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Nakayama, Naohide, Takaoka, Hiroko, Miyamoto, Kei (2018): First Record of the Grenadier Coelorinchus sheni (Actinopterygii: Gadiformes: Macrouridae) from Japan. Species Diversity 23: 121-127, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.121

One specimen of Oceania armata Kölliker, 1853 (Hydrozoa: Anthomedusae: Oceaniidae) was collected from northern Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan (26°42'N, 127°54'E) on 26 January 2016. This specimen is housed in the Okinawa Churashima Foundation as OCF-Cn00004., 論文

Tashiro, Fumihito, Hibino, Yusuke, Miyamoto, Kei (2017): First Records of the Rare Snake Eel Ophichthus exourus (Pisces: Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae) from the Northern Hemisphere. Species Diversity 22: 213-217, DOI: 10.12782/sd.22_213

2014 年5 月4 日に沖縄島北部に位置する 奥港にて1 個体のホソイトヒキサギ Gerres macracanthus Bleeker, 1854 が釣獲された. これ は沖縄島における本種の標本に基づく初めて の記録である., One specimen of Gerres macracanthus was collected from northern Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, on 4th May 2014. This report represents the first reliable record of this species based on a specimen from Okinawa Island., 論文

沖縄県北部本部半島の新里漁港において, 2010 年7 月から2012 年1 月の間, 灯火採集を行い, 95 分類群, 7244 個体の仔稚魚を採集した. このうち, 最も採集量が多かったのはミズンで, 次いでミナミキビナゴ, ヤクシマイワシ属, ギンイソイワシ属, コボラ, ボラと続き,上位10 種で全体の96％を占めた. 本報告では,全出現魚種のリストを示すとともに, 主要種の出現状況についても概説した., A total of 7244 larval and juvenile fishes representing over 95 taxa were collected by monthly light-trap sampling at Shinzato Port, Motobu Peninsula, Okinawa Island, southern Japan, from July 2010 to January 2012. Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus was the most common, accounting for 43.9% of the total abundance. Spratelloides delicatulus (17.1%) was ranked second, followed by unidentified Atherinomorus, unidentified Hypoatherina, Chelon macrolepis, and Mugil cephalus cephalus. In total these 10 dominant taxa accounted for 90% of all fishes. In this report, we present a list of all collected fishes, and also discuss, 論文

Spermatozoa are more efficient at supporting normal embryonic development than spermatids, their immature, immediate precursors. This suggests that the sperm acquires the ability to support embryonic development during spermiogenesis (spermatid to sperm maturation). Here, using Xenopus laevis as a model organism, we performed 2-D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry analysis of differentially expressed proteins between sperm and spermatids in order to identify factors that could be responsible for the efficiency of the sperm to support embryonic development. Furthermore, benefiting from the availability of egg extracts in Xenopus, we also tested whether the chromatin of sperm could attract different egg factors compared to the chromatin of spermatids. Our analysis identified: (1) several proteins which were present exclusively in sperm; but not in spermatid nuclei and (2) numerous egg proteins binding to the sperm (but not to the spermatid chromatin) after incubation in egg extracts. Amongst these factors we identified many chromatin-associated proteins and transcriptional repressors. Presence of transcriptional repressors binding specifically to sperm chromatin could suggest its preparation for the early embryonic cell cycles, during which no transcription is observed and suggests that sperm chromatin has a unique protein composition, which facilitates the recruitment of egg chromatin remodelling factors. It is therefore likely that the acquisition of these sperm-specific factors during spermiogenesis makes the sperm chromatin suitable to interact with the maternal factors and, as a consequence, to support efficient embryonic development.

