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The use of phosphate mineral products in animal nutrition, as a major source of phosphor and calcium, can lead to uranium entering the food chain. The aim of the present study was to determine the protective effect of natural sepiolite and sepiolite treated with acid for broilers after oral intake of uranium. The broilers were contaminated for 7 days with 25 mg/uranyl nitrate per day. Two different adsorbents (natural sepiolite and sepiolite treated with acid) were given via gastric tube immediately after the oral administration of uranium. Natural sepiolite reduced uranium distribution by 57 % in kidney, 80 % in liver, 42 % in brain, and 56 % in muscle. A lower protective effect was observed after the administration of sepiolite treated with acid, resulting in significant damage of intestinal villi in the form of shortening, fragmentation, and necrosis, and histopathological lesions on kidney in the form of edema and abruption of epithelial cells in tubules. When broilers received only sepiolite treated with acid (no uranyl nitrate), shortening of intestinal villi occurred. Kidney injuries were evident when uranium concentrations in kidney were 0.88 and 1.25 A mu g/g dry weight. It is concluded that adding of natural sepiolite to the diets of broilers can reduce uranium distribution in organs by significant amount without adverse side effects.

Diflubezuron is increasingly used in areas where mosquito larvae developed resistance to other insecticides. In our community diflubenzuron is not used to control mosquito larvae. Two formulations of 1% diflubenzuron (on corn-cob EF-1, and zeolite EF-2) were tested on Culex pipiens L (larvae) on one canal in the Belgrade suburb area. The effect was followed for seven weeks after application of the formulations. Formulation EF1 achieved a reduction in mosquito L 1 L 2 larvae between 23.9% and 89.4%. The change was statistically significant the 21st and 28th day (p<0.001), 35th and 42nd day (p<0.01) and 49th day (p<0.05). The maximal reduction obtained by formulation EF2 was 69.1%. The accomplished reduction was significant on the 28th and 42nd day (p<0.001), 35th day (p<0.01) and 21st (p<0.05). Both formulations have maintained a good residual effect on the lower developmental larval stages. Maximum reduction achieved by EF1 on L-3 L-4 larvae was 97.4%. Reduction of larvae was high between the 7th and 42nd day (66.4 - 97%). Statistically significant values were recorded on the 21st, 28th and 35th day. Formulation EF2 achieved a reduction of 99.5%. A statistically significant reduction in the value of mosquito larvae was obtained on the 14th, 21st, 28th, 35th and 42nd day. Between the two used formulations there was no significant difference in the number reduction of lower larval stages, but for the higher larval stages EF1 proved to be more efficient.

This paper evaluates the effects of two different feeds on production results and economic performance in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming. The first group (O-1) was fed with a standard complete pelleted feed, and the second group (O-2) was fed with combined feed consisting of 75 % pellets and 25 % of sardines. Better results were obtained with the O-2 group, while the O-1 group achieved results characteristic for local farming conditions and feed quality. Experimental group O-2 had significantly higher (p lt 0,01) growth rate when compared to group O-1. Considering current feed and final product (fish) prices in the market, better results in terms of cost-effectiveness were obtained (E>0,00) in O-2 group of trout fed with the combined meal., U radu je ispitivan uticaj ishrane kalifornijske pastrmke (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sa dva obroka različitog sastava na proizvodno-ekonomske rezultate. Eksperiment je postavljen sa dve grupe kalifornijske pastrmke: O-1 hra- njena je standardnom kompletnom peletiranom hranom i O-2 koja je hranjena kombinovanim obrokom. Bolji rezultat je ostvaren kod O-2 grupe, dok je O-1 grupa postigla rezultate karakteristične za kvalitet domaće hrane i uslove držanja u našoj zemlji. Ogledna grupa O-2 imala je signifikantno veći (p lt 0,01) ukupni prirast u odnosu na O-1. Pri važećim tržišnim cenama hraniva i konzumne ribe kao finalnog proizvoda, bolji ekonomski rezultati (E=2,06) postignuti su korišćenjem kombinovanog obroka kod O-2 grupe. .

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of various dietary meal compositions on production, economic performance and meat quality of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Experimental group (0-I) was fed with a mixture containing 30% fish meal, 35% soybean meal, 30% sardines and 5% fish oil. Experimental group 0-II was fed with a combined meal consisting of 75% of fish food pellets and 25% of sardines. The control group (C) was fed with a standard complete pelleted feed. The best result was obtained in group 0-II, while group C achieved results common for local food quality and farming conditions in Serbia. Group 0-I had less productive results compared to group C and group 0-II. Feed used in group 0-II has its own nutritional, biological and economic justification. Use of different fish meals had no significant influence on trout meat chemical composition, except the fat content which was significantly higher in group 0-II. Considering current market prices of fish feed and fish as a final product, the best economic results were achieved by using the combined feed in group 0-II., U ovom radu je ispitivan uticaj ishrane obrokom različitog sastava na proizvodnoekonomske rezultate i kvalitet mesa kalifornijske pastrmke (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Kontrolna grupa (K) hranjena je standardnom kompletnom peletiranom hranom, ogledna grupa (0-I) hranjena je kombinovanom smešom koja sadrži 30% ribljeg brašna, 35% sojine sačme, 30% sardele i 5% ribljeg ulja, a ogledna grupa 0-II hranjena je kombinovanim obrokom koji je sastavljen od 75% peletirane hrane i 25% sardela. Najbolji rezultat je ostvaren kod 0-II grupe, dok je K grupa postigla rezultate karakteristične za kvalitet domaće hrane i uslove držanja u našoj zemlji, a 0-I grupa imala je slabije proizvodne rezultate u odnosu na K i 0-II grupu. Korišćena hrana kod 0-II grupe ima svoje nutritivno, biološko i ekonomsko opravdanje. Različiti tretmani ishrane nisu bitno uticali na hemijski sastav mesa pastrmki, osim sadržaja masti koji je bio signifikantno viši kod 0-II grupe. Pri važećim tržišnim cenama hraniva i konzumne ribe kao finalnog proizvoda, najbolji ekonomski rezultati postignuti su korišćenjem kombinovanog obroka kod 0-II grupe.

Istraživanja u okviru ove doktorske disertacije odnosila su se na analizu trenda u proizvodnji živinskog mesa u Srbiji, zatim uporednu analizu mesnatosti trupova (masa trupova pre i posle hlađenja, masa i zastupljenost osnovnih delova u masi trupa, ispitivanja zastupljenosti mesa kostiju i kože u vrednijim delovima trupa), odabranih parametara kvaliteta mesa (hemijski i fizički) brojlera različitih provenijencija i sa različitih farmi u Srbiji obzirom na razlike u genetskoj osnovi, razlike u ishrani, u uslovima držanja. U poslednjih 25 godina ukupna proizvodnja mesa pa i proizvodnja živinskom mesa u Srbiji je znatno smanjena. U Srbiji je u tovu brojlera najzastupljenija provenijencija Cobb, zatim Ross i Hubbard. U ovom periodu smanjeno je i učešće proizvodnje živinskog mesa u ukupnoj proizvodnji mesa. Prosečne mase trupova brojlera kako pre tako i posle hlađenja su se unutar sve tri ispitivane provenijencije brojlera u većini slučajeva poređenja statistički značajno razlikovale. Utvrđeno je da je prosečna masa trupova provenijencije Cobb bila statistički značajno veća od prosečnih masa trupova brojlera provenijencije Ross, odnosno Hubbard. Kalo hlađenja ispitivanih grupa brojlera bio je veoma varijabilan što je, pre svega, rezultat različite tehnologije hlađenja trupova. Prosečne mase važnijih delova trupa (grudi, batak sa karabatakom) unutar ispitivane tri provenijencije bile su u većini slučajeva poređenja statistički značajno različite. Brojleri provenijencije Cobb imali su statistički značajno veću masu grudi od mase grudi provenijencije Ross odnosno, Hubbard. Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između prosečnih masa bataka sa karabatakom brojlera tri različite provenijencije. Prosečno učešće mase grudi u masi trupa imalo je sledeći opadajući niz: Cobb > Ross > Hubbard a mase bataka sa karabatakom: Hubbard > Ross > Cobb..., The research within this dissertation concerned the analysis of the trend in poultry meat production in Serbia, a comparative analysis of carcass meatiness (warm and cold carcass weight, the weight and proportion of the main parts in carcass weight, proportion of bones and skin in valuable parts of carcass), the selected meat quality parameters (chemical and physical) of broilers of different provenances and from different farms in Serbia due to differences in genetic, diet and housing conditions. In the last 25 years, the total meat production as well as poultry meat production in Serbia has been significantly reduced. In Serbia the most common provenance of broilers is Cobb and then Ross and Hubbard. In this period has been reduced the proportion of poultry meat production in total meat production. Average warm and cold carcass weight of broilers were within all three broiler provenances in most cases significantly different. It was found that the average carcass weight of provenance Cobb was significantly higher than provenance Ross or Hubbard. Carcass weight loss of examined groups of broilers was highly variable, which is primarily a result of different cooling technologies. The average weights of main carcass parts (breast, drumstick with thigh) within three provenances were in most cases significantly different. Broilers of Cobb provenance had significantly higher breast weight compared to provenance Ross and Hubbard. There was no significant difference in drumstick with thigh weight among three different provenance. The average proportion of breast weight in total carcass weight had the following descending order: Cobb > Ross > Hubbard and for drumstick with thigh weight: Hubbard > Ross > Cobb. The highest average weight as well as the largest proportion of meat in the breast and in drumstick with thigh was found in broilers of provenance Cobb, then Ross, and at least in broilers of provenance Hubbbard...

