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Abstract This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the degradation behavior of 3D printed polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dental materials, with a specific focus on the influential factors of temperature and moisture, by employing molecular dynamics simulations. Owing to their aesthetic properties, 3D-printed PMMA dental materials play a pivotal role in dental applications. However, understanding their degradation mechanisms, particularly in the context of temperature and moisture variations, is crucial for their long-term durability. A Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) was utilized for the molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation setup included temperature variations from 300 to 600 K and relative humidity (RH) levels ranging from 20 to 100%. Various mechanical properties and structural changes were analyzed to determine the degradation behavior. Energetic profiling during equilibration and the subsequent temperature variations were studied. The spatial distribution of the mean squared displacement, non-bond energy, Young’s modulus, bending stress, and volume expansion coefficient of the particles were quantitatively analyzed, revealing temperature- and moisture-dependent trends. The study concluded that temperature and moisture significantly affected the degradation behavior of 3D-printed PMMA dental materials. Higher temperatures and increased humidity levels contribute to reduced mechanical strength and altered structural properties, emphasizing the importance of controlling environmental conditions during fabrication.

In this paper, the highland barley moisture, β-glucan, amylopectin and protein content rapid detection model was established based on the 4000~10000 cm−1 near-infrared spectrum and actual contents of 76 highland barleys. The results showed that SG convolution smoothing was the optimal spectral preprocessing method for the partial least squares (PLS) prediction model of moisture, amylopectin and β-glucan contents, while SG convolution smoothing+multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) was the optimal spectral preprocessing method for the PLS prediction model of protein content. In order to further improve the accuracy of the prediction model, the different characteristic wavelength selection algorithms including competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), successive projections algorithm (SPA) and variables combination population analysis and iterative retained information variable (VCPA-IRIV) were used on the prediction results of the model. The results showed that VCPA-IRIV treatment could effectively improve the determination coefficient of prediction of moisture, amylose and protein content prediction model, and reduce the root mean square error of prediction. The treatment of CARS had a remarkable effect on the prediction accuracy for the β-glucan content. Ultimately, the established prediction models of moisture, β-glucan, amylopectin and protein content for highland barley had good prediction accuracy with the appropriate Rp (0.9868, 0.9808, 0.9701 and 0.9879) and RMSEP (0.2042, 0.1846, 0.8135 and 0.2095) value, respectively. In conclusion, the rapid detection model of highland barley characteristic nutrient content based on near infrared spectroscopy established in this study had high accuracy, which would have certain guiding significance for processing enterprises to quickly understand the quality of raw materials and efficiently screen qualified raw materials.

Electric field distortion caused by space charge accumulation is one of the challenges in the development of insulating liquid immersed converter transformers and battery energy storage. This paper studies the impact of temperature and moisture content on field distortion in synthetic ester through an improved computational model incorporating the time-development permittivity of insulating liquid, and the test results indicated highly accurate simulation results of electric field distribution can be produced compared with the previous model. Charge mobility and charge density in synthetic ester were extracted from frequency dielectric spectroscopy test results, which were then used to calculate field distortion by the developed computational model. Simulation results indicated that the field distortion in synthetic ester decreases with temperature due to the enhanced permittivity caused by space charge accumulation, while it increases with moisture content due to the increased charge density from the dissociation of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel model is presented in this study for the situation of wave interference in a non-local stimulated semiconductor medium, including thermal, plasma, and elastic waves. Moisture diffusion in one dimension (1D) has been included in the governing equations by varying the non-local medium's thermal conductivity under the impact of laser pulse according to the non-Gaussian temporal profile. The dimensionless model was characterized by linear transformations. Analytical solutions were obtained by applying Laplace transforms to a description of the governing equations based on the photo-thermoelasticity theory based on moisture diffusivity and variable thermal conductivity. When applying certain of the circumstances (thermal ramp type and non-Gaussian plasma shock), linear solutions are achieved in the time domain using various numerical techniques based on inverse Laplace transforms. Some of the physical variables being studied are visually shown via numerical simulation. The present investigation has produced numerous important concrete instances. Using graphs and theoretical descriptions, several contrasts are drawn, while certain physical factors, such as relaxation durations, changing thermal conductivity, non-local parameters, and reference moisture values, are in play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Most climate-health studies focus on temperature; however, less is known about health effects of exposure to atmospheric moisture. Humid air limits sweat evaporation from the body and can in turn exert strain on the cardiovascular system. We evaluated associations of long-term exposure to summer specific humidity with cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular disease (CBV) hospitalization. METHODS: We built an open cohort consisting of ∼63 million fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries, aged ≥65, living in the contiguous US (2000-2016). We assessed zip code level summer average specific humidity and specific humidity variability, based on daily estimates from the Gridded Surface Meteorological dataset (∼4km spatial resolution). To estimate associations of summer specific humidity with first CVD, CHD, and CBV hospitalization, we used Cox-equivalent Poisson models adjusted for individual and area-level socioeconomic status indicators, temperature, and winter specific humidity. RESULTS: Higher summer average specific humidity was associated with an increased risk of CVD, CHD, and CBV hospitalization. We found hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.07 (95%CI: 1.07, 1.08) for CVD hospitalization, 1.08 (95%CI: 1.08, 1.09) for CHD hospitalization, and 1.07 (95%CI: 1.07, 1.08) for CBV hospitalization per IQR increase (4.0 g of water vapor/kg of dry air) in summer average specific humidity. Associations of summer average specific humidity were strongest for beneficiaries eligible for Medicaid and for beneficiaries with an unknown or other race. Higher summer specific humidity variability was also associated with increased risk of CVD, CHD, and CBV hospitalization. Associations were not affected by adjustment for temperature and regions of the US, as well as exclusion of potentially prevalent cases. CONCLUSION: Long-term exposure to higher summer average specific humidity and specific humidity variability were positively associated with CVD hospitalization. As global warming could increase humidity levels, our findings are important to assess potential health impacts of climate change.

