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Breeding ecology of the endemic Velvet Asity Philepitta castanea was studied in the rainforests of Ranomafana, southeastern Madagascar, from October 1990 to January 1991 and Masoala Peninsula, northeastern Madagascar, from October 2000 to February 2001. All three pear-shaped nests discovered during our study were placed at the end of hanging branches (6–8 m above the ground) of Tambourissa spp. (Monimiaceae) and Cryptocarya spp. (Lauraceae). Two female-plumaged birds participated in nest building in Ranomafana, whereas at two nests studied in Masoala one adult black male and one female participated. In the two study areas, only one adult female was seen to incubate and to take care of the young. The nestling period lasted about 17 days; the young were fed by a female-plumaged bird with prepared fruits of Tambourissa spp. and Aphloya theaformis shrubs (in Ranomafana). Strongly marked sexual differences, non-similar sex roles and male territorial attendance with displays, show that P. castanea has ...

Fruit structure (anatomy) was studied in 27 species of 15 genera of Monimiaceae s.s . Almost all have apocarpous gynoecia, with the carpels more or less surrounded by a floral cup. The fruitlets are presented on the opened floral cup, which, depending on its pre- and post-floral development, differentially contributes to the attractive part of the mature fruit. Morphologically similar fruits may differ conspicuously in anatomical structure. Based on anatomical characters two different fruit forms were found: drupe(let)s (with compact sclerenchymatic endocarp forming a stone: putamen) and berry(let)s (with parenchymatic endocarp, and mesocarp parenchyma containing isolated sclereid nests). Four types of drupelets differing by the endocarp structure were tentatively distinguished: (1) the Monimia - type has a many-cell-layered putamen of large isodiametric sclereids, interrupted on the ventral side by few radial rows of small sclereids; (2) the Hortonia -type has a few-cell-layered putamen of isodiametric, especially thick-walled sclereids - it may be composed of two lateral halves, i.e. with the sclerenchyma partially interrupted on the ventral and dorsal sides (but without rows of small sclereids); (3) the Mollinedia -type has a few-cell-layered putamen, with more or less radially elongate sclereids with wavy cell walls; and (4) the Hedycarya -type has a one-cell-layered puta- men of pronouncedly radially elongate sclereids with wavy cell walls. Drupelets of some taxa with a single-cell- layered endocarp with only weakly thickened cell walls may represent a transition from drupelets to berrylets. The fruit structure supports three major clades recognized earlier by morphological studies and by molecular phylo- genetic analyses: (1) Monimioideae ( Monimia -type drupelets), (2) Hortonieae of Mollinedioideae ( Hortonia -type drupelets), and (3) the remainder of Mollinedioideae ( Hedycarya - and Mollinedia -types) and berrylets. Fruit structure also supports the close relationship of Monimiaceae and Lauraceae. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 153 , 265-285. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: berry(let) - comparative carpology - drupe(let) - fruit evolution - pericarp anatomy - phylogeny - putamen.

Chemical similarities among ancient Angiosperms presumably played a role in the ecological and evolutionary diversification of the swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae). The abilities of neonate larvae of the Citrus swallowtail, Papilio (=Princeps) aegeus (from Queensland, Australia), to eat, survive and grow on leaves (a choice of young and old) of 34 plant species from families of ancient Angiosperms; 8 Rutaceae, 3 Magnoliaceae, 13 Lauraceae, 3 Monimiaceae, 1 Aristolochiaceae, 2 Apiaceae, 1 Sapotaceae, 1 Winteraceae and 2 Annonaceae were tested. It was apparent that there is genetic variation in populations of Rutaceae-specialised Australian P. aegeus for acceptance, consumption and larval growth, reflecting differential suitability of some native Australian Lauraceae species as food plants (as well as certain Winteraceae, Monimiaceae and non-Australian Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae and Annonaceae). No consumption or survival of P. aegeus was seen on Aristolochia elegans (Aristolochiaceae) or Pouteria australis (Sapotaceae) despite literature records alluding to this possibility. The Rutaceae specialist P. aegeus appears to have the fundamental detoxification capabilities for processing many existing species of the basal Angiosperm families, without having direct ancestors that historically had fed on them.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY The floral history of early angiosperms is far from complete. The fossil discussed here has the potential to expand our knowledge of timing, reproductive biology, and paleobiogeography in early angiosperms. METHODS Cutting-edge methodologies in CT scanning in conjunction with tomography software have opened new possibilities for discovering details in amber-preserved fossils that were inaccessible for meaningful study in the past. KEY RESULTS The fossil is small and complex, cupulate, with numerous stamens and a suite of characters distributed in the modern families of Laurales. The most parsimonious placement of the fossil based on morphology is as a sister taxon of Atherospermataceae + Gomortega (Gomortegaceae). CONCLUSIONS This fossil taxon, a Laurasian Lauralean from the mid-Cretaceous, is an important example of fossil Laurales with implications for biogeography and timing in the radiation and extinction in this group.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os parâmetros físico-químicos das folhas, caules e óleo essencial de folhas e avaliar o perfil fitoquímico dos extratos de folhas e caules de Mollinedia clavigera, pertencente à família Monimiaceae. Os parâmetros físico-químicos analisados foram perda por dessecação (4,1% para as folhas e 4,6% para os caules) e ensaio de cinzas totais (9,3% para as folhas e 3,9% para os caules). No ensaio sistemático fitoquímico foram encontrados flavonoides, alcaloides e saponinas nos caules, enquanto nas folhas verificou-se a presença de alcaloides, flavonoides, esteroides e triterpenos. Após hidrodestilação por arraste de vapor d’água das folhas em aparato de Clevenger, foi calculado o rendimento da extração do óleo essencial (1,18%). O óleo foi caracterizado como amarelo claro, translúcido, de odor forte e não agradável, apresentando densidade de 0,967 mg/mL, índice de refração de 1,5039, sendo considerado bastante solúvel em concentrações maiores de 90% de etanol.

Lectotypes for the names of one Atherospermataceae and one Monimiaceae species from Argentina are here designated. Fil: Martínez Laborde, Juan Bautista. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; España. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas; España Fil: Ospina Gonzalez, Juan Camilo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Zanotti, Christian Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

Local host plant specialization in an insect herbivore may be caused by numerous factors, including host-specific natural enemy pressures or a local lack of suitable host-plant choices that are available elsewhere in its range. Such local specialization or “ecological monophagy”, for whatever reason, may reflect reduced ability to behaviourally accept or physiologically utilize other allopatric hosts that are naturally used elsewhere by the species. We tested this feeding specialization hypothesis using the Tasmanian subspecies of Macleay's swallowtail butterfly, Graphium macleayanum moggana (Papilionidae), which uses only a single host-plant species, Antherosperma moschatum (southern sassafras, of the Monimiaceae). Further north, this same butterfly species (G. m. macleayanum) uses at least 13 host-plant species from seven genera and four families (Lauraceae, Rutaceae, Winteraceae, and Monimiaceae). Our larval feeding assays with G. m. moggana from Tasmania showed that certain Magnoliaceae and Lauraceae could support some larval growth to pupation. However, such growth was slower and survival was lower than observed on their normal southern sassafras host (Monimiaceae). We also found that toxicity of particular plant species varied tremendously within plant families (for both the Magnoliceae and the Monimiaceae).

We present a summary of currently available chromosome information for all seven families in the order Laurales on the basis of original and previously published data and discuss the evolution of chromosomes in this order. Based on a total of 53 genera for which chromosome data were available, basic chromosome numbers appear consistent within families: x = 11 (Calycanthaceae); x = 22 (Atherospermataceae and Siparunaceae); x = 19 (Monimiaceae); and x = 12 and 15 (Lauraceae). The Hernandiaceae have diverse numbers: x = 15 (Gyrocarpoideae) and x = 18 and 20 (Hernandioideae). Karyotype analyses showed that Hennecartia, Kibaropsis, and Matthaea (all Monimiaceae) contained two or three sets of four distinct chromosomes in 38 somatic chromosomes, suggesting that 2n = 38 was derived by aneuploid reduction from 2n = 40, a tetraploid of x = 10. In light of the overall framework of phylogenetic relationships in the Laurales, we show that x = 11 is an archaic base number in the order and is retained in the Calycanthaceae, which are sister to the remainder of the order. Polyploidization appears to have occurred from x = 11 to x = 22 in a common clade of the Siparunaceae, Atherospermataceae, and Gomortegaceae (although 2n = 42 in the Gomortegaceae), and aneuploid reduction from x = 11 to x = 10 occurred in a common clade of the Hernandiaceae, Lauraceae, and Monimiaceae. To understand chromosome evolution in the Lauraceae, however, more studies are needed of genera and species of Cryptocaryeae.

A survey of recent and fossil zona-aperturate pollen grains within the angiosperms was undertaken. Zona-aperturate pollen (with complete ring-like apertures) has been evolved independently in several genera of basal angiosperm families (Nymphaeaceae, Eupomatiaceae, Annonaceae, Monimiaceae, Atherospermataceae) and monocots (Araceae, Iridaceae, Laxmanniaceae, Arecaceae, and Rapateaceae). The special case of the eudicot Limnanthes (Limnanthaceae) is discussed. New examples of recent and fossil fully zonate pollen are presented; a noteworthy new example are Scrophulariaceae, with Pedicularis; our fossil examples show affinities either to Nymphaeaceae, or Araceae, or Iridaceae, or cannot be related to an extant taxon. The zona-aperturate pollen grains differ in ornamentation and stratification mostly in the respect of the aperture areas, but sometimes also outside the aperture. The question of polarity is settled only for some taxa because of the frequent lack of tetrad observations. A ring-like aperture may divide the pollen grains in symmetric halves, or if running asymmetrically, divides the pollen grain in two more or less unequal halves; the presence of clearly unequal halves gives a strong argument to assume an equatorial ring in such cases where tetrad configurations were not available. The zona-aperturate condition may be a functional benefit in wet environments: while in dry pollen the apertural ring is completely closed, in wet or very moist realm it expands greatly, and the pollen tube can be formed quickly and everywhere in this area.