У овом раду испитивана је присутност трихинела на ендемском подручју Браничева и Подунавља код домаћих и дивљих животиња, као и идентификација присутних врста рода Trichinella..., In this work we investigated presence of Trichinella species at endemic districts Branicevo and Podunavlje in population of domestic and wild animals. We examined 211 samples of muscular tissue from domestic pigs and 30 samples from dogs, by artificial digestion. Positive result was in 25 (11, 85%) samples from pigs and 7 (23,33%) dogs. Significant different (p<0, 01) was in percentage of infection in population of pigs from backyards and pigs from industrial farms. Among wild life, 338 samples were examined. Trichinella infections were detected in 7 from 174 (4,02%) wild boars (Sus scrofa), in 8 from 118 (6, 78%) foxes (Vulpes vulpes), in 8 from 42 (19, 05%) jackals (Canis aureus) and in all for examined wolves (Canis lupus). During serology survey, performed at industrial farms in 150 samples of swine sera we didn’t detect anti-Trichinella antibodies by ELISA test. In backyards we confirmed positive results in 26 (12, 68%) swine sera, weakly positive results in 6 (2, 93%) sera samples and 13 (6, 34%) negative results. From 11 serum samples of stray dogs from municipality of Pozarevac, 8 have specific anti-Trichinella antibodies, 1 was suspect and 2 were negative. We examined 17 samples of meet juice from wild boars when 7 samples were positive and in 10 samples we didn’t detect anti-Trichinella antibodies by ELISA test. Results from serology investigation were confirmed by artificial digestion. All positive and weakly positive samples in ELISA test (32 samples) were confirmed as positive in Western blot test. Samples examined by Multiplex PCR were from 6 animal species: 25 domestic swine, 7 wild boars, 8 foxes, 8 jackals, 4 wolves and 7 dogs. We obtained result from 53 samples and non result in 6 (10, 2%) samples. Trichinella spiralis were identified in 43 (72, 9%) samples and Trichinella britovi in 7 samples (11,8%). Mix infection with boat species were in 3 samples (5, 1%). Trichinella spiralis was found in 25 domestic pigs, 5 dogs, 5 foxes, 5 jackals and 3 wild

Valjevac pasture of Zasavica reservation with its area of 300 ha presents a significant area for grazing cattle. In order to evaluate its potential for livestock production, the botanical and chemical composition of hay in three different time periods was observed (spring, summer and autumn). The determined plants species confirmed the richness of Zasavica grasslands, as well as the presence of dry, moist and forest habitat plants. The analyzed plants mostly belong to the Poaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Plantaginaceae families. Chemical analysis determined that the protein content decreased (P lt 0.01) from April (17.22±0.40 %) to October (10.30±0.16 %), and cellulose content increased (P lt 0.01) (from 19.07±0.38 % in April to 21.65±0.41 % in October). The calculated energy density of hay samples ranged from 0.425 Starch Units (SU) in October, 0.443 SU in April to 0.448 SU in June. The Valjevac pasture with its numerous plant species is of great importance in upkeeping biodiversity and also presents a solid base for livestock production. The determined levels of manganese and copper point out to the need of copper supplementation especially during the late summer and autumn periods., Pašnjak Valjevac - prirodnog rezervata Zasavica koji se prostire na 300 ha predstavlja značajnu bazu za ispašu goveda. U cilju procene njegovog potencijala za stočarsku proizvodnju, izvršeno je određivanje botaničkog i hemijskog sastava sena tokom tri perioda godine (proleće, leto i jesen). Florističkom analizom potvrđeno je bogatstvo vrsta na pašnjaku rezervata Zasavica i tom prilikom je identifikovano prisustvo biljaka suvih, vlažnih i šumskih zajednica. Najveći broj biljaka pripadao je familijama Poaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae i Plantaginaceae. Hemijskom analizom je utvrđeno da je procenat proteina opadao (P lt 0,01) od aprila (17,22±0,40%) do oktobra (10,30±0,16%) meseca, dok je pri tom procenat celuloze rastao (P lt 0,01) (od 19,07±0,38% utvrđenih u aprilu do 21,65±0,41% u oktobru mesecu). Izračunato je da je energetska vrednost sena iznosila od 0,425 (skrobnih jedinica) SJ u oktobru, 0,443 SJ u aprilu i 0,448 SJ u junu mesecu. Pašnjak Valjevac u okviru prirodnog rezervata Zasavica poseduje veliki biodiverzitet vrsta kao i značajnu bazu za stočarsku proizvodnju. Utvrđeni nivo mangana i bakra ukazuje na potrebu dodavanja bakra, naročito tokom kasnog leta i jeseni.

Poultry meat production has doubled in past 40 years in the world, with the tendency of constant growth, and its production volume exceeds beef, but is behind pork production. For poultry meat production it is typical that its annual increase exceeds pork as well as beef production. The biggest producers of poultry meat are Asia, North and South America and Europe. The most significant category of poultry is meat of young chicken (broilers). Cobb, Ross and Hubbard broiler provenance are most common in Serbia. The objective of this investigation was to analyse poultry meat production volume in Serbia, observed during three six-years periods - A (1984-1989), B (1994-1999) i C (2004-2009). For data processing there were used the data obtained from Statistical Yearbooks of Serbia from 1984. to 2009. It was found out that average poultry meat production in period A was 108,33 ± 7,00 thousand tonnes, than it statistically significantly decreased and in period B it was 76,67±5,54 thousand tonnes, and finally in period C it was 72,17± 5,78 thousand tonnes., Proizvodnja živinskog mesa u svetu se u proteklih 40 godina udvostručila i dalje je u stalnom rastu, i po obimu proizvodnje je ispred goveđeg mesa, a iza proizvodnje svinjskog mesa. Za proizvodnju živinskog mesa je karakteristično da je njen godišnji porast veći od proizvodnje svinjskog, odnosno goveđeg mesa. Najveći proizvođači živinskog mesa su Azija, Severna i Južna Amerika i Evropa. Najznačajnija kategorija živinskog mesa je meso mladih pilića (brojlera). U Srbiji su najzastupljenije Cobb, Ross i Hubbard provenijencije brojlera. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se analizira obim proizvodnje živinskog mesa u Srbiji posmatran u tri šestogodišnja perioda - A (1984-1989), B (1994-1999) i C ( 2004-2009). Za obradu podataka korišćeni su podaci iz Statističkih godišnjaka Srbije od 1984. do 2009. godine. Utvrđeno je da je proizvodnja živinskog mesa u periodu A u proseku iznosila 108,33 ± 7,00 hiljada tona, zatim se statistički značajno smanjila, i u periodu B iznosila 76,67 ± 5,54 hiljada tona, a u periodu C je bila 72,17 ± 5,78 hiljada tona.

Current data on the incidence of the disease and abundant research strongly indicate that Trichinellosis has been widely present throughout past few decades, and is endemic in some regions of Serbia. Unfavourable epidemiological situation is due to high prevalence of infection sources and inadequate control of home-processed meat and meat products. The aim of this article was to describe the features of recorded trichinellosis outbreaks in Vojvodina according to gender structure of patients, based on the records obtained from the Institute for Public Health of Vojvodina in Novi Sad. Analysis of the number of diseased and hospitalized patients from the territory of Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in the ten-year period (2002-2011) revealed a total number of 983 patients with trichinellosis. The highest incidence of the disease was recorded in 2005, when 277 people were diagnosed with trichinellosis. Unfavourable epidemiological situation was observed also in 2002, with 275 affected patients. It is to be emphasized that in 2002 and 2005 three lethal outcomes were recorded, as a direct consequence of intensive migration and abundant invasion of T. spiralis larvae. The lowest incidence of the disease was recorded in 2010, that is, only 10 diseased patients. Primary prevention implying appropriate animal husbandry is the crucial point for the disease control, while thorough and systematic inspection of meat of home-produced pigs, wild boars, horses and other animals that can be a potential source of infection. The major risk factor for the occurrence of the disease is consuming raw or undercooked meat that was not subjected to standard examination methods, i.e. examining the skeletal striated musculature from predilection sites by trichinoscopy or artificial digestion., Na osnovu aktuelnih podataka o pojavi ovog oboljenja i brojnih naučnih istraživanja, uočava se da je Trihineloza već nekoliko decenija naša stvarnost, a teritorija Srbije epidemiološko područje. Nepovoljna epidemiološka situacija je posledica raširenosti žarišta trihineloze i nesprovođenja validne kontrole infestiranosti mesa i mesnih produkata proizvedenih u domaćinstvima. Cilj ovog rada je da predstavi karakteristike registrovanih epidemija trihineloze u Vojvodini, po starosnoj i polnoj strukturi obolelih osoba na osnovu podataka Instituta za javno zdravlje Vojvodine u Novom Sadu. Analizom broja obolelih i hospitalizovanih ljudi na teritoriji Autonomne pokrajine Vojvodine u ispitivanom vremenskom intervalu od deset godina (od 2002. do 2011. godine), ustanovljeno je da je obolelo ukupno 983 osoba. Posmatrajući svaku godinu posebno ustanovljava se da je najveći broj obolelih ljudi od trihineloze bio 2005. godine. U toj godini obolelo je 277 lica, uz to, epidemiološka situacija je bila vrlo nepovoljna u 2002. godini kada je obolelo 275 ljudi. Važno je napomenuti, da je u ove dve godine (2002. i 2005. godina) bilo i tri smrtna ishoda koja su nastali kao direktna posledica migracije i velikog naseljavanja infektivnih larvi T. spiralis u organizmu obolelih. Sa druge strane, u analiziranom desetogodišnjem periodu najmanji broj obolelih ljudi (10) zabeležen je 2010. godine. U kontroli bolesti najvažnija je primarna prevencija koja podrazumeva odgovarajuće držanje životinja, a osnovna mera za sprečavanje obolevanja ljudi je pregled mesa domaćih svinja, divljih svinja, konja, ali i mesa drugih životinja koje mogu biti izvor infekcije. Glavni rizik za pojavu bolesti je konzumiranje sirovog i nedovoljno termički obrađenog mesa ukoliko uzorci poprečnoprugaste muskulature sa predilekcionih mesta nisu pregledani standardnim metodama, trihineloskopijom i veštačkom digestijom.