This work reported the production of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)/poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/graphene (rGO) composite by latex mixing method. The particle size of rGO was about 740 nm and negative charge value (−29 mV). After the incorporation of the rGO into the 80/20 ENR/PVA blend, the color turns into black. The toluene resistance was also improved owing to its chemical interaction between the ENR/PVA blend and rGO. The swelling ratio of the ENR/PVA blend was 7/7 g /g while the swelling ratio of the ENR/PVA blend containing 1% w/w rGO was 3/3 g /g. The lowest moisture content and moisture absorption were found when using 1 g /g rGO. The maximum moisture and moisture absorption were found at ENR/PVA blend without rGO. After incorporation of rGO in the composite, the mechanical strength was enhanced jumping to the enforcement filler. The maximum tensile strength of ENR/PVA/1rGO was 17 MPa. The composite exhibits good thermal stability and the retention tensile strength of ENR/PVA/1rGO composite was about 80% at 24 h. After use, it easily decomposed in nature and the percentage of biodegradation was about 60%–75%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objects or images captured from the remote area will not have good quality and will not be visible because of mist, smoke, moisture and fog. Here, we rub/remove the unwanted hazes from the image using the optimal adaptive technique. An examination of the built-in boundary constraint of the transmission function is extremely valuable to our method. This constraint is handled as an optimisation problem to predict the unknown scene transmission. In addition, transmission refining techniques are used to remedy the issue based on variable splitting methodology. With only a few broad assumptions, the proposed method may recover haze-free, high-quality images having original colours and better image information. Experiment findings are done with plenty of foggy images indicating the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed technique by using image quality parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the dynamic mechanical response and damage evolution behavior of ice-rich frozen clay, split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests were performed on frozen clay specimens with initial moisture contents of 20%–1,000% under different temperatures, strain rates, and stress states. The stress–strain curves, dynamic strength, peak strain, absorbed energy density, failure mode, and failure progress were studied. The experimental results revealed the following: (1) in the radial-free state, the stress–strain curve of frozen clay with initial moisture contents ranging from 20% to 85% and 1,000% could be divided into three stages: elasticity, plasticity, and failure. In addition, a double peak phenomenon occurs in the stress–strain curves within the initial moisture content range of 120%–480%. (2) In the radial-free state, as the initial moisture content increased, the dynamic strength first increased to a maximum value, then decreased to a minimum value less than the dynamic strength of ice, and eventually increased marginally to the dynamic strength of ice. However, the variation in dynamic peak strain with initial moisture content followed a decrease–increase–decrease three-stage pattern. (3) In the passive confining pressure state, the initial moisture content of frozen soil determined its sensitivity to the confining pressure. (4) The high-speed camera test results indicated that the failure of the ice-rich frozen clay was mainly caused by tensile cracks. The degree of failure of the frozen clay specimens became more evident as the moisture content and strain rate increased. In the passive confining pressure state, the ice-rich frozen clay specimens remained intact except for a small amount of edge peeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of fines content on the performance of the wicking geotextile is not clear. This study developed a simple moisture reduction test method to quantify the effectiveness of the wicking geotextile in reducing moisture in silty sands at four different fines contents and four different waiting periods. The sand was prepared at an initial moist condition based on its average field moisture capacity. A wicking or non-wicking woven geotextile was placed in the middle of a soil column. The effect of a geotextile on the moisture content of the sand was evaluated by measuring their gravimetric moisture contents at different distances from the geotextile at different times. Test results show that the amount of moisture reduced by the wicking geotextile decreased with the content of fines in the silty sand. On the contrary, the non-wicking geotextile obstructed water flow, hence moisture accumulated on it. The moisture content profile in the soil column indicated the influence zone by the wicking geotextile in the silty sand, which depended on the fines content. The percent of soil moisture content reduction by the wicking geotextile identified the limit of the fines content for the effectiveness of the wicking geotextile. • This paper investigated the effect of fines in silty sands on the effectiveness of wicking geotextile in moisture reduction. • A simple soil column test was developed for this investigation. • Wick geotextile effectively reduced moisture content of silty sand with up to 15% fines while non-wicking woven geotextile served as a barrier to downward movement of moisture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to study the initial stress to cracking of Cameroonian tropical woods. The forests of the Cameroonian part of the Congo Basin, abound in species highly sought after for structural applications. However, very little information is available on the Mode I cracking of these wood species. Specimens of sound wood from dabema (Piptadeniastrum africanum), padouk (Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub) and bilinga (Diderrichii nauclea) were produced. These specimens were subjected to three-point bending tests. Physical (density and moisture content), mechanical (modulus of elasticity, bending stress at break) and energetic (restitution rate and stress intensity factor) properties were determined. The results gave a restitution rate of 581 J/m² for dabema, 520 J/m² for bilinga and 202 J/m² for padouk, and a stress intensity factor of 0.98 MPa*m1/2 for dabema, 1.28 MPa*m1/2 for bilinga and 1.0 MPa*m1/2 for padouk. It can be seen that dabema and bilinga are more resistant to crack propagation than padouk. On the other hand, bilinga and padouk absorb much more of the energy that causes micro cracks than dabema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objecttives] The influence of moisture in raw coal, particle size and coal bunker material on the fluidity of raw coal was studied to find out the main reasons for coal clogging in raw coal bunkers.MethodsA raw coal flowability experimental device was designed and built to conduct flowability experiments on raw coal with different moisture and particle sizes, and flow characteristics diagrams were drew to obtain the effects of various factors on raw coal flowability.ResultsThe greater the moisture in the raw coal, the more right the broken line in the flow characteristic diagram is, the less the falling mass, the worse the mobility, and the greater the rotation angle required for complete falling.The difference in the initial position of coal falling is due to the difference in static friction between different particle sizes, resulting in different repose angles. At the same time, the decrease in moisture will reduce the friction force and increase the falling mass. The liquidity bend line of polytetrafluoroethylene material is located at the front, and the friction coefficient at the bottom is small. At the same angle, the mass drops more and the mobility is enhanced.ConclusionsMoisture plays a key role in the fluidity of raw coal, the influence of particle size on the fluidity of raw coal is weak, and only the interaction with moisture can have a great influence on the fluidity of raw coal. Material also has a greater impact on the fluidity of raw coal, but when the moisture is low, the impact can be ignored.

