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Aims: The causes, circumstances, and preventability of young sudden cardiac arrest remain uncertain., Methods and Results: A prospective state-wide multi-source registry identified all out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) in 1-50 year olds in Victoria, Australia, from 2019 to 2021. Cases were adjudicated using hospital and forensic records, clinic assessments and interviews of survivors and family members. For confirmed cardiac causes of OHCA, circumstances and cardiac history were collected. National time-use data was used to contextualize circumstances. 1319 OHCAs were included. 725 (55.0%) cases had a cardiac aetiology of OHCA, with coronary disease (n = 314, 23.8%) the most common pathology. Drug toxicity (n = 226, 17.1%) was the most common non-cardiac cause of OHCA and the second-most common cause overall. OHCAs were most likely to occur in sleep (n = 233, 41.2%). However, when compared to the typical Australian day, OHCAs occurred disproportionately more commonly during exercise (9% of patients vs. 1.3% of typical day, P = 0.018) and less commonly while sedentary (39.6 vs. 54.6%, P = 0.047). 38.2% of patients had known standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. 77% of patients with a cardiac cause of OHCA had not reported cardiac symptoms nor been evaluated by a cardiologist prior to their OHCA., Conclusion: Approximately half of OHCAs in the young have a cardiac cause, with coronary disease and drug toxicity dominant aetiologies. OHCAs disproportionately occur during exercise. Of patients with cardiac cause of OHCA, almost two-thirds have no standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, and more than three-quarters had no prior warning symptoms or interaction with a cardiologist., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: None declared., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The present study characterised the types and amounts of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) remaining undigested along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of broiler chickens offered a typical wheat- or maize-based diet. One-day old Cobb 500 mixed-sex chicks were assigned to 24 pens, with 10 birds/pen and 12 pens/treatment. Birds were offered the experimental diets in 3 phases (starter, day 0 to 10; grower, day 11 to 24 and finisher, day 25 to 35). Excreta and digesta samples from the crop, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caeca were collected at 12 and 35 days of age, and analysed for the NSP flow. The wheat-based diet contained higher levels of soluble NSP than the maize-based diet, whereas insoluble NSP levels were similar between the 2 diets. Detailed analysis of NSP constituents revealed that arabinoxylans were the primary NSP in the wheat-based diet, mostly in insoluble form. Pectins were the predominant NSP in the maize-based diet, followed by arabinoxylans. Overall, birds offered the wheat-based diet presented higher levels of soluble NSP remaining in all gut sections compared to birds offered the maize-based diet, at both 12 and 35 days of age ( P  < 0.050). Accumulation of insoluble NSP in the gizzard was noted in birds fed both diets, but was more pronounced in birds offered the maize-based diet compared to the wheat-based diet, at both 12 and 35 days of age ( P  < 0.001). The present study highlights marked differences in the amounts and types of NSP delivered to the different gut sections when feeding wheat-compared to maize-based diets, particularly in the gizzard and the lower GIT of birds., Competing Interests: We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work, and there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the content of this paper., (© 2022 Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd.)