Mastitis in cows represents one of the most actual problems in intensive dairy production. The longtime different approaches to the treatment of mastitis have not offered a suitable solution, and the problem of mastitis is still present and acute. Prevention of pathogen penetration into the mammary gland, its colonization and multiplication impose a constant need for regular inspections of milk, as well as preventive and therapeutic measures to reduce the incidence of mastitis. Studies in the field of vaccination of ruminants against mastitis pathogens suggest a limited success in obtaining significant results in immunoprophylaxis. Considering the results of other researchers and our own research, and bearing in mind the problems mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae represent, the aim of this study was the preparation and testing of an indigenous vaccine prepared with two stable strains, SAU 7 (S. aureus) and SAG 3 (Str.agalactiae). The dose was 5 mL/cow and consisted of inactivated bacterial S. aureus SAU 7 cells in a concentration of 1x1010 cfu/mL and Str. agalactiae SAG 3 in a concentration of 4 x 109 cfu/mL. The number of somatic cells in the milk samples during the whole study period was higher in vaccinated cows in both groups compared with the control, but this difference was not statistically significant. The concentration of immunoglobulin IgG in the milk of vaccinated cows was significantly higher than the concentration of this class of proteins in the milk of unvaccinated cows., Upala mlečne žlezde ili mastitis krava, predstavlja jedan od najaktuelnijih problema u intenzivnoj proizvodnji mleka. Dugogodišnji različiti pristupi lečenju mastitisa nisu dali odgovarajuće rešenje, pa je problem mastitisa i dalje prisutan i aktuelan. Sprečavanje prodora patogenog uzročnika u mlečnu žlezdu, njegovo naseljavanje i razmnožavanje, nameću stalnu potrebu za redovnom kontrolom mleka, kao i preduzimanje preventivnih i terapijskih mera u cilju smanjenja pojave nastanka mastitisa. Preventivna mera je i terapija krava u zasušenju koja podrazumeva lokalnu aplikaciju antibiotika nakon poslednje muže. Terapija krava u zasušenju treba u narednoj laktaciji da obezbedi što duži period neinficiranosti vimena, a obavezna je kod dijagnostikovanih subkliničkih mastitisa izazvanih sa Staphylococcus aureus i Streptococcus agalactiae. Radovi iz oblasti vakcinisanja preživara protiv uzročnika mastitisa ukazuju na ograničen uspeh u dobijanju značajnijih rezultata imunoprofilakse. S obzirom na rezultate drugih istraživača i sopstvenih preliminarnih istraživanja, a imajuću u vidu problem koji predstavljaju mastitisi uzrokovani Staphylococcus aureusom i Streptococcus agalactiae, cilj istraživanja je bio priprema i ispitavanje autohtone vakcine pripremljene od dva štalska soja SAU 7 (S. aureus) i SAG 3 (Str. agalactiae). Broj somatskih ćelija u uzorcima mleka tokom celog trajanja ogleda je bio viši u obe ispitivane vakcinisane grupe, u odnosu na kontrolnu, ali nema statističke značajnosti. Koncentracija imunoglobulina IgG u mleku vakcinisanih krava je bila značajno povećana u odnosu na koncentraciju imunoglobulina nevakcinisane grupe.

Production and catch of fish in Serbia increases from year to year, while in the world it reached its peak at the beginning of this century. Serbia has all the favorable natural and economic conditions for further development of fishing. Out of total production, that is, annual fish catch in Serbia, the greatest part is sold by organized purchase, lower part is exported, and the reminder goes to the market through retail. It is well known that food consumption, therefore fish consumption, depends on several factors such as the production level, retail price, consumers purchasing power and their eating habits. Therefore, when analyzing the tendency of production and consumption of fish in Serbia, it is important to investigate the influence of production, price and purchasing power of consumers on it. In order to investigate the set objective, there were used corresponding quantitative data obtained by Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. On the basis of the original data, there were determined certain parameters, which were used as variables for calculation of correlational-regressive and maginal analysis for determining the elasticity of demand and consummation of fish per capita in Serbia. Production and catch of fish in Serbia tended to increase during the observed period, with annual growth rate of 17.4%. Beside the fact that annual growth rate is 4.8%, fish consumption per capita in Serbia is still quite small (X=4.89kg), what is a consequence of population habit to consume predominantly meat. In our study we have found out that fish consumption in Serbia mostly depend on fish production per capita (rxy=0.6364), as well as on groos (rxy=0.6045) and net (rxy=0.5969) earnings. Also, it is determined that consumption elasticity has the highest growth in regard to fish production per capita., Proizvodnja i ulov ribe u Srbiji raste iz godine u godinu, dok je u svetu dostigao svoj maksimum početkom ovog veka. Srbija ima povoljne prirodne i privredne uslove za dalji razvoj domaćeg ribarstva. Od ukupne proizvodnje odnosno godišnjeg ulova ribe u Srbiji najveći deo se organizovano otkupi, manji deo se izveze, a ostalo ide u promet putem maloprodaje na pijacama. Poznato je da potrošnja namirnica za ishranu ljudi, pa time i ribe, zavisi od nivoa proizvodnje, maloprodajne cene, kupovne moći potrošača i navika potrošača. Stoga, prilikom analiziranja tendencije kretanja proizvodnje i potrošnje ribe u Srbiji, veoma je značajno ispitati uticaj proizvodnje, cena i kupovne moći potrošača na potrošnju ribe u našoj zemlji. Za ispitivanje postavljenog cilja korišćeni su odgovarajući kvantitativni podaci koje vodi Statistički zavod Srbije. Na osnovu izvornih podataka utvrđeni su određeni parametri koji su poslužili kao varijable za izračunavanje korelaciono-regresione i marginalne analize za utvrđivanje elasticiteta tražnje i potrošnje ribe po stanovniku u Srbiji. Proizvodnja i ulov ribe u Srbiji beleži tendenciju rasta tokom posmatranog perioda sa godišnjom stopom rasta od 17,4%. Pored toga što ima godišnju stopu rasta od 4,8%, potrošnje ribe po stanovniku u našoj zemlji je dosta mala (X=4,89kg) i posledica je navike potrošača da više troše meso domaćih životinja. U našim istraživanjima utvrdili smo da potrošnja ribe u Srbiji u najvećoj meri zavisi od proizvodnje ribe po stanovniku (rxy=0,6364), kao i od bruto (rxy= 0,6045) i neto zarada (rxy=0,5969), a ujedno je utvrđeno da elastičnost potrošnje najveći rast ima u odnosu na proizvodnju ribe po stanovniku.

The research within this dissertation concerned the analysis of the trend in poultry meat production in Serbia, a comparative analysis of carcass meatiness (warm and cold carcass weight, the weight and proportion of the main parts in carcass weight, proportion of bones and skin in valuable parts of carcass), the selected meat quality parameters (chemical and physical) of broilers of different provenances and from different farms in Serbia due to differences in genetic, diet and housing conditions. In the last 25 years, the total meat production as well as poultry meat production in Serbia has been significantly reduced. In Serbia the most common provenance of broilers is Cobb and then Ross and Hubbard. In this period has been reduced the proportion of poultry meat production in total meat production. Average warm and cold carcass weight of broilers were within all three broiler provenances in most cases significantly different. It was found that the average carcass weight of provenance Cobb was significantly higher than provenance Ross or Hubbard. Carcass weight loss of examined groups of broilers was highly variable, which is primarily a result of different cooling technologies. The average weights of main carcass parts (breast, drumstick with thigh) within three provenances were in most cases significantly different. Broilers of Cobb provenance had significantly higher breast weight compared to provenance Ross and Hubbard. There was no significant difference in drumstick with thigh weight among three different provenance. The average proportion of breast weight in total carcass weight had the following descending order: Cobb > Ross > Hubbard and for drumstick with thigh weight: Hubbard > Ross > Cobb. The highest average weight as well as the largest proportion of meat in the breast and in drumstick with thigh was found in broilers of provenance Cobb, then Ross, and at least in broilers of provenance Hubbbard..., Istraživanja u okviru ove doktorske disertacije odnosila su se na analizu trenda u proizvodnji živinskog mesa u Srbiji, zatim uporednu analizu mesnatosti trupova (masa trupova pre i posle hlađenja, masa i zastupljenost osnovnih delova u masi trupa, ispitivanja zastupljenosti mesa kostiju i kože u vrednijim delovima trupa), odabranih parametara kvaliteta mesa (hemijski i fizički) brojlera različitih provenijencija i sa različitih farmi u Srbiji obzirom na razlike u genetskoj osnovi, razlike u ishrani, u uslovima držanja. U poslednjih 25 godina ukupna proizvodnja mesa pa i proizvodnja živinskom mesa u Srbiji je znatno smanjena. U Srbiji je u tovu brojlera najzastupljenija provenijencija Cobb, zatim Ross i Hubbard. U ovom periodu smanjeno je i učešće proizvodnje živinskog mesa u ukupnoj proizvodnji mesa. Prosečne mase trupova brojlera kako pre tako i posle hlađenja su se unutar sve tri ispitivane provenijencije brojlera u većini slučajeva poređenja statistički značajno razlikovale. Utvrđeno je da je prosečna masa trupova provenijencije Cobb bila statistički značajno veća od prosečnih masa trupova brojlera provenijencije Ross, odnosno Hubbard. Kalo hlađenja ispitivanih grupa brojlera bio je veoma varijabilan što je, pre svega, rezultat različite tehnologije hlađenja trupova. Prosečne mase važnijih delova trupa (grudi, batak sa karabatakom) unutar ispitivane tri provenijencije bile su u većini slučajeva poređenja statistički značajno različite. Brojleri provenijencije Cobb imali su statistički značajno veću masu grudi od mase grudi provenijencije Ross odnosno, Hubbard. Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između prosečnih masa bataka sa karabatakom brojlera tri različite provenijencije. Prosečno učešće mase grudi u masi trupa imalo je sledeći opadajući niz: Cobb > Ross > Hubbard a mase bataka sa karabatakom: Hubbard > Ross > Cobb...

Sustainability of cold smoked fish products, can be defined as the period of time between the packing of food and which the product is safe for the consumers' health and, its organoleptic characteristics nutritional value are invariable and acceptable for consumers. This demand is largely achieved by packing fish product in vacuum or in modified atmosphere. The aim of our study was to show the changes of selected sensory characteristics of cold smoked trout packed in a vacuum and modified atmosphere. In experiment, two groups of trout are formed. The first group was vacuumed (group I) and the second one is packaged in a gas mixture with 90% CO2 and 10% N2 (group II). Average scores of color intensity of group I was identified with statistically significant higher scores. Average scores of odor and taste of the smoke and overall acceptability of group II were significantly higher. Results of experiment show advantages and some potential disadvantages of packing cold smoked trout in modified atmosphere.