The steam distilled leaf oils of Hedycarya angustifolia and H. loxocarya have been investigated by GC and GC/MS. All samples of H. angustifolia examined gave oils in which the major compounds were elemol and α-, β- and γ-eudesmol. Within these samples, however, there were variations. In this species there were observed three chemical varieties: (a) one with no monoterpenes, (b) one with significant quantities of camphene present and (c) samples in which significant amounts of the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon ishwarane were present in the oil. Hedycarya loxocarya gave a leaf oil similar to that given by variety (a) of H. angustifolia, in that the principal components were elemol and α-, β- and γ-eudesmol and virtually no monoterpenes. Solvent extraction of leaf material of both species showed that elemol was the principal component and if the extraction was carried out in the presence of base no eudesmols were detected.

Silicified woods of 10 dicotyledonous tree families of probably Miocene age from the Arauco Peninsula, central Chile are described and classified according to their anatomy. The diversity is surprisingly high, in that of the 19 samples analyzed, virtually every one could belong to a different species of tree or shrub. Almost all species document a damp climate, and most have related species living in the central zone of modern Chile. The samples were collected in a narrow zone on Punta El Fraile, west of the town of Arauco. The following families are based on woods from the Arauco Peninsula: Anacardiaceae, Boraginaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Monimiaceae, the first report of fossil Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, and Proteaceae. Their diagenetic history is connected to tuffaceous material and calcareous concretions.

The leaf oils of the Australian species of Palmeria (Monimaceae) were subjected to analysis by GC and GC/MS. From the results obtained it could be seen that the Palmeria species can be divided into four groups depending on the major components present in their leaf oils, viz. elemol, spathulenol, bicyclogermacrene and ishwarane. Only in one case, those samples from Mt Bellenden Ker, where elemol was the major component, was the oil composition linked to a specific locality.

The phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Siparuna pauciflora yielded three novel sesquiterpenoids: the germacrane sipaucin A, the elemane sipaucin B and sipaucin C, comprising a new type of carbon skeleton. In addition, four known aporphine alkaloids-nor-boldine, boldine, laurotetanine, and N-methyl-laurotetanine-were obtained. The evaluation of the antiplasmodial activity of the isolated compounds against two strains of Plasmodium falciparum (PoW, Dd2) showed a moderate activity of nor-boldine.

The new hexahydroazulenones hortonones A (1) to C (3) were isolated from the leaves of three representative species of the endemic Sri Lankan genus Hortonia that belongs to the family Monimiaceae. Hortonones A (1) and B (2) have the unprecedented rearranged hortonane sesquiterpenoid carbon skeleton, and hortonone C (3) has the unprecedented rearranged and degraded 13-norhortonane skeleton. Hortonone C (3) exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells at 5 μg/mL.

Differences of flower colours and scents as well as fruit tastes from similar looking plants have been known from the everyday experience of mankind since ancient ages. Infraspecific chemical diversities (IsCh) were found based on chemical, biochemical and biosynthetic results since the beginning of the 20 century. Worldwide results provided evidence that direct procedures of clearing genetic similarities on chemistry of plants were efficient methods. The new research trend presented in this article provides a new opportunity for disclosing real DNA and biosynthetic causes of chemodifferentiation, opening great perspectives for the breeding of new, high-powered chemocultivars of medicinal and aromatic taxa. INTRODUCTION Differences of flower colours and scents as well as fruit tastes from similar looking plants were known from the everyday experience of glean humankind since ancient ages. Nevertheless a deliberate search started at the Middle Ages for decorative and spice plants with different sensory characteristics in gardens of cloisters and castles. Development of the botanical knowledge defined the term of species during of 17-18 centuries from Bauhin (1623) till Linneaus (1753) (Tetenyi, 1970). This term assigned plants’ sensory differences in colour, scent or taste to variations within the species. The next step was to correlate these perceptible differences with chemistry of plants based on new extraction methods developed in the early 19 century. These needed however a lot of plant material for the determination any compound, thus causing the belief about the chemical homogeneity of any species e.g., in pharmacopoeias. This idea was discarded only after more than a hundred years according to the Pharmacopoeia Europea 2000 stating: “Herbal drugs are defined by the botanical scientific name according to the binomial system (genus, species, variety and author)”. INFRASPECIFIC CHEMICAL DIFFERENTIATION First Epoch of Research on Chemodifferentiation In the meantime, investigation of plants’ constituents proceded: Moens, 1882 (in Tetenyi, 1970) asserted two chemical varieties in Cinchona ledgeriana, one with the alkaloid quinidine, while another with cinchonidine. Similar infraspecific chemical (IsCh) diversities had been identified beginning in the early 20 century. Most of data were connected to trees and shrubs, and only a few examined herbs. These were due to Australian researchers, Baker and Penfold, (Tetenyi, 1970) examining the chemical diversities in taxa of Myrtaceae, Rutaceae and Monimiaceae. Europeans mostly investigated species of Coniferophytina. It was an essential step when Stapf in 1906 (Tetenyi, 1970) classified chemically diverse units as “physiological races”. Further more French, German, Russian, Japanese and other scientists reported results on infraspecific diversities of essential oils at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, etc. Two Hungarians, Pater and Irk, (Tetenyi, 1970) investigated Mentha spicata and Nepeta cataria. Pater established the research place for medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) at the beginning of the 20 century in the Academy of Kolozsvar, and he Proc. Int. Conf. on MAP Eds. J. Bernath et al. Acta Hort. 576, ISHS 2002 16 engaged Irk to arrange a laboratory there. Afterwards, Irk was charged by authorities to organise the Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (RIMP) in 1915 at Budapest. Studies on infraspecific chemical diversities were also extended to plants’ taxa with physiologically active principles, other than essential oils (Table 1). It belongs here that the Hungarian researcher Horvath (Tetenyi, 1970) found some non-pungent plants in a population of Capsicum annuum at Kalocsa in 1928, and bred the first new cultivar with very small capsaicin content named as ‘excellent-sweet’ type of paprika. All these data furnished prove about the IsCh divergence from lichens through Gnetaceae to Magnoliophytina, thus the diversity is widespread in medicinal and aromatic plants. These data and breeding results of fodder crops, like yellow lupine with diminished alkaloid content (Tetenyi, 1970), or the less cyanogenetic matter’s level of trefoils (Tetenyi, 1970) and other biological scientific evidences led Soueges in 1938 to conclude, “The differentiation of species is fundamentally a chemical problem”. Second Epoch of Research up to the Present Dutch and FIP organizations were going to arrange a meeting in Wageningen at 1957, since investigations on IsCh diversity of MAPs attained many results in the previous two decades. The conference summarised proofs on this phenomenon in different aspects, however it became evident that the divergence could be detected most easily at essential oil plants. Penfold (Tetenyi, 1970) and his co-workers continued the research and stated essential oil differences at 20 tree species. Lauraceae taxa are added by Japanese investigations. Nevertheless proven IsCh diversities of trees were far outnumbered by aromatic herb species from Araceae, Apiaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Lamiaceae and Asteraceae. Reports on detection of IsCh diversities at families containing other physiologically active compounds are summarised in Table 2. Participants at the conference realised that they must specify this phenomenon of nature by exact terms. Three suggestions for a suitable nomenclature were also discussed. Lanjouw proposed to give the rank “forma,” while Mansfeld proposed the “iso-”, or “aequi-” prefixes for different categories. Tetenyi preferred the prefix ‘chemo-’ for any taxonomic rank of wild and cultivated infraspecific chemically diverse taxa. This last suggestion was soon accepted by many specialists, and is applied worldwide nowadays too (Table 3). Decades with extensive studies on IsCh diversity followed the conference, including investigations at RIMP, e.g., the thin layer chromatogram on differences of sinigrins in a mustard collection. The very first book summarised theoretical problematic and results on IsCh diversity at 750 medicinal and aromatic taxa of one hundred plant families from this institute (Tetenyi, 1970). Thus it was proven that chemodifferentation is a general aspect of plant phylogeny, and polychemism is ubiquitous for the whole vegetal kingdom. Revealing of many IsCh taxa continued at the RIMP during further decades, e.g., collecting wild occurrences of Tanacetum vulgare and proving its great diversity in essential oil constituents. On the other hand the team (Kiniczky et al., 1989) provided scope and limitations of quantitative as well as qualitative breeding of ergot. They started from a material with less than 25% ergocryptine of alkaloid content, and could breed a new strain attaining about 75% α-ergocryptine, and another one with about 50% βergocryptine of alkaloid content of sclerotia, over the course of seven years. Continuing with the worldwide research on IsCh diversity, it must be stated that results were exponentially multiplying during the next decades. Some recent successes were presented in the Table 4 proving the scientific activity from five continents selected from more than 50 states. We can predict that the investigation on chemodifferentiation of world’s flora remains and would be an important task for the specialists in the future. Role of Biosynthesis in Chemodifferentiation As it was mentioned above: Stapf, 1906 (in Tetenyi, 1970) has revealed the

En los últimos años el daño oxidativo se ha detectado en enfermedades como el cáncer, la diabetes y el Alzheimer, entre otras. Como una alternativa para la prevención y tratamiento de tales enfermedades, se ha propuesto el consumo de antioxidantes, especialmente de fuentes vegetales; sin embargo, se ha estudiado poco el efecto de las mezclas de compuestos de naturaleza antioxidante o de matrices que los contienen. En este trabajo se evaluó el potencial antioxidante de extractos y mezclas de Mollinedia lanceolata (Monimiaceae), Siparuna sessiliflora (Siparunaceae) y Croton leptostachyus (Euphorbiaceae). Se prepararon extractos etanólicos crudos de las tres plantas previamente caracterizados mediante procedimientos de fitoquímmica. Se hicieron pruebas antioxidantes indirectas con el radical 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidracilo (DPPH) y el catión del ácido 2,2’-azino-bis 3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfónico (ABTS), se determinaron las concentraciones de inhibición media (CI50) usadas como base para la preparación de mezclas en una proporción de uno a uno con todos los extractos y se evaluó de nuevo su actividad antioxidante y antihemolítica, así como su índice de combinación con el programa de acceso libre CompuSyn. En los especímenes de estudio se hallaron polifenoles, taninos, flavonoides, terpenos, esteroides y alcaloides. El extracto más activo en la estabilización del radical DPPH fue el de C. leptostachyus (CI50 = 53,5 ± 1,1 mg/l) y en la del ABTS, el de M. lanceolata (CI50 = 128,8 ± 0,9 mg/l). Todas las mezclas actuaron de manera sinérgica para estabilizar el DPPH con índices de combinación (IC) mayores de uno, en tanto que en el caso del ABTS las mezclas fueron antagónicas (IC>1), excepto la de M. lanceolata y S. sessiliflora (IC1), except for M. lanceolata + S. sessiliflora (CI

Nas últimas décadas, inúmeros estudos vêm sendo realizados para conferir as plantas seu real valor e eficácia terapêutica. Os produtos oriundos de vegetais de uso medicinal com propriedades antifúngicas tornam-se uma nova alternativa no tratamento contra infecções fúngicas. A disponibilidade de antifúngicos atualmente utilizados na clínica é relativamente pequena, sendo algumas vezes ineficiente e com toxicidade elevada. O surgimento de resistência a determinadas drogas, reforça a demanda por novas alternativas terapêuticas. A busca por novos alvos, o entendimento dos mecanismos de virulência, bem como os de resistência microbiana são fundamentais diante do quadro atual. Neste contexto, o presente estudo visou avaliar “in vitro” a atividade antifúngica do óleo essencial de Peumus boldus sobre cepa da espécie Candida albicans. O óleo essencial foi obtido através da técnica de hidrodestilação. O ensaio antifúngico foi realizado pelo método de macrodiluição em tubos. O óleo apresentou atividade antifúngica inibindo o crescimento de Candida albicans em uma CIM de 0,25% v/v. Conclui-se assim que o óleo essencial de Peumus boldus possui boa atividade antifúngica, sendo eficaz na inibição do crescimento de leveduras da espécie Candida albicans.