In the production of wood fuel pellets, starch is frequently used as an additive to enhance bonding and durability. This study investigated the effectiveness of four different kinds of starches as additives, each at a concentration of 5% (dry basis), when combined with sawdust from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). The starches tested included plain wheat flour, hydrothermally treated wheat starch, wheat starch with amylose-like properties, and nearly pure amylopectin obtained from waxy rice flour. All pellets were produced at a die temperature of 100 °C using a Single Pellet Press, with varying moisture contents of 5%, 8%, 11%, and 14% (wet basis). The pellets were evaluated for compression work, back pressure, physical density, hardness, and moisture content. Additionally, chemical bonding was assessed using FT-IR spectroscopy. Compression energy was found to be influenced by moisture content, irrespective of starch utilization, and it decreased with increasing moisture levels, especially between 5 to 8% (wb). The inclusion of starch led to notably higher pellet hardness, with amylose yielding the hardest pellets, 34±3 kg when the moisture content was 11%. Based on this study, it is recommended to use hydrothermally treated wheat flour, as it consistently produced high-quality pellets.

Abstract Introducing legumes into C4-dominated tropical pastures, may enhance their sustainability but has some pasture management constraints. One potential alternative is using arboreal legumes, but several of these species have relatively high condensed tannin (CT) concentrations, which negatively impact forage quality. There is limited knowledge, however, on how arboreal legume leaf CT content varies over the year and how this might impact forage quality. The objective of this 2 year study was to assess the seasonal variation of CT and nutritive value for ruminants of the tropical tree legumes gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex. Walp.] and mimosa (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth). The research was carried out in the sub-humid tropical region of Brazil on well-established pastures in which either legume was present with signalgrass (Urochloa decumbens Stapf.). We determined CT and nitrogen concentrations, in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM), and leaf δ13C and δ15N from January to October of 2017 and 2018. All parameters were affected (P

Cellulose macrofibers (MFs) are gaining increasing interest as natural and biodegradable alternatives to fossil-derived polymers for both structural and functional applications. However, simultaneously achieving their exceptional mechanical performance and desired functionality is challenging and requires complex processing. Here, we reported a one-step approach using a tension-assisted twisting (TAT) technique for MF fabrication from bacterial cellulose (BC). The TAT stretches and aligns BC nanofibers pre-arranged in hydrogel tubes to form MFs with compactly assembled structures and enhanced hydrogen bonding among neighboring nanofibers. The as-prepared BC MFs exhibited a very high tensile strength of 1 057 MPa and exceptional lifting capacity (over 340 000 when normalized by their own weight). Moreover, due to the volume expansion of BC nanofibers upon water exposure, BC MFs quickly harvested energy from environmental moisture to untwist the bundled networks, thus generating a torsional spinning with a peak rotation speed of 884 r/(min·m). The demonstrated rapid and intense actuation response makes the MFs ideal candidates for diverse humidity-response-based applications beyond advanced actuators, remote rain indicators, intelligent switches, and smart curtains.

In agriculture, machines engaged in various agrotechnical activities and operations have different impacts on the soil. The effect of mechanization is primarily reflected in two indicators: soil density and hardness. At the same time, considering the direct dependence of tractive resistance on soil hardness in processing machines and sprayers, we studied subsequent changes in the soil in the path of wheels affected by the soil after the passage of four-wheeled and three-wheeled tractors. We also examined various atmospheric pressures in the tractor’s tires and the impact of different types of tires on soil compaction and traction. The studies showed that to reduce the compression impact on the soil of four-wheeled tractor working systems during certain technical operations, it is necessary to choose the maximum permissible travel speed and the minimum air pressure in the tires specified in the technical conditions. This approach helps to decrease soil compaction and maintain its structure. Additionally, it was found that three-wheeled tractors exert less pressure on the soil compared to four-wheeled ones, which should also be considered when selecting equipment for different agrotechnical tasks. Optimizing tire pressure and tractor speed is crucial for minimizing negative soil impact and enhancing the efficiency of agricultural operations.

In order to improve the phenomenon that frozen cooked noodles are susceptible to the formation of ice crystals and quality deterioration during storage, the effects of mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) versus sucrose ester (SE) on the proportion of freezable water, water distribution, quality characteristics, gelatinization characteristics of wheat flour and the secondary structures of proteins in frozen cooked noodles were investigated. The results showed that the addition of 0.30%–1.10% (m/m) MELs could promote the conversion of free water to bound water in frozen cooked noodles, reduce the proportion of freezable water, and increase the binding of water to macromolecules such as protein and starch. Compared with the blank and SE groups, the quality of frozen cooked noodles made with 0.70% MELs was better, and the hardness was (4 335.317 ± 48.047) g, which was 25.36% higher than that of the blank group. The tensile force and tensile distance at break were (11.22 ± 0.15) g and (69.09 ± 1.34) mm, respectively. The water absorption rate increased significantly, and the cooking loss rate was the smallest, suggesting MELs to be more effective in improving the cooking quality of noodles than SE. At the same time, MELs could effectively delay the retrogradation rate of wheat flour starch, increase the proportions of the secondary structure fractions β-sheet and α-helix, and strengthen the gluten network structure.

The clonal materials of Tectona grandis L. f. in fast-growing plantations exhibit faster growth than the seminal materials. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the differences in wood drying to ensure the quality and yield of the final product. This study evaluated the outdoor drying behavior of three genotypes of teak lumber. Two clonal genotypes (G1 and G2) and one of seminal origin (G3) were assessed. Boards measuring 30 × 150 × 1000 mm (thickness × width × length) were produced from the basal logs. The average moisture content (79.3, 64.9, and 60,1%), final moisture content (10.8, 9.8, and 11.6%), and mean drying rate (1.2, 0.97, and 0.85%.day-1) were observed in the wood from genotypes G1, G2 and G3, respectively. The clonal material crooked and bowed below 5 mm.m-1, which is considered the tolerance limit for both warpings. The seminal material had a greater incidence of splitting. The clonal genotypes G1 and G2 had similar qualities and presented higher drying rates, final moisture contents below 11% and a lower incidence of defects, especially splitting, compared to the naturally seeded material.

