financing costs present a major obstacle to the lower-income demographic, who are the predominant purchasers of MHs. Recently, strategies have been implemented to permit MHs to be considered real property; therefore, making them eligible for a conventional mortgage. However, most MHs do not qualify for conventional loans and must apply for higher-interest chattel loans. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this area has not been investigated by academia or industry. Therefore, there is a gap in the literature on financing an MH. This study reviewed various methods for financing MHs and their corresponding loan terms, interest rates, down payments, and advantages or disadvantages. This study included Federal Housing Administration (FHA), chattel, and conventional loans. The aim was to identify the best approaches to reduce the cost of financing an MH that was based on specific conditions, such as the land ownership of the property and the type of foundation. Strategies, such as providing land lease communities for MHs to qualify them as real properties, were discussed. Recommendations were made to reduce ownership costs for manufactured houses to benefit the homeowners, MH industry, and mortgage companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate the long-run effects of the 1930s Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) redlining maps by linking children in the full count 1940 census to 1) the universe of Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax data in 1974 and 1979 and 2) the long form 2000 census. We use two identification strategies to estimate the potential long-run effects of differential access to credit along HOLC boundaries. The first strategy compares cross-boundary differences along HOLC boundaries to a comparison group of boundaries that had statistically similar preexisting differences as the actual boundaries. A second approach only uses boundaries that were least likely to have been chosen by the HOLC based on our statistical model. We find that children living on the lower-graded side of HOLC boundaries had significantly lower levels of educational attainment, reduced income in adulthood, and lived in neighborhoods during adulthood characterized by lower educational attainment, higher poverty rates, and higher rates of single-parent households. (JEL G21, I26, I32, J13, N32, R23, R31) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into recent developments in taxation law, particularly regarding non-arm's length income (NALI) provisions and their application to complex loan arrangements within self-managed superannuation funds (SMSFs). It discusses the specific case of an SMSF's loan arrangements with related entities, highlighting the scrutiny of whether the parties involved were dealing at arm's length and the potential implications of NALI provisions in such scenarios.

The authors also conducted structured interviews with PPP loan recipients and found that those businesses that received smaller-reported loan amounts had more difficulties and less knowledge about the loan application process than larger loan recipients. They compare PPP lending to existing residential and small business lending patterns to assess the disadvantage of Black and Latinx neighborhoods in receiving PPP loans. Keywords: inclusive economic development; paycheck protection program; PPP; inclusivity EN inclusive economic development paycheck protection program PPP inclusivity 207 210 4 09/20/23 20230801 NES 230801 In 2019, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, The Initiative for a Competitive Inner City, and the W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research partnered to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms and contexts that promote inclusive economic growth and development. During the first two phases - when approximately 60% of loans and 70% of loan dollars were allocated - majority Black and Latinx neighborhoods received disproportionately fewer PPP loans and dollars. [Extracted from the article]

As both a vibrant industry and necessity for people's lives, housing has attracted much attention in recent years. This article examines the efficacy of both loosening and tightening policies on mortgage lending in different priced housing markets in Shanghai, China, from 2014 to 2018 using daily average sale prices across 1,824 neighborhoods, with price-classified cluster analysis and policy-informed hedonic regressions. The results show that (1) the effects of mortgage lending policy interventions varied significantly and the overall spatial distribution gravitated toward subway networks and varied throughout the years; (2) the effects of interventions were time lagged but varied by different priced neighborhoods; and (3) although the accumulated number of both loosening and tightening policies were both significant, only the effects of tightening policies were significant overall. This article contributes to the existing literature by combining the spatial-temporal component in policy studies, providing detailed mortgage lending policy intervention variables, and expanding the scope of study from housing prices to housing transaction frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the impact of mergers and acquisitions in the Farm Credit System (FCS) on agricultural banks in the United States. It highlights concerns about the concentration of FCS and commercial banks due to mergers, discusses the potential effects on agricultural credit availability and prices, and explores how FCS mergers may have influenced strategic decisions and operations of agricultural banks.

