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Additional file 5: Fig. S13. Modeled species distributions for Cherleria capillacea. Models were from MaxEnt based on BioClim variables, with or without pH included. Models with pH are projected onto the LGM climate reconstructed with the CCSM4 (S13a), MIROC-ESM (S13b), and MPI-ESM-P (S13c) climate models. Models without pH are the current distribution (S13d) and its projection onto LGM climate reconstructed using the CCSM4 (S13e), MIROC-ESM (S13f) and MPI-ESM-P (S13g) climate models. Fig. S14. Modeled species distributions for Cherleria langii. Models were from MaxEnt based on BioClim variables, with or without pH included. Models with pH are projected onto the LGM climate reconstructed with the CCSM4 (S14a), MIROC-ESM (S14b), and MPI-ESM-P (S14c) climate models. Models without pH are the current distribution (S14d) and its projection onto LGM climate reconstructed using the CCSM4 (S14e), MIROC-ESM (S14f) and MPI-ESM-P (S14g) climate models. Fig. S15. Modeled species distributions for Cherleria laricifolia. Models were from MaxEnt based on BioClim variables, with or without pH included. Models with pH are projected onto the LGM climate reconstructed with the CCSM4 (S15a), MIROC-ESM (S15b) and MPI-ESM-P (S15c) climate models. Models without pH are the current distribution (S15d) and its projection onto LGM climate reconstructed using the CCSM4 (S15e), MIROC-ESM (S15f) and MPI-ESM-P (S15g) climate models.

Additional file 4: Fig. S1. Comparison of the tree topologies from the different analyses. Bootstrap values > 70% are above the branches. In cases where the species were not forced to be monophyletic (S1a, S1b, S1c, S1f), bootstrap values for species are also shown. RAxML analysis of nrDNA ITS and ETS data (S1a, full tree in Fig. 2), population tree from the SVDQuartets analysis of the Individual dataset (S1b, full tree in Fig. 3), RAxML analysis of Population dataset (S1c, full tree in Fig. S2), species tree from SVDQuartets analysis of Population dataset (S1d, full tree in Fig. S3), species tree from SVDQuartets analysis of Individual dataset (S1e, full tree in Fig. S4), and population tree from SVDQuartets analysis of Population dataset (S1f, full tree in Fig. S5). Taxon abbreviations are as follows: BA, Cherleria baldaccii; BA231: population 231 of C. baldaccii; BA232: population 232 of C. baldaccii; CA: French populations of C. capillacea; CA233: Albanian population of C. capillacea; DI: C. dirphya; DO: C. doerfleri; GA: C. garckeana; LN: C. langii; LLO, C. laricifolia; PA: C. parnonia; RU: C. rupestris; SE: C. sedoides; and WE: C. wettsteinii. Fig. S2. Maximum likelihood phylogeny from the RAxML analysis of the Population dataset. Bootstrap values from 500 bootstrap replicates are above the branches; only values above 70% are shown. Fig. S3. Species tree from the SVDQuartets analysis of the Population dataset. Bootstrap values from 1000 bootstrap replicates are above the branches; only values above 70% are shown. Fig. S4. Species tree from the SVDQuartets analysis of the Individual dataset. Bootstrap values from 1000 bootstrap replicates are above the branches; only values above 70% are shown. Fig. S5. Population tree from SVDQuartets analysis of the Population dataset. Bootstrap values from 1000 bootstrap replicates are above the branches; only values above 70% are shown. Fig. S6. Network from the SplitsTree analysis of the Taxon dataset. Bootstrap values from 1000 bootstrap replicates are shown, together with lines indicating which taxa are involved; only values above 70% are shown. Fig. S7. Network from the SplitsTree analysis of the Population dataset. Bootstrap values from 1000 bootstrap replicates are shown, together with lines indicating which populations are involved; only values above 70% are shown. Fig. S8. Representative plots from the adegenet analyses of all plants combined. The plants were divided into two clusters (S8a), three clusters (S8b), four clusters (S8c), five clusters (S8d), six clusters (S8e), and seven clusters (S8f). Fig. S9. Representative plot from the adegenet analysis of Cherleria langii alone. The plants were divided into two groups. Fig. S10. Representative plots from the adegenet analyses of Cherleria laricifolia alone. The plants were divided into two (S10a) and three (S10b) clusters. Fig. S11. Plot from the fineRADstructure analysis of Cherleria laricifolia alone. Fig. S12. Plot from the fineRADstructure analysis of Cherleria langii alone.