The paper explores the feasibility of substituting steel working bodies with polymer ones in soil-cultivating units. (Research purpose) The research aims to investigate how the friction parameters of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS plastic) are affected by variations in absolute soil moisture and speed of the unit during the interaction of its working body with loamy soil. (Materials and methods) A laboratory unit was developed to examine the friction characteristics of the polymer in contact with loamy soil. The study measures the friction and adhesion properties by altering the absolute moisture of loamy soil. (Results and discussion) Graphs were constructed to illustrate the relationship between of the friction parameters of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS plastic) on absolute soil moisture. It was determined that at absolute soil moistures of 18, 20 and 26 percent, the friction coefficients of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene are 0.45, 0.5 and 0.6, respectively. The adhesion values were recorded at 100, 145 and 700 pascals for absolute soil moistures of 18, 20 and 28 percent, respectively. A decrease in both friction and adhesion was observed when the soil moisture reached between 26% and 28%. (Conclusions) The friction properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS plastic) are lower than those of steel, yet significantly higher than those of fluoroplastic. Further research in this area is expected to significantly increase the effi ciency of selecting materials for the manufacturing of working parts in soil-cultivating units, while also reducing energy costs.

【Objective】 Change in soil water content is not only an indicator of water stresses used for irrigation management but also controls biogeochemical processes in soil. In this paper, we study the feasibility of using thermal infrared imaging to estimate soil moisture dynamics. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in July-August 2023 in a walnut orchard in Xinjiang. Thermal infrared images of the walnut canopy were measured continuously using a thermal infrared camera. Based on the HSV color space of the images, an improved K-means segmentation algorithm was proposed to analyze the change in canopy temperature. We also measured air temperature and humidity, illuminance, wind speed, atmospheric CO2, and soil water content in the 0-80 cm soil layer, from which we proposed an inversion model to estimate soil water dynamics. 【Result】 The improved K-means algorithm increased the accuracy from 82.34% to 94.55%, and the errors between the canopy temperature acquired from the images and the measured canopy temperature were in the range of 0 to 1.0. The infrared imaging method was most accurate between14:00 pm to 16:00 pm. Our results showed that the walnut roots were most active in taking up water from the 40-60 cm soil layer 50-60 cm away horizons from the tree truck. Canopy temperature, air temperature and relative humidity, and atmospheric CO2 concentration were correlated with soil water content at significant levels; they can thus be used to estimate soil water dynamics, with a coefficient of determination of R2=0.86 and p

Soil moisture plays a great role in physical, chemical and biological activities in the soils. A research was conducted to determine the soil moisture contents across three land use types (grassland (GL), forested area (FR) and cultivated land (CL)) over a period of three months during rainy season in Federal University Gashua, North East of Nigeria. Soil samples was taken from each land use type using soil auger at 0-15 and 15-30cm depths for physicochemical properties analysis, while core samples were taken fortnightly and after every rainy event for gravimetric soil moisture content (SMC) and bulk density determination. Results showed that the soils across the land uses are sandy loam in texture, high bulk density at GL and CL (>1.80g cm-3 ) and moderate in FR (1.45g cm-3 ), very low organic matter content and neutral in pH value. Significantly high SMC was recorded in FR and lower in GL with a high coefficient of variation (43%). Temporally, the SMC varied moderately (35% coefficient of variation) with significant increased after every rainfall event. The high bulk density and very low water retention capacity of the soils of the study area can be enhanced by conservation farming practices and constant addition of organic matter.

BACKGROUND: The rapid and accurate detection of moisture content is important to ensure maize quality. However, existing technologies for rapidly detecting moisture content often suffer from the use of costly equipment, stringent environmental requirements, or limited accuracy. This study proposes a simple and effective method for detecting the moisture content of single maize kernels based on viscoelastic properties. RESULTS: Two types of viscoelastic experiments were conducted involving three different parameters: relaxation tests (initial loads: 60, 80, 100 N) and frequency‐sweep tests (frequencies: 0.6, 0.8, 1 Hz). These experiments generated corresponding force‐time graphs and viscoelastic parameters were extracted based on the four‐element Maxwell model. Then, viscoelastic parameters and data of force‐time graphs were employed as input variables to explore the relationships with moisture content separately. The impact of different preprocessing methods and feature time variables on model accuracy was explored based on force‐time graphs. The results indicate that models utilizing the force‐time data were more accurate than those utilizing viscoelastic parameters. The best model was established by partial least squares regression based on S‐G smoothing data from relaxation tests conducted with initial force of 100 N. The correlation coefficient and the root mean square error of the calibration set were 0.954 and 0.021, respectively. The corresponding values of the prediction set were 0.905 and 0.029, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the potential for accurate and fast detection of moisture content in single maize kernels using viscoelastic properties, which provides a novel approach for the detection of various components in cereals. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing inspiration from nature has served as a crucial driving force behind human progress, enabling groundbreaking advancements and cross‐disciplinary integration through the emulation of biological superhydrophobic phenomena. Bioinspired superhydrophobic triboelectric materials stand out among advanced triboelectric materials due to their unique hydrophobic properties, exceptional moisture resistance, and remarkable electrical performance. However, the inherent complexity of natural phenomena and the need for refinement in bioinspired design pose significant challenges in the development of bioinspired superhydrophobic triboelectric materials. This comprehensive review delves into bioinspired superhydrophobic triboelectric materials from the perspectives of theoretical underpinnings, fabrication strategies, and cutting‐edge applications. Rooted in the interaction mechanisms between water molecules and triboelectric materials, the importance of enhanced hydrophobic properties is elucidated. A systematic overview of bioinspired superhydrophobic triboelectric materials’ construction strategies is presented, offering fresh perspectives and insights into the development and application of high‐performance triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Finally, the current challenges and untapped opportunities in bioinspired superhydrophobic