The total of 56 boars from 12 farm units (3 to 7 boars per farm) were used for cytological and morphological examination of semen. Large White (LW, n = 18); Swedish Landrace (SL, n = 11), Duroc (OA, n = 12); German Landrace (NL, n = 6), crossbreeds (OST, n = 9) boars were used for examination. Sperm was stained with eosin/nigrosine in one step. According to the findings of spermatozoa with protoplasmic droplets (PPD), boars were divided into groups with ≤ 10% of the PPD and the group with > 10% of the PPD. The impact of the PPD rate to number of live born piglets per litter and correlation of PPD rate and findings of live sperm with intact akcrosoma (LIA), or normal apical ridge (NAR) were investigated. Farrowin rate and abnormal sperm with tail deformities was significantly (p lt 0.05) lower in the boars younger than two years, compared to the boars older than two years (farrowing rate: 74.32% vs. 62.82%). Statistically significant correlations were found between the findings of protoplasmatic droplets (PPD) on the tail of spermatozoa in native semen and number of live born piglets per litter (r = 0.44, p = 0.001). The medium correlation within these parameters were found in the Large White (r = - 0.57, p lt 0.05, n = 18), and Duroc boars (r = 0.68, p lt 0.05, n = 12). Other boar breeds did not have significant correlation. The finding of cytoplasmic droplets on boar sperm tail is very stable and relatively easy to establish. It should be used as a practical method for control the quality of sperm as a selection parameter. ., Izvršen je citološko-morfološki pregled sperme 56 nerastova, sa 12 imanja, po 3-7 iz svakog gazdinstva. U čistoj rasi su: Veliki jorkšir (VJ, n=18); Švedski landras (ŠL, n=11); Durok (OA, n=12); Nemački landras (NL, n=6); petu grupu su činili melezi (OST, n=9). Sperma je obojena eozin-nigrozinom u jednom koraku. Prema nalazu spermatozoida sa protoplazmatskim kapljicama (PPK), nerastovi su podeljeni na grupu sa ≤ 10% PPK i grupu sa > 10% PPK. Analiziran je uticaj nalaza PPK na broj živo oprašenih prasadi u leglu i međusobna povezanost nalaza PPK i nalaza živih spermatozoida sa intaktnim akrozomom (ŽIA), odnosno normalnim akrozomalnim rubom (NAR). Oprasivost je bila statistički značajno manja kao i nalaz sekundarno abnormalnih spermatozoida, sa deformitetima repa, kod nerastova u uzrastu do dve godine (≤ 2), u odnosu na nerastove sa(> 2) godine (74,32% - 62,82%=11,50%, t-test, p lt 0,05). Statistički značajne korelacije su utvrđene između nalaza protoplazmatskih kapljica (PPK) na repu spermatozoida u nativnoj spermi i broja živorođene prasadi u leglu, (r=0,44; p=0,001; n=56). Kod rase Veliki jorkšir je srednja korelacija (r=-0,57; p lt 0,05; n=18), kod rase Durok srednja korelacija (r=0,68; p lt 0,05; n=12), a kod ostalih rasa nije bilo signifikantnih korelacija. Nalaz citoplazmatskih kapljica na repu spermatozoida nerasta je vrlo postojan i relativno lako se ustanovljava. Treba da se uvede u praksu kao parametar u kontroli kvaliteta sperme i kao selekcijski parametar. .

In the cattle raising, hog raising is one of the largest and the most important parts. Hog raising is of great importance for Serbia, especially in regions with favorable conditions for the production of corn as the main food for pigs. By analyzing the number of pigs in ten-year period, it can be established that the average number of pigs in the Republic of Serbia was 3,497,000.00 ranged from 3,165,000.00 to 3,832,000.00, with a tendency of decrease of 10,000 pigs per year. The average number of sows and pregnant gilts was 714,600.00 ± 74 730, a first-degree equations true indicates that the average annual reduction in the number of animals was 22,850. Analyzing price movements of pigs in the period 2001-2011, we conclude that the price was on average 1.86 ± 0.39 Euros, the average price of pigs being fattened in the same period was 1.32 ± 0.28 Euros, and price of maize was 0.13 ± 0.05 Euros. Analyzing the relationship between corn price and piglets price we get (rxy= -0.45) negative and low correlation coefficient, which indicates a small negative dependence of the price of piglets due to the change of the corn price. The effect of the corn price on the price of the pigs being fattened is almost negligible (rxy = 0,11). Slightly larger and positive impact has the change in the price of pigs being fattened on increasing the price of piglets (rxy = 0.59). ., U okviru stočarske proizvodnje proizvodnja svinja predstavlja jedan od najvećih i najznačajnijih delova. Svinjarska proizvodnja ima veliki značaj za Srbiju, a posebno za regione koji imaju povoljne uslove za proizvodnju kukuruza kao osnovnog energetskog hraniva za ishranu svinja Analizirajući broj svinja u desetogodišnjem ispitivanom period može se ustanoviti da je prosečan broj svinja u R Srbiji bio 3.497.000,00 sa variranjem od 3.165.000,00 do 3.832.000,00. sa tendencijom smanjenja od 10.000 grla godišnje.. Prosečan broj krmača i suprasnih nazimica bio je 714.600,00 ± 74.730, a jednačina prave prvog stepena ukazuje da je prosečno godišnje smanjenje broja grla bilo 22.850. Analizirajući kretanje cena prasadi u periodu od 2001. do 2011. godine ustanovljava se da je ona bila prosečno 1,86 ± 0,39 eura, prosečna cena tovljenika u istom periodu bila je 1,32 ± 0,28 eura, a cena kukuruza bila je 0,13 ± 0,05 eura Analizirajući vezu između cene kukuruza i cene prasadi dobijamo (rxy = -0,45) negativan i nizak koeficijent korelacije, što ukazuje na malu i negativnu zavisnost cene prasadi u odnosu na promenu cene kukuruza. Uticaj cene kukuruza na cenu tovnih svinja gotovo je zanemarljiv (rxy = 0,11). Nešto veći i pozitivan uticaj ima promena cene tovljenika na povećanje cene prasadi (rxy = 0,59). .

The objective of this work was to establish, on the grounds of obtained results for the total number of bacteria before and after completed disinfection, whether there are differences in the efficiency of disinfection performed by a professional and disinfection carried out by an unqualified employee in a private slaughterhouse. The material used in these investigations were samples of wet-dry swabs taken over a course of five weeks, before and after disinfection carried out by an unqualified employee and the skilled professional, from the following: the knife used for evisceration, the floor in the evisceration area, from the table serving for bristle removal, and from the floor underneath the bristle removal surface. The wet-dry swabs were taken according to the procedure described in the standard method ISO 18593 (Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Horizontal methods for sampling techniques from surfaces using contact plates and swabs). Analyzing the taken samples, the total number of bacteria was determined using the standard method ISO 4833 (Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms - Colony-count technique at 30°C). Disinfection was carried out using a chlorine preparation (sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate) in a concentration of 0.02% and for an exposure period of 30 min. The results were interpreted on the grounds of the border values in evaluating the hygiene of the equipment, tools, and work surfaces, presented in Commission Decision 471/2001/ EC. The results of the investogations have shown that the disinfection performed by the skilled professional was more efficient than the disinfection performed by the unqualified person, as the total number of bacteria was significantly smaller (p lt 0.01) in the course of all 5 experimental weeks on the evisceration knife, the floor under the bristle removal surface, during weeks 1, 2 and 5, and on the floor in the evisceration area in, Cilj rada je bio da se na osnovu dobijenih rezultata ukupnog broja bakterija pre i posle izvršenih dezinfekcija utvrdi da li su postojale razlike u efikasnosti dezinfekcije koju je izvršilo stučno lice i dezinfekcije koju je sprovelo nestručno lice zanatske klanice. Materijal za ova istraživanja su bili uzorci vlažno-suvih briseva uzetih tokom pet nedelja, pre i posle različitih postupaka dezinfekcije: sa noža kojim se vrši evisceracija, sa podne površine na mestu gde se vrši evisceracija, sa stola za skidanje dlaka i sa poda ispod stola za skidanje dlaka. Postupak uzimanja vlažno-suvog brisa je urađen prema standardnoj metodi ISO 18593 (Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Horizontal methods for sampling techniques from surfaces using contact plates and swabs). Iz uzetih uzoraka određen je ukupan broj bakterija standardnom metodom ISO 4833 (Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms - Colony-count technique at 30°C). Dezinfekcija je obavljena hlornim preparatom (natrijum dihlorizocijanurat dihidrat) u koncentraciji od 0,02%; vreme ekspozicije je 30 min. Rezultati su interpretirani na osnovu graničnih vrednosti kod ocene higijene opreme, alata i radnih površina, predstavljeni u Commission Decision 471/2001/EC. Rezultati ispitivanja su pokazali da je dezinfekcija koju je izvršilo stručno lice bila efikasnija od dezinfekcije koju je izvršilo nestručno lice jer je ukupan broj bakterija bio značajno manji (p lt 0,01), u toku svih V eksperimentalnih nedelja na nožu za evisceraciju, na podnoj površini ispod stola za skidanje dlaka u I, II i V nedelji, i na podu na mestu gde se vrši evisceracija u I i V nedelji.

