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In my bachelor thesis I studied trematodes from plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides obtained during expeditions to Svalbard in 2014 and 2018. My goal was morphological and molecular processing of the obtained material, which allowed me to confirm the identification of the flukes as Aporocotyle simplex Odhner, 1900. Aporocotyle simplex is a common parasite of plaice, ocurring mainly in Hippoglossoides platessoides, but also in Limanda limanda and Pleuronectes platessa. The species A. simplex is geographically distributed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada, off the west coast of Sweden, in the Barents Sea and Bering Sea, off the coast of Kamchatka and Greenland. My results showed that the species A. simplex is widespread in Svalbard. In the practical part, I dealt with methods that helped me to identify the studied specimens. I observed the trematode tegumental surface with aid of a scanning electrom microscope (JEOL JSM-7401F). The trematode internal organs were stained with Mayer-Schuberg carmine, which allowed me to observe and draw the mounted specimens using a light microscope (Olympus BX51) equipped with a drawing attachment. Furthermore, for molecular analysis, the DNA was isolated using the commercial Exgene Tissue SV mini kit (GeneAll). The isolated DNA (the gene for the large ribosomal subunit, 28S rRNA) was amplified by PCR, the obtained PCR products were sequenced on an automated sequencer (ABI Prism 3130xl or 3730xl, by SEQme). The newly acquired sequences (three in total) were aligned in the program Geneious 8.0.5with sequences available from GenBank (64 sequences). Phylogenetic analysis of the species relationships within the family Aporocotylidae was performed using the Maximum Likelihood method with TPM2u + F + G4 used as the best model. Aporocotyle simplex falls into a separate branch together with A. michaudi, from which however, it differs substantially by its morphology (distribution of tegumental spines on body and their number in the clusters, number of testes, ratio of esophagus length to body length) and geographical distribution (A. michaudi occurs in the South Atlantic Ocean).

The doctoral thesis MD. Liubov Kastnerova (previous name Kyrpychova) is focused on the histomorphological and molecular biologic features of selected cutaneous epithelial and nonepithelial tumors and is structured as a commentary to the 20 articles published during four years, representing the completed scientific projects in the Ph.D. course. In eight papers, the author of the thesis is the first author, whereas she coauthored in the remaining 12 papers. The thesis is composed of the commented files of authors own publications and it is divided into cutaneous epithelial and nonepithelial tumors. The first section, «Cutaneous epithelial tumors», includes 14 articles that are subdivided into two parts: adnexal tumors (9 articles) and lesions of anogenital mammary-like glands (5 articles). Of the nine articles on adnexal tumors, there are 5 articles focused on various benign and malignant adnexal lesions with apocrine or eccrine differentiation. Novel findings in this part include the identification of hitherto unreported alterations of the MYBL1 gene in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the skin and lack of deletion of the 1p36 locus in this neoplasm; the lack of a correlation between cellular composition and the presence CRTC1-MAML2 fusions in hidradenoma, the absence of CRTC3-MAML2 fusions in this tumor,...

The research contained in this thesis explores the phylogenetic systematics, taxonomy, evolution and biogeography of tribe Megasternini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae). Megasternines are an oustandingly diverse group of terrestrial water scavenger beetles with almost 600 described species and probably up to 1,000 species in total. Its species can be found in a wide array of habitats with abundant decaying material like humid leaf litter, dung, rotten cacti, beach wrack, flowers, etc. The specific and ecological diversity as well as their global distribution makes Megasternini an interesting model group for the understanding of processes underlying the diversification, biogeography and evolution of beetles. The scientific part of the thesis contains seven papers: three published, one accepted, one submitted and two manuscripts. Chapters 1-4 are focused on the taxonomy of selected groups. These chapters aim to cover a variety of cases in terms of biogeography (the Greater Antilles, northern Neotropics, Africa and Southeast Asia), ecology (species associated with leaf litter, dung, flower and rotten cacti) and different taxonomic scenarios. One new extant genus and eight new extant species are described in these chapters. Chapter 5 is a revision of all known hydrophilid fossils from Baltic...

The diploma thesis focuses on the hydroponic production of cucumbers. The first part of the thesis is theoretical and deals with the hydroponic growing with the focus on cucumbers. In the practical part, in accordance with the aim of the thesis, there can be found the evaluation of the yield and growth parameters of two greenhouse hydroponic cultures of cucumbers in Jižní Morava, Ltd., depending on the production period and repeated usage of the grow slabs. The results show that the production period and the repeatedly used grow slabs have a significant impact on the yield and growth of cucumbers.

Dog (Canis lupus f. familiaris) is one of the oldest domesticated animals and he has been by our side for several thousand years. Although we know a lot of different domesticated animal breeds but by far it didn't reach such distinction in case of dog. In my work I'll be examinating domestication of this beast and its breeding. Also I'll be dealing with breeds of dogs and especially with morphological differences between them. Key words: Canis lupus familiaris, domestication, breedig, morphology, breed

The purpose of the work was to develop a user-friendly tool for sentence analysis. It is an application in which the user has the possibility to edit linguistically annotated data, specifically texts annotated according to the Universal Dependencies rules. The application works with the CoNLL-U file format, so you can load such a file and save it later. Visualization clearly and comprehensibly captures the structure and other annotations of a sentence that can be easily edited. The tool also supports file search based on the sentence or word attribute values. The aim of this work was to think about the possibilities how to visualize and modify the data of this kind.