Phytochemical investigation of the extracts of the leaves of Siparuna thecaphora (Poepp. et Endl.) A. DC. (Siparunaceae) allowed the isolation of one monoterpene glycoside, named trans-thujane-1α,7-diol 1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) along with rutin, quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. Their structural characterisation was obtained on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments and HR-ESI-MS.

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The wood flora from Williams Point, Livingston Island, contains 12 wood types of gymnosperm and angiosperm origin. Recent collections of material have increased the biodiversity of a postulated species-rich vegetation. The gymnosperm wood can be readily assigned to four form-genera: Araucarioxylon Kraus, Araucariopitys Jeffrey, Podocarpoxylon Gothan and Sahnioxylon Bose and Sah. This indicates a diversity of coniferous araucarian and podocarp trees alongside woods of uncertain affinity (Sahnioxylon; Bennettitales). Two angiosperm morphotypes are assigned to the organ genera Hedycaryoxylon Su¨ss (Monimiaceae) and Weinmannioxylon Petriella (Cunoniaceae). The remaining four taxa of angiosperm wood cannot be confidently placed in extant families as they exhibit features that suggest relationships with the Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae and Rosidae. This paper presents the first comprehensive taxonomic revision of the wood flora from Livingston Island and discusses the palaeoecology that prevailed at a latitude of about 60 degrees south during the Late Cretaceous. Newly described taxa are Araucarioxylon chapmanae sp. nov., Araucariopitys antarcticus sp. nov., Podocarpoxylon chapmanae sp. nov., P. verticalis sp. nov., P. communis sp. nov., Weinmannioxylon ackamoides sp. nov., Antarctoxylon livingstonensis gen. et sp. nov., A. multiseriatum gen. et sp. nov., A. heteroporosum gen. et sp. nov. and A. uniperforatum gen et sp. nov.

and Siparunaceae) are probably defined by a multi-celled ovule archesporium and a crushed mesotesta. Within Laurales, 16 embryological characters are found to be diversified, including the number of microsporangia (four or two), mode of anther dehiscence (by slits or valves), the number of archesporial cells in an ovule (one, two or more), and so on. Their respective evolutions were traced on a phylogenetic tree generated from molecular and morphological data, supporting that Calycanthaceae represent the earliest branch and are sister to a clade comprising six remaining families with a valvate anther dehiscence as already suggested. However, because of a lack of sufficient data from each family of Laurales, embryological characters often have alternative possibilities with respect to where they have evolved. More extensive and/or intensive studies of individual families are needed to clarify their exact evolutionary relationships.

RESUMO A família Monimiaceae engloba 30 gêneros e cerca de 400 espécies de árvores ou arbustos distribuídos pelas regiões tropicais e subtropicais, especialmente do Hemisfério Sul. Está representada no Brasil por seis gêneros e cerca de 95 espécies, sendo os gêneros mais ricos em espécies Mollinedia e Siparuna. Macropeplus, gênero endêmico do Brasil, ocorre em áreas florestadas nos campos rupestres, cerrados e mata atlântica, acima de 1.000 m de altitude, nos estados da Bahia, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Distrito Federal, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Desde a sua criação, no final do século passado, e até o presente estudo era considerado monoespecífico e compreendendo oito variedades. O presente estudo reconhece quatro táxons, que foram elevados à categoria de espécie: Macropeplus dentatus (Perkins) I.Santos & Peixoto, M. friburgensis (Perkins) I.Santos & Peixoto, M. ligustrinus (Tul.) Perkins e M. schwackeanus (Perkins) I.Santos & Peixoto. As espécies são distintas predominantemente com base na margem e consistência das folhas bem como na coloração que adquirem quando secas, tanto em campo quanto em laboratório; utilizou-se também, como caracteres diferenciais, comprimento do pedúnculo, do pedicelo, dos lobos florais e o número de estames. M. ligustrinus é a espécie de maior área de distribuição, ocorrendo na Bahia, Minas Gerais, Goiás e Distrito Federal; M. friburgensis é exclusiva da Serra do Mar, no Rio de Janeiro, ocorrendo nos municípios de Nova Friburgo e Teresópolis; M. schwackeanus é endêmica de Minas Gerais, ocorrendo na Serra de Ouro Preto e Serra do Caparaó; M. dentatus ocorre na Serra do Mar e na Serra da Mantiqueira, no Rio Janeiro e São Paulo. Durante o presente estudo foram localizadas nove populações no campo: cinco de M. ligustrinus, uma de M. friburgensis e três de M. dentatus. Não se pode localizar ainda nenhuma população de M. scwackeanus no campo.

The distribution of tapetal types in basal angiosperms is reviewed both from the literature and new observations in the context of recent phylogenetic analyses. Secretory tapeta predominate among land plants. The majority of basal angiosperms share a secretory tapetum with their anthophyte ancestors. Plasmodial and invasive tapeta are relatively rare in eudicots but have evolved several times among early‐branching angiosperms, especially in monocotyledons, in which they have evolved three or more times. The invasive tapetum has evolved at least four other times independently in basal angiosperms: in Nymphaeaceae, Annonaceae, Monimiaceae, and Winteraceae. Plasmodial tapeta are mostly found in monocotyledons but have evolved at least twice in basal angiosperms, in Annonaceae, and in Hernandiaceae/Lauraceae. This apparent plasticity for a relatively brief but critical time in angiosperm evolution may reflect the early evolution of highly specific pollination syndromes.

In the species-rich tropics, rapid assessment surveys have become a widely employed method for acquiring bioestimates of site value. Some of Papua New Guinea's most pristine habitats are currently being explored with such surveys. Five new species collected during these investigations are described here. The novelties are Psychotria kamialii sp. nov. (Rubiaceae), P. muellerdomboisii sp. nov., P. pseudomaschalodesme sp. nov., P. wiakabui sp. nov., and Solanum symonianum sp. nov. (Solanaceae). Taxonomic notes are also provided for Aglaia puberulanthera (Meliaceae), and Palmeria gracilis (Monimiaceae).

Approximately 23 species of thrips were recorded from flowers of 26 species of Australian subtropical rainforest trees, shrubs and vines (in 17 families) in the Manning Valley, coastal northern New South Wales. Pollination by thrips (thripophily) appears more widespread in rainforest communities than has been previously recognized. The pollination ecology of Wilkiea huegeliana (Monimiaceae) was studied in detail. Wilkiea huegeliana is a small, unisexual, annually flowering tree or shrub of rainforest and associated ecotones in eastern Australia, and is a larval food plant for the Regent Skipper butterfly Euschemon rafflesia rafflesia (Hesperiidae). At this latitude W. huegeliana is pollinated solely by a species of thrips, Thrips setipennis, but T. setipennis is not restricted to W. huegeliana and was recorded from flowers of 13 rainforest plant species. It appears to be the obligate pollinator also for Rapanea howittiana and R. variabilis (Myrsinaceae). Pollinator exclusion experiments were inconclusive ...

The buffy-headed marmoset (Callithrix flaviceps) is apparently the only predispersal herbivore of the seeds of Siparuna guianensis at the Caratinga Biological Station in southeastern Brazil. Both the fruit receptacles and the frutioles (seeds) of S. guianensis are relatively rich in nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, but the receptacles contain high concentrations of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. The latter presumably act as a qualitative chemical defense, impeding the access of potential predators to the alkaloid-poor frutioles. However, on ripening, the receptacle splits open, exposing the frutioles, which enables C. flaviceps to avoid the plant's chemical defenses effectively. Taking care to avoid contact with the receptacle, the marmosets pluck out the frutioles and ingest the seeds. Qualitative and quantitative changes (in particular a significant reduction in daily ranging) in the marmosets' behavior during the period when S. guianensis frutioles were accessible indicate that this was a preferred plant resource. This is the first record of the consumption of S. guianensis seeds by callitrichine monkeys (which are not known to be systematic seed eaters), despite the fact that both are widely distributed in the Neotropics. It is thus possible that the behavioral strategy observed here is a unique phenomenon resulting from a specific combination of factors, including the abundance of S. guianensis within the study area. The lack of other records may nevertheless be a result of insufficient sampling effort, in which case, the feeding strategies of callitrichines may have an important influence on the reproductive biology of S. guianensis in many areas.

Foi realizada a avaliação da qualidade de amostras de boldo-do-chile (Peumus boldus Molina) comercializadas na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba. Os resultados mostraram que todas as amostras são autênticas, mas os resultados das análises físico-químicas mostraram-se discrepantes em relação aos parametros da Farmacopéia Brasileira e outras bibliografias de referência. Samples of boldo-do-chile (Peumus boldus Molina) commercialized at the metropolitan area of Curitiba/PR were evaluated to establish their quality control patterns. The results showed that all samples are authentic but the data obtained for the physico-chemical parameters differ from those related at the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia IV ed.