The objective of these investigations was to check on laboratory white mice the protective effect of an inactivated bivalent vaccine prepared from serotypes 1/2a and 4b L. monocytogenes. Following verification of the sterility and toxicity of the prepared vaccine, the mice were divided into 6 groups with 10 animals in each group. The first and second group of mice were administered the vaccine without saponin (vaccine A) and the third and fourth group the vaccine with saponin (vaccine B). Mice of the fifth and the sixth group were not vaccinated and served as a negative control. Two weeks following vaccination, the experimental groups were revaccinated, with the exception of the two control groups. Two weeks following revaccination, all groups were artificially infected with serotypes 1/2a and 4b L. monocytogenes. During the course of the investigations (60 days) a total of 4 mice died in the vaccinated groups. Mice of the control groups started dying after day 7, and the last mouse in these groups died 14 days after the infection. Examinations of preparations of parenchymatous organs of the dead mice stained according to Gram proved the presence of L. monocytogenes. Homogenates of parenchymatous organs were sown on tryptose agar for reisolation and a pure culture of L. monocytogenes was obtained. Through the use of specific antiserums, serotypes 1/2a and 4b were confirmed. Considering the total number of vaccinated mice in the experiment and the percent deaths (10%), it can be said that the investigated vaccine with saponin had a satisfactory protective effect., Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se na laboratorijskim belim miševima proveri zaštitno dejstvo inaktivisane dvovalentne vakcine pripremljene od serotipova L. monocytogenes 1/2a i 4b. Nakon provere sterilnosti i toksičnosti pripremljene vakcine miševi su podeljeni u 6 grupa sa po 10 životinja. Prva i druga grupa miševa su dobile vakcinu bez saponina (vakcina A), a treća i četvrta grupa vakcinu sa saponinom (vakcina B). Miševi pete i šeste grupe nisu vakcinisani i služili su kao negativna kontrola. Dve nedelje nakon vakcinacije izvršena je revakcinacija oglednih grupa, osim kontrolnih. Dve nedelje nakon revakcinacije izvršena je veštačka infekcija svih grupa sa serotipovima L. monocytogenes 1/2a i 4b. Za vreme ispitivanja (60 dana) uginula su 4 miša iz vakcinisanih grupa. Miševi kontrolnih grupa su počeli da uginjavaju nakon 7. dana, a poslednji miš je uginuo 14 dana posle infekcije. Pregledom preparata iz parenhimatoznih organa uginulih miševa obojenih po Gramu dokazano je prisustvo L. monocytogenes. Zasejavanjem homogenizata parenhimatoznih organa na triptozni agar urađena je reizolacija i dobijena je čista kultura L. monocytogenes. Upotrebom specifičnih antiseruma potvrđeni su serotipovi 1/2a i 4b. S obzirom na ukupan broj vakcinisanih miševa u ogledu i procenat uginuća (10%), može se reći da je ispitivana vakcina sa saponinom imala zadovoljavajuć i zaštitni efekat.

The aim of these investigations was to examine the concentration of total proteins and total immunoglobulins in blood serum of calves and on the bases of the obtained results to evaluate the risk of their contracting a disease in the first month of life. Examinations were carried out on 23 calves maintained in farm conditions, whose medical condition was monitored in the first month of life. Blood samples were taken by puncture from the v. jugularis immediately at birth, and at 24 and 48 hours after that, and blood serum was obtained by spontaneous coaggulation. The concentration of total proteins in blood serum was determined using biuretic probe, and the immunoglobulin level using the refractometric method with the zinc-sulphate test (ZST). The average value of total proteins in calves immediately at birth was low and stood at 42±0.3 g/l. The increased concentration of total proteins in calves after the intake of colostrum is a result of the absorption of colostrum immunoglobulins. A high positive correlation was established between the concentration of total proteins and total immunoglobulins at 24 and 48 hours after birth (rxy = 0.92 and rxy = 0.75). Based on the results of monitoring the health condition and the values for total protein concentrations during the examined period (24 and 48 hours after birth) it is possible to make the following risk evaluation regarding diseases in newborn calves: 1) proteinaemia lower than 50 g/l presents a high risk; 2) proteinaemia between 50-54 g/l presents a medium risk: and, 3) proteinaemia between 55-69 g/l presents a low risk for diseases occurring in newborn calves., Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita koncentracija ukupnih proteina i ukupnih imunoglobulina u krvnom serumu teladi i na osnovu toga izvrši procena rizika oboljenja u prvom mesecu života. Ispitivanje je izvedeno na 23 teleta u farmskim uslovima držanja, čije je zdravstveno stanje praćeno u prvom mesecu života. Uzorci krvi uzimani su punkcijom v. jugularis neposredno po rođenju, 24. i 48. sata, a krvni serum je dobijen spontanom koagulacijom. Koncentracija ukupnih proteina u krvnom serumu određivana je biuretskom probom, a nivo imunoglobulina refraktometrijskom metodom korišćenjem cink-sulfat testa (ZST). Prosečna vrednost ukupnih proteina kod teladi neposredno po rođenju bila je niska i iznosila je 42 ± 0,3 g/l. Povećanje koncentracije ukupnih proteina kod teladi nakon unošenja kolostruma rezultat je apsorpcije kolostralnih imunoglobulina. Visoka pozitivna korelacija utvrđ ena je između koncentracije ukupnih proteina i ukupnih imunoglobulina u periodu 24. i 48. sata po rođenju (rxy=0,92 i rxy = 0,75). Na osnovu rezultata praćenja zdravstvenog stanja i vrednosti koncentracije ukupnih proteina u ispitivanom periodu (24-og i 48-og sata) moguć e je dati sledeću procenu rizika oboljenja novorođene teladi: 1) proteinemija manja od 50 g/l odgovara visokom riziku; 2) proteinemija između 50 i 54 g/l odgovara srednjem riziku i 3) proteinemija između 55 i 69 g/l odgovara malom riziku za pojavu oboljenja novorođene teladi.

The aim of this work was the investigation on the efficacy of pulverised sugar dusting on knocking-down Varroa destructor mites and the influence of the dynamics of the treatment on the degree of infestation in honey bee colonies. Two methods were deployed to measure the degree of infestation of bee colonies with V. destructor mites: the sugar shake method and the technique which involves mesh bottom boards equipped with sticky inserts. The research was carried out on 30 strong honey bee colonies in three successive years. The results proved that dusting with pulverised sugar (particle diameter below 40 μm) influenced the fall of V. destructor in comparison with both their fall off prior to the treatment and the negative control. The most discernible effects on the mite fall and the decline in their population in the hives was obtained with dustings repeated at threeday intervals. To conclude, the dynamics of the treatment affected the degree of infestation in bee colonies. However, the efficacy of sugar dusting was significantly lower in comparison with the one of flumethrin (positive control). Thus, in spite of considerable favourable effects on the decline in the degree of infestation with mites, by no means may dusting with pulverised sugar be advised to beekeepers as the one and only means of bee protection against V. destructor. The use of the technique which involves mesh bottom boards equipped with sticky inserts proved more efficacious and sensitive in the judgment of the degree of infestation of bee colonies in comparison with the sugar shake method, which includes dusting 300 bees with 40 g of pulverised sugar (particle diameter below 40 μm)., Cilj rada bio je da se ispita efikasnost primene šećernog praha u obaranju krpelja Varroa destructor i uticaja dinamike tretmana na stepen infestiranosti pčelinjih zajednica. Za procenu stepena infestacije pčelinjih društava krpeljima V. destructor korišćene su dve metode: metoda rolovanja sa šećerom i metoda žičane podnjače sa lepljivim ulošcima. Istraživanje je obavljeno na 30 jakih pčelinjih zajednica tokom tri godine. Rezultati su ukazali da je zaprašivanje prah šećerom čestica dijametra ispod 40 μm imalo efekat u obaranju krpelja V. destructor, u odnosu na stanje pre tretmana i u odnosu na negativnu kontrolu. Najbolji efekat u obaranju krpelja i smanjenju populacije krpelja u košnici imala je primena prah šećera svakog trećeg dana. To znači da je dinamika tretmana uticala na stepen infestiranosti pčelinjih zajednica. Međutim, efikasnost metode zaprašivanja šećerom u prahu bila je značajno manja u odnosu na efikasnost flumetrina (pozitivnu kontrolu). Stoga se tretman prah šećerom nikako ne može preporučiti pčelarima kao jedina mera zaštite pčelinjih zajednica od ektoparazita V. destructor i pored uočenih pozitivnih efekata na smanjenje stepena infestiranosti tim krpeljom. Korišćenje žičane podnjače sa lepljivim ulošcima predstavlja mnogo efikasniji i osetljiviji metod za procenu stepena infestiranosti pčelinjih zajednica Varroa krpeljom u odnosu na metod rolovanja u tegli sa 300 pčela posutih sa 16 grama šećera u prahu sa česticama čiji je dijametar manji od 40 μm.

The aim of this stady was to examine the relationship between triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and blood serum liver function biomarkers concentrations in Holstein and Red Holstein heifers during the peripartal period. In the first experimental group (I) were heifers of Holstein Friesian breed (n=10), and in the second experimental group (II) were Red Holstein heifers (n=10). Blood samples were taken from the vena coccygea three times during the short peripartal period (5 days before delivery, at delivery and 5 days after delivery), and blood serum samples were separated after spontaneous coagulation. Blood serum T3, T4 and IGF-I concentrations were determinated using radioimmunoassay (RIA). Blood serum concentrations of glucose (G), total protein (TP), albumin, (Alb), urea, total bilirubin (tBil) and aspartate aminotrasferase (AST) were determined using commercial ELISA kits. The statistical significance between means was determined using Student t-test. Blood serum T3 concentration in Group II was significantly lower after delivery, and T4 concentration was significantly higher before delivery (p lt 0.05), compared to Group I. Mean blood serum IGF-I concentrations between the two experimental groups were not significantly different at all time intervals. Relationships between the determined hormones showed a median positive correlation between T3, and T4 (r=0.74) in Group I and highly positive correlation in Group II (r=0.81). Blood serum thyroid gland hormones and IGF-I concentrations in healthy heifers during peripartal period vary considerably, the lowest values being determined immediately after calving in both experimental groups. Blood serum G, TP, Alb and urea concentrations were significantly higher in Group I at all investigated time intervals. Blood serum tBil concentration was significantly higher after partus in Group I (11.02 ± 3.33 : 8.49 ± 3.35 μmol/L, Group I vs. II, respectively), and AST activity was not, Cilj ovih istraživanja je bio određivanje koncentracije triijodtironina (T3), tiroksina (T4), insulinu sličnog faktora rasta-I (IGF-I) i biomarkera, pokazatelja funkcionalnog stanja jetre u krvnom serumu dva varijeteta junica Holštajn rase u peripartalnom periodu. Prvu eksperimentalnu grupu (I) činile su junice crno belog holštajna (n=10), a drugu grupu (II) junice crvenog holštajna (n=10). Krv za analize je uzimana iz repne vene, tri puta u peripartalnom periodu (5 dana pre partusa, na dan partusa i do 5 dana posle partusa), a krvni serum je odvajan nakon spontane koagulacije. U krvnom serumu je radioimunološkom metodom (RIA, INEPZemun) određivanja koncentracija trijodtironina (T3), tiroksina (T4) i insulinu sličnog faktora rasta-I (IGF-I). Koncentracija glukoze (G), ukupnih proteina (TP), albumina, (Alb), ureje, ukupnog bilirubina (tBil) i aktivnost aspartat aminotrasferaze (AST) je određivana upotrebom komercijalnih ELISA kitova. Statistička značajnost razlika srednjih vrednosti ispitivanih endokrinih i metaboličkih parametara je određena Studentovim t-testom. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na vrlo različite koncentracije hormona štitne žlezde u krvnom serumu junica oba varijeteta holštajna pre i posle partusa. Koncentracija T3 je bila statistički značajno niža u grupi II nakon partusa, a T4 značajno viša pre partusa (p lt 0.05) u odnosu na nivo hormona u grupi I. Za prosečne vrednosti koncentracija IGF-I, između isptivanih grupa nije ustanovljena statistički značajna razlike ni u jednom od tri perioda ispitivanja. Utvrđena je srednje pozitivna korelacija između koncentracije T3 i T4 (r=0,74) u krvnom serumu junica grupe I, i vrlo visoka pozitivna korelacija u grupi II (r=0,81). Koncentracija TP, Alb i ureje bila je statistički značajno viša kod junica grupe I u sva tri perioda ispitivanja. Nivo tBil u krvnom serumu je takođe bio povišen kod junica grupe I u sva tri perioda ispitivanja, ali su statistički značajne razlike između srednjih vrednosti ustanovljene samo u