Additional file 1:. Supplementary Figure S1. Parental Consent Form. Supplementary Figure S2. Participant information sheet for minors (under 6 years). Supplementary Box S1. Baseline data

This volume offers a collection of largely untold stories that together demonstrate women’s pivotal agency in the consumption and production of energy within the home, as well as their engagement with and responses to energy transitions. Perspectives emphasising women’s changing energy-related identities, behaviours, and experiences in many different contexts are accompanied by careful investigations into the factors influencing women’s decision-making with respect to new energy products. The authors not only provide a basis for the reframing of energy histories but also call for the application of these key perspectives in driving more attuned research, and for forcing change on how energy types and transitions are considered and managed in the future.

Grindelia is among the most taxonomically challenging groups of North American composites. The genus as a whole has an amphitropical distribution, with approximately half of the species native to North America and Mexico and the remainder native to South America. I used DNA sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS and chloroplast psaI-accD regions to revisit hypotheses on biogeographic history across the genus. Grindelia as a whole is well-supported and is composed of two sister clades, one native to South America and the other native to North America, including Mexico. The South American taxa are much more diverse in habit than the North American taxa. The North American taxa constitute two clades that largely occur on different sides of the Continental Divide. The diverse radiation of Grindelia in the California Floristic Province (CA-FP) appears to be most closely related to species from the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau and evidently descended from drought-adapted ancestors. Although Steyermark's hypotheses about the relationships of North American Grindelia are not all supported, I did recover a clade corresponding to his Pacific radiation and many of the Mexican and Texan species that he hypothesized to be basal in the genus represent early diverging lineages in my trees.Polyploid complexes have long been a source of confusion to taxonomists due to their combination of morphological and ecological variability with a lack of obvious boundaries between putative species. Grindelia (Asteraceae) in the CA-FP provides a prime example of both of these attributes. Both diploid and tetraploid plants occur within the CA-FP, with tetraploids predominating along the coast and diploids in the interior. Although phylogenetic analysis shows that CA-FP Grindelia form a clade, relationships within the clade remain unresolved due to a lack of sequence divergence. Complex ecological and morphological variation within CA-FP Grindelia has been interpreted as being indicative of either extensive or no taxonomic diversity. I have chosen to follow an intermediate approach, recognizing what I consider to be the most morphological and ecologically distinctive ecotypes or clusters of ecotypes as taxa. In addition, I emphasized putative taxa that appear to maintain their morphological distinctiveness when growing sympatrically or peripatrically in the field.Most of the morphological and ecological diversity in CA-FP Grindelia is present in the tetraploids, which appear to be autotetraploids based on cytogenetic data from prior studies. I used data from six nuclear microsatellites to examine 439 individuals from ten populations (nine tetraploid and one diploid) of Grindelia collected in and near the San Francisco Bay Area. I wanted to assess whether any genetic structure was evident across populations or taxa or both. Each of the ten populations was genetically distinct from the others and gene flow among populations appeared to be low. Although the plants grouped more strongly according to population than according to taxon, it was possible to classify > 90% of the individuals according to taxon using discriminant analysis of the microsatellite data.