Hellerenius lobifer Wanat (Figs 38 ���45, 47��� 57) Hellerenius lobifer Wanat, 2001: 139. Redescription. Body length 4.0��� 4.6 mm. Elytra weakly bluish, completely matt. Rostrum as in Figs 51���53, glabrous, impunctate, finely microreticulate, at base irregularly crenulate (more distinctly in male); venter of prorostrum polished, with traces of ventral sulci in apical third. Head: frons often with indistinct median pit; vertex weakly convex and finely punctate in front; temples evidently shorter than eye; head underside shagreened, posteriorly with coarse wrinkles and usually with small median tubercle. Antennae (Fig. 50): length/width ratios: scape ca. 10.0, funicular segments: 1 st 2.6 ���3.0, 2 nd 3.4���4.3, 7 th 1.2���1.5, club 4.0��� 4.2; scape as long as 5���6 basal funicular segments combined; club ca. 0.75 scape length. Pronotum: front margin partly with more or less distinct short, oblique scratches; disc densely microreticulate, with microscopic punctulation and subapical constriction traced across; subbasal line often retained; posterior lateral groove shallow; behind procoxae sternellum and hypomeron even. Elytra with narrowly extended caudal part���especially in male, in profile somewhat conical (Figs 47, 48); intervals with dense scale-like microsculpture and irregular transverse grooves; mid portions of striae progressively broader outwards; sensory setae 3���4 ordered along 9 th stria and 1 closer to junction of striae 3 + 6. Wing: radial window obsolescent; anal 1 A as two rudiments; 3 A distinct, with expanded apical melanisation, forming nearly complete anal cell with 2 A. Metaventrite only 1.1 �� longer than large and prominent mesocoxae. Legs robust; coxae and trochanters with sparse, minute, erect setae, in male present also on base of femur; metafemur exceeding elytra by ca. 0.33 length; tibiae straight, with apical tuft extended along distal third of inner margin; protarsus 2.7���2.9 ��, its 1 st segment 2.3���2.6 �� as long as wide, 2 nd tarsomere slightly transverse (Fig. 49). Male. Rostrum bare ventrally. Antennal insertion 0.37���0.39. Legs unmodified. Metaventrite with round median depression bearing small tubercle on posterior margin. Last abdominal ventrite with pair of highly elevated, protrudingly setose lateral lobes bordering polished and finely punctured median concavity. Pygidium apical third exposed, separated by shallow but complete transverse sulcus; marginal rim obsolete; tongue-like process broadly rounded. Sternite VIII evenly sclerotised, lobes long, triangular. Sternite IX with narrow and short basal fork; apodeme with minute tooth close to fork (Fig. 38). Tegminal plate (Figs 41, 42) twice as long as broad, subarticulated, with lobes only narrowly separated; membranous lobes very short; suprafenestral sclerites narrowing distad, about twice as long as fenestrae; macrochaetae 12���15, varying in length but never longer than fenestrae, spread through apical half of each suprafenestral sclerite; sensilla numerous; fenestrae elongate, clearly margined; postfenestral plate largely reduced; prostegium long, uniform, shallowly incised at sides. Penis: apodemes and pedon equally long; pedon parallel sided, slightly constricted subapically, subtruncate and weakly downcurved at apex (Fig. 39); tectum membranous, shortened; terminal membranous process of endophallus small (Fig. 40), suborificial region armed with minute, isodiametric sclerotized plates. Female. Prorostrum narrowest at apex; underside of mesorostrum polished and impunctate. Antennal insertion 0.30���0.36, segments of funicle usually more elongate. Last abdominal ventrite triangular, ca. 1.6 �� as wide as long, elevating apicad, with large median depression and distinct, polished apical flange formed of narrow posterior extensions of laterosternites (Figs 54���56). Tergite VII campaniform in outline (Fig. 44). Terminalia as in Fig. 45; tergite VIII slightly elongate, without evident submedian constriction, with short marginal setae; sternite VIII ca. 2.4 �� longer than coxite, curved and with elongate apical plate; ovipositor parallelsided; foretube (genital sheath) densely clothed with microtrichia simple or arranged in combs, in part covering gonocoxites replaced with simple triangular plates; spermatheca rather reverse L-shaped (Fig. 43); openings of duct and gland well separated, not on projections. For more detailed morphological description consult Wanat (2001). Morphological indices in Tab. 1. Biology. Specimens were observed while piercing ripened fruit of Hedycarya sp. for feeding (Wanat & Munzinger, 2012). Material examined. Province Nord: Thoven, 20.47 S / 164.53 E [- 20.7833 / 164.8833], 450 m, 5 II 2004, from Hedycarya sp., 2 ♀, leg. MW (MW). Province Sud: Mt Mou [- 22.06 / 166.35], 7-12 I 2005, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. A. Kudrna jr. (MW). Farino/Barbou L. [- 21.61197 / 165.70272, 364 m, site 13], 20 I 2005, 2 ♂, leg. C. Mille (IACP). Col d���Amieu (6.5 ���7.0 km from gate), - 21.5868 / 165.7738, 450 m, malaise trap, 24 VIII ��� 26 X 2007, 1 ♂, 16 V ��� 27 VII 2008, 1 ♀, 20 VI ��� 19 IX 2008, 1 ♂ - leg. C. Mille & S. Cazeres (IACP). Sarramea, 27 XII 2006 ��� 10 I 2007, 2 ♂ 2 ♀, leg. I. Jeni�� (CG). Remaining material listed in Wanat (2001). Total distribution in Fig. 57. Comments. Hellerenius lobifer turns out to be a much less common species in New Caledonia than the two other species described below, namely H. plumipes sp. nov. and H. tibialis sp. nov. It also seems to express different phenology being mostly collected between January and October, while both H. plumipes and H. tibialis were predominantly found in November���February., Published as part of Wanat, Marek, 2013, The Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of New Caledonia. Genera Archellerenius gen. nov. and Hellerenius Wanat, pp. 515-542 in Zootaxa 3717 (4) on pages 525-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3717.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/249082

Hellerenius monteithi sp. nov. (Figs 58���91) Type material. Holotype ♀: a) New Caledonia (N): 21 ��11.0���S 165 �� 17.6 ���E [- 21.17947 / 165.30182], Aoupini��, 720 m, 18 I 2007, forest, ex Hedycarya chrysophylla, leg. M. Wanat & R. Dobosz (MNHN). Paratypes (51 ♂ 35 ♀): New Caledonia: Province Nord: same data as holotype, 27 ♂ 19 ♀, 19 I 2007, 21 ♂ 11 ♀ - all leg. MW & RD (MW, USMB, MNHN, IRD, IACP, QLDM, CG, RH, CMN). Aoupinie (top camp), ��� 21.10.44 S/165.18.10E��� [- 21.174 / 165.3017], 750 m, no. 12281, 2 V 2005, 1 ♀, hand collecting, leg. G. Monteith (QLDM); Aoupini�� (refuge), - 21.1489 / 165.3235, 400 m, rainforest, 27 III 2008, 1 ♀, leg. RD & T. Blaik (USMB). Upper Tchamba Valley: W��o Uni (refuge), - 21.0057 / 165.2487, 400 m, 15 I 2007, 1 ♂, night beating, leg. MW (MW); (above refuge), - 21.0008 / 165.2483, 550 m, 20 III 2008, 1 ♀, leg. RD & T. Blaik (USMB). Mt Mandj��lia, above Pou��bo, 11���13 May, 1984, 6��� 750 m, 1 ♀, leg. G. Monteith & D. Cook (QLDM); (subsummit), - 20.398 / 164.5298, 700���750 m, 11 I 2007, night beating, 1 ♂ 1 ♀; (subsummit), - 20.4001 / 164.5279, 750 m, 1 ♂, fogging Pycnandra comptonii - all leg. MW & RD (MW). Total distribution in Fig. 86. Diagnosis. Largest member of the genus, the only one exceeding 6 mm of body length without rostrum, also unique in having dull black elytra with the intervals completely matt due to heavy scale-like microsculpture and the striae shallowly impressed as shiny rows, and long and thin rostrum, particularly in female. The species resembles H. lobifer in both male and female sexual characters, namely the structure of last abdominal ventrite, male metaventrite, pygidium and aedeagus, but clearly differs in having larger body, alutaceous black elytral intervals and much longer rostrum, in male over 1.7 ��, in female over 2.7 �� longer than pronotum. Description. Body length 6.2���6.5 mm. Coloration dull black; elytra smooth and alutaceous due to extremely dense scale-like microsculpture on intervals; antennae dark brown. Rostrum long and thin (Figs 64���66), glabrous, with fine puncturation restricted to metarostrum and better developed on its sides, at base densely microreticulate; underside of prorostrum with distinct subgenal sulci in apical two-thirds (Fig. 5); median part of rostrum underside with single shallow median sulcus. Head small and narrow; frons with elongate median pit; inner eye margins distinctly angulate; vertex with convex and distinctly punctured anterior part well separated from polished remainder (Fig. 60); temples shorter than eye diameter; head underside with short U-shaped wrinkles; subocular tooth indistinct, obtuse. Antennae extremely long and thin (Figs 61, 62); scape as long (♂) or longer (♀) than funicle, length/width ratios of funicular segments: 1 st 3.5 ���4.0, 2 nd 4.5 ��� 5.0, 7 th 1.2���1.5, club 4.0��� 4.2; club 0.5 (♂) to 0.4 (♀) scape length, shorter than combined length of 5 distal funicular segments. Pronotum markedly widened and rounded in apical third (Fig. 60); front margin not scratched; disc densely microreticulate, with relatively dense and superficial microscopic puncturation, subapical constriction traced across pronotal disc; subbasal line reduced; posterior lateral groove narrow but well impressed, with vestigial spur; hypomeron with small median prominence on posterior margin; prosternellum small, strongly prominent between coxae. Elytra with extended caudal part, highly convex but not angled in profile (Figs 58, 59); intervals evenly shagreened and totally alutaceous, with no trace of transverse grooves, all gently convex; striae shallow, with only vestigial punctures, distinctly shiny and thus contrasting with completely matt intervals; sensory setae up to 8 ordered along 9 th stria and entering 2 nd interval. Wings with largely expanded melanisations; radial window vestigial, narrow; anal 1 A as two unequal rudiments (Fig. 73). Legs long; femora moderately clavate, metafemur exceeding elytra by ca. 0.25 length; tibiae straight, with dense and short protruding setae along major part of inner margin (Fig. 69); protarsus as in Figs 70, 71; claws short, with low triangular teeth (Fig. 68). Male. Rostrum thicker, with slightly constricted prorostrum (Figs 64, 65); metarostrum shallowly furrowed on sides apart from punctation. Antennal insertion 0.42���0.45. Metaventrite with round median impression and small pointed median tubercle close to metacoxae. Last abdominal ventrite with two raised, shortly setose lobes bordering median depression (Figs 72, 74). Pygidium flattened, in apical third with shallow transverse sulcus FIGURES 58���72. Hellerenius monteithi, male (59, 61, 63 ���65, 68, 70, 72), female (58, 60, 62, 66, 67, 69, 71): 58) elytra, lateral view; 59) elytra, dorsal view; 60) head and pronotum, dorsal view; 61, 62) antenna; 63) head and pronotum, lateral view; 64��� 66) head with rostrum in dorsal (64) and lateral (65, 66) view; 67) rostrum base, lateral view; 68) tarsal claws; 69) fore femur and tibia; 70, 71) protarsus; 72) apex of last abdominal ventrite, posterior view. FIGURES 73���85. Hellerenius monteithi, male (74, 77, 78, 82), female (73, 75, 76,79���81, 83��� 85): 73) metathoracic wing; 74��� 76) all abdominal ventrites in dorsal (74, 75) and lateral (76) view; 77, 78) pygidium in dorsal (77) and lateral (78) view; 79) spermatheca; 80���82) membranous pouch between tergites VII and VIII in dorsal (80, 82) and lateral (81) view, arrowed; 83) tergite VII; 84) sternite VIII, basal (posterior) part; 85) ovipositor, enlarged apices of gonocoxites with styli (85 A). Abbreviations: d, spermathecal duct; gl, s. gland. separating setose exposed part (Figs 77, 78), on anterior margin with pointed median tooth (Fig. 82). Sternite VIII evenly sclerotised, lobes broadly rounded, shorter than in H. lobifer. Sternite IX with well open basal fork; apodeme with minute tooth close to fork (Fig. 91). Tegminal plate (Figs 89, 90) and penis (Figs 87, 88) similar to those in H. lobifer; tegminal membranous lobes more acute apically; penis apodemes shorter than pedon and more expanded distally; pedon more elongate (almost 7 �� as long as broad, while ca. 6 �� in H. lobifer); apex of pedon rather triangular than truncate. Female. Rostrum extremely long and thin (Fig. 66); metarostrum sides basally smooth (Fig. 67). Antennal insertion 0.33���0.37. Last abdominal ventrite broadly rounded, about 2 �� as wide as long, with elongate median depression and almost vertical, high apical flange provided with distinct marginal rim (Figs 75, 76). Tergite VII almost entire heavily sclerotised, with extended and broadly rounded apical part (Fig. 83), its membrane with large elongate triangular pouch-like process (Figs 80, 81). Tergite VIII elongate, subdivided in mid-length, apical part entire weakly sclerotised, with several short setae. Sternite VIII (spiculum ventrale) twice as long as gonocoxite, rod-like basally (Fig. 84). Ovipositor parallelsided, 6 �� as long as broad in dorsal view; styli minute, 2 �� as long as broad; coxites constricted subapically, throughout entire length with rod-like reinforcement (Fig. 85). Foretube darkened, with dense, simple microtrichia. Bursa copulatrix small. Spermatheca as in Fig. 79, with minute gland; spermathecal duct entire thin and finely corrugate, ca. 0.3 of sternite VIII length. Morphological indices in Tab. 1. Biology. Teneral beetles were found en masse on leaves of one fruiting tree of Hedycarya chrysophylla Perkins (mid-January), but no attempts to oviposit in unripened fruits were then observed. Etymology. Named to honor Geoff B. Monteith, a great enthusiast of New Caledonian nature and very efficient explorer of its beetle fauna, who first collected this outstanding species, as well as hundreds of other specimens of the Apionidae., Published as part of Wanat, Marek, 2013, The Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of New Caledonia. Genera Archellerenius gen. nov. and Hellerenius Wanat, pp. 515-542 in Zootaxa 3717 (4) on pages 528-531, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3717.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/249082