triboelectric materials are summarized to fully unlock their potential for applications in TENGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of sea spray on extreme precipitation forecast in Beijing of China between 28 July and 2 August 2023 as a case test. In this case, fully coupled model increased upward moisture in the Bohai and Yellow Seas and increased accumulated rainfall by 21% in North China. For the extreme precipitation events with the 5‐day accumulated precipitation exceeding 500 mm, the atmosphere‐only model did not forecast the events; the coupled model without sea spray performed well with the 0.29 threat score (TS) and 88 mm root mean square error (RMSE); in the fully coupled model, the effects of sea spray increased atmospheric instability, which increased the precipitation around Beijing and yielded a more accurate forecast with the 0.37 TS and 65 mm RMSE. This paper suggests a scientific clue to improve numerical simulation for extreme rainfall events, however, more cases are still needed for statistical evaluation. Plain Language Summary: Although meteorological forecasting ability has been improved considerably during the past decades, precipitation during extreme events remains typically underestimated. Improving model accuracy for heavy rainfall events is, indeed, a ground challenge. In this study, we conducted three numerical experiments under different conditions to evaluate the effects of sea spray on extreme precipitation forecasts for the Beijing extreme rainfall event between 28 July and 2 August 2023. Our results indicated that for this 5‐day forecasting case, including sea spray in the simulations enhanced precipitation in North China by transporting more moisture from the Bohai and Yellow Seas upward into the atmosphere. The moister and warmer air caused by sea spray effects was transported to Beijing through northwestward wind and lifted by the local terrain, then caused a more unstable atmosphere and higher intensity of precipitation around Beijing. By using statistical indicators and setting different precipitation thresholds for this extreme rainfall case, we determined that in this case, the fully coupled model including sea spray yielded more accurate forecast. To statistically evaluate the effects of sea spray in extreme precipitation forecasts, more cases are still needed. Key Points: Fully coupled model led more upward moisture in the Bohai and Yellow Seas and increased 5‐day accumulated rainfall by 21% in North ChinaFully coupled model improved the forecasting threat score from 0 to 0.37 with the 5‐day accumulated precipitation exceeding 500 mmSea spray led to more unstable atmosphere for the Beijing extreme rainfall event, yielding a more accurate forecast [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandwich d/f heterometallic complexes [(Ln(hfac)3)2M(acac)3] (Ln = La, Pr, Sm, Dy and M = Co; Ln = La and M = Ru) were prepared in strictly anhydrous conditions reacting the formally unsaturated fragment [Ln(hfac)3] and [M(acac)3] in a 2-to-1 molar ratio. These heterometallic complexes are highly sensitive to moisture. Spectroscopic observation revealed that on hydrolysis, these compounds yield dinuclear heterometallic compounds [Ln(hfac)3M(acac)3], prepared here for comparison purposes only. Quantum mechanical calculations supported, on the one hand, the hypothesis on the geometrical arrangement obtained from ATR-IR and NMR spectra and, on the other hand, helped to rationalize the spontaneous hydrolysis reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined the mechanical properties of wrist–hand orthoses made from polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), produced through material extrusion with infill densities of 55% and 80%. These orthoses, commonly prescribed for wrist injuries, were 3D-printed flat and subsequently thermoformed to fit the user's hand. Experimental and numerical analyses assessed their mechanical resistance to flexion after typical wear conditions, including moisture and long-term aging, as well as their moldability. Digital Imaging Correlation investigations were performed on PLA and PETG specimens for determining the characteristics required for running numerical analysis of the mechanical behavior of the orthoses. The results indicated that even the orthoses with the lower infill density maintained suitable rigidity for wrist immobilization, despite a decrease in their mechanical properties after over one year of shelf life. PLA orthoses with 55% infill density failed at a mean load of 336 N (before aging) and 215 N (after aging), while PETG orthoses did not break during tests. Interestingly, PLA and PETG orthoses with 55% infill density were less influenced by aging compared to their 80% density counterparts. Additionally, moisture and aging affected the PLA orthoses more, with thermoforming, ongoing curing, and stress relaxation as possible explanations related to PETG behavior. Both materials proved viable for daily use, with PETG offering better flexural resistance but posing greater thermoforming challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber-reinforced composites are commonly exposed to environments associated with moisture and solution, resulting in uptake, which causes changes in the bulk resin, the fiber–matrix interface, and even the fiber itself. Knowledge about uptake behavior and diffusion mechanisms and characteristics are critical to better understanding the response of these materials to environmental exposure faced through service to developing better materials through selection of constituents and to the prediction of long-term durability. This paper reviews aspects of uptake mechanisms and subsequent response, as well as models that describe the sorption process, with the aim of providing a comprehensive understanding of moisture-uptake-related phenomena and characteristics such as uptake rate, diffusion and relaxation/deterioration constants, transitions in regimes, and overall response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Asian summer monsoon precipitation is projected to increase under greenhouse warming with strong intraseasonal variation. Using a 35-member CESM Large Ensemble and 30 CMIP6 models, this study reveals that in July and August, maximum rainfall changes in East Asia take place in the midlatitudes, influencing regions encompassing North and Northeast China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan. The intensified precipitation is attributed to the combined effect of the thermodynamic and dynamic components. The former stems from the enriched low-level moisture, which peaks in continental East Asia in July and August, under global warming. The dynamic effect is due to the enhanced upward motion, associated with the enhanced southerlies throughout the troposphere over midlatitude East Asia. The southerlies also act to intensify the low-level monsoonal circulation, strengthening moisture transport from the tropical ocean to the midlatitudes. In addition to the mean-state changes, the precipitation interannual variability in this region also intensifies, partly due to the enhanced low-level moisture and partly associated with enhanced large-scale circulation anomalies, such as the northwestern Pacific anticyclone. The enhanced background precipitation, along with the intensified interannual variability, may lead to more rainy summers in a warmer climate, with instances where historically extreme precipitation events become more frequent, posing challenges for water resource management and agriculture in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic–inorganic composites