According to IVS 2023 the terminal value of a DCFA can be calculated in respect of the three fundamental appraisal approach: market, income and cost. Specifi- cally, "Where the asset is expected to continue beyond the explicit forecast period, valuers must estimate the value of the asset at the end of that period. The terminal value is then discounted back to the valuation date, normally using the same discount rate as applied to the forecast cash flow" (IVS 105 Valuation Approaches and Methods, para 50.20). Although academic and professional normally refer to direct capitalization to calculate the exit value (scrap value, going out value) different approaches are possible. In particular it is possible to calculate the exit value using the market approach. The present work starts from an original model of Discounted Cash Flow Analysis proposed by Simonotti (2006) to propose possible alternative to the original formula. The model proposed, as defined for the paper "Prudential Value DCFA Formula (PVF)" provides methodological alternatives to the original model in order to apply the method in different property market conditions allowing the appraiser to represent even property market in recovery or falling market phase, or prudential assessment of worth and opinion of value. In particular the proposed model replace the compound growth of the property value included in the traditional Simonotti's model, with a linear growth or even a combination of both. The paper emphasize how property valuation standards can not be considered as immutable but they may be considered in constant evolution. In delivering an opinion of value for mortgage lending purposes the approach of professional academician and real estate analyst need to be able to respond to change of external conditions, in consideration of the sustainability of the cash flows in the long term, for the entire duration of the loan (and therefore for the purpose of identifying the long-term sustainable value of the asset). The approach is functional, inter alia, for the purpose of identifying the "prudential value" as defined by the innovative banking regulation (Basel 3) according to the definition of loan-to-value (LTV) ratio for loan origination and monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mortgage lending value (MLV) is a type of value different from the market value (MV). The MLV appraisal is normally required in loans secured by real estate (collateral) context. In Italy, this appraisal is often made in percentage terms or with subjective criteria that do not consider the reference principles also defined by the valuation standards. This paper, starting from the analysis of the German procedure to appraise the MLV, which is the first country to introduce the concept of a security value in the context of property valuations, aims to propose a more precise procedure than the German one by adopting calculation methodologies typical of the income approach which are based on the principles derived from the definition of mortgage lending value and from market trends. The case is made that the proposed methodology and calculation procedure provide a more objective method to appraise the MLV compared to the current ones, in accordance with both national and international valuation standards, and that it represents a useful tool in the professional field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a conceptual understanding of the processes of financialization based on the concept of the biopolitics of housing financialization. Drawing on the Foucauldian categories of disciplining and regulation, we elaborate an empirical analysis of the mechanisms that, in Mexico, propagated the aspiration of various sectors of the population with limited resources to have access to a home of their own through mortgage loans. The construction of the notion of biopolitics of the financialization of housing is based on an empirical research conducted at two different times (2017 and 2020) and consisting of semi-structured interviews with owners of affordable housing in the periphery of the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico. It shows that, far from benefiting borrowers, their insertion in credit relations undermines income and negatively impacts their quality of life. The present discussion is articulated through five devices of the financial biocapitalism of housing --the discourse of personal wealth, socio-territorial stratification, the fallacy of social credit, the reality of peripheral life, and the reality of indebted lives--, which help to explain the epistemic violence inherent to a financialized model of economic and territorial development that produces economic and political gains for a few people, to the detriment of those who are supposed to benefit from housing policies. The analysis reveals that the devices implemented reflect the subtlety of the exercise of power in the financialized provision of housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a long history of gender and ethno‐racial stratification in access to homeownership. Previous research highlights unequal treatment of minorities and women in the mortgage market. However, prior studies focus on single loan applicants when assessing the roles of both gender and race and ethnicity in their analysis. Because of this, it is unclear how mortgage lending disparities differ when considering the intersection of gender and race and ethnicity across single and co‐applicants. This paper draws on annual data from the 2018 and 2019 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) to assess gender and ethno‐racial disparities in loan outcomes. I document two diverging trends. On the one hand, single applicant women generally perform similarly or outperform single applicant men in the mortgage