Wanat, Marek (2013): The Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of New Caledonia. Genera Archellerenius gen. nov. and Hellerenius Wanat. Zootaxa 3717 (4): 515-542, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3717.4.5

Hellerenius plumipes sp. nov. (Figs 92���122) Type material. Holotype ♂: a) Koghi Mts, 22 �� 11 ���S / 166 �� 30 ���E [- 22.178 / 166.5061], 450���600 m, humid forest, 11.02. 2004, leg. M. Wanat (MNHN). Paratypes (100 ♂ 110 ♀): New Caledonia: 1 ♀, coll. P. Montague (BMNH). Province Nord: Col des Roussettes, 450���550 m, 4���6 II 1963, 1 ♂, C. Yoshimoto (BPBM); (rainforest near refuge), - 21.4074 /165.525, 530 m, 2 XII 2010, 2 ♂ 1 ♀; (rainforest East of river), - 21.408 / 165.5302, 520 m, 2 XII 2010, 1 ♀ - all leg. MW & RR (MW). Pic d���Amoa, 450 m, 26 X 1978, 1 ♀, leg. G. Kuschel (NZAC); (Povila), - 20.9528 / 165.2912, 360 m, 14 I 2007, 1 ♂, from Hedycarya sp.; 400 m, 22 XI 2008, 2 ♀ - all leg. MW (MW); (Povila), - 20.951 / 165.2912, 400 m, lower rainforest, 18 XI 2010, 1 ♀; (Povila), - 20.9502 / 165.2932, 400���450 m, 17 XI 2010, 1 ♂ - all leg. MW & RR (MW). Mt Rembai (top junction), 21.34.51S/165.50.36E [- 21.5808 / 165.8433], 780 m, rainforest, no. 12003, 19 XII 2004, beating, 1 ♂, leg. G. Monteith (QLDM). Aoupini��, meteo station to summit, 21.11 S / 165.16.E [- 21.1833 / 165.2667], 950���1000 m, 8 II 2004, 1 ♀, leg. MW (MW); near Goipin road junction, - 21.1795 / 165.3017, 720 m, 19 I 2007, 1 ♀, leg. MW & RD (MW), 28 XI 2008, 1 ♀, from Hedycarya chrysophylla, leg. MW (MW). Thoven, 20.47 S / 164.53 E [- 20.7833 / 164.8833], 450 m, 5 II 2004, from Hedycarya sp., 3 ♂ 2 ♀, leg. MW (MW). Upper Tchamba valley: W��o Uni, refuge, - 21.0057 / 165.2487, 400 m, 15 I 2007, 1 ♂, night beating, leg. MW (MW). Poro (6 km SSE), plateau above mine, - 21.34795 / 165.69385; 620 m, forest, 30 XI 2008, 2 ♂ 1 ♀, from Hedycarya parvifolia, leg. MW (MW). Province Sud: same locality as the holotype, 11 and 12 II 2004, 33 ♂ 53 ♀ (a number of exs from Hedycarya sp.); 11 II 2004, at light, 1 ♂; (tavern and forest), 470���500 m, 24 X 2008, 2 ♂ 1 ♀, 27 X 2008, 1 ♂; 500���550 m, rainforest, 25 X 2008, 3 ♂ 1 ♀, 27 X 2008, 3 ♂ 5 ♀; (tavern to Vallee des Houps), 500���550 m, 3 XII 2008, 4 ♂ 4 ♀; (trail to Cascade), forest, 500���550 m, 4 XII 2008, 2 ♂ - all leg. MW (MW, SMNK, IACP, IRD, CG, CMN); 16 XII 2006, 1 ♂ 3 ♀, leg. MW & RD (MW); Koghi Mts, 20 I��� 4 II 2005, 1 ♀, leg. A. Kudrna jr. (MW); 500���800 m, 23���27.X.1967, 2 ♂ 2 ♀, leg. J. & M. Sedlacek (BPBM, MW); 450���600 m, 4���6 X 1967, 1 ♂, leg. C. Yoshimoto (BPBM); 400���600 m, II 1973, 1 ♀, leg. N. Krauss (BPBM); 12 X 1978, 1 ♂, leg. P. Johnson (NZAC); 8 XII 1997, 1 ♂, leg. R. & C. Hornabrook (RH); (Upper Koghi Mts), - 22.1833 / 166.5, 600���700 m, rainforest, 12 II 2004, 6 ♂ 6 ♀; (near Pic Malaoui trail junction), - 22.18038 / 166.51313, 3 XII 2008, 14 ♂ 8 ♀; (Vallee des Houps), - 22.18177 / 166.50936, 520���550 m, 3 XII 2008, 2 ♂ 1 ♀ - all leg. MW (MW). Foret de Thy, 550 m, 1 III 1960, 1 ♂, leg. J.Gressitt (BPBM). Col d���Amieu, Forestry Station, 17���18 and 18���21 X 1978, 3 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. J. Dugdale (NZAC). Sarram��a/Col d���Amieu, - 21.63411 / 165.89527, 15 V 2006, 1 ♀, leg. JB & JPK (IACP). Sarramea (trail to Plateau de Dogny), - 21.6229 / 165.8684, 300���560 m, 9 XI 2010, 2 ♂ 3 ♀, leg. MW & RR (MW). Parc des Grandes Foug��res (N of Pic Vincent), - 21.5918 / 165.7745, 600���680 m, 6 XI 2010, 1 ♀, leg. MW & RR (MW). Parc territorial de la Rivi��re Bleue, 12, 13, 14,, P6, 16 VII 1992, canopy fogging (see Guilbert et al. 1995), 2 ♂ 1 ♀ (MNHN). Pic Ningua Reserve (Camps des sapins), [- 21.74 / 166.15], 3 X 2008, 1 ♀, beating Carpolepis sp. (���voir fiche COL/ins/ 78 -08���), leg. C. Mille (IACP). Mt Humboldt (S trail), Botanical Reserve, moss forest, 1130���1280 m, 10 XI 2008, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. MW (MW). Mt Ouin road (km 0��� 0.5 N of Dzumac rd jct), - 22.0318 / 166.4674, 900 m, 4 XII 2010, 2 ♀, night collecting; (km 0.4 ��� 1.0 N of Dzumac rd jct), - 22.0244 / 166.4706, 900 m, 6 XII 2010, 1 ♂, night collecting���all leg. MW & RR (MW). Bois du Sud, - 22.1759 / 166.7625, 220 m, 10 XII 2010, 1 ♂, leg. MW & RR (MW). Distributed throughout the entire mainland of New Caledonia (Grande Terre) except the extreme north and south (Fig. 122). Diagnosis. The most frequently collected species of Hellerenius in New Caledonia, unique in this genus in having protrudingly pilose coxae, trochanters and femora (more distinctly in male). It differs from H. lobifer in smaller body size, elytra with more or less distinct bronze tinge, and in the structure of the last abdominal ventrite in both sexes. It resembles H. tibialis n. sp. in many external characters, including body size, coloration and proportions, but it differs distinctly in unmodified hind tibiae in both sexes, protrudingly setose venter of rostrum (male), and structure of last abdominal ventrite, aedeagus and tegmen. Description. Body 3.5���3.9 mm long, black with evident bronze sheen; elytra matt; base of antennal scape testaceous. Rostrum shiny; prorostrum slightly thinner than metarostrum, on underside with fine, shagreened sulci throughout entire length (Fig. 8). Antenna as in Fig. 99; length/width ratios: scape 10.0��� 11.2, funicular segments: FIGURES 96���110. Hellerenius plumipes, male (97���102, 104 ��� 106, 109, 110), female (96, 103, 107, 108): 58) elytra, lateral view; 96) elytra, dorsal view; 97) pronotum, dorsal view; 98) head with rostrum, dorsal view; 99) antenna; 100) head and rostrum base, ventral view; 101) rostrum (part), ventral view; 102) rostrum, lateral view; 103) head with rostrum, lateral view; 104) fore femur (part) and tibia; 105) protarsus; 106���108) metatibia in lateral (106, 107) and dorsal (108) view; 109) all abdominal ventrites, ventral view; 110) last abdominal ventrite, postero-lateral view. 1 st 2.0��� 2.6, 2 nd 3.1���3.8, 7 th 1.0��� 1.1, club 3.2���3.4; scape as long as entire funicle. Head: frons with shallow median depression; vertex weakly convex and finely punctured in front; temple 0.5���0.7 as long as eye; underside weakly convex, behind eyes with indistinct concentric wrinkles, rarely with median tubercle (Fig. 100). Pronotum: front margin not scratched; disc microreticulate and punctate, punctures less than an ommatidium diameter, subapical constriction scarcely visible on dorsum, subbasal line never traced; sternellum weakly prominent; posterior margin of hypomeron with pointed tubercle. Scutellum often slightly elongate. Elytra highly convex, compared to H. lobifer with less prominent caudal part and declivities gently arched in profile (Figs 94, 96); intervals all flat, with dense scale-like microsculpture; sensory setae 2���3, ordered. Metaventrite about 1.5 �� as long as diameter of mesocoxa. Wing (Fig. 93): radial window almost completely reduced; anal 1 A as single rudiment (occasionally much shorter second vein retained); 2 A sometimes with minute spur; 3 A relatively long. Legs moderately long and robust; tibiae all straight, with blunt outer edges (Figs 104, 106 ��� 108); protarsus as in Fig. 105; 2 nd tarsomere isodiametric. Male. Underside of rostrum with short, white, erect setae (Fig. 102); similar but longer setae form distinct fringe on undersides of coxae, trochanters and basal halves of femora on fore and mid-legs (Fig. 95). Tibiae straight, unarmed, metatibia with long apical fringe (Fig. 106). Fifth abdominal ventrite V ca. 1.8���1.9 �� broader than long, strongly convex, at apical declivity with round, setose impression (Figs 109, 110). Pygidium: exposed part distinctly flattened, 0.20���0.25 total pygidium length, with no trace of marginal rim; transverse sulcus incomplete, in middle as semicircular depression. Sternite VIII with short lobes. Sternite IX forked, apodeme untoothed (Fig. 121). Tegmen connate; basal piece largely sclerotized between thin arms; tegminal plate 1.3���1.4 �� longer than broad, widened apicad; membranous lobes and fenestrae absent; suprafenestral sclerites expanded ventrad, with one row of short macrochaetae along inner margins, outer margins transparent and microsetose; postfenestral plate membranous; prostegium divided into pair of widely separated tails (Fig. 117). Penis short and broad, flat (Figs 118, 119); pedon 2.4���2.7 �� as long as broad, much shorter than its apodemes, rhombic, distinctly narrowing basad and apicad from basal 0.4 length, ventrally membranous except margins and triangular apex; base of tectum expanded, with longitudinal folds, apex of tectum thin and long; endophallus with microspinose area close to apodemal base and transverse microplates in orificial region, terminal part as in Fig. 120. Female. Rostrum as in Fig. 103, asetose ventrally; prorostrum slightly wider at apex than in middle. Apices of coxae, often also underside of trochanters with fine, protruding setae much shorter than in male; underside of femora bare. Fifth abdominal ventrite twice as wide as long, weakly and regularly convex, finely rimmed around (Figs 111���113). Tergite VII semicircular, at most 1.4 �� wider than long (Fig. 116). Pouch-like median process of membrane barely longer than wide, rounded apically, smaller than in H. lobifer. Tergite VIII wider than long, round, weakly and evenly sclerotised except for cleared median line, with sparse, short setae (Fig. 115). Sternite VIII (spiculum ventrale) 2.0�� as long as gonocoxite, with large apical spatula (Fig. 114). Styli ca. 2 �� as long as wide. Spermatheca having straight and relatively thick corpus (Fig. 92). Morphological indices in Tab. 1. Biology. Collected from leaves and flowers of Hedycarya parvifolia Perkins & Schltr. and other similar species. Females were observed piercing inflorescences (Wanat & Munzinger, 2012). Etymology. Name is in reference to protrudingly pilose fore and middle leg bases, the unique feature of this species. The name is an invariable Latin adjective., Published as part of Wanat, Marek, 2013, The Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of New Caledonia. Genera Archellerenius gen. nov. and Hellerenius Wanat, pp. 515-542 in Zootaxa 3717 (4) on pages 532-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3717.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/249082