Trichinellosis is a disease that affects both humans and animals, caused by a parasite from the Trichinellidae family and Trichinella genus. Humans get infected by consuming infected and inadequately thermally treated meat from domestic or wild animals containing cocooned infective larvae of T. spiralis. Aside from health problems caused by trichinellosis as a zoonosis, there is no doubt that it represents a serious economic problem for swine meat producers. The research in this paper has been performed in Serbia, in a region which is located at the confluence of two large rivers, and it is the geographical location which makes it an endemic area for the presence of T. spiralis. Epidemiological data pertains to the period of 1995-2003, but also to the period 2003-2009, when the implementation of the program for control and eradication of trichinellosis was complete. The diagnostic testing of cadavers of slaughtered swine for the presence of T. spiralis in the period of 1995-2003 included 41.04% of the slaughtered swine, out of which 0.4281% were positive, and the amount of economic loss was 95301000 dinars or about one million EUR. The infection was confirmed in 432 patients during the research period. The preparation of the program for the control and eradication of trichinellosis has been made in accordance with applicable laws and technological standards, with a clear determination of input and output using a cost-benefit analysis. The effects of its application show a reduction in the number of swine which are positive for the presence of T. spiralis by a factor of three times (p lt 0.01), and the present net value (PNV) and the benefit/cost ratio (B/C) show economic and epidemiological justification., Trihineloza je zajedničko oboljenje ljudi i životinja koje izaziva parazit koji pripada familiji Trichinellidae i rodu Trichinella. Čovek se zarazi tako što konzumira zaraženo, nedovoljno termički obrađeno meso domaćih i divljih životinja u kojima se nalazi učaurena infektivna larva T. spiralis. Pored zdravstvenih problema koje izaziva trihineloza kao zoonoza, nesumljivo je da ona predstavlja i ozbiljan ekonomski problem za proizvođača svinjskog mesa. Ova istraživanja su izvršena u Srbiji na teritoriji jednog regiona koji se nalazi u slivu dve velike reke, i zbog takvog geografskog položaja predstavlja endemsko područje za prisustvo T. spiralis. Epidemiološki podaci se odnose na period 1995-2003. godine, kao i na period 2003- 2009. godine kada je izvršena implementacija programa kontrole i eradikacije trihineloze. Dijagnostičkim ispitivanjem trupova zaklanih svinja na prisustvo T. spiralis u periodu 1995-2003. godina obuhvaćeno je 41.04% zaklanih svinja od čega je bilo 0.4281% pozitivnih svinja, a visina ekonomskih gubitaka iznosila je 95 301 000 dinara ili oko milion EUR-a. U toku posmatranog perioda obolele su 432 osobe. Izrada programa za kontrolu i eradikaciju trihineloze izvršena je na osnovu važećih zakona i tehnoloških standarda, uz jasnu determinaciju 'inputa' i 'outputa' pomoću 'cost-benefit' analize. Efekti njegove primene pokazuju smanjenje broja pozitivnih svinja na prisustvo T. spiralis za tri puta (p lt 0,01), a neto sadašnja vrednost (PNV) i odnos koristi i troškova (B/C) pokazuju ekonomsku i epidemiološku opravdanost.

Classical swine fever (CSF) has been present in Serbia for a long period of time as an endemic disease, and it occurs with lesser or greater intensity from year to year. Since it is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild pigs, the outbreaks of the disease causes severe consequences for animal welfare, livestock production and economic losses to the national economies in countries where it occurs. Therefore, CSF has a great epizootiological and economic importance to the swine production, primarily because of trade restrictions for live pigs and pork products. CSF eradication and control programmes are generally based on vaccination strategies in countries with endemic occurrence of CSF or non-vaccination policies in countries which successfully eradicated or are free of CSF. Whatever the general eradication strategy is in place, in the case of an outbreak of CSF the stamping-out method is used for suppression and eradication of the disease, with strict implementation of specific veterinary-sanitary measures in the infected and surveillance zones, clearly defined by legal provisions. In the period before 2006, there were certain regions in Serbia where CSF occurred almost every year, including regions where pig farming was not the primary branch of animal husbandry. Pig identification and implementation of vaccination, as well as the control of trade of pigs from infected areas to other parts of the country were not very successful. Due to the serious losses inflicted by the disease, a new Programme of CSF control was adopted in 2006, which inter alia included the obligatory identification of pigs, registration of pig holdings and free of charge vaccination of all susceptible animals in the country, as well as the implementation of other statutory measures, including obligatory evidence of veterinary activities in the national Veterinary information system. The results obtained in the period after the implementation of the Programme of CSF control (2007, 20, Klasična kuga svinja (KKS) je prisutna u Srbiji prisutna duži vremenski period i sa manjim ili većim intenzitetom javlja se iz godine u godinu. Kako je u pitanju infektivna bolest svinja, a polazeći od karaktera njenog širenja sama pojava bolesti nanosi velike ekonomske štete za privredu svake zemlje. Stoga KKS ima veliki epizootiološki i ekonomski značaj za svinjarsku proizvodnju, a pre svega za stvaranje nesmetane mogućnosti odvijanja prometa svinja i proizvoda od svinjskog mesa. Program kontrole KKS se može izvoditi vakcinacijom ili biti bez nje. Kod pojave bolesti se i u jednom i drugom slučaju za suzbijanje i iskorenjivanje primenjuje metod 'stamping-out', i sprovode se određene veterinarsko-sanitarne mere u zaraženom i ugroženom dvorištu koje su decidno definisane zakonskim propisima. U proteklom periodu u Srbiji su postojali određeni regioni gde se KKS javljala skoro svake godine, a naročito je bila zabrinjavajuća pojava širenja bolesti u regione gde svinjarstvo nije primarna grana stočarstva. Kontrola prometa svinja iz zaraženih područja u druge delove zemlje bila je na niskom nivou. Zbog ozbiljnih gubitaka koje je nanosila pojava bolesti, donet je novi Program kontrole KKS koji između ostalog podrazumeva obavezno obeležavanje svinja i besplatnu vakcinaciju svih prijemčivih životinja u zemlji, kao i sprovođenje drugih zakonom propisanih mera. Dobijeni rezultati u periodu posle sprovođenja Programa kontrole KKS (2008. i 2009. godine) ukazuju na pozitivan uticaj ovih mera na smanjenje pojave žarišta KKS, kao i na smanjenje prevalance (p lt 0,001). Takođe, efikasnost sprovođenja vakcinacije svinja bila je najveća (97,78%) u 2007. godini, u odnosu na period pre i posle sprovođenja Programa.

Planska primena biosigurnosnih mera, visok nivo dobrobiti i dobra proizvođačka praksa presudni su za zaštitu zdravlja goveda i svinja u intenzivnoj proizvodnji. Potreban nivo biosigurnosti na farmama goveda i svinja predstavlja rezultat logičnih rešenja i pravovremeno preduzetih aktivnosti u konkretnoj epidemiološkoj situaciji, sa prepoznavanjem pretnji iz okruženja i slabih tačaka u tehnološkom procesu proizvodnje. U tom smislu, uvođenjem principa HACCP-a i protokola sanitacije sprečava se unošenje i širenje infektivnih agenasa u zapatu, dok je plan biosigurnosti na farmi ključni u prevenciji bolesti, sprečavanju neželjenih situacija i unapređenju poslovanja. U ovom radu prikazan je deo rezultata citogenetičkih ispitivanja krvi goveda i svinja na farmama u Srbiji, prema kojima znatan procenat ispitivanih životinja poseduje promene u strukturi i broju hromozoma. Citogenetička ispitivanja omogućavaju otkrivanje nosilaca naslednih anomalija a mogu da budu pokazatelji zagađenja životne sredine, posebno hrane za životinje. Iz tih razloga, naša preporuka je da farme industrijskog tipa, kao i centri za reprodukciju i veštačko osemenjavanje, pristupe korišćenju rezultata citogenetičkih ispitivanja i njihovom uključivanju u planove biosigurnosti., The planned use of biosecurity measures, a high level of welfare and good manufacturing practices are critical for the health of cattle and pigs in intensive production. The required level of biosecurity on cattle and pig farms is the result of logical decisions and timely action taken in a specific epidemiological situation, recognizing the threats from the environment and the weak points in the production process. In this sense, the introduction of the principles of HACCP and sanitation protocols enable preventive of introduction and spread of infectious agents in the herd, while the farm biosecurity plan is the key factor in disease prevention, prevention of unwanted situations and performance improvement. According to results of cytogenetic blood testing of cattle and pigs on farms in Serbia, showed in this paper, a substantial percentage of cows have a change in the structure and number of chromosomes. Cytogenetic tests allow the detection of carriers of hereditary anomalies and may be indicators of environmental pollution, especially animal feed. For these reasons, our recommendation is that industrial-type farm, and the Centers for reproduction and artificial insemination, approaches using the results of cytogenetic testing and their involvement in biosecurity plans.