For a long time, it has been assumed that the only role of sperm at fertilization is to introduce the male genome into the egg. Recently, ideas have emerged that the epigenetic state of the sperm nucleus could influence transcription in the embryo. However, conflicting reports have challenged the existence of epigenetic marks on sperm genes, and there are no functional tests supporting the role of sperm epigenetic marking on embryonic gene expression. Here, we show that sperm is epigenetically programmed to regulate embryonic gene expression. By comparing the development of sperm- and spermatid-derived frog embryos, we show that the programming of sperm for successful development relates to its ability to regulate transcription of a set of developmentally important genes. During spermatid maturation into sperm, these genes lose H3K4me2/3 and retain H3K27me3 marks. Experimental removal of these epigenetic marks at fertilization de-regulates gene expression in the resulting embryos in a paternal chromatin-dependent manner. This demonstrates that epigenetic instructions delivered by the sperm at fertilization are required for correct regulation of gene expression in the future embryos. The epigenetic mechanisms of developmental programming revealed here are likely to relate to the mechanisms involved in transgenerational transmission of acquired traits. Understanding how parental experience can influence development of the progeny has broad potential for improving human health.

Crustaceans can exert a greater force using their claws than many animals can with other appendages. Furthermore, in decapods, the chela is a notable organ with multifunctional roles. The coconut crab, Birgus latro, is the largest terrestrial crustacean and has a remarkable ability to lift weights up to approximately 30 kg.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether acute hypoxia alters the deoxygenation level in vastus lateralis muscle during a 30 s Wingate test, and to compare the muscle deoxygenation level between sprint athletes and untrained men. Nine male track sprinters (athletic group, VO2max 62.5 ± 4.1 ml/kg/min) and 9 healthy untrained men (untrained group, VO2max 49.9 ± 5.2 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) performed a 30 s Wingate test under simulated hypoxic (FIO2 = 0.164 and PIO2 = 114 mmHg) and normoxic conditions. During the exercise, changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (OxyHb) in the vastus lateralis were measured using near infrared continuous wave spectroscopy. Decline in OxyHb, that is muscle deoxygenation, was expressed as percent change from baseline. Percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), oxygen uptake (VO2), and ventilation (VE) were measured continuously. In both groups, there was significantly greater muscle deoxygenation, lower SpO2, lower peakVO2, and higher peakVE during supramaximal exercise under hypoxia than under normoxia, but no differences in peak and mean power output during the exercise. Under hypoxia, the athletic group experienced significantly greater muscle deoxygenation, lower SpO2, greater decrement in peakVO2 and increment in peakVE during the exercise than the untrained group. When the athletic and untrained groups were pooled, the increment of muscle deoxygenation was strongly correlated with lowest SpO2 in the 30 s Wingate test under hypoxia. These results suggest that acute exposure to hypoxia causes a greater degree of peripheral muscle deoxygenation during supramaximal exercise, especially in sprint athletes, and this physiological response would be explained mainly by lower arterial oxygen saturation. Key pointsThe deoxygenation trends in the vastus lateralis muscle during 30 s Wingate test in track sprinters and untrained men under simulated hypoxic and normoxic conditions was investigated using near infrared spectroscopy.Acute hypoxia caused a greater degree of peripheral muscle deoxygenation than normoxia, whereas there were no changes in performance such as power output during 30 s Wingate test.Sprint athletes show a greater degree of peripheral muscle deoxygenation during 30 s Wingate test in hypoxia when compared with untrained subjects.A larger difference in muscle deoxygenation between hypoxia and normoxia is accompanied by lowest SpO2 at the 30 s Wingate test in hypoxia.