Hellerenius tibialis sp. nov. (Figs 123���149) Type material. Holotype ♂: a)Up. Houailou R., New Caledonia, 5.8. 14, P.D.M. b) New Caledonia, P.D.Montague, 1918 ��� 87 c) Helleristus novae - caledoniae Holotype!, J. Balfour-Browne det. d) Type (BMNH). Paratypes (128 ♂ 98 ♀): New Caledonia: 2 ♀, leg. P. Montague (BMNH, MW). Province Nord: Houadou [=Houa��lou, - 21.287 / 165.634], 28 VII 1914, 1 ♀, leg. P.Montague, labelled as allotype of H. novae - caledoniae by J. Balfour-Browne (BMNH). Mt. St. Arago [- 21.233 / 165.483], 14���20 and 18 VII 1914, 3 ♀, leg. P. Montague (BMNH). Col des Roussettes, nr. Bourail, 500 m, 5 II 1963, 1 ♂, leg. G. Kuschel (NZAC); 300���400 m, 29 I 1969, 1 ♂, N. Krauss (BPBM); 12 XII 1997, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. R. & C. Hornabrook (RH); (rainforest near refuge), - 21.4074 /165.525, 530 m, 2 XII 2010, 1 ♂ 8 ♀, leg. MW & RR (MW). Mt. Pani��, trail, 8��� 9 II 1963, 1 ♀, C. Yoshimoto (BPBM); (E slope) [- 20.56 / 164.79], 380 m, malaise trap, 7���18 XII 1990, 1 ♂, Mission ORSTOM-MNHN-MAE, leg. M. Baylac, Th. Bourgoin, J. Bickel, L. Bonnet de Larbogne, J. Chazeau, J. Dugdale & R. Raven (MNHN). Pic d���Amoa, nr. Poindimie, 450���500 m, 26 X 1978, 2 ♂, leg. G. Kuschel (NZAC); (north slope), 20.57.22S/165.17.27E [- 20.9561 / 165.2908], 480 m, rainforest, 15���16 XII 2004, no. 11974, 1 ♂ 2 ♀; no. 11975, 3 I 2005, 3 ♂ 3 ♀ - all leg. G. Monteith (QLDM); (Povila), - 20.9528 / 165.2912, 360 m, 14 I 2007, 3 ♂ 2 ♀, 15 I 2007, 1 ♂, from Hedycarya sp.; (Povila), - 20.9528 / 165.29135, 400 m, rainforest, 22 XI 2008, 24 ♂ 24 ♀; (Povila), ending 0.5 km of road, - 20.95659 / 165.29103, 450 m, 22 XI 2008, 6 ♂ 1 ♀, 23 XI 2008, beating: 1 ♀, at light: 2 ♀ - all leg. MW (MW); (Povila), - 20.95 / 165.2921, 18 XI 2010, 1 ♂, nigth beating; (Povila), - 20.951 / 165.2912, 400 m, lower rainforest, 18 XI 2010, 4 ♂ 3 ♀ - all leg. MW & RR (MW). Vall��e d���Amoa, 7 II 1963, 1 ♂, leg. G. Kuschel (NZAC). Mt. Rembai, 700 m, 18 X 1978, 2 ♀, leg. J. Watt, G. Kuschel (NZAC); (top junction), 21.34.51S/165.50.36E [- 21.5808 / 165.8433], 780 m, rainforest, no. 12001, 19 XII 2004, pyrethrum on palms, 1 ♂; no. 12003, beating, 7 ♂ 2 ♀, leg. G. Monteith (QLDM). Table Unio [- 21.55 / 165.76], 800���1000 m, 16 X 1978, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. G. Kuschel (NZAC). Aoupini��, (sawmill), 21.09.20 S/165.19.12E [- 21.1556 / 165.32], 550 m, no. 11978, rainforest, 17 XII 2004, beating, 1 ♀, leg. G. Monteith (QLDM); (near Goipin road junction), - 21.1795 / 165.3017, 720 m, from Hedycarya chrysophylla, 18 I 2007, 6 ♂ 3 ♀, 19 I 2007, 2 ♂, 27 XI 2008, 7 ♂ 3 ♀, 28 XI 2008, 1 ♂ 4 ♀, 29 XI 2008, 4 ♂ - all leg. MW (MW, MNHN, IRD, IACP, CMN); (refuge), - 21.1489 / 165.3235, 420 m, 20 I 2007, 1 ♀, leg. RD (MW); 29 III 2008, 1 ♀, at light, leg. R. Dobosz & T. Blaik (USMB), 25 XI 2008, at light, 1 ♀, 29 XI 2008, beating fruiting Hedycarya sp., 2 ♂ 1 ♀ - all leg. MW (MW). Thoven, 20.47 S / 164.53 E [- 20.7833 / 164.8833], 450 m, 5 II 2004, from Hedycarya sp., 11 ♂ 3 ♀. Cascade de Tao, 20.33 S / 164.48 [- 20.55 / 164.8], 20���50 m, rainforest, 1 II 2004, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ - all leg. MW (MW). Upper Tchamba valley: W��o Uni, refuge, - 21.0057 / 165.2487, 400 m, 15 I 2007, 4 ♂ 3 ♀, night beating, leg. MW (MW, USMB, IRD). Mt Mandj��lia (NW trail) - 20.3922 / 164.52823, 700 m, 20 XI 2008, 1 ♂; (road to summit) - 20.4 / 164.5279, 700���780 m, montane rainforest, 21.11.2008, 1 ♂ - all leg. MW (MW). Province Sud: Col d���Amieu, 15���17 X 1978, malaise trap, 2 ♂; (Forestry Station), 18���21 X 1978, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ - all leg. J. Dugdale (NZAC); (���sur la route de M. Moglia���) [- 21.62407 / 165.81031, 466 m], 21 III 2005, 1 ♀, leg. J.P. Kataoui (IACP); (2.5 km from gate), - 21.58383 / 165.79667, 420���450 m, 15 III 2008, 3 ♂ 1 ♀, 16 III 2008, 1 ♂ - all FIGURES 123���137. Hellerenius tibialis, male (123���125, 130 ��� 132, 135 ��� 137), female (126���129, 133, 134): 123) habitus, lateral view; 124) elytra, dorsal view; 125, 126) antenna; 127) apex of elytra; 128) head with rostrum, lateral view; 129) head with rostrum and pronotum, dorsal view; 130) head with rostrum, dorsal view; 131) rostrum (part), ventral view; 132���134) metatibia in lateral (132, 133) and dorsal (134) view; 135) fore femur (part) and tibia, enlarged apex of protibia (135 A); 136) protarsus; 137) tarsal claws. FIGURES 138���148. Hellerenius tibialis, male (138, 142, 144 ��� 148), female (139���141, 143): 138, 139) all abdominal ventrites, ventral view; 140) rectum; 141) tergite VII; 142) shaped endophallus in distilled water; 143)spermatheca; 144, 145) tegminal plate and basal piece in dorsal (144) and lateral (145) view; 146) sternite VIII and IX; 147) entire penis, lateral view; 148) pedo-tectal part of penis, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ed, ejaculatory duct; pn, pennons on ventral fold of posttegminal membrane, rr, rectal ribbon-like internal lamina. leg. RD & T. Blaik (USMB), 14 XI 2008, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, leg. MW (MW). Farino/Barbou L. [- 21.61197 / 165.70272, 364 m, site 13], 20 I 2005, 1 ♂, leg. C. Mille (IACP). Sarram��a/Col d���Amieu, - 21.63411 / 165.89527, 465 m, 2���30 XI 2005, 1 ♂, 7 II 2006, 1 ♀, leg. S. Cazeres, C. Mille & J.P. Kataoui (IACP). Sarramea, 27 XII 2006 ��� 10 I 2007, 4 ♀, leg. I. Jeni�� (CG); Sarramea (trail to Plateau de Dogny), - 21.6229 / 165.8684, 300���560 m, 9 XI 2010, 17 ♂ 9 ♀, leg. MW & RR (MW). Occurs mainly in northern New Caledonia (Fig. 149), where it can be frequently collected together with H. plumipes from the same plant. In Southern Province only in Col d���Amieu, Plateau de Dogny and adjacent forests. It was not found in the well studied localities of Mt. Do or Koghi Mts. Diagnosis. The only species of Hellerenius with sinuate, twisted and compressed hind tibiae (weaker but expressed also in female), all mucronate in male. Most similar to H. plumipes in body size and color, but easy to distinguish by totally bare coxae, trochanters and femora, twisted metatibiae, and completely different modifications of the last abdominal ventrite and aedeagus. Description. Body length 3.4���3.7 mm. Coloration and most external characters as in H. plumipes sp. nov., except the following. Rostrum in both sexes slightly shorter than in previous species; underside of prorostrum polished, with subgenal sulci largely vanished (Fig. 7). Distal antennal segments more elongate, funicular 7 th segment 1.3���1.4 ��, club 4.4���4.5 �� as long as wide (Figs 125, 126). Elytra less widened (Fig. 124). Legs shorter, ventrally not protrudingly pilose; hind tibiae sinuate and twisted (Figs 132���134); protarsus as in Fig. 136; claws roundly expanded at base (Fig. 137). Wing: anal 1 A retained as single rudiment; 2 A without spur. Male. Rostrum bare ventrally. All tibiae with minute, acute mucro (Fig. 135); mid-tibia irregularly curved; hind tibia strongly sinuate, its distal half compressed and slightly twisted, separated by oblique carina (Fig. 132). Last abdominal ventrite with large, rectangular prominence, lacking setose depression (Fig. 138). Pygidium with third part exposed and separated by complete sulcus; marginal rim present, polished. Sternite VIII entire evenly sclerotised. Sternite IX with untoothed apodeme 1.6���1.7 �� as long as large fork (Fig. 146). Tegminal plate peculiar, almost 3 �� as long as broad; membranous lobes about twice as long as parameroid ones, clearly separated; suprafenestral sclerites each with more than 50 long macrochaetae forming dense tuft completely covering membranous lobe; fenestrae large, elongate, well margined; postfenestral plate membranous; prostegium with incomplete median suture (Figs 144, 145). Fold of post tegminal membrane with long pennons (Fig. 147). Penis apodemes slightly shorter than pedon; the latter 5.8 ���6.0�� as long as broad, tapering, with long, narrow tip, ventrally notched from base to nearly apical fourth (Fig. 148); tectum only slightly shorter than pedon, pointed apically, well sclerotised throughout; endophallus as in H. plumipes. Female. Mid-tibiae straight; hind tibiae slightly sinuate and compressed in distal part (Figs 133, 134), without separating carina; their outer edge sharp. Last abdominal ventrite unevenly convex, with elevation triangular in outline (Fig. 139). Tergite VII strongly transverse, almost twice as wide as long (Fig. 141). Pouch-like median process of membrane small, much longer than wide. Tergite VIII slightly longer than broad, with clear median line as in H. plumipes, but with much denser and longer setae and without transverse strigae. Styli over 2 �� as long as wide, with apical setae not longer than half stylus length. Spermatheca with short, sinuate corpus (Fig. 143). Morphological indices in Tab. 1. Biology. Collected in rainforest from leaves and flowers of various Hedycarya spp. Etymology. An invariable Latin adjective referring to the modified tibiae, the most outstanding feature of this species., Published as part of Wanat, Marek, 2013, The Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of New Caledonia. Genera Archellerenius gen. nov. and Hellerenius Wanat, pp. 515-542 in Zootaxa 3717 (4) on pages 537-541, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3717.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/249082

