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Abstract: Rivers represent the focal point for the urban cluster. This is because cities were earlier established along riverbanks. Consequently, the urban cluster extended in all directions: north, south, east, and west. Different approaches to developing and enhancing riverbanks in cities around the world have varied according to the conditions and resources available, including site circumstances, river width, as well as the city's history and its architectural and cultural heritage. The key objective of the present research is to develop waterfronts to support sustainable environmental development through suggesting a design framework for constructing waterfronts. This is expected to achieve optimal utilization of the site's visual and functional features in order to maximize economic returns. Such maximization will directly contribute to comprehensive development efforts. The research methodology is divided into two parts: a theoretical part and a practical part. On one hand, the theoretical part employs the inductive method to identify studies related to the definition of waterfronts. On the other hand, the practical part employs the analytical method. Insights from the theoretical studies are used to create surveys for assessing the field study. Outcomes are later employed for the suggesting the required development strategies for the waterfronts. الملخص تعد الأنهار مركز الثقل للكتلة العمرانية للمدن حيـث أن النواة الأولي للمدينة قامت على ضفافها ومن ثم امتدت الكتلة العمرانية إلى باقي الاتجاهات شمالا وجنوبا وشـرقا وغربـا، واختلفت منهجيات تطوير وتنمية ضفاف الأنهار فـي مـدن العالم تبعا للظروف والامكانات المتاحة من حيـث ظـروف الموقع وعرض النهر وأيضا من حيث تاريخ المدينة والإرث العمراني والثقافي للمدينة.يهدف البحث إلي تطوير الواجهات المائية لدعم التنمية البيئية المستدامة من خلال وضع منظومة تصميمية لعمران الواجهات المائية لتحقيق أفضل استغلال ممكن لمميزات الموقع وإمكاناته بصرياً ووظيفياً لتعظيم العائد الاقتصادي الذي ينعكس بشكل مباشر في منظومة التنمية الشاملة، حيث أن المنهجية المستخدمة للبحث تتمثل في جزئين: جزء نظري وجزء تطبيقي، حيث يستعين الجزء النظري بالمنهج الإستقرائي لتحديد الدراسات الخاصة بتعريف الواجهات المائية، والجزء التطبيقي بالمنهج التحليلي، حيث تم استخدام ما تم استنتاجه من الدراسات النظرية لعمل استبيانات لتقييم الدراسة الميدانية، ومن ثم استخدام التقييم لوضع محاور التطوير اللازمة للواجهات المائية.

Abstract Background The increasing use of nanoparticles (NPs) necessitates investigation of their impact on wastewater treatment processes, particularly anammox, a critical biological nitrogen removal pathway. This study explored the effects of short-term exposure to TiO2, ZnO, and Ag-NPs on anammox activity in enriched cultures derived from River Nile sediments. Materials and methods Anammox bacteria were identified and enriched, with activity confirmed through 16S rRNA and hydrazine oxidoreductase (hzo) gene amplification and sequencing. Activity assays demonstrated efficient ammonium removal by the enriched culture. Subsequently, the impact of different sized and concentrated NPs on anammox activity was assessed. Results XRD analysis confirmed NP behavior within the microcosms: TiO2 transformed, ZnO partially dissolved, and Ag remained ionic. hzo gene expression served as a biomarker for anammox bacterial activity. Interestingly, 100 nm TiO2-NPs up-regulated hzo expression, potentially indicating a non-inhibitory transformed phase. Conversely, ZnO and Ag-NPs across all sizes and concentrations significantly down-regulated hzo expression, suggesting detrimental effects. Ag-NPs amended microcosms showed a significant reduction (79%) in hzo gene expression and a detrimental effect on bacterial populations. Overall, anammox activity mirrored hzo expression patterns, with TiO2 (21 and 25 nm, respectively) exhibiting the least inhibition, followed by ZnO and Ag-NPs. Conclusion This study highlights the differential effects of NPs on anammox, with the order of impact being Ag > ZnO > TiO2. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential environmental risks of NPs on anammox-mediated nitrogen cycling in freshwater ecosystems.

Abstract Background The assessment of liver stiffness and the degree of fibrosis are important factors affecting the management strategy. Multiple non-invasive tools are now available to offer an adequate alternative to biopsy. In this study, we tried to compare the performance of 2D shear wave elastography (SWE) to the transient elastography/fibroscan as a non-invasive tool in the prediction of liver stiffness. This is a prospective study of 215 patients confirmed by serology to have positive virus C or B infection. 2D SWE was done followed by vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) known as fibroscan at the same session. Biopsy results were collected. Results The mean age was 51.07 years ± 6.07 SD. Five cases were excluded due to insufficient data. Fibroscan failed in 30 cases out of 210 cases (failure rate of 14.3%) compared with only 12 patients (6.7% failure rate) while using SWE. Only 180 patients completed the study to the result analysis. SWE results showed significant agreement to the fibroscan results with 86.7% agreement with a tendency for overestimation of the degree of fibrosis (11.7%). The efficacy of SWE was the highest during the assessment of patients with F0 (98.9%), F1 (97.8%), and F4 (93.3%) respectively and relatively low in F2 (92.8%) and F3 (90.6%). Conclusion 2D SWE is a relatively recent non-invasive tool in the assessment of liver fibrosis grading which can be used as an alternative to the fibroscan with almost similar diagnostic performance especially when fibroscan is not capable to obtain adequate results such as in obesity and ascites.