Choerodon margaritiferus Fowler and Bean, 1928 English name: Pearly Tuskfish New standard Japanese name: Yuumodoro-bera Figs. 1, 2, 3; Table 1 Choerodon margaritiferus Fowler and Bean, 1928: 197 (type locality: Jolo market, Jolo, the Philippines); Parenti and Randall, 2000: 10 (New Caledonia and the Philippines); Westneat, 2001: 3400 (Philippines); Allen and Randall, 2002: 113 (the Philippines); Shea and Liu, 2010: Choerodon margaritiferus (New Caledonia, Chesterfield Islands, and the Philippines); Allen and Erdmann, 2012: 646, unnumbered color photograph (the Philippines and Taiwan); Puckridge et al., 2015: 66 (Tanjung Luar, Lombok, Indonesia). Choerodon sp. A: White et al., 2013: 266, pl. 89.19 (Tanjung Luar, Lombok, Indonesia). Material examined. 5 specimens, 94.5 ���107.0 mm in standard length (SL), all from near Sesoko Island, Okinawa, southern Japan (26 �� 39 ���N, 127 �� 51 ���E), 30 m depth, fishing by Y. Omata: OCF-P 20140825 - 3, female, 96.4 mm SL, 24 August 2014; OCF-P 20140827 - 1, male, 107.0 mm SL, 27 August 2014; OCF-P 20140827 -2, 20140827- 3 and 20140827 - 4, female, 94.5 ���103.0 mm SL, 27 August 2014. Comparative material. Holotype of C. margaritiferus Fowler and Bean, 1928: USNM 89966, male, 116.0 mm SL, Jolo market, Jolo, the Philippines, 11 February 1908. Diagnosis. Distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays XII, 8; scales between lateral line and 5 th dorsal-fin spine 2 ��; lower pectoral-fin rays elongate; male brown or pale orange dorsally, with a blue or white stripe below eye continuing as a line of spots to upper pectoral-fin base, an additional stripe located dorsally on caudal-peduncle and below most of the dorsal-fin base, a white or blue bar on pectoral-fin base, and an eye-sized red blotch on back below base of 9 th to 11 th dorsal-fin spines (center of the blotch above lateral line); female orange dorsally, with a broad red band on posterior edge of caudal-fin. Description. Counts and proportional measurements of 5 Okinawan specimens and holotype of C. margaritiferus are displayed in Table 1. Body moderately slender, elongate, deepest at pectoral-fin base, depth 3.7 ��� 4.0 (3.5) in SL; head large, length 2.6 (2.8) in SL; snout moderately short, slightly pointed, 3.3���3.6 (3.4) in head length (HL); eyes large, round, located along upper portion of anteroposterior axis, diameter 4.5 ���5.0 (4.9) in HL; mouth large, terminal, and slightly oblique; upper jaw nearly reaching vertical at front edge of orbit, 3.5���3.8 (3.6) in HL; 2 pairs of enlarged canines on front of upper jaw, inner pair projecting forward and curved ventrally, outer pair curved posteriorly; 1���2 (1) enlarged canines on rear portion of upper jaw, at the angle of the mouth, strongly curved anterolaterally; no teeth between front and rear canines of upper jaw; 2 pairs of enlarged canines anteriorly on lower jaw, inner pair projecting forward and slightly smaller than outer pair, outer pair strongly curved posterolaterally; single row of 9���10 (10) small canines aligned along middle of lower jaw; posterior edge of preopercle slightly serrated; membranous edge of opercle produced, tip of membranous edge over pectoral-fin origin; nostrils small, on the line between top of eye and tip of snout, anterior nostril at midpoint on this line and posterior nostril about midway between anterior edge of eye and anterior nostril; posterior nostril ovate without a rim, slightly bigger than anterior nostril. Scales cycloid; head scales generally smaller than body scales; snout, lower jaw, and interorbital area scaleless; 3 (3) transverse scale rows on rear of cheek, remainder of cheek and suborbital region scaleless; preopercle naked; interopercle mainly naked except for a single row of 6���8 (6) small scales just below lower edge of preopercle; 4���5 (5) transverse scale rows on opercle; membranous edge of opercle and subopercle scaleless; predorsal scales extending anteriorly to level between rear edge of eye and posterior margin of preopercle; scales between lateral line and 5 th dorsal-fin spine 2 ��; lateral line not interrupted, abruptly descending under 3 rd to 7 th soft dorsal-fin rays; last two pored scales of lateral line (posterior to hypural plate) greatly enlarged, the terminal one extending to about middle of caudal-fin; basal sheath of dorsal and anal fins consisting of row of small (compared to adjacent body scales), pointed scales; pectoral fins scaleless; 3���4 elongate scales adjacent to the outer edge of each pelvic fin. Origin of dorsal fin above 3 rd lateral line scale, predorsal-fin length 1.0��� 1.1 (1.1) in HL; 1 st dorsal-fin spine 5.3���5.9 (5.3) in HL; 2 nd dorsal-fin spine 4.2���4.6 (4.0) in HL; 5 th dorsal-fin spine 3.7���4.1 (3.7) in HL; 5 th to 11 th dorsal-fin spines about equal in length; membranes of dorsal-fin spines extending slightly above spine tips; 1 st soft dorsal-fin ray 3.7 ���4.0 (3.8) in HL; last soft dorsal-fin ray 4.1���4.8 (4.2) in HL; origin of anal fin about level with 10 th dorsal-fin spine, preanal-fin length 1.6 (1.6) in SL; 3 rd anal-fin spine longest, 4.3���4.7 (broken in holotype) in HL; 1 st soft anal-fin ray 3.8���4.3 (4.0) in HL; last soft anal-fin ray 4.3���4.4 (3.8) in HL; tips of dorsal and anal fin rays falling well short of caudal-fin base; origin of pectoral fins just below origin of dorsal fin; pectoral fins short, upper tip of pectoral fins reaching under 9 th or 10 th dorsal-fin spine, pectoral fins 1.6���1.7 (1.7) in HL; lower pectoral fin rays elongate, about half the length of longest pectoral-fin ray, 3.3���4.1 (3.7) in HL; origin of pelvic fins about level with 2 nd dorsal-fin spine, tip of fins just or not quite reaching anus, their length 1.9 ���2.0 (1.9) in HL; caudal fin generally truncate with slightly extruded upper and lower fin tips, longest rays 1.8 ���2.0 (2.0) in HL, middle of posterior edge slightly convex in male (vs. truncate in female). Color of fresh male (Fig. 1 A). Generally pale orange dorsally and pearly white ventrally; iris yellow; red lateral stripe from top of preopercle to upper portion of caudal-fin base; notable eye-sized red blotch on back below base of 9 th to 11 th dorsal-fin spines, center of blotch above lateral line; anterior edge of red blotch slightly bordered with white; blue lateral stripe from snout tip past lower boundary of eye, continued as row of fuzzy light blue spots to below end of dorsal fin; similar stripe from middle of postocular space to below 5 th dorsal-fin spine; small blue spot on upper side of postocular; 2 blue lateral stripes on caudal-peduncle along dorsal edge and lateral line; faint whitish bar on pectoral-fin base; dorsal fin mainly yellow, broad blue stripe along outer edge, spines and soft rays slightly reddish; pectoral fins clear and colorless; pelvic-fins mainly bluish white, narrow yellow stripe along 2 nd soft ray; anal fin mainly blue, broad yellow stripe across middle of the fin; caudal fin pale orange. Color of preserved male (10 % formalin for 3 months). Generally grayish