The aim of this study is to compare anthropometric parameters of the trunk between a group of patients with low back pain and a control group without pain. These findings would support the theory that low back pain may be caused by non-ideal postural-locomotion development in childhood, resulting in measurable morphological variations in adulthood. 60 individuals with low back pain (patients) and 60 healthy volunteers (controls) participated in the study. It was confirmed that the distance between the jugular fossa and xiphoid process is shorter in relation to the body height in the group of patients versus the control group. Conversely, there was a significantly longer distance between the xiphoid and symphysis relative to the body height among the patients. Furthermore, diastasis of rectus abdominis muscle was observed more frequently in the low back pain group. These findings suggest that patients with low back pain present with trunk morphological differences when compared with a matching healthy group. Keywords Low back pain, jugular fossa to xiphoid process distance, xiphoid to symphysis distance, rectus abdominis muscle diastasis, motor development, morphology, anthropometry

This final thesis works with the topic of standard Czech language at the 1st level of primary schools. The theoretical part deals with the units of the Czech national language, standard Czech language and its development, current phenomenons in contemporary Czech, common Czech language, Czech dialects and sociolects. Furthermore, it briefly describes the development of teaching of standard Czech language at schools and other possibilities of teachers. It also analyzes particular morphological aspects of individual morphological changes subsequently examined in the practical part. The empirical part is a quantitative analysis and comparison of the ability of pupils of the first grade of selected schools in the Central Bohemian Region to identify the non-standard expressions and replace them with the correct standard forms. The work partly verifies the selected hypotheses and compares the results primarily with the results of similar research carried out at the 2nd level of primary schools.

P. magnifica is an invasive freshwater bryozoan species which is native to the North America. The aim of this thesis is to ascertain the pace of the colonies' growth. The survey was carried out in three locations during twenty-one days in July 2018.

The main purpose of the bachelor thesis was comparing morphology of volcanic features in the Czech Republic and in regions with active volcanism. The thesis provide a comprehensive summary of volcanic features in the Czech Republic, describe their morphology with use of remote sensing methods and compare them with the features and landforms of active volcanism in the world. A total of twenty-nine volcanic features, 16 of the Czech Republic and 13 structures from the world were compared. Some matches and differences were recorded. The external morphology of volcanoes is similar, but in many cases we can observe differences in rock composition or origin of volcano. The use of distance methods appeared to be an appropriate method, but some limitations appeared: e.g. the different resolution of particular DMR models or insufficient information on the genesis of particular volcanoes. Field survey can be an effective solution. Another aim of the bachelor's thesis was making of a popular-instructive manual for geology lessons at elementary schools and grammar schools. A four-page publication includes a theoretical introduction to volcanic activity, two experiments and a worksheet for the practice of knowledge.

In this bachelor thesis were described flavonoids, their chemical structure, properties and significance. Furthermore, the morphology of the genera Mentha L., Salvia L. and Origanum L. was described with a focus on the correct taxonomic classification and brief characteristics of the varieties. From the literature and scientific articles was collected informations about the content substances of individual taxa with a focus on flavonoids, their content, effects and factors that influence their content and quantity.

The bachelor thesis deals with the monitoring of morphological structure of the udders and the milk performance of the zwartbles sheep. The aim of this bachelor thesis was to obtain and evaluate data in 10 pieces of zwartbles ewes together with monitoring of weight gain of lambs born from them. As for the evaluation of the udder morphological structure, there were no udder-deficient ewes or poor mammary health in the evaluation group. The control of milk performance shows an increase in lactation and an increase in lamb gains, so milk performance has been satisfactory for the needs of the farmer with the aim of lamb fattening.

The diploma thesis deals with culture of spoken language among pupils at second stage of elementary school. The theoretical part is focused on rhetoric, phonetics, syntax or stylistics. The thesis also includes a part about division of vocabulary. The last two chapters of the theoretical part deals with nonverbal communication and it also includes some specific features of spoken language. The research part contains analyses of speeches that were done by six pupils of ninth grade of elementary school. Prepared an unprepared speeches were analysed from phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic point of view. Nonverbal communication was also evaluated.

This work deals with lymphoproliferative diseases in which morphology can contribute to diagnosis and speed up the diagnostic process. The cytomorphological examination is performed whenever any hematopathology is suspected. Cell morphology is assessed from both peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirates. We evaluate many parameters during microscopic examination of the cells: size, shape and deposition of the nucleus, chromatin structure, presence of nuclei, cytoplasm volume and colour, the presence of granules, vacuole, etc. The most common finding in peripheral blood is reactive lymphocytosis and often the presence of cellular atypia: e.g. visible nucleus, a distinct fine structure of chromatin, heterogeneity of the nucleus. Lymphoproliferation can be manifested by non-specific clinical and laboratory findings, which are sometimes difficult to properly evaluate. Therefore should be the results of other laboratory tests and clinical picture taken into account too. Morphology continues to play an important role in the process of recognizing leukaemias and lymphomas. In today's classification responds morphology seldom to the question what disease we looking at. However, the examination is still far more accessible and usually faster than follow-up laboratory methods and has its place in the chain...

In my bachelor's thesis I focus on bipedal locomotion and bipedal posture of various primate species in a morphological, ontogenetic and ecological context. Nowadays, a habitual bipedalism is used only by human, about whom I mention only marginally with comparing him to the other primates in my thesis. First part of thesis deals with morphological aspects of bipedal primate locomotion, including description of anatomical differences of primate species and comparison of bipedal walk to quadrupedal walk. Next in thesis, I deal with ontogenetic aspects of bipedal primate locomotion, where I compare the rate of bipedal use among infant and adult primates and also among selected primate species. Finally, I describe the use of bipedal walk and bipedal postures of primates in different situations and ecological conditions. Keywords: bipedalism, primates, primate locomotion, ontogenetic aspects, morphology, ecological aspects, transport, human

Ambient temperature is the key factor that may positively or negatively regulate the growth and development of land plants. For instance, the change in temperature conditions determines the leaf development, flowering period and the fruit ripening. In this thesis, we investigate the role of cytokinin (CK) in the response of plants to higher soil temperature. Using genetic and transcriptomic analysis, we have identified several components of CK signaling pathway that orchestrate the increase growth rate of plants growing in the warm (35 °C) soil. The cellular analysis of epidermal leaf cells showed that this higher growth rate is caused by 2-fold higher cell expansion. This pattern of changing cell morphogenesis correlates with decreased levels of active forms of CK that act as a key factor in the maintenance of cell proliferation phase in the leaf.