have important applications, especially in the area of bonded abrasives. They exhibit mechanical performances that cannot be achieved with organic materials alone and present an extremely stable performance, even at elevated temperatures. In this summary of our studies, we focus on the exceptional mechanical properties achieved by incorporating inorganic particles into a crosslinked matrix consisting of phenolic resin. A crosslinker such as hexamethylenetetramine reacts with the phenolic resins to form a stable 3‐dimensional matrix to "glue" the inorganic particles together. In order to achieve such uniform dispersion of the seemingly incompatible reacting components, a plasticizer, or wetting liquid, is usually employed. We have developed several environmentally appropriate wetting liquids that have proved to be superior to the traditionally used toxic substances. Some of the reactive wetting liquids used even enhanced the mechanical properties of the resulting composites by contributing additional crosslinks to the final reacted systems. A combination of techniques including the use of low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to characterize the curing process and assess the changes in mechanical properties at the molecular level. Detailed studies characterized the effects of moisture on the curing process and changes in mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme global warming can produce hydroclimate changes that remain poorly understood for sub-tropical latitudes. Late Palaeocene-early Eocene (LPEE; ~58-52 Ma) proto-Mediterranean zones of the western Tethys offer opportunities to assess hydroclimate responses to massive carbon cycle perturbations. Here, we reconstruct LPEE hydroclimate conditions of these regions and find that carbon cycle perturbations exerted controls on orbitally forced hydroclimate variability. Long-term (~6 Myr) carbon cycle changes induced a gradual precipitation/moisture reduction, which was exacerbated by some short-lived (<200 kyr) carbon cycle perturbations that caused rapid warming and exceptionally dry conditions in western Tethyan continental areas. Hydroclimate recovery following the greatest short-lived global warming events took ~24-27 kyr. These observations support the notion that anthropogenically driven warming can cause widespread aridification with impacts that may last tens of thousands of years. Hydroclimate reconstructions reveal that geological global warming disrupted periodical precipitation patterns and induced dry conditions in sub-tropical areas. Anthropogenic global warming may cause similar aridification in Mediterranean zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of pectin from Saba banana (Musa acuminata x balbisiana (BBB Group) "Saba") peels produced crude pectin that requires further purification. Two downstream processes (alcohol washing (AW) and acid demethylation (AD)) were compared. AW involved gelatinous precipitate washing with 85% alcohol and pressing to squeeze out liquids, while AD involved a sequential AW of the dried pectin with 60% acidified alcohol, and 60% and 95% alcohol solutions. Results showed that both methods produced low methoxyl pectins with similar color, yield, and moisture content, with no significant (p > 0.05) differences observed. AD, however, produced pectin with better quality in terms of ash content and anhydrouronic acid (AUA) content relative to the control. Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed that the samples contain ‐OH, C‐H, COO−, COO, and C‐O groups, but only AD has COO‐R due to structural modification. Overall, AD has the potential to improve the quality of crude ultrasound‐extracted pectin from Saba banana peels. Yet, pre‐extraction processing methods are necessary to meet FAO color standards for pectin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The analysis reveals that the occurrence of summer Monsoon Depressions (MDs) over the North Arabian Sea is doubling during 2001–2022 compared to the 1981–2000 period. This increase stems from changes in the region's dynamic and thermodynamic conditions. The heightened genesis potential parameter with sea surface temperature and moisture flux transport and its convergence over the North Arabian Sea inducing MDs formation, contrasting to the Bay of Bengal. The dynamic processes involved in its formation, a combination of barotropic and dynamical instability, are leading to increased rainfall over northwestern India. Strong East Asian jet variability, with an anomalous anticyclone in the north and weak cyclonic anomalies in the south, induces prevailing easterly wind anomalies along the monsoon trough. This leads to a poleward shift (~1.13°) in the low-level jet, significantly altering dynamic and thermodynamic parameters in the northern Arabian Sea region leading to a notable increase in MDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducing legumes into C4-dominated tropical pastures, may enhance their sustainability but has some pasture management constraints. One potential alternative is using arboreal legumes, but several of these species have relatively high condensed tannin (CT) concentrations, which negatively impact forage quality. There is limited knowledge, however, on how arboreal legume leaf CT content varies over the year and how this might impact forage quality. The objective of this 2 year study was to assess the seasonal variation of CT and nutritive value for ruminants of the tropical tree legumes gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex. Walp.] and mimosa (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth). The research was carried out in the sub-humid tropical region of Brazil on well-established pastures in which either legume was present with signalgrass (Urochloa decumbens Stapf.). We determined CT and nitrogen concentrations, in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM), and leaf δ13C and δ15N from January to October of 2017 and 2018. All parameters were affected (P < 0.05) by the interaction between legume species and sampling time, with generally higher leaf CT content for mimosa than gliricidia, and both were reduced at the start of the dry season, although much more drastically for mimosa. The IVDOM was strongly affected by CT content and increased at the start of the dry season, coincidentally when C4 grass forage quality typically decreased. There is a marked species effect, with CT from gliricidia impacting IVDOM more than the same CT content from mimosa. While N concentration from mimosa also increased at the start of the dry season, that for gliricidia did not vary over the year. We conclude that although these arboreal legumes have relatively high CT contents, these reduce during the dry season when CT concentrations coinciding with a reduced forage quality as the protein content for C4 grasses is usually inadequate in this season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seeds are important reproductive organs of seed plants. In natural ecosystems, seed germination indicates that the plants have started a new life cycle, and the high quality germination of crop seeds determines its yield. However, seed germination is a complex and delicate process, with seeds undergoing drastic changes at the molecular and physiological levels within a short period. This process is susceptible to the combined effects of various internal and external environmental factors. This review introduces the research progress of the regulation mechanism of seed germination, with a particular focus on environmental factors, including water, temperature, light, and small molecule