Die Santon-Flora der Altenburg bei Quedlinburg enthalt auser Gymnospermen auch zahlreiche Angiospermen-Blatter, besonders von Platanaceae und Monimiaceae. Die Farne der Lokalitat, ebenso wie die Gymnospermen, stammen teilweise bereits aus dem Jura. Die Angiospermen-Arten gehen teilweise in das Alttertiar (Palaozan, Eozan) uber. Einige von ihnen sind Relikte bis in die Gegenwart auf verschiedenen Kontinenten. Die beschriebenen Arten sind mehr oder weniger identisch mit denen der amerikanischen Oberkreide. In dem hier vorliegenden Material fanden sich keine Epidermisreste. Additional studies in the Upper Cretaceous Flora of Quedlinburg (Germany) and some further Cretaceous localities (geographical relations) The Santonian flora of the so called Altenburg near Quedlinburg, Saxonia-Anhalt, Germany, consists of some Gymnosperms and several Angiospermous leaves, most of them belonging to Platanaceae and Monimiaceae. Fern species of this locality as well as the Gymnosperms descend from the Jurassic partially. Some Angiosperm species proceed to Tertiary (Palaeocene, Eocene), sometimes becoming relicts in present time at several continents. The species of the present paper are more or less closely related with the species of the North American Upper Cretaceous. The plant remains of the present paper did not yield any epidermis.

Three new butanolides, (2E,3R,4R,9′Z)-2-(dodec-9′-en-11′-ynylidene)-3-hydroxy-4-methylbutanolide (1), (2E,3R,4R)-2-(dodeca-9′,11′-diynylidene)-3-hydroxy-4-methylbutanolide(2),(2E,3R,4R,9′E)-2-(dodeca-9′,11′-dienylidene)-3-hydroxy-4-methylbutanolide (3) and one new ring-opened butanolide, methyl (2Z,11Z,1′R,2′R)-2-(1′,2′-dihydroxypropyl) tetradeca-2,11-dien-13-ynoate (4) were isolated from the leaves of the three representative species of the endemic primitive genus Hortonia (Monimiaceae), namely H. angustifolia, H. floribunda and H. ovalifolia. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence.

The essential oils of three types of Siparuna guianensis collected at different places of the Amazon were analyzed by GC/MS. The main constituents found in the oil of the sample collected at Moju (PA) were epi-α-bisabolol (25.1%) and spathulenol (15.7%). The oil of the sample collected at Rio Branco (AC) was dominated by spathulenol (22.0%), selin-11-en-4α-ol (19.4%), β-eudesmol (10.0%) and elemol (10.0%). The major components found in the oil of the sample collected at Belem (PA) were germacrone (23.2%), germacrene D (10.9%), bicycliogermacrene (8.6%), germacrene B (8.0%) and atractylone (31.4%).