This paper deals with the results of the investigation carried out with regard to genotoxic properties of Alphachlorhydrine administered at doses of 7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg of cell culture-human lymphocytes, during an exposition time of three days, under in vitro conditions. The assessment of the genotoxic effects of the tested chemosterilants was performed on the basis of numerical and structural aberrations in three experimental groups, in addition to one control group for each dose. On the basis of the obtained results it can be conculded that Alphachlorhydrine, administered in the abovementioned doses, induced genotoxic effects on human lymphocyte cells. The number of numeric aberrations increased with a dose increase, and the statistical analysis showed significant differences (p lt 0.01) in relation to the control group, but not between the applied doses (p lt 0.05). Analysis of the obtained results demonstarted that a dose increase during the same exposition time, resulted in a statistically significant increase (p lt 0.01) of structural aberrations in human lymphocyte cells; the highest level being achieved with the highest administered dose (30 mg/kg c.c.). As for Robertsonian translocations, there was a statistical significance with relation to the control group only in the case of the highest administered dose (30 mg/kg c.c.). Statistically significant differences (p lt 0.01) were recorded between the 30 mg/kg c.c. and 7.5 mg/kg c.c. doses. Also there were statistically significant differences between the levels of gaps and fragments in comparison to Robertsonian translocations (p lt 0.01); while the numbers of gaps and fragments were not significantly different., U ovom radu su izvršena ispitivanja genotoksičnih svojstava Alfahlorhidrina u različitim dozama: 7.5, 15 i 30 mg/kg kulture ćelija - limfocita čoveka, tokom ekspozicije od 3 dana, u uslovima 'in vitro'. Procena genotoksičnih efekata, ispitivanih hemosterilanata, je vršena na osnovu numeričkih i strukturnih aberacija na tri eksperimentalne grupe sa po jednom kontrolnom za svaku dozu. Na osnovu rezultata naših ispitivanja može se zaključiti da Alfahlorhidrin u testiranim dozama dovodi do genotoksičnih efekata na ćelijama limfocita čoveka. Broj numeričkih aberacija se povećavao sa rastom doze i statističkom analizom su utvrđene signifikantne razlike (p lt 0,01) u odnosu na kontrolne grupe, ali ne i između primenjenih doza (p>0,05). U slučaju poliploidija nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu (p>0,05). Analizirajući dobijene rezultate utvrđeno je da sa povećanjem doze pri istoj ekspoziciji dolazi do statistički značajnog (p lt 0,01) povećanja broja strukturnih aberacija na ćelijama limfocita čoveka, pri čemu najviši nivo je postignut kod najviše primenjene doze (30 mg/kg c.c.). Kada su u pitanju Robertsonove translokacije statistička značajnost u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu utvrđena je tek kod najviše primenjene doze (30 mg/kg c.c.). Statistički značajne razlike (p lt 0,01) su zabeležene između doza od 30 mg/kg c.c i 7,5 mg c.c. Takođe statistički značajne razlike između nivoa otvora i fragmenata mogu se uporediti sa Robertsonovim translokacijama (p lt 0,01), dok se broj otvora fragmenata neće značajno promeniti.

In the territory of Serbia, the occurrence of trichinellosis in domestic pigs has been present for a long number of years. In a ten-year period, a total of 1,224 pigs were registered in one populated area with the diagnosis of a larval form of the parasite T.spiralis. In the middle of the period of examination, a systematic deratization of the complete settlement was carried out, the neighboring garbage dumps, and a pit grave. The systematic deratization was performed using the preparation Brodisan. This preparation is a liquid concentrate for the preparation of bait with 0.25% bromadiolone (3-(3-/-bromobiphenyl-4- il/-3-hydroxy-1-phenylpropyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin). The total used quantity of bait for one systematic deratization in this populated area was 4,840 kg. Analyzing the tendency of the incidence of positive pigs in the period before the systematic deratization, we established that the average annual increase was around 70 pigs (b=69.30). The best adapted line of movement of the number of positive pigs was a third degree polynomial (Ŷ=185.20- 304.10x + 147.10x2-16.75x3), because its correlation coefficient is the biggest (rxy=0.96). The analysis of the trend in the number of infected pigs after the systematic deratization was performed in the examined area, it was established on the grounds of the negative parameter b of the straight line trend, that the average annual reduction in the number of infected pigs was 39.80. The tendency of a reduction of the number of infected pigs following the systematic deratization is best described by a second degree polynomial (Ŷ=307.2- 109.23x + 11.57x2) because its correlation coefficient is rxy=0.98., Na prostorima Srbije pojava tihineloze kod domaćih svinja zapaža se duži niz godina. U desetogodišnjem periodu u jednom naseljenom mestu evidentirano je ukupno 1.224 grla svinja kod kojih je dijagnostikovan larveni oblik parazita T. spiralis. Na polovini ispitivanog perioda izvedena je sistematska deratizacija kompletnog naselja, okolnih deponija smeća i jame grobnice. Sistematska deratizacija u ispitivanom naseljenom mestu obavljena je preparatom Brodisan. Ovaj preparat je tečni koncentrat za pripremu mamaka sa 0,25 % bromadiolona (3-(3- /4-brombifenil-4-il/-3-hidroksi-1-fenilpropil)-4-hidroksikumarin). Ukupna upotrebljena količina mamka za jednu sistematsku deratizaciju u ovom naseljenom mestu je 4.840 kg. Analizirajući tendenciju pojave pozitivnih grla svinja u periodu pre sistematske deratizacije ustanovili smo da je prosečno godišnje povećanje iznosilo oko 70 svinja (b=69,30). Najbolje prilagođena linija kretanja broja pozitivnih svinja je polinom trećeg stepena (Ŷ=185,20-304,10x + 147,10x2-16,75x3), jer je njegov koeficijent korelacije najveći (rxy=0,96). Analizom trenda broja inficiranih svinja nakon izvedene sistematske deratizacije ispitivanog naseljenog mesta ustanovljeno je, na osnovu negativnog parametra b iz pravolinijskog trenda, da prosečno godišnje smanjenje broja inficiranih svinja iznosi 39,80. Tendenciju kretanja smanjenja broja inficiranih svinja posle sistematske deratizacije najbolje opisuje polinom drugog stepena (Ŷ=307,2-109,23x+11,57x2) jer je njegov koeficijent korelacije rxy=0,98.

Za razliku od proizvodnje mesa u svetu i Evropskoj uniji, proizvodnja mesa u Srbiji je od 1991. godine u stalnom opadanju. To se, naročito, odnosi na proiz- vodnju goveđeg i živinskog mesa. Ukupna proizvodnja mesa u Srbiji, u periodu 1991. – 1996. godina, bila je, u proseku 551,83±21,70 hiljada tona i bila je statistički značajno veća (p>0,001) od ukupne proizvodnje mesa u periodu 2001. – 2006. godine (457,83±19,40 hiljada tona). Proizvodnja svinjskog mesa u prvom periodu (1991. – 1996. godine) bila je, u proseku, 265,17±18,33 hiljada tona, a drugom (2001. – 2006. godina) 256,17±18,33 hiljade tona. U poređenim periodima, proizvodnja svinjskog mesa, izražena kao masa toplih polutki, bila je, u proseku 361,17±21,05 hiljada tona (1991. – 1996. godina) i 349,17±12,98 hiljada tona (2001. – 2006. godina). Nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika između prosečnog obima proizvodnje svinjskog mesa u poređenim periodima, kao što nije utvrđena ni statistički značajna razlika u obimu proizvodnje svinjskog mesa izražena kao masa toplih polutki. Proizvodnja svinjskih masnoća bila je 1991. – 1996. godine, u proseku, 110,17±1,65 hiljada tona što je bilo statistički značajno više (p>0,01) nego u periodu 2001. – 2006. godine, kada je proizvodnja svinjskih masnoća bila, u proseku, 87,83±9,33 hiljada tona. Sa smanjenjem proizvodnje goveđeg i mesa živine, od 1991. godine povećavalo se učešće svinjskog mesa u ukupnoj proizvodnji mesa. U periodu 1991. – 1996. godine u ukupnoj proizvodnji mesa svinjsko meso učestvovalo je, u proseku, sa 48,04±2,4 posto, što je bilo statističi značajno manje (p>0,001) nego u periodu 2001. – 2006. godine, kada je učešće svinjskog mesa u ukupnoj proizvodnji povećano na 56,01±1,2 %. U 2007. godini u ukupnoj pozvodnji mesa učešće svinjskog mesa je povećano na preko 60 %., Compared to meat production in the world and in ECC, meat production in Ser- bia is constantly declining since 1991. This applies specially to the beef and poultry productions. The total meat production in Serbia, in the period from 1991 to 1996, was on average 551.83 ± 21.70 thousand tons and was significantly higher (p>0.001) compared to the meat production in the period 2001. – 2006. (457.83 ± 19.40 thou- sands tons). Production of pork was in the first period (1991 – 1996) on average 265.17 ± 18,33 thousand tons, and in the second period (2001 – 2006) 256.17 ±18.33 thou- sand tons. In the compared periods meat production (expressed as the mass of warm halves) was on average 361.17 ± 21.05 thousand tons (1991– 1996) and 349.17 ± 12.98 (2001 – 2006).There is no significant difference between the meat production in these two periods, nor between the total mass of produced warm halves. Production of pork lard was in the period 1991 – 1996 on average 110.17 ± 165 thousand tons, which is significantly higher (p > 0.01) compared to 2001 – 2006 (87,8 ± 9.33 thousand tons). As beef and chicken production decreased since 1991 the relative production of pork increased. In the period 1991 – 1996 pork meat pro- duction participated with an average of 48.04 ± 2.4 % of total meat production, which was significantly less (p > 0.001) compared to the period from 2001 to 2006. In the latter the total pork meat production increased to 56.01 ± 1.2 %. During 2007 pork meat production increased to over 60% of overall meat production.