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Overview). The objectives are as follows: To summarise the evidence from Cochrane systematic reviews regarding the effects of interventions to prevent women developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

This paper (in Indonesian) reports on a survey of genus-level coral biodiversity in the Banggai Archipelago, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, using the Indo-Pacific Coral-Finder as the main identification tool/reference. The paper was presented at the Seminar Nasional Kelautan dan Perikanan II in Makassar on 5th October 2015 and published in the proceedings (pages MSP 95-103).

Coral reef ecosystems worldwide are experiencing increasingly frequent episodes of temperature-related “coral bleaching”. The Banggai Archipelago in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, has extensive coral reefs and is home to the endemic Banggai cardinalfish, Pterapogon kauderni, a species listed as Endangered in the IUCN red List. A rapid survey was undertaken at seven sites (1.2°S-2°S) in this archipelago, in response to the national call for action during the 2016 global bleaching event. The CoralWatch method (6 point colour scale: CW1-CW6) was used; colony life-form (Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network categories) and genus (Indo-Pacific Coral-finder) were recorded. Partial and full bleaching were observed at all sites; of 1166 colonies, 64.7% were fully bleached (CW1) or very pale (CW2); with 13.5% in CW4-CW6. Water temperatures were 1-3°C above recorded maxima from 2004-2012. Branching and encrusting life-forms had the highest full/severe bleaching rates. Common genera with above average bleaching rates included Stylophora, Seriatopora, Pocillopora, Isopora, Merulina, Galaxea, some forms of Acropora and Porites. Algal overgrowth was observed on both live (fully/partially) bleached and dead colonies. Densities of Diadema sp. urchins, a key simbiont of the Banggai cardinalfish, until recently the most abundant coral reef herbivore, were extremely low (orders of magnitude less than 2004 densities), with few adult individuals present at 5/7 sites. The Caribbean experience underlines the urgency of addressing the unregulated Diadema fishery which has developed in the Banggai Archipelago since around 2007. Rehabilitating populations of this key invertebrate herbivore would contribute to biodiversity conservation and reef resilience/recovery in this equatorial archipelago.

This paper was presented at the Konferensi Sains Kelautan dan Perikanan Indonesia I, Bogor, Indonesia, 17-18 July 2007 and published in the proceedings (pp. MSP: 157-169). The paper discusses the role of science in the process of moving towards a sustainaable fishery for the Endangered (IUCN Red List) Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni), in the aftermath of CITES CoP 14 in 2007 where the proposal to list the species under CITES Appendix II was withdrawn. Both past contributions and suggestions for the future role of science are addressed.

Demand for tropical eel seed has been increased and many tropical eel populations are under pressure. To conserve eel biodiversity and manage eel populations sustainably, it is necessary to identify eel species and their recruitment patterns at regional and watershed scales. The research objective was to determine the species composition and temporal recruit-ment patterns of glass eels recruiting to Palu River in Central Sulawesi. Glass eels sampling were conducted in January-April 2009, May-November 2010 and April-December 2011. Identification under anaesthetic (15-17.5 ppm clove oil solution) was based mainly on the number of ano-dorsal vertebrae (ADV). Species composition was dominated by two commercially species, Anguilla marmorata and A. bicolor pacifica with substantial variation and no clear temporal patterns. Specimens of other species that important from conservation and biodiversity aspects were present at each month but cannot be accurately identified using the ADV method. DNA analysis method is required to identify these specimens.

The striped snakehead Channa striata is a freshwater fish with potential for aquaculture for consumption and as a source of nutraceutical products. A domestication program using seed (wild fry) from Sigi District in Central Sulawesi Province was initiated in 2013 to promote snakehead culture (grow-out and full-cycle) in this province. During the first two stages (fry to fingerling, fingerling to juvenile), cannibalism was the only observed cause of mortality. The main aim of the third stage was to evaluate locally available natural feeds for juvenile snakeheads over 180 mm in total length. Juvenile snakeheads were reared for 8 weeks in individual compartments in a concrete tank with 3 natural feed treatments (A: Golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata; B: Blue panchax, Aplocheilus panchax; C: Earth worms, Lumbricus rubellus) and 5 replicates per treatment. Feeding (11% of body weight) was twice daily. All juveniles remained in good health, however results showed that treatment B produced the highest relative growth in wet weight (21.8%), significantly different from A (11.8%) and C (9.5%). Over the 3-stage study period the length-weight relationship W = aLb was isometric (b=3), with considerable variation in individual growth patterns.

The Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni, Koumans 1933), often referred to as BCF, is a restricted range coral reef associated fish endemic to shallow waters (0-5m) around the Banggai Archipelago, Indonesia. Listed as "Endangered" in the IUCN Red-List, the international marine aquarium trade and habitat degradation are considered major threats. After the (unsuccessful) proposal for listing under CITES Appendix II in 2007, a national BCF Action Plan was developed. A District MPA was established by decree of the Banggai Kepulauan District Head, consisting of a network of 10 islands. For 2 of these P. kauderni conservation is the main management target. With no pelagic phase and high site fidelity, the Banggai cardinalfish population exhibits a level of genetic structure unusual in a marine fish. Several genetically distinct sub-populations have been identified, indicating that management units should be based on genetically determined sub-populations (stocks). Using available genetic and biogeographical data, the MPA network can be examined from the viewpoint of P. kauderni genetic diversity conservation, and critical knowledge gaps identified. A research programme is necessary for the identification of these units and the characterisation of each unit from biological (including genetic), ecological (e.g. habitat/micro-habitat) and socio-economic (including fishing ground) aspects. The data would be managed within a GIS database and spatial analysis tools such as MARXAN used to provide management support. In particular, science-based zoning options with management units/targets based on genetic population structure and the ability to evaluate the conservation effectiveness of options put forward by stakeholders.

Daerah Perlindungan Laut (DPL) Tanjung Ayuan, Kecamatan Damsol, Kabupaten Donggala, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah terletak di perairan pesisir Selat Makassar. DPL tersebut terbentuk pada tahun 2006/2007 dalam rangka implementasi program MCRMP dengan SK Kepala Desa Malonas dan Desa Ponggerang. Pada tahun 2012 dilakukan penelitian sebagai upaya monitoring terhadap perkembangan DPL tersebut, terutama kondisi ekosistem pesisir dan evaluasi terhadap efektivitas pengelolaan. Metode utama pada survei biofisik adalah Manta Tow, Reef Check dan Swim Survei untuk ekosistem terumbu karang, serta transek kuadrat untuk ekosistem lamun dan mangrove. Metode survei sosio-ekonomi utama mencakup Key Informant Interview (KII), studi KAP (Knowledge, Attitude and Perception) serta pemetaan partisipatif. Hasil penelitian bahwa kondisi ekosistem pesisir maupun kinerja pengelolaan meprihatinkan. Kondisi karang keras umumnya Buruk atau Sedang, biota indikator Reef Check sebagian besar tidak teramati, dan pemanfaatan teramati di zona inti. Kondisi mangrove rusak berat dan luasannya sangat sedikit sehingga kehilangan fungsi ekosistem sebagai penahan abrasi pantai. Upaya restorasi mangrove nampaknya kurang tepat dan tidak efektif. Ekosistem padang lamun didominasi spesies berukuran kecil, yaitu Genus Halodule, Halophila dan Cymodocea dengan indikasi penurunan luasan. Sarana/prasarana DPL sebagian besar hilang dan sebagian rusak, kelembagaan tidak berfungsi secara efektif. Saran pengelolaan antara lain revitalisasi kelembagaan, pendampingan, strategi penegakan hukum, rehabilitasi sarana/prasarana dan ekosistem. Hasil penelitian diharapkan berguna bagi masyarakat, Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Donggala dan stakeholders lainnya dalam mewujudkan pengelolaan lestari dan efektif DPL Tanjung Ayuan.