This bachelor thesis is focused on informal communication of young people via Internet and some of its specifications. The thesis is dividedinto a the oretical and a practical part. The theoretical part will be dealing with the variations of standard pronunciation in the area of morphology, syntax and vocabulary. The practical part is focused on monitoring of thiskind of communication on selected internet servers at three age groups: these are elementary schools tudents, high school students and college (university)students. The aim is to capture the typice features of this kind of communication at different level so flanguage, in cluding a reflection of spelling. It will be a revised bachelor thesis previously submitted for defense in the unsuccessful state final examination.

Phylogenetics is a sub-discipline of biology which focuses on classification of organisms based on their evolutionary development. Morphological and anatomical features have been traditionally used in reconstruction of phylogeny but with the onset of modern technology their role has been partly taken up by molecular analysis. Family Planorbidae is a very diverse group that includes species with very different morphology. This work aims to provide an overview of the phylogeny within Planorbidae family and discuss the importance of the individual features used in determination based on the results of the published studies.

This thesis focuses on the descriptive analysis of skull morphology of the pond slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans). The general approach was an osteological preparation of the skulls and photographic documentation (following standardised procedures) of a larger sample of specimens. The collected data was used as a background for subsequent GMM analyses. Main hypotheses of this project were: 1) the skull of T. s. elegans is sexually dimorphic; 2) the skull of T. s. elegans constitutes of several independent modules. The objective of this thesis was therefore to describe the postnatal ontogenesis of the model taxon and to determine the developmental trends of its cranial structures. It was shown that the skull of T. s. elegans is sexually dimorphic in shape mainly due to differences in allometric growth. These differences probably reflect different nutritional requirements. The skull of T. s. elegans is formed out of four modules. These are: facial, central, basicranial, and possibly also zygomatic-pterygoideal modules.

Genetic composition of hybrid zones often reflects geographical and ecological gradients. Hybrid zone of Arabidopsis lyrata and A. arenosa in Central Europe can be convenient model system for testing such hypothesis. These are well circumscribed but still interfertile, and their offspring is fully fertile. Besides repeated hybridisation events, the current state is complicated by the autopolyploidisation events of one of the parents, namely A. lyrata, which is present in the area studied both as diploid and tetraploid. This hybrid zone was already described in previous publications, which showed certain gradient of introgression. Moreover, the area of the hybrid zone represents a transition between Alpine and Pannonian climate along an altitudinal gradient leading from the Prealps to the lowland Wienerwald. The current thesis is the as yet most detailed study of this hybrid zone both in respect of number of studied populations and the amount of data acquired using the methods of RAD Sequencing, multivariate morphometrics and flow cytometry. The analysis of genetic data showed a gradient of introgression, where parental populations are placed at opposite ends, whereas genetically intermediate hybrids are placed in its centre. Analysis of the genome size showed an additional gradient, where hybrids...

Elektronická učebnice Morfologie ruštiny 1: podstatná jména, přídavná jména, zájmena (rozcestník k české, ruské a anglické html verzi) obsahuje teoretické pasáže uvádějící do problematiky jednotlivých témat a navazující praktická cvičení. Zahrnuje také hypertextové odkazy na teoretické zdroje v ruštině a jazykové nástroje (jazykové korpusy, informační portály, e-slovníky) umožňující samostatnou práci s texty v ruštině. Je určena všem, kteří mají zájem o ruský jazyk a chtějí se zdokonalit v ruské morfologii. Výuková pomůcka je dostupná také ve verzi pro mobilní zařízení (epub) v češtině, ruštině a angličtině. ISBN 978-80-210-9183-2 (online : HTML), ISBN 978-80-210-9184-9 (online : ePub), ISBN 978-80-210-9185-6 (online : HTML) (rus. vyd.), ISBN 978-80-210-9186-3 (online : ePub) (rus. vyd.), ISBN 978-80-210-9187-0 (online : HTML) (angl. vyd.), ISBN 978-80-210-9188-7 (online : ePub) (angl. vyd.) Textbook "Morphology of the Russian language 1: nouns, adjectives, pronouns" is intended for all students of the Masaryk University, as well as for those who are interested in the Russian language and want to improve their level of Russian grammar. The textbook contains theoretical information covering individual grammatical topics and practical tasks. The textbook also includes hypertext links to theoretical sources in Russian and linguistic tools (language corpora, information portals, electronic dictionaries) that allow you to work independently with texts in Russian. ISBN 978-80-210-9183-2 (online : HTML), ISBN 978-80-210-9184-9 (online : ePub), ISBN 978-80-210-9185-6 (online : HTML) (rus. vyd.), ISBN 978-80-210-9186-3 (online : ePub) (rus. vyd.), ISBN 978-80-210-9187-0 (online : HTML) (angl. vyd.), ISBN 978-80-210-9188-7 (online : ePub) (angl. vyd.)

In linguistics, words are usually considered to be composed of morphemes: units that carry meaning and are not further subdivisible. The task of this thesis is to create an automatic method for segmenting Czech words into morphemes, usable within the network of Czech derivational relations DeriNet. We created two different methods. The first one finds morpheme boundaries by differentiating words against their derivational parents, and transitively against their whole derivational family. It explicitly models morphophonological alternations and finds the best boundaries using maximum likelihood estimation. At worst, the results are slightly worse than the state of the art method Morfessor FlatCat, and they are significantly better in some settings. The second method is a neural network made to jointly predict segmentation and derivational parents, trained using the output of the first method and the derivational pairs from DeriNet. Our hypothesis that such joint training would increase the quality of the segmentation over training purely on the segmentation task seems to hold in some cases, but not in other. The neural model performs worse than the first one, possibly due to being trained on data which already contains some errors, multiplying them.