The leaf oil of Dryadodaphne sp. (Mt. Lewis B.P. Hyland RFK1496) contained δ-cadinene (10.7%), globulol (4.6%) and T-cadinol (3.7%) as major compounds. In the bark and wood, the major compounds were guaiol and bulnesol, with these compounds being approximately twice as prevalent in the bark as in wood. In Levieria acuminata, the principal component of the leaf oil was n-dodecanal (28%), with δ-cadinene (5.8%) and calamenene (5.7%) being the principal sesquiterpenes. Kibara rigidifolia produced a complex leaf oil rich in sesquiterpenes, which also contained (Z)-β-ocimene (3–12%) and (E)-β-ocimene (1.5%) as principal monoterpenes. The principal sesquiterpenes were bicyclogermacrene, germacrene-B, guaiol and spathulenol. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Embryology of Lauraceae, hitherto poorly known, was investigated on the basis of 35 species from 23 genera to contribute to a better understanding of familial and generic relationships. Data from the genera investigated and from the literature show that the genera of Lauraceae are very similar embryologically, but that differences do exist in a few characters among the genera. Based on comparisons with other families of Laurales, Lauraceae consistently had a pachychalazal ovule or seed with a ramified raphal vascular bundle at chalaza (an apomorphy) in common with Hernandiaceae. However, since several core lauralean families such as Amborellaceae, Monimiaceae, and Gomortegaceae are little known embryologically, these must be studied for critical comparison. Within Lauraceae,Cassythais clearly distinct from the rest of the family in having anab initiocellular type endosperm (a plesiomorphy, also reported inUmbellularia) instead of a nuclear type endosperm (an apomorphy) as in the rest of the family, in lacking the nucellar cap and in having the micropyle formed by both the inner and outer integument, facts supporting the traditional taxonomic placement ofCassythain its own subfamily and the remainder of the family in the other subfamily. Within the rest of the family, the amoeboid tapetum (an apomorphy) distinguishes 15 genera (Actinodaphne,Cinnamomum,Laurus, etc.) from the six genera with the glandular tapetum. In addition, a mature embryo sac protruding from the nucellus (an apomorphy) distinguishes five genera (Beilschmiedia,Caryodaphnopsis,Cryptocarya,Endiandra,Potameia) and one species ofOcotea(O. rubra) from the rest of the family. These results can properly be incorporated in a future suprageneric classification. The distinctness ofOcotearubrawithin the genus is also discussed.

Nucleotide sequence data from the chloroplast rbcL gene and the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer of 58 species in 38 genera were used to infer the phylogenetic affinities of Monimiaceae to other Laurales, and to assess whether the family in the traditional wide sense is monophyletic. Besides Monimiaceae, the Laurales comprise Calycanthaceae, Gomortegaceae, Hernandiaceae, and Lauraceae. Magnoliaceae and Myristicaceae were used as outgroups. Based on recent molecular data, Amborellaceae and Chloranthaceae, which have sometimes been included in the order, do not belong in the Laurales, and indeed trnL-trnF sequences of Amborella (Amborellaceae) and Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae) were too different to be unambiguously aligned with the remaining sequences. Parsimony analyses of the trnL-trnF and trnL-trnF-rbcL data groups the genera into five major clades, Calycanthaceae, Atherospermataceae, Gomortega , Siparunaceae, and a weakly supported Monimiaceae s.str.-Lauraceae-Hernandiaceae clade. RbcL data alone provide no resolution at the family level. Many aspects of traditional intra-familiar classification of Monimiaceae are supported except that the sole perfect-flowered member of the family, the monotypic Sri Lankan Hortonia , is not basal (13 of 15–22 genera sampled). Instead, there are two major clades in Monimiaceae. One comprises the functionally dioecious monospecific Peumus from Chile plus the morphologically and functionally dioecious small genera Monimia from the Mascarenes and Palmeria from eastern Australia and New Guinea. The other consists of Hortonia and all remaining genera. The atherospermatoids are supported in their traditional circumscription (14 species, 7 genera, of which 10 and 6 were sampled). The neotropical genus Siparuna , different from recent classifications that have stressed its isolation, is genetically and morphologically very close to the West African species Glossocalyx longicuspis . Both taxa have unisexual flowers of the same general morphology, and both have unitegmic ovules. From the current data it seems that monoecy is basal in Siparuna , but more complete sampling of species with a faster evolving genetic marker is needed for a fuller understanding of the evolution of monoecy and dioecy in this genus.

Carpel and ovule structure was comparatively studied in representatives of all eight families of the Laurales: Amborellaceae, Calycanthaceae, Chloranthaceae, Gomortegaceae,Hernandiaceae, Lauraceae, Monimiaceae, and Trimeniaceae. In all representatives the carpels are closed at anthesis. As in Magnoliales/winteroids, closure takes place in three different modes: (1) by postgenital fusion of the stylar (and ovarial) ventral slit (Calycanthaceae, Gomortegaceae, Lauraceae, Hernandiaceae); (2) by occlusion of the inner space by secretion (Amborellaceae, Chloranthaceae, Trimeniaceae, Mollinedioideae of Monimiaceae), all having extremely ascidiate carpels; (3) by a combination of (1) and (2), whereby the ventral slit in the style is postgenitally fused but a central canal remains open, which is filled by secretion (Monimiaceae except Mollinedioideae). The carpels have a single ovule in ventral median placentation; only Calycanthaceae have two lateral ovules, although the upper ovule degenerates. In contrast to Magnoliales/winteroids, several representatives have orthotropous or almost orthotropous ovules (Amborellaceae, Chloranthaceae, Gomortegaceae). Mature ovules vary in length between 425 μm (some Monimiaceae) and 1500 μm (some Calycanthaceae, Trimeniaceae). Although all ovules are crassinucellar, nucellus breadth varies between 60 μm (Chimonanthus, Calycanthaceae) and 500 μm (Hernandia, Hernandiaceae). In almost all representatives the single ovule (two in Calycanthaceae) tightly fills out the ovarial cavity. The micropyle is mostly formed by the inner integument. In a few cases there is no micropyle and the nucellar apex makes direct contact with the inner ovary surface or the funicle (Lauraceae p.p., Calycanthaceae p.p., Hernandiaceae p.p., Monimiaceae p.p.). The ovule is pachychalazal (or perichalazal) in Lauraceae, some Hernandiaceae, and Gomortegaceae. Both integuments are variously lobed or unlobed. The outer integument is semiannular or annular, and this may vary within a family (Calycanthaceae, Hernandiaceae, Monimiaceae); it is also exceedingly diverse in thickness (2–23 cell layers). Gynoecial traits support the association of Chloranthaceae, Trimeniaceae, and Amborellaceae, and also separately Gomortegaceae, Hernandiaceae, and Lauraceae. In addition, affinities of the first group with Schisandraceae, Illiciaceae and Austrobaileyaceae may also be supported.

The pollen morphology and ultrastructure of Austromatthaea elegans, Hedycarya angustifolia, H. loxocarya, Kibara rigidifolia, Leviera acuminata, Steganthera macooraia and Tetrasynandra laxiflora, are described. All are Australian members of the Monimiaceae sensu stricto of the order Laurales, subclass Magnoliidae. Except for Hedycarya angustifolia, which has pollen grains in permanent tetrads, all species have small, globose, apolar, inaperturate pollen. They can be identified under SEM by their surface ornamentation: Austromatthaea has fossulate sculpturing; Hedycarya angustifolia has tetrads with a warty configuration; H. loxocarya has echinate pollen; Kibara has spherical gemmae with nipple‐like projections; Leviera has stellate sculpturing; Steganthera has a verrucose surface with small spherical projections on each verruca, and Tetrasynandra is gemmate with one to several spiny projections on each gemma. The pollen grains of all genera of Australian Monimiaceae sensu stricto, some the results of prev...

Pollen morphology and ultrastructure of Laurelia novae-zelandiae A. Cunn., L. sempervirens (Ruiz et Pavon) Tulasne, Laureliopsis-philippiana (Looser) Schodde and Dryadodaphne trachyphloia Schodde are described. Laurelia, Laureliopsis and Dryadodaphne have medium-sized, isopolar, globose to globose-ellipsoidal pollen which is either dicolpate (Dryadodaphne, rarely in Laureliopsis) or meridionosulcate, with a median encircling aperture with two wider parts centered at the poles (Laurelia, most pollen of Laureliopsis). Exine is tectate-columellate with an uneven foot layer showing irregular discontinuities. A few tangentially-aligned lamellae show some resemblance to an endexine and in some sections there appears to be an intergradation between these lamellae and small tangentially flattened foot layer parts. The intine consists of an outer channelled zone, with radial (Laurelia sempervirens) or tangential (Dryadodaphne) alignment of channels and an inner intine of homogeneous appearance. The outer ...

The oils of three different collections ofAustromatthea elegans L. S. Smith have been examined by GC and GC/MS. The leaf oils produced were either rich in benzyl benzoate (96.25%) or contained a mixture of benzyl salicylate and benzyl benzoate in the ratio of 4:1, these two compounds accounting for 90–97% of the oil. The oil yield varied from 0.3% to 1.8% based on fresh leaves. The remainder of the oil was composed of mono-and sesquiterpenes, with (E)-β-ocimene (0.2–1.6%) being the major contributor.

SUMMARY Young, non–reproductive plants of Atherosperma moschatum Labill, were conditioned to a range of day lengths, night lengths and photosynthetic photon fluence rates (PPFRs). The plants conditioned to the shorter of the two day lengths grew more slowly. On protein specific bases, the leaves of these plants had greater PPFR–saturated CO2 exchange rates (CERs), steeper initial slopes to the CER–PPFR plots, and greater chlorophyll concentrations than did the leaves of the long day length plants. The rates of leaf respiration, and the rates of leaf carbon export and /or incorporation into structural leaf products (E+ I) were similar under the two day lengths. The plants conditioned to the shorter of the two night lengths grew more quickly. The leaves ot these plants had smaller PPFR–saturated CERs, shallower initial slopes to the CER–PPFR plots and smaller chlorophyll concentrations than did the leaves of the long night length plants, but greater rates of leaf respiration and E + I. In a separate experiment A. moschatum was shown to be vegetatively sensitive to night breaks of far–red irradiation. The plants conditioned to the higher of the two PPFRs grew more quickly. The leaves of these plants had greater PPFR–saturated CERs, greater rates of leaf respiration, and greater rates of E+I than did the leaves of the lower PPFR plants, but shallower initial slopes to the CER–PPFR plots, and smaller chlorophyll concentrations. Acclimation to photosynthetic period (day length/night length) can be as marked as that to PPFR, and is quite different in character.

Takeuchi, Wayne (2012): Floristic records from Momase region, Papua New Guinea. Phytotaxa 52 (1): 54-64, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.52.1.7, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.52.1.7