dorsally and whitish ventrally; head grayish; iris light yellow; red stripe and blotch present in the fresh condition completely lost; blue stripes and spots present in the fresh condition faded to grayish blue; white bar on pectoral-fin base; all fins translucent white. Color of fresh female (Fig. 1 B). Generally orange dorsally and white ventrally; iris yellow; around the eye slightly pinkish; red lateral stripe from upper portion of preopercle to upper half of caudal-fin base, its lower border pinkish; dorsal fin mainly yellow, broad mauve stripe across upper half of the fin, spines and soft rays slightly reddish; pectoral fins clear and colorless; pelvic fins mainly bluish white, narrow yellow stripe along second soft ray; anal fin mainly blue, fuzzy yellow stripe across upper half of the fin, lower edge bordered with yellow; caudal fin mainly yellow and small red dots scattered, prominent broad red band on posterior edge of caudal fin. Color of preserved female (10 % formalin for 3 months). Generally light yellow dorsally and whitish ventrally; opercle grayish; iris light yellow; red stripe present in the fresh condition completely lost; all fins generally translucent white; posterior edge of caudal fin sometimes blackish. Distribution. Choerodon margaritiferus has been collected from Okinawa Island, Japan (in the present study), Taiwan (Allen & Erdmann 2012), Jolo, the Philippines (Fowler & Bean 1928) and Lombok, Indonesia (White et al. 2013; as Choerodon sp. A). Shea & Liu (2010) and Parenti & Randall (2000) included Chesterfield Islands (Coral Sea) and New Caledonia, respectively, in the range of the species. However, they did not show sufficient evidence that the species lives throughout this range, and further research is needed in these areas. In Okinawa, this species was collected from a depth of 30 m over sand-rubble bottom. Ecological note. Histological observation of the gonads indicates that the specimens were mature, because filled spermatozoa were present in the testes of the male and mature oocytes (vitellogenetic and hydrated stages) were present in the female (Fig. 2). In addition, some immature oocytes (perinucleolar stage) were found in a mature testis (Fig. 2 A), providing strong evidence of the protogynic hermaphroditism found in most labrids. Etymology. The English name ���Pearly Tuskfish��� follows Allen and Erdmann (2012). The word ���Yuumodoro��� used in the new standard Japanese name means the scene of sunset at Motobu town, near our collecting site, in the Okinawan local song. The red blotch and blue lateral stripe in the male suggest a sunset over the ocean. In addition, the word ���Bera��� means wrasse fish in standard Japanese. Identification. Choerodon margaritiferus Fowler and Bean, 1928 was originally described on the basis of 1 specimen (Holotype: USNM 89966) collected from Jolo, the Philippines. Counts and measurements of examined specimens agree closely with those of the holotype (see description and Table 1). Although the body color of the holotype has mostly faded, some diagnostic coloration remained in the form of white marks: a lateral stripe under the eye, a row of spots on the mid-lateral part of the body, a lateral stripe on the middle of the caudal peduncle, and a bar on the pectoral-fin base (Fig. 1 C). These color patterns matched well with those of the examined male specimen (see Figs. 1 A, C). In addition, the coloration of the holotype as described agrees almost exactly with that of the specimen. The only point of difference is that the notable red blotch in our male specimen was not noted in the original description. Fowler and Bean may have not observed it, because this character easily vanishes during preservation. In the genetic analysis, the partial sequence of COI of examined specimens and 6 comparative species were aligned at 626 sites, 184 of which were polymorphic. The neighbor-joining dendrogram derived from the aligned sequences showed that the described specimens and C. margaritiferus (KM 224711, from Indonesia, identified by Puckridge et al., 2015) represent the same clade (Fig. 3). No genetic differences were found between the two color types (male and female) of examined specimens. Thus, examined specimens in this study were regarded as the same species. Meanwhile, other comparative species clearly represented separate clades with 78���100 % bootstrap probability. This result emphasizes that the specimens collected from Okinawan waters were identified correctly as C. margaritiferus. Choerodon margaritiferus Pectoral-fin rays 14 14 14 14 14 15 Pelvic-fin rays I, 5 I, 5 I, 5 I, 5 I, 5 I, 5 Principal caudal-fin rays 14 14 14 14 14 14 Upper procurrent caudal rays 7 7 8 7 7 8 ......continued on the next page Holotype Non-type specimens from Okinawan waters USNM OCF-P OCF-P OCF-P OCF-P OCF-P 89966 20140827 - 1 20140825 - 3 20140827 - 2 20140827 - 3 20140827 - 4 male male Female female female female, Published as part of Miyamoto, Kei, Nonaka, Ai & Oka, Shin-Ichiro, 2015, Northernmost record of a poorly known tuskfish, Choerodon margaritiferus (Perciformes: Labridae), from southern Japan, and first description of a female in Zootaxa 4007 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/238558, {"references":["Fowler, H. W. & Bean, B. A. (1928) Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Vol. 7. The fishes of the families Pomacentridae, Labridae, and Callyodontidae, collected by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer \" Albatross, \" chiefly in Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100, i - viii + 1 - 525, pls. 1 - 49.","Parenti, P. & Randall, J. E. (2000) An annotated checklist of the species of the labroid fish families Labridae and Scaridae. Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, 68, 1 - 97.","Westneat, M. W. (2001) Labridae. In: Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (Eds.), The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific, volume 6. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp. 3381 - 3403.","Allen, G. R. & Randall, J. E. (2002) A new species of wrasse (Labridae: Choerodon) from the tropical western Pacific. Aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology, 5 (3), 109 - 113.","Shea, S. & Liu, M. (2010) Choerodon margaritiferus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / (accessed 6 February 2015)","Allen, G. R. & Erdmann, M. V. (2012) Reef fishes of the East Indies. Tropical Reef Research, Perth, xiii + 1292 pp.","Puckridge, M., Last, P. R. & Andreakis, N. (2015) The role of peripheral endemism and habitat associations in the evolution of the Indo-West Pacific tuskfishes (Labridae: Choerodon). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 84, 64 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2014.11.007","White, W. T., Last, P. R., Dharmadi, R. F., Chodrijah, U., Prisantoso, B. I., Pogonoski, J. J., Puckridge, M. & Blaber, S. J. M. (2013) Market fishes of Indonesia. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, 438 pp."]}