Smyslem příspěvku je usnadnit studentům přípravu diplomových a bakalářských prací a zdokonalit jejich zpracování, pomoci při výběru tématu, při formulaci cílů a hypotéz, metod a postupu výzkumu přes zpracování výzkumného materiál až po kompozici a stylizaci odborného textu. V příspěvku se probírá postup přípravy, a to v návaznosti na autorčin výklad ve stati Příprava a tvorba věcného, zvláště odborného komunikátu psaného v Současné stylistice (2008), ten se konkretizuje, vše se dokumentuje na dokladech, jež jsou vybírány ze studentských textů a analyzovány; jsou zmapovány některé typické nedostatky - od kompozice a výstavby textu přes syntaktickou stavbu, lexikum, po morfologii a pravopis. Vytčeným nedostatkům by se měli vedoucí práce od počátku věnovat, aby je předcházeli. Student-cizinci mají velmi rozličnou úroveň v závislosti na předchozím školení, tu musí vedoucí práce poznat a na ni bezprostředně navázat. This study aims to help students with writing their bachelor´s thesis, master´s thesis or doctoral dissertation. It offers advice on selecting a topic, formulating aims and hypotheses, using different methods and conducting research, from analysing the research material to describing the outcomes in appropirate scientific style. Tesearch preparation is also mentioned and analysed on the basis of authentic material taken from student´s texts. In the final part of the study, the autor brings together typical language mistakes from all structural levels. Thesis supervisors should be aware of these mistakes so that they can help their students avoid them.

The European Union and its Member States have a large number of on-going policy initiatives directly aimed at future building regulations which will require nearly “Zero Energy Buildings” in Europe. The increased complexity of future building design inexorably calls for more design collaboration and the early collaboration of architects and engineers can facilitate the creation of new knowledge and solutions beyond the specific scope of each individual discipline. This calls for an integrated design approach which, already at the initial conceptual design phase, requires the involvement of various design experts from different domains to form multidisciplinary design teams. In order to support these teams, a design method based on the use of morphological charts and a morphological overview was developed in cooperation with the Dutch professional organizations of architects and consulting engineers. This tool aids architects and engineers with their new role in the conceptual design phase, as it enables effective exchange of each discipline’s perspective on the design task as well as structuring available domain knowledge. For ten years the method has been applied in the Master Program project “Integral Design”, at the Faculty of the Built Environment of the Technical University Eindhoven, as part of a multidisciplinary program in which students work together with experienced professionals. The outcomes show that the design support tool facilitates a significant increase in the number of possible solutions generated by design teams, and it demonstrates that the morphological charts and morphological overview can be used as an analysis tool for evaluating the impact of different interventions during the conceptual phase of the building design process. A detailed discussion of the design support tool itself, and how the tool was utilized to determine the impact of various interventions is investigated, such as the use of C-constructs based on the Concept-Knowledge theory of Hatchel and Weil, in order to further stimulate the generation of sub-solutions.

International audience; In biology, the morphometric analysis is widely used to analyze the inter-organisms variations. It allows to classify and to determine the evolution of an organism’s family. The morphometric methods consider features such as shape, structure, color, or size of the studied objects. In previous works [8], we have analyzed beetle mandibles by using the centroid as feature, in order to classify the beetles. We have shown that the Probabilistic Hough Transform (PHT) is an efficient unsupervised method to compute the centroid. This paper proposes a new approach to precisely estimate the landmark geometry, points of interest defined by biologists on the mandible contours. In order to automatically register the landmarks on different mandibles, we defined patches around manual landmarks of the reference image. Each patch is described by computing its SIFT descriptor. Considering a query image, we apply a registration step performed by an Iterative Principal Component Analysis which identify the rotation and translation parameters. Then, the patches in the query image are identified and the SIFT descriptors computed. The biologists have collected 293 beetles to provide two sets of mandible images separated into left and right side. The experiments show that, depending on the position of the landmarks on the mandible contour, the performance can go up to 98% of good detection. The complete workflow is implemented in the MAELab framework, freely available as library on GitHub.

The sociocultural contact between the Muslim soldiers speaking different languages including Arabic and the local population of Indian subcontinent resulted in the evolution of a new language known as Urdu. Consequently upon this sustained contact between the languages of the soldiers and the dialects spoken by the local population, the process of linguistic amalgamation started. Lexical borrowing from these languages into Urdu vocabulary is one of the examples of such a linguistic amalgamation. This research paper deals with the linguistic analysis of Arabic loan words in the present-day Urdu vocabulary. The data collected relate to standard Arabic and standard Urdu languages. The writers have used different sources in collecting the data for this paper. Being a descriptive analytical study, the writers of this paper analyzed the morphological aspects of Arabic loan words in Urdu focusing on the inflectional and derivational processes. The study concludes with a set of findings as regards the impact of lexical borrowing from Arabic in the vocabulary of the Urdu language. Rezumat Contactul socio-cultural dintre soldaţii musulmani (care vorbeau limbi diferite, inclusiv araba) şi populaţia băştinaşă a peninsulei Industan a dus la apariţia şi dezvoltarea unei noi limbi – urdu. Aceasta a apărut, în bună parte, datorită comasării unităţilor glotice din câteva limbi. Astfel, împrumuturile în urdu a unităţilor lexicale din limbile soldaţilor musulmani au fost un mijloc de realizare a comasării în cauză. În articol, ne propunem să facem o analiză lingvistică a împrumuturilor din arabă în limba urdu curentă, din perspectivă morfologică, flexionară şi derivatologică. În analiză, utilizăm unităţi din limbile oficiale arabă şi urdu.

De gevoeligheid van ratten voor blootstelling aan ozon (3 mg/m3, 4 uur) bleek te verminderen indien de ratten waren voorbehandeld met: a. eenzelfde O3 expositie, b. 1,4 mg/m3 CdCl2 aerosol gedurende 1 uur met 3 dagen hersteltijd, c. idem met 4 dagen hersteltijd. Als schade en herstelparameters werden gebruikt de eiwit en albumine concentratie in longspoelvloeistof, de eiwit concentratie en de enzymactiviteiten in longcytosol en histopathologische parameters. De resultaten geven aan dat mogelijk iedere stof die schade aan type I cellen veroorzaakt en daarmee de proliferatie van type II cellen induceert, toleratie voor oxidanten kan induceren.