market even across ethno‐racial groups. On the other hand, women‐headed co‐applicants are more likely to experience an adverse loan outcome compared to male‐headed co‐applicants. The gender gap is substantially larger for black and Latino co‐applicants than for white co‐applicants. This is particularly true for black women‐ and Latina‐headed co‐applicants when examining mortgage denials. The results for Asian co‐applicants are mixed, as gender disparities differ across mortgage outcomes. Implications for gender and ethno‐racial stratification are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of NovaRUA Revista Universitaria de Administracion is the property of NovaRUA Revista Universitaria de Administracion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Complex disclosures have long been a major source of borrowers' poor understanding of mortgages. We examine the effect of simplifying mortgage disclosures in a difference-in-differences design around a significant disclosure rule mandated by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau in 2015. We find that inexperienced borrowers (first-time home buyers) pay significantly lower interest rates after the disclosure regulation than experienced borrowers (repeat buyers), suggesting that simplifying these disclosures reduces mortgage interest costs. Additional tests show that the reduction in interest costs is not accompanied with more upfront noninterest costs paid by borrowers. Our cross-sectional analyses reveal two mechanisms through which simplifying disclosures lowers interest costs: curbing predatory lending and facilitating borrower shopping. We further find that disadvantaged borrowers (Black, Hispanic, and single female) benefit more from simplified disclosures. Last, we do not find that simplifying disclosures affects mortgage loan performance. JEL Classifications: G21; G5; G18; M4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As housing demand rose post-COVID-19, new mortgage buyers with distinct preferences are entering the market. Nevertheless, the mortgage purchasing process can prove intricate and precarious for individuals lacking familiarity. Customers leverage various online platforms and supplementary sources to augment their knowledge and mitigate perceived risks, enabling them to make well-informed decisions during the mortgage buying process. Despite exerting these efforts, customers continue to harbor unfavorable purchase intentions due to their subpar purchasing experience, leaving mortgage lenders grappling with retention issues. Research has highlighted that only 15% of mortgage transfer customers would buy a mortgage from the original provider. The present study examines mortgage purchase intention and risk reduction by integrating customer empowerment and uncertainty reduction theories to contribute to the existing literature on mortgage decision-making. A survey was conducted among 554 mortgage buyers, and PLS-SEM was used to test the hypotheses. Knowledge positively influenced satisfaction (β = 0.15, p= = 0.01), and satisfaction positively affected purchase intention (β = 0.75, p = 0.01). The mediating mechanism of risk reduction through involvement and information search is also established. The findings suggest that customers involved in decision-making and information search are more likely to be satisfied with their purchase and experience less risk. Mortgage companies should encourage customers to be more involved and provide complete information during buying. As involved customers experience less confusion; they will make sound financial decisions and remain satisfied and loyal to the mortgage company. Using behavioral finance, policymakers could provide customers necessary nudges to improve decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The business of providing, under an agreement, the service of retrieving or collecting economic facts about its customers that may be unique through periodic FIPs; and combining, organizing, and providing, to the FIUs, such information that may be unique via periodic FIPs with the express consent of the customers. The customer's economic data, however, will no longer be NBFC-AA's property and cannot be utilised in any other way.. The home loan marketplace in India is expected to grow over $300 billion, which indicates a mortgage-to-GDP ratio of 11%. Favorable situations like growing earnings stages, progressed affordability, and financial assistance for the demand for homes as actual property in India is on an uptrend, builders are now financially stronger. while comparing to Asian economies, loan-to-GDP ratios range between 20-30 percent This paper discusses the role, challenges and opportunities for the customers and the companies to implement account aggregators for a smooth process and better returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Taiwan Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The recent real estate debt crisis in China has dealt a huge blow to the banking sector. To address this challenge, we construct a dynamic game model that considers the interaction of the government, banks and real estate companies. The model is used to analyze the default behavior of real estate companies and loan losses for banks when facing information asymmetry. In addition, we empirically demonstrate the contagion effect of debt risk of real estate companies to banks, using a sample of 119 listed real estate companies and 42 listed banks in China from 2001 to 2020. The results show the following. (1) The debt risk associated with non-state-owned real estate companies is more likely to be contagious to banks compared to state-owned real estate companies. (2) The contagion effect of debt risk of real estate companies to banks is more significant among small and medium-sized