Miyamoto, Kei, Nonaka, Ai, Oka, Shin-Ichiro (2015): Northernmost record of a poorly known tuskfish, Choerodon margaritiferus (Perciformes: Labridae), from southern Japan, and first description of a female. Zootaxa 4007 (1), DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4007.1.5

Recent advances in genome editing using programmable nucleases have revolutionized gene targeting in various organisms. Successful gene knock-out has been shown in Xenopus, a widely used model organism, although a system enabling less mosaic knock-out in founder embryos (F0) needs to be explored in order to judge phenotypes in the F0 generation. Here, we injected modified highly active transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) mRNA to oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage, followed by in vitro maturation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, to achieve a full knock-out in F0 embryos. Unlike conventional injection methods to fertilized embryos, the injection of TALEN mRNA into GV oocytes allows expression of nucleases before fertilization, enabling them to work from an earlier stage. Using this procedure, most of developed embryos showed full knock-out phenotypes of the pigmentation gene tyrosinase and/or embryonic lethal gene pax6 in the founder generation. In addition, our method permitted a large 1 kb deletion. Thus, we describe nearly complete gene knock-out phenotypes in Xenopus laevis F0 embryos. The presented method will help to accelerate the production of knock-out frogs since we can bypass an extra generation of about 1 year in Xenopus laevis. Meantime, our method provides a unique opportunity to rapidly test the developmental effects of disrupting those genes that do not permit growth to an adult able to reproduce. In addition, the protocol shown here is considerably less invasive than the previously used host transfer since our protocol does not require surgery. The experimental scheme presented is potentially applicable to other organisms such as mammals and fish to resolve common issues of mosaicism in founders.