Dit onderzoek beoogde een studie naar de mogelijke ontwikkeling van tolerantie en uiteindelijke irreversibele effecten in long door schade na herhaalde blootstelling aan NO2. Hiertoe werden ratten blootgesteld aan 9 mg NO2/m3, of aan 3 mg NO2/m3 als achtergrond concentratie, aangevuld met 2 perioden van een uur per dag van 9 mg NO2/m3 gedurende vijf dagen. Na een expositie periode van een week ademden de dieren gedurende de tweede week schone lucht. Dit schema van twee weken werd zesmaal herhaald. Licht- en elektronenmicroscopisch onderzoek op de long werden uitgevoerd op de dagen 7, 14, 35, 77, 85 en 99. Resultaten van deze studie laten zien, dat voor de groep die continue werd blootgesteld aan 9 mg NO2/m3, de morfologische effecten identiek waren na elke expositie periode, behalve dat na de derde (dag 35) en zesde expositie week (dag 77) de hypertrofie van het bronchiolair epithelium minder was in vergelijking met de lesie na de eerste expositie week. Het lijkt dat tenminste voor deze morfologische entiteit er een indicatie voor tolerantie bestaat. Een week na het beeindigen van elke expositie periode waren de longen van de blootgestelde ratten volledig hersteld, en lieten geen verschil met de controle dieren zien, uitgezonderd de aanwezigheid van gedesorienteerde basaallichaampjes in trilhaarcellen. Ratten die blootgesteld werden aan 3 mg NO2/m3 als achtergrond concentratie, aangevuld met twee perioden van een uur per dag van 9 mg NO2/m3, vertoonden geen verschillen met de controle dieren.

Tepelně indukovanou fázovou separaci lze využít k přípravě materiálů s různě mikrostrukturovanými morfologiemi, které definují jejich využití. V této práci popisujeme výrobu, charakterizujeme a modelujeme pěny vytvořené z roztoku polystyren-cyklohexanolu. Abychom získali relevantní termodynamický popis, body zákalu jsou měřeny pomocí námi vyrobeného termo-optického zařízení. Porovnáváme experimentální výsledky s předpovědí dříve publikovaného matematického modelu. Předkládaná práce rozšiřuje znalosti o mechanismu a kinetice vývoje morfologie pěn používaných pro tepelnou a zvukovou izloaci. The thermally induced phase separation can be used to prepare materials of various microstructured morphologies that define their applications. In this work, foams formed from a polystyrene-cyclohexanol solution are prepared, characterized, and modeled. To obtain a reliable thermodynamic description, cloud points are determined by an in-house fabricated thermooptical device. The Flory–Huggins lattice model combined with Hansen solubility theory is employed as input to the Cahn–Hilliard model of phase separation dynamics. The previously reported model is extended by incorporating polar interactions. The resulting experimental and predicted morphologies are compared and good prediction capabilities of the model regarding the resulting morphology and its characteristics are obtained. The experimental and modeling work extends the knowledge of the mechanism and the kinetics of foam morphology evolution for thermal and sound insulation applications.

The bachelor thesis is focused on the phylogenetic relationships of Myxosporea which parasitizes fish from brackish water where freshwater is mixed with saltwater. In this environment, myxozoan parasites from the freswater fish hosts meet the ones from the marine fish. Myxosporea creates two main phylogenetic lineages depending directly on the environment of fish´s hosts. The aim of this thesis is to find out the following: which Myxosporea parasitizes fish living in brackish water, their relationships and to which phylogenetic lineage these myxosporeans belong. The introductory part of the thesis is dedicated to taxonomy of Myxozoa, description of their morphology, lifecycles and phylogenetics. I focused mainly on the Myxosporea from three brackish fish hosts Scathophagus argus, Tetraodon nigroviridis and Tetraodon biocellatus which are imported as aquarium fish to the Czech Republic. DNA of parasites was isolated by fenolchloroform method. A phylogenetic marker SSU rDNA was amplified by PCR method and gained products were visualized using gel electrophoresis. All these methods were carried out at the Biological Center of Science Academy of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, in the Laboratory of fish protistology in České Budějovice. PCR products were sequenced in a service laboratory SEQme. The phylogenetic trees were constructed in a program Geneious, by the following methods: maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and the Bayesian inference method. I obtained SSU rDNA sequence of 10 species of Myxosporea which were placed by phylogenetic analysis into the phylogenetic tree of Myxosporea. I found out that brackish fish are parasitized by species of both marine and freshwater lineages of Myxosporea and I confirmed a presence of distantly related myxosporeans in one fish host.

In my bachelor thesis I describe techniques currently used for 3D visualization of morphological structures of insects. Since X-ray microtomography is currently the most attractive option for visualizing internal insect structures, more space is dedicated to its description, but the work includes more innovative techniques. Traditional techniques used in the past decades are not neglected, since they do not lose their importance in the competition of new methods. In the first part the individual methods are presented in terms of their simplified functional mechanisms and the basic steps of creation of 3D reconstructions are described. Techniques are further compared in the text in terms of their usability on different types and sizes of samples, according to the desired final resolution of the visualization, the time required to complete the observation and final visualization and in terms of invasiveness of the techniques. The last chapter summarizes the possibilities of using these innovative methods in entomology based on available studies. Keywords: Insecta, morphology, 3D visualization, SEM, CLSM, MRI, Micro-CT

This master thesis extends the main topic of the bachelor thesis Speech of the Computer Games Players (also by Eliška Schönbauerová) and it will further research a new type of sociolect; the speech of computer games players. This sociolect has been researched just on the basic level, and so the author seeks to focus on other, yet unexplored linguistic levels of said sociolect: morphology, word-formation, phonetics, lexicology, syntax and stylistics. The goal is to deeply explore and research gamers' sociolect and to better understand the process of adapting Anglicisms in the system of contemporary Czech language. The theoretical part is based on available professional literature. This thesis also contains materials gathered by the author from gamers or they are available online.