substances, influence seed germination. It is expected that varieties with good germination rate can be customized in the face of complex agricultural production environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted during September, 2023 to February, 2024 at the Department of Biochemistry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India. Total 28 genotype originating from a cross between a little leaf resistance parent AB 15-06 (S. melongena) and a susceptible parent GRB 5 (S. melongena). Disease incidence recorded from 14 each of highly resistant and susceptible genotypes and their parents AB 15-06 (Resistance against little leaf disease) and GRB 5 (Susceptible against little leaf disease) were selected for biochemical attributes comprised of chlorophyll (0.73-0.98 mg g-1), moisture (76.77-97.43%), phenol (0.43-3.26 mg g-1), total soluble sugar (2.36-4.57 mg g-1), membrane injury (24.56-69.87%). Correlation analysis of biochemical characters like chlorophyll and moisture were observed negatively correlated with disease incidence while rest of biochemical parameters total soluble solids, membrane injury and phenol content were positively correlated. Membrane injury (0.254), moisture (0.026), TSS (0.030), and phenol content (0.016) showed positive skewness whereas chlorophyll (-1.318), membrane injury (-1.540), moisture (-1.543), total soluble sugar (-1.160) and phenol content (-1.626) detected negative kurtosis. GCV, PCV and heritability analysis for all biochemical characters recorded were chlorophyll (36.46%, 36.5% and 99.82%), membrane injury (61.52%, 61.96% and 98.59%), moisture (7.55%, 8.73% and 13.44%), total soluble sugar (99.39%) and phenol content (46.76%, 46.83% and 99.67%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment aimed to explore the effects of different water contents and storage time on the content of mycotoxins in the mushroom bran of Flammulina velutifolia. This study set up 13%, 30%, 48%, 62%, and 76% moisture gradients of Flammulina velutifolia bran, and measured the content of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OTA), and T-2 toxin (T-2) in Flammulina velutifolia bran, respectively. The dynamic changes in the content of Flammulina velutifolia bran naturally stored for 1~7 days were recorded, and the correlation between the content of each Flammulina velutifolia toxin and storage time was analyzed. Combined with the requirements of the Feed Hygiene Standard for the content of Flammulina velutifolia bran in feed raw materials, it was determined whether the Flammulina velutifolia bran exceeded the limit of mycotoxins. The results showed that at a moisture content of 13%, the contents of AFB1, ZEN, OTA, and T-2 in the mushroom bran of Flammulina velutifolia showed no significant differences within 1~7 days after storage (P>0.05), and none of them exceeded the standard threshold. At 30%, 48%, 62%, and 76% moisture content, the content of AFB1, ZEN, OTA, and T-2 in Flammulina velutifolia bran showed an increasing trend with prolonged storage time. At a moisture content of 30%, the content of AFB1, ZEN, OTA, and T-2 in the Flammulina velutifolia bran did not exceed the standard threshold. At 48%, 62%, and 76% moisture content, the content of AFB1, ZEN, OTA, and T-2 in the Flammulina velutifolia bran did not exceed the standard within 1~2 days after storage. At a moisture content of 62%, the content of AFB1 in the Flammulina velutifolia bran exceeded the standard threshold after the 3rd day, and all three contents exceeded the standard threshold on the 5th day. At 62% and 76% moisture content, both ZEN and OTA in the Flammulina velutifolia bran exceeded the standard threshold on the 7th, with T-2 content not exceeding the standard threshold. At low moisture content (13%), there was no significant correlation between fungal toxin content and storage time (P>0.05). Under medium to high moisture content (48% and 76%), there was a significant positive correlation between fungal toxin content and storage time (P<0.05), and there was a significant positive correlation between different fungal toxins (P<0.05). The study indicates that when safely storing Flammulina velutifolia bran, it is necessary to control the moisture content and storage time. When the moisture content of Flammulina velutifolia bran is below 13% or high moisture Flammulina velutifolia bran is used within two days of leaving the factory, it can ensure that the content of mycotoxins does not exceed the standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates relationship between the zonal oscillation of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and the South Asia High (SAH). As the WPSH extends westward, in upper-troposphere the SAH shows conspicuous eastward extension in 10–25-day period, while weak zonal movement in 25–50-day period. In 10–25-day period, the zonal oscillation of the SAH lags the movement of the WPSH by about one day. It is closely related with a westward moving anomalous high from the south of the Japan to the continent. Further analysis shows that the WPSH-related precipitation plays the significant role in the variation of this anomalous high. Accompanied with the westward extension of the WPSH, in lower-troposphere an anomalous anticyclonic circulation occupies the western Pacific. It enhances the moisture transportation to the east side of the SAH, causing above-normal precipitation here. With the enhancement of the precipitation, the anomalous diabatic heating induces divergence anomaly in upper-troposphere, and further stimulates anomalous high by the horizontal divergence effect, leading to the eastward extension of the SAH. In 25–50-day period, due to the weaker convective anomaly, the WPSH is unable to extend farther westward. As the result, less moisture is transported and the anomalous moisture convergence is restricted to the north of Yangtze River, and so is the precipitation. At the east side of the SAH it is dominated by the anomalous cooling, unfavorable for the stimulation of the anomalous high, and thus, the zonal oscillation of the SAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sources of moisture-feeding for the incipient tropical cyclones (TCs) over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are least explored. Using a three-dimensional Lagrangian model running with NCEP-FNL data, the present work identified various source locations and major transport routes that contributed moisture to pre- and post-monsoon TCs genesis (TCG) over the BoB. The clustered mean trajectories identified using the k-means method demonstrated that moisture transport towards the TCG region during pre-monsoon is dominated by intense low-level westerly/south-westerly trajectories propagating across the North Indian Ocean covering the Somalia coast and the Arabian Sea. Meanwhile, during post-monsoon, north-easterly/easterly trajectories are more prevalent and bring moisture to the BoB TCG region from the South China Sea and North-West Pacific. Moreover, the study highlights the spatiotemporal variations of moisture uptake (MU) pattern and its contribution and demonstrates that robust MU with a contribution of 20–90% occurs locally before three days of TCG. Meanwhile, remote sources contribute a moisture amount of ≤ 20%. Furthermore, the composite analysis of different diagnostic parameters confirms that identified MU at the local scale is attributed to an evaporation process in association with a dynamic uplifting mechanism caused by an anomalous cyclonic circulation, which provides moisture for TCG, while the horizontal advection is the mechanism, which gradually builds moisture required for