本研究では、超小型衛星用分離機構の汎用化を目指し、M-Vロケット6号機のサブペイロードを用いて分離実証実験を行うべく準備を進めている。300mm×150mm×125mmの空間内に、分離機構、ダミー衛星、計測装置、電源制御、通信、分離許可信号処理システムなどを搭載し、打ち上げ1,421秒後から168秒間、クリスマス島可視領域において実験を行う。本稿では、実験の概要、開発状況、評価のための解析項目などについて述べる。, Laboratory for Space Systems (LSS) prepares an on-orbit experiment of a separation mechanism for nano-satellite on a sub-payload of M-V Rocket No.6. The sub-payload is a space for a counter weight to motion balance of the M-V rocket. LSS was permitted to use the space to conduct the present experiments. The size of the sub-payload is about 300 mm x 150 mm x 124 mm. The weight is 5 kg, provided that the allowable margin of error is less than 5 percent. The experiment system consists of the separation mechanism, a dummy mass instead of a pico-satellite, a measurement subsystem and a rocket interface subsystem. The dummy mass is a substitute for a pico-satellite. The size is 10 cm cubic and weight is about 1 kg. The measurement subsystem measures a separation speed, a motion of the dummy mass after separation and temperatures at four points. The rocket interface subsystem consists of a power, communication and timer receiving. The system attached B3PL of M-V rocket turns on before the launch and conducts a separation after 1,421 s from the launch. Acquired data in the separation are transmitted for 168 s at Christmas Island in the Republic of Kiribati. The paper describes overview, development status and measurement item to verify the system., 資料番号: AA0047897022