The thesis is focused on predictors of reader´s abilities as factors influencing the development of readers literacy. At pre-school age is possible to identify the risks for further development of reader´s abilities. It is necessary to focus on individual areas of perceptual motor and cognitive functions that make initial reading successful or not. An important predictors are phonological skills. This area is, however, greatly influenced by language orthography. In the Czech language (transparent orthography characterized by the closeness of written and spoken form of speech) morphological abilities play a significant role. The goal of this thesis is to analyze the risks for further developmentof reader´s abilities and to indicate the possibilities for reducing these risks by systematic work with children in ordinary nursery school. The theoretical part is focused on children at pre-school age, the individual areas of perceptual motor and cognitive functions which influence the initial skills. Theoretical part also explains concepts of school maturity and readiness. In the experimental part, two groups of children at pre-school age will be investigated and chosen variables (phonologicaland morphological abilities) will be monitored. There will be additional work with the first group, the second group (control group) will not be influenced in any way. The two groups will be compared and differences will be determined.

Language models play an important role in many natural language processing tasks. In this thesis, we focus on language models built on artificial neural net- works. We examine the possibilities of using morphological annotations in these models. We propose a neural network architecture for a language model that explicitly makes use of morphological annotation of the input sentence: instead of word forms it processes lemmata and morphological tags. Both the baseline and the proposed method are evaluated on their own by perplexity, and also in the context of machine translation by the means of automatic translation quality evaluation. While in isolation the proposed model significantly outperforms the baseline, there is no apparent gain in machine translation. 1

The main idea of this bachelor thesis is to close the phylogenetic relation of Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens species issue. The first move is summary of findings in this issue following from fossil records of both species. There are researched findings directly deducing from fossils (for example morphological), but also findings, which can be only speculated from fossils with certain possibility (for example sociological). In conclusion there are given findings meaning similarity, but also difference of both species and in view of these findings there it is analyzed, how much are both species relative and how much they are be classify as one genus. Key words: phylogeny, relation, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens, morphology, sociology

Climate change and thermal stress poses a problem for sustainable agriculture. Research in the adaptation and acclimation of plants to the elevated temperature is therefore one of the current scientific issues. Plants are exposed to different ambient temperatures during their life. The response to adverse temperatures includes a number of signalling pathways affecting development and growth processes in plants. Coordination of develomental processes under elevated temperature and other external factors is primarily controlled by plant hormones. Here effect of cytokinins on plant morphology, growth kinetics, gene expression and quanification in combination with increased temperature was observed. By determination of the hypocotyl growth during increased temperature, cytokinins were found to play important role in this process. Cytokinins were found to inhibit temperature induced hypocotyl growth and inversly seedlings treated with higher temperatutre showed decreased level of cytokinins which was confirmed on the level of marker gene expression and determination of levels of cytokinins.