banks. (3) The debt risk of non-state-owned real estate companies is most contagious for rural banks, followed by urban banks. Further tests show that the rising debt risk of non-state-owned real estate companies significantly increases the asset risk of small and medium-sized banks. This effect is reinforced through the liquidity channel. This implies that controlling the contagion of debt risk of non-state-owned real estate companies to small and medium-sized banks is an effective way to prevent the occurrence of banking crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study how loan-to-value (LTV) regulations on mortgages can change the use of unsecured debt and mortgage refinancing behaviors for households at or near the regulatory limits imposed. This study focuses on the differences in unsecured debt market participation between Norway and Sweden, where LTV regulations are in effect, and Denmark and earlier studies, where no LTV limits are imposed. We analyze the unsecured debt loan market using data from a repeated household survey from 2019 and 2021 with 4,010 and 3,023 respondents, respectively. We also explore mortgage lending and unsecured debt using a unique micro data set covering 7,385 Norwegian households. Our analysis shows that unsecured debt increases with LTV level but that households' refinancing behaviors explain the lower increase in unsecured household debt at or near the regulatory limit for LTV on mortgages. We further demonstrate that an increasing number of households cannot refinance unsecured debt with mortgage debt. This lack of ability can lead to a rapid increase in the number of financially vulnerable households. We are the first to demonstrate that changes in different debt sources and refinancing patterns can increase the number of financially vulnerable households when LTV regulations are imposed solely on mortgage debt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese government encourages rural economic entities to use farmland management rights as collateral for loans, which helps to alleviate multi-level financing needs in rural areas. Based on the panel data of counties in Hubei Province, this paper adopts the Difference-in-Differences (DID) and the intermediary effect model to evaluate the impact of farmland management rights mortgage loans (FMRML) on the agri-food industrial agglomeration (AIA) in China. The study found that the pilot policy has significantly promoted the AIA. Moreover, the regression results remain robust after conducting the placebo test and the Propensity Score Matching Difference-in-Differences (PSM-DID) model, which demonstrates that the improvement effect is stable and long-lasting. From the heterogeneity analysis, it can be seen that the policy of FMRML has a more significant effect on the AIA in mountainous and hilly areas. By further analysis of the mechanism of action, it can be concluded that the pilot policy promotes the AIA by enhancing agricultural specialized production. The main findings can provide information for policymakers in China. The recommendations we have summarized encompass gradually expanding the scope of the pilot policy of FMRML, advancing the institutionalization and legalization of the policy, and promoting agricultural production specialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because India has one of the world's fastest-growing economies, the Indian banking sector is essential to the country's reform. The approval of home loans to customers is one of the crucial tasks carried out by Indian banks. The risk of loan repayment outside of the agreed-upon time frame can be reduced by accurately estimating the customer's loan need. The majority of earlier studies on the development of banking lacked a methodical approach to analyze qualitative data. Even though the traditional multivariate statistically based factor analysis approach is a great way to categories data in qualitative analysis, the technique cannot be used without any statistical presumptions and additional information about the data. This study handles the banking attributes related to home loans using the Dominance-based Rough Set Approach (D-RSA). In order to categorize the customer's attributes, this study suggests using a preference-based "if ... then" decision rule. This rule can aid decision makers in understanding the risk factors associated with loan factors for a financial organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The property market in Central European Region countries share a number of common features among which privatization, restitution of property, massive regulation or underdeveloped financial market all of which contributed on persisting property market imbalances and continuous dynamic changes. These changes have recently been significantly exacerbated by the presence of the Covid-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine and a significant increase in energy prices (heating of apartments and houses, production of building materials, etc.). It is currently difficult for investors and people looking for their own housing to predict the future development of housing prices and housing affordability. This article analyses the housing market trends in this region taking the example of the Czech Republic using unique primary statistical data. It offers a deeper insight into the trends present on this market, identifies significant determinants of housing prices and evaluates changes in housing affordability. Our research reveals why the property market trends may contribute to opening inequality scissors and thus economic stability. This research is based on primary statistical data mined by EVAL software which allows to gather information about the development of the real estate market from real estate advertising.