the TCG from the remote sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drying is a crucial process in preserving the physicochemical qualities of white pepper. This study investigates the impact of two drying processes, namely traditional sun drying (TSD) and rotary drum drying (RDD), on the quality of white pepper. TSD requires three consecutive sunny days for drying, whereas RDD achieves the target moisture content of 12% within a rapid drying time of 120 min. The research employs thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyse the dimensions, thermo-physical profiles, chemical constituents, and microstructure of the pepper samples. RDD, with a drying temperature of 55°C and centrifugation force of 129.7 × g, ensures fast and uniform drying while preserving the physicochemical qualities of white pepper. In terms of physical characteristics, RDD results in larger dried pepper dimensions, measuring 4.56 mm on average, compared to TSD, which measures 4.35 mm. SEM observations reveal varying pore sizes and cracks in both drying methods. Additionally, quality validation conducted by the Malaysian Pepper Board demonstrates that RDD exhibits superior quality compared to TSD. The RDD samples show moisture content, piperine, volatile, and ash percentages of 11.83, 8.18, 2.53, and 0.82, respectively, while the TSD samples show 10.37, 7.16, 2.43, and 0.74. All samples complied with Standard Malaysian White Pepper No. 1 and International Pepper Community Grade 1. Future studies should focus on enhancing different drying methods to achieve efficient white pepper drying while preserving its quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the dynamics of volatile compound alterations during the storage of ground roasted coffee in various packaging were investigated using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Each type of packaging underwent repeated opening and closing, simulating the gradual consumption behavior of the consumer who consumes ground coffee in smaller doses over time. The experimental results revealed that after 30 days of storage, 35 to 45% of the volatile substances originally present in the coffee were lost regardless of the type of packaging used. Notably, storing coffee in a paper sachet proved to be the least effective method, resulting in a loss of over 80% of all volatile coffee substances during this storage period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating live fuel moisture content (LFMC) is critical for assessing vegetation flammability and predicting potential fire behaviour, thus providing relevant information for wildfire prevention and management. Previous research has demonstrated that empirical modelling based on spectral data derived from remote sensing is useful for retrieving LFMC. However, these types of models are often very site-specific and generally considered difficult to extrapolate. In the present study, we analysed the performance of empirical models based on Sentinel-2 spectral data for estimating LFMC in fire-prone shrubland dominated by Cistus ladanifer. We used LFMC data collected in the field between June 2021 and September 2022 in 27 plots in the region of Andalusia (southern Spain). The specific objectives of the study included (i) to test previous existing models fitted for the same shrubland species in a different study area in the region of Madrid (central Spain); (ii) to calibrate empirical models with the field data from the region of Andalusia, comparing the model performance with that of existing models; and (iii) to test the capacity of the best empirical models to predict decreases in LFMC to critical threshold values in historical wildfire events. The results showed that the empirical models derived from Sentinel-2 data provided accurate LFMC monitoring, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 15% in the estimation of LFMC variability throughout the year and with the MAE decreasing to 10% for the critical lower LFMC values (<100%). They also showed that previous models could be easily recalibrated for extrapolation to different geographical areas, yielding similar errors to the specific empirical models fitted in the study area in an independent validation. Finally, the results showed that decreases in LFMC in historical wildfire events were accurately predicted by the empirical models, with LFMC <80% in this fire-prone shrubland species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article extensively explores moisture resistance treatments for natural fiber-reinforced composites (NFRCs), aiming to mitigate the hindrance posed by their high moisture absorption and limited applications. The study delves into five distinct fiber treatments, emphasizing their roles in improving fiber separation, wettability, homogeneity, and crucial fiber/matrix adhesion by removing surface impurities. Chemical treatments applied are instrumental in inducing hydrophobic behavior in treated fibers, validated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and an observed increase in water contact angle. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis underscores the treated NFRCs' superior mechanical properties, showcasing extensive fiber breakage and enhanced energy-dissipating mechanisms. The article employs a 2D finite element (FE) model to visually represent the impact of moisture resistance treatments on NFRCs using the thermal-moisture analogy. Treated samples initially exhibit faster moisture absorption than untreated epoxy, creating a moisture gradient. However, over time, treated NFRCs demonstrate reduced moisture absorption compared to neat epoxy, with the hydrophobic interphase actively attracting and subsequently retarding moisture progression. This comprehensive study identifies effective moisture resistance treatments for NFRCs. It explains their mechanisms, helping to understand how these treatments improve the performance of natural fiber-reinforced composites in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using surface and balloon-sounding measurements, satellite retrievals, and ERA5 reanalysis during 2011–20, this study compares the precipitation and related wind dynamics, moisture and heat features in different areas of the South China Sea (SCS) before and after SCS summer monsoon onset (SCSSMO). The rainy sea around Dongsha (hereafter simply referred to as Dongsha) near the north coast, and the rainless sea around Xisha (hereafter simply referred to as Xisha) in the western SCS, are selected as two typical research subregions. It is found that Dongsha, rather than Xisha, has an earlier and greater increase in precipitation after SCSSMO under the combined effect of strong low-level southwesterly winds, coastal terrain blocking and lifting, and northern cold air. When the 950-hPa southwesterly winds enhance and advance northward, accompanied by strengthened moisture flux, there is a strong convergence of wind and moisture in Dongsha due to a sudden deceleration and rear-end collision of wind by coastal terrain blocking. Moist and warm advection over Dongsha enhances early and deepens up to 200 hPa in association with the strengthened upward motion after SCSSMO, thereby providing ample moisture and heat to form strong precipitation. However, when the 950-hPa southwesterly winds weaken and retreat southward, Xisha is located in a wind-break area where strong convergence and upward motion centers move in. The vertical moistening and heating by advection in Xisha enhance later and appear far weaker compared to that in Dongsha, consistent with later and weaker precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]