In dairy cattle the nutrient requirements change rapidly around calving. During the dry period nutrients are required for maintenance, recovery from the previous lactation, and fetal growth. After calving, milk production commences and the energy requirements can increase by a factor 3 to ~184 MJ net energy for lactation during the first weeks of lactation, compared with the dry period, whereas feed intake doubles to ~24 kg dry matter (DM)/d compared with the dry period. In addition, high quality lactation rations are fed, usually containing a sizable portion of concentrate, thereby increasing fermentable organic matter (FOM) intake to ~14 kg/d. As a result, daily volatile fatty acid (VFA) production by the rumen microbiota increases from ~60 mol/d during the dry period to ~132 mol/d during early lactation. To maintain rumen pH at levels favorable for microbial fermentation, and prevent a negative impact on production and health, clearance of the produced VFA is essential. This mainly occurs through absorption over the rumen wall. The increase in capacity of the rumen for absorption of VFA is associated with morphological and functional changes of the rumen papillae which cover the rumen wall. However, current knowledge of these changes as they occur around calving is scarce (Chapter 1). Increasing our understanding of the adaptation of the rumen can provide new insights to optimize dairy cattle nutrition and thereby health, welfare, and production. The objective of this thesis was to study the adaptation of the rumen to ration changes during the dry period and early lactation. Changes in rumen papillae morphology, fractional absorption rate of VFA (kaVFA), and changes in the composition of the rumen microbiota were the primary targets for study. In addition, the expression of genes and proteins associated with absorption and metabolism of VFA by the rumen epithelium were studied to better understand the relationship between functional changes and morphological changes of the papillae. Uniquely, all these aspects were studied in parallel in the same dairy cows during the dry period and early lactation using a repeated measurement setup. Two experiments were conducted. In the lactation experiment, the effect of transition from the dry period to the subsequent lactation, and the effect of early lactation concentrate build-up strategy on the adaptation of the rumen were studied. In the dry period experiment, the effect of feeding supplemental concentrate during the late dry period in order to ‘prepare’ the rumen for the lactation was studied. Treatments of both experiments were aimed at creating a difference in FOM intake (kg/d) and thereby VFA production (mol/d), as VFA production was hypothesized to affect rumen papillae development and thereby the capacity for VFA absorption. During the lactation experiment, intake of FOM did not change during the dry period (5.7 kg/d), but increased during the subsequent lactation to 15.0 kg/d at 80 d postpartum (pp). In addition, the rapid increase in concentrate allowance resulted in a temporarily 22% greater FOM intake compared with a gradual increase at 16 d pp (Chapter 2). The total production rate of VFA, measured using an isotope dilution technique (Chapter 3), was affected by these changes in FOM intake and increased 2.3 fold to 123 mol/d after calving, compared with the dry period (53 mol/d). The temporarily greater FOM intake with the rapid increase in concentrate allowance at 16 d pp coincided with a 54% greater propionate production (34 mol/d) compared with a gradual increase in concentrate allowance, whereas acetate (66 mol/d) and butyrate (10 mol/d) production were not affected. Papillae surface area (Chapter 2) decreased by 19% between 50 d antepartum (ap) and 3 d pp to 28.0 mm2, but increased during early lactation to 63.0 mm2. Papillae surface area increased faster with the rapid increase in concentrate allowance and surface area was 38, 34 and 22% larger at 16, 30, and 44 d postpartum respectively, than with a gradual rate of increase of concentrate allowance. Histology (Chapter 2) revealed that rumen papillae and epithelium thickness decreased slightly after calving, but were not affected by the concentrate treatment. Feeding concentrate during the dry period did not affect daily FOM intake (6.0 kg/d) but did increase VFA concentration in the rumen fluid by 21 mM to 121 mM, and increased papillae surface by 29% (Chapter 4). However, the increased papillae surface area in the dry period was not maintained to the subsequent lactation period. After calving, papillae surface area increased by 50% to 58.0 mm2 at 45 d pp. The postpartum development of the rumen papillae was not affected by the treatment during the dry period. These results indicate that rumen papillae respond to changes in FOM and VFA production intake during the dry period and early lactation, and that the magnitude of this response depends on the rate of change in FOM intake. During both experiments, kaVFA was measured using a buffer incubation technique in an empty washed rumen. During the lactation experiment (Chapter 3), in accordance with the developments in papillae surface area, the kaVFA decreased during the dry period from 0.48/h at 50 d ap to 0.34/h at 3 d pp. During the subsequent lactation, it increased rapidly to 0.56/h at 16 d pp and further to 0.72/h at 80 d pp. However, the greater papillae surface area due to the rapid increase in concentrate did not coincide with a greater kaVFA. During the dry period experiment (Chapter 4), kaVFA increased after calving by 50% to 0.48/h at 45 d pp, but the increase in papillae surface area due to supplemental concentrate during the dry period did not affect the kaVFA during the dry period (0.36/h) or the subsequent lactation. These results indicate that papillae surface area is not the limiting factor for kaVFA. Changes in the expression of genes were studied at the mRNA level in papillae tissue from both experiments (Chapter 5). The expression of apoptosis related genes was not affected by sampling day or its interaction with treatment for both experiments, suggesting papillae proliferation during the transition period was mainly the result of an increased mitosis rate. The limited changes in the expression of genes associated with rumen epithelial transport and metabolism of VFA in dairy cows during the transition period do not suggest that these capacities of the epithelium increased per unit of surface area. Thus the major response to the increase in daily VFA production after calving was tissue proliferation. In addition, papillae from the lactation experiment were used to study expression at the protein level using immunoblotting. Results showed that expression of several proteins changed during early lactation indicating modulation of intracellular pH regulation and sodium homeostasis, and VFA metabolism. Only for one gene, a significant but weak correlation between the examined mRNA and protein expression levels was observed, indicating that care must be taken when interpreting results obtained at either level. Ration changes associated with the transition from the dry period to lactation affected the rumen microbiota during the lactation experiment (Chapter 6). The rapid increase in concentrate allowance postpartum temporarily decreased bacterial community richness by as much as 30% compared with a gradual increase in concentrate. This transient depression in bacterial community richness with a rapid, but not a gradual, rate of increase of concentrate allowance pp indicates that the rate of change in ration composition and feed intake has a greater effect than the change in ration composition and feed intake level as such. The relative abundances of most major bacterial taxa were affected by the transition to lactation, but few were affected by the rate of increase of the concentrate allowance. The relative abundances of rumen protozoal taxa changed after calving, and were affected by the concentrate treatment. However, differences between treatments groups disappeared again when concentrate intake became similar. The archaeal community was likewise affected by both the transition to lactation and the treatment. The observed changes in rumen microbiota composition, including changes in bacterial community richness, did not appear to affect the fractional degradation rate of NDF, starch, CP, and OM measured in situ using a nylon bag technique. The results in the present thesis show that morphologically and functionally the rumen papillae can adapt rapidly to the changes in FOM intake and daily VFA production associated with the transition from the dry period into the subsequent lactation. However, the contrast in response of rumen papillae surface area development and the fractional absorption rate of VFA to the concentrate treatments indicates that papillae surface area is not the limiting factor for VFA absorption. This proposition is further supported by the limited histological changes of the rumen epithelium and limited changes in gene expression. Considering that the capacity for absorption and metabolism of VFA per unit of papillae surface area remains similar, an extra-epithelial factor, likely visceral blood flow, limits VFA absorption. The capacity of the rumen to adapt after calving and the limited beneficial effect of supplementing concentrate during the dry period indicate that dry period feeding strategies can best be optimized for the prevention of periparturient diseases.

The task of the experiment was to confirm or reverse the positive and negative effects of mycorrhizal fungus on morphological changes in selected vegetable representatives. Its main part consisted of verification of these influences in the plant of concrete representatives, and other secondary experiments followed. Representatives for this task were Paprika Annual (Capsicum annuum) and Tomato Plant (Lycopersicon lycopersicum). The bulk of the verification took place at the Faculty of Horticulture at Mendel University in Brno. It has been found that the application of mycorrhizal fungus can influence certain quantitative parameters of selected vegetable representatives.

Settlements Morphology within the suburban zone of Prague This bachelor's thesis works on the topic of settlements morphology and structure of suburban landscape. The main aim of this paper is to measure and explain the changes in morphology of settlements in suburban zone of Prague after 1990. The paper shows that the morphology of post-socialist city hinterland is very specific and for this reason we specify the concept of urban sprawl into a form valid for post-socialist city. This concept is operationalized into three dimensions: settlement density, settlement structure and land-use pattern. The main benefit of this paper is the measure of urban sprawl itself and the surveillance of its evolution between 2007 and 2016. This paper shows that the evolution of urban sprawl is paradoxical in some ways and so it doesn't correspond to the general discourse about effects of suburbanisation. We explore urban sprawl on the level of urban region and two municipalities (Modletice, Ohrobec) where we focus on the particular effects and development participants. Key words: morphology, urban sprawl, suburbanisation, Prague urban region

In onze huidige samenleving is de kennis van vreemde talen niet alleen een meerwaarde, maar ook een noodzaak. Aangezien België een meertalig land is met drie officiële talen, is het nog belangrijker voor de gemiddelde burger om de andere nationale talen te beheersen. Maar hoe zit het met onze politici? We verwachten dat ze de twee belangrijkste talen van ons land, namelijk het Nederlands en het Frans, perfect beheersen. Is het ook werkelijk zo? Sommige vooroordelen beweren dat Nederlandstaligen over het algemeen een goede kennis van het Frans hebben, terwijl Franstaligen te weinig inspanningen leveren om het Nederlands te leren. Bevestigen onze politici deze vooroordelen? De doelstelling van deze scriptie is om de vreemdetalenkennis van onze huidige federale ministers vast te stellen. Meer bepaald vormen het niveau in het Nederlands van Belgisch-Franstalige politici en het niveau in het Frans van Belgisch-Nederlandstalige politici het onderwerp van studie. Er werden onvoorbereide optredens in de doeltaal door negen Vlaamse politici en tien Waalse politici gekozen. Het onderzoeksmateriaal, dat uit video’s van de twee belangrijkste Vlaamse tv-zenders (VRT en VTM) en van de twee belangrijkste Waalse tv-zenders (RTBF en RTL-TVI) bestaat, werd geanalyseerd aan de hand van lexicale, morfologische, syntactische en uitspraakcriteria. Ten eerste kon het algemene taalniveau van beide groepen achterhaald worden. Dan konden beide groepen vergeleken worden. Het eerste deel van deze scriptie bestaat uit een theoretische beschrijving van taalverschijnselen die in aanmerking komen voor de analyseprocedure. Tweedetaalverwerving en de taalkundige term ‘tussentaal’ zijn van groot belang in dit hoofdstuk. Factoren die de tussentaal beïnvloeden, zoals contrastieve en universele factoren, alsook het fenomeen van transfer, worden ook gepresenteerd. Ten slotte wordt het onderzoekskader gegeven door de voorstelling van de meest voorkomende fouten bij Franstalige NT2-leerders en Nederlandstalige FT2-leerders. Het tweede hoofdstuk beschrijft de manier waarop het onderzoek uitgevoerd werd. Met behulp van transcripties van de video's werd elk criterium zorgvuldig geanalyseerd, en dit voor elke politicus. Ten laatste komen de resultaten en de conclusie naar voren. Qua lexicon maken beide groepen over het algemeen weinig fouten. Dan is er een significant verschil tussen beide groepen ten opzichte van de uitspraak. Terwijl de Nederlandstalige politici weinig uitspraakproblemen ondervinden in het Frans, maken Franstalige politici relatief meer fouten. Vooral de assimilatie en de uitspraak van de h zijn problematisch voor hen. Wat het genus betreft, heeft het Frans een negatieve invloed op het Nederlands van Franstalige politici omdat onzijdige woorden niet bestaan in het Frans. Ook is de Nederlandse syntactische volgorde in bijzinnen vaak incorrect bij Franstaligen. Benadrukt moet worden dat alle Vlaamse politici van dit onderzoek over een uitgebreide kennis van het Frans beschikken, terwijl bepaalde Waalse politici, zoals Willy Borsus, Daniel Bacquelaine, Marie Christine Marghem en François Bellot, niets of bijna niets kennen van het Nederlands. Dans notre société, la connaissance des langues étrangères n’est pas seulement une carte maîtresse, mais une nécessité. En Belgique, pays multilingue aux trois langues nationales officielles, le citoyen se doit de maîtriser les trois idiomes nationaux. Mais qu’en est-il de nos représentants politiques ? Nous attendons d’eux qu’ils maîtrisent à tout le moins les deux langues les plus couramment utilisées dans notre pays, à savoir le français et le néerlandais. Est-ce vraiment le cas ? Selon certains préjugés, les néerlandophones auraient en général une bonne connaissance du français ; les francophones feraient quant à eux peu d’efforts pour apprendre le néerlandais. Le niveau de langue de nos politiciens confirme-t-il ces a priori ? Ce mémoire ambitionne de dresser un état des lieux des connaissances langagières de nos actuels ministres fédéraux. Plus précisément, le niveau de néerlandais des politiciens belges francophones et le niveau de français des politiciens belges néerlandophones ont fait l’objet de cette recherche. Des prestations non préparées dans la langue cible de neuf politiciens flamands et dix politiciens wallons ont été choisies. Le matériel de recherche, constitué de vidéos provenant des deux chaines principales flamandes (VRT et VTM) et des deux chaines principales wallonnes (RTBF et RTL-TVI) a été analysé sur base de critères lexicaux, morphologiques, syntaxiques et de prononciation. Premièrement, le niveau de langue général des deux groupes a pu être observé. Une comparaison des niveaux de langue des politiciens flamands et wallons a fait l’objet d’une seconde question de recherche. La première partie de ce mémoire est consacrée à une description théorique des phénomènes linguistiques entrant en considération dans la procédure d’analyse. L’acquisition d’une seconde langue et le terme linguistique interlangue occupent une place prépondérante dans ce chapitre. Les facteurs d’influence dans l’apprentissage d’une langue, tels que les facteurs contrastifs et universels, ou encore le transfert, sont également présentés. Enfin, le cadre de recherche est délimité par l’introduction des problèmes courants en néerlandais chez les francophones et en français chez les néerlandophones. La seconde partie énonce la manière dont cette recherche a été menée. À l’aide de transcriptions des vidéos, chaque critère a été scrupuleusement analysé, et ce pour chaque politicien. Les résultats, ainsi que les conclusions qui en ressortent, clôturent ce mémoire. Pour ce qui est des fautes lexicales, elles sont en général peu présentes chez les deux groupes. Ensuite, une différence significative est à souligner sur le plan de la prononciation. Alors que les politiciens néerlandophones rencontrent peu de problèmes de prononciation en français, les politiciens francophones font relativement plus de fautes. L’assimilation et la prononciation du h sont un problème récurrent chez les francophones. Au niveau du système de genre, le français exerce une influence négative sur le néerlandais des politiciens francophones car le genre neutre n’existe pas en français. De la même manière, l’ordre syntaxique dans la phrase subordonnée propre au néerlandais (SOV) est fréquemment incorrect chez les francophones. Il convient de souligner que les politiciens flamands pris en compte dans cette recherche disposent tous, sans exception, d’une connaissance étendue du français. Certains politiciens wallons, tels que Willy Borsus, Daniel Bacquelaine, Marie Christine Marghem ou François Bellot, font preuve, quant à eux, de connaissances nulles ou moindres en néerlandais. Master [120] en communication multilingue, Université catholique de Louvain, 2017