The study aimed to estimate the incidence of bites caused by stray and owned dogs in the population of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia in the period from 1st January 2003 to 31st December 2006. Also, the seasonal influence on dog biting was estimated for the same time period. All data on total, stray and owned dog bites in Belgrade in the analyzed period were obtained from the Institute for Infectious and Tropical Diseases of The Medical School in Belgrade and from the Secretariat for Environmental Protection of the City Assembly of Belgrade. The average annual incidence of bites caused by strays was 95.64 per 100 000 residents; 52.84 per 100 000 residents caused by owned dogs and 148.48 per 100 000 residents caused by both categories of dogs. In this period stray dogs caused a significantly higher (P lt 0.0001) number of bites to humans than owned dogs. The average value for dog bites was 1507.50±143.57/year for strays and 832.75±211.31/year for owned dogs. The highest average value of total dog bites was observed in the spring months in 2005 (263.67±28.01), as well in the spring months (497.33 ± 36.53) for two consecutive years (2005 and 2006). From the aspect of dog bites our results point to the following risk factors for residents in the Belgrade area: the first is the population of stray dogs without owners and the second is the population of irresponsible and uneducated owners of dogs., Cilj rada je bilo utvrđivanje slučajeva ujeda ljudi od strane pasa lutalica i pasa poznatih vlasnika na teritoriji grada Beograda u periodu od 1. januara 2003. do 31. decembra 2006. godine. U radu je utvrđen i sezonski uticaj na učestalost pojave ujeda građana od pasa. Podaci o ujedima pasa su dobijeni od Instituta za infektivne i tropske bolesti Medicinskog fakulteta u Beogradu i Sekretarijata za zaštitu životne sredine Skupštine grada Beograda. Prosečni godišnji broj slučajeva ujeda pasa lutalica na 100.000 stanovnika iznosio je 95,64, pasa poznatih vlasnika 52,84, dok je prosečan ukupan broj ujeda iznosio 148,48 slučajeva na 100.000 stanovnika u ispitivanom vremenskom periodu od četiri godine. U istom periodu psi lutalice su naneli znatno veći broj ujeda od pasa poznatih vlasnika (P lt 0,0001). Prosečan godišnji broj ujeda za pse lutalice iznosio je 1507,50±143,57, a za pse poznatih vlasnika 832,75±211,31. Najveća prosečna vrednost ukupnog broja ujeda pasa zabeležena je u proleće 2005. godine (263.67±28,01), kao i u toku prolećnih meseci (497,33±36,53) za obe godine zajedno (2005. i 2006. godina). Sa aspekta opasnosti od ujeda pasa, dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na prisutnost dva rizična činioca za građane Beograda: prisustvo pasa lutalica i prisustvo neodgovornih i needukovanih vlasnika pasa.

Breeding grey A. m. carnica queens for hygienic behavior is beneficial for commercial beekeeping in Serbia, since hygienic behavior is associated with the resistance to the mite Varroa destructor, as well as to American foulbrood and chalk brood. In this work, heritability of hygienic behavior was analyzed in autochthonous grey A. m. carnica honey bees from Šumadija region in order to ascertain if the expression of their hygienic behavior could be enhanced through selective breeding. Heritability of hygienic behavior was monitored through three queen generations and estimated by one-parent-offspring regression method (motherdaughter regression method). The heritability values for hygienic behavior were h2=0.63±0.02 in relationship between daughter queens (F1s) and breeder mother queens (Ps), h2=0.45±0.01 in relationship between grand-daughter queens (F2s) and Ps and h2=0.44±0.02 in relationship between F2s and F1s. These results show that the expression of hygienic behavior through selective breeding could be enhanced and the best results could be achieved in the F1 generation. It is important to emphasize that the F1 colonies bred for hygienic behavior in our study suffer no apparent costs in reproductive and productive performances., Odgajanje matica sive medonosne pčele A. m. carnica sa ispoljenim higijenskim ponašanjem od velikog je značaja za komercijalno pčelarenje u Srbiji, obzirom da je higijensko ponašanje povezano sa otpornošću prema krpelju Varroa destructor, kao i prema izazivačima bolesti američke truleži pčelinjeg legla i krečnog legla. U ovom radu, ispitivana je heritabilnost higijenskog ponašanja kod autohtone sive medonosne pčele A. m. carnica iz Šumadije da bi se utvrdilo da li ispoljenost higijenskog ponašanja kod tih pčela može da se poveća putem selektivnog gajenja. Heritabilnost higijenskog ponašanja praćena je kroz tri generacije matica i procenjivana metodom regresije jedan roditelj-potomak (metoda regresije majka-ćerka). Vrednosti koeficijenta heritabilnosti higijenskog ponašanja bile su h2=0,63±0,02 između ćerki matica (F1s) i majki matica (Ps), h2=0,45±0,01 između unuka matica (F2s) i Ps, i h2=0.44±0.02 između F2s i F1s. Ovi rezultati pokazuju da ispoljenost higijenskog ponašanja kod analiziranih pčela može biti povećana, kao i da se najbolji rezultati mogu postići u F1 generaciji. Pri tome je značajno istaći da kod društava F1 generacije odgajenih na higijensko ponašanje u našem radu nije bilo nikakvih negativnih posledica u pogledu reproduktivnih i produktivnih sposobnosti.

Statistics today represent a group of scientific methods for the quantitative and qualitative investigation of variations in mass appearances. In fact, statistics present a group of methods that are used for the accumulation, analysis, presentation and interpretation of data necessary for reaching certain conclusions. Statistical analysis is divided into descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistics. The values which represent the results of an experiment, and which are the subject of observation of a certain occurrence, are called parameters and they are divided into descriptive and numerical. All numerical parameters are divided into non-continuous and continuous. The graphic presentation of the distribution of frequencies can be by poligon or histogram. The most frequently applied descriptive statistical methods are: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, standard error of arithmetic mean, variation coefficient, and variation interval., Danas statistika predstavlja skup naučnih metoda kvantitativnog i kvalitativnog istraživanja varijacija masovnih pojava. Odnosno, statistika predstavlja grupu metoda koje se koriste za prikupljanje, analizu, prezentaciju i interpretaciju podataka potrebnih za donošenje određenih zaključaka. Statistička analiza se deli na deskriptivnu statističku analizu i inferencijalnu statistiku. Vrednosti koje predstavljaju rezultat eksperimenta, odnosno predmet posmatranja neke pojave, nazivaju se obeležja i ona se dele na atributivna i numerička. Sva numerička obeležja dele se na prekidna i neprekidna. Grafičko prikazivanje distribucije frekvencija može biti poligonom i histogramom. Najčešće primenjivane deskriptivne statističke metode su: aritmetička sredina, standardna devijacija, statndardna greška aritmetičke sredine, koeficijent varijacije i interval varijacije.

In the period from January 2001 to December 2005, a total of 6,904 slaughtered cattle originating from the territory of the region of Jablanica were examined at the Mesokombinat AD abattoir. The Trematoda Fasciola hepatica was found in 429 cattle (6.21%). A total of 2,150 kg livers were condemned due to the presence of the liver fluke. A comparison of cattle with bovine fasciolosis according to the years yielded a very significant difference (p lt 0.01) between the year 2003 (10.02) and the year 2002 (9.97), on the one side, in comparison with the years 2001 (5.14), 2004 (3.37), and 2005 (5.08), on the other side. A significant difference (p lt 0.05) was also established in the year 2004 (3.37) in comparison with the years 2001 (5.14) and 2005 (5.08). After analyzing the significance of the differences between the infected cattle according to the seasons, a very significant difference (p lt 0.01) was established between the summer (7.23) and the winter (4.74) periods. A significant difference (p lt 0.05) was also established between the autumn (6.49) and the winter periods. The amount of precipitation was directly proportionate to the percentage of cattle infected with fasciolosis., U periodu od januara 2001. do decembra 2005. godine, u klanici AD "Mesokombinat" u Leskovcu pregledano je 6904 zaklanih goveda, sa teritorije Jablaničkog regiona. Kod 429 goveda (6,21%), pronađena je trematoda Fasciola hepatica. Zbog neupotrebljivosti, konfiskovano je 2150 kilograma fascioloznih jetri. Poređenjem broja fascioloznih goveda po godinama, ustanovljena je vrlo značajna razlika (p lt 0,01) između 2003. godine (10,02) i 2002. godine (9,97) sa jedne strane u odnosu na 2001. godinu (5,14), 2004. (3,37) i 2005. godinu (5,08) godinu, sa druge strane. Značajna razlika (p lt 0,05) ustanovljena je 2004. godine (3,37) u odnosu na 2001. (5,14) i 2005. (5,08) godinu. Analizirajući signifikantnost razlika inficiranih goveda po sezonama ustanovljena je vrlo značajna razlika (p lt 0,01) između letnjeg (7,23) i zimskog (4,74) perioda. Signifikantna razlika (p lt 0,05) ustanovljena je između jesenjeg (6,49) i zimskog perioda. Količina padavina bila je upravo proporcionalna procentu zaraženosti goveda metiljem.

A whole series of factors affect the degree of absorption of colostral immunolobulins. One of the most important factors is the time of feeding of newborn calves with colostrums in the first hours following birth. The objective of these investigations was to determine the effect of immunoglobulin concentration in colostrum on the process of immunoglobulin absorption during the first day of life of calves. A farm of Holstein-Friesian cows was selected for these investigations. The examinations covered 35 cows. For the examination of total immunoglobulin concentration, colostrum was taken two hours after calving. The immunoglobulin concentration was determined using the method of paper electrophoresis and RID-partigen immunodiffusion plates (INEP, Zemun). The amount of immunoglobulin in blood serum of calves was determined using the method of the zinc sulphate turbidity test (ZST). The average concentration of immunoglobulin in colostrum two hours after calving was 65.95±15.80 g/l. The biggest reached average concentration of immunoglobulin in blood serum of calves was determined following the absorption of immunoglobulin during the first day, and it amounted to 27.18±10.2 g/l, which presents 1.91± 0.72 g/kg of the body mass of calves. The straight-line linear equation is _ =0.595+0.25xi. The correlation coefficient between taken and resorbed immunoglobulins amounts to r=0.80. It can be concluded on the grounds of the obtained results that the amount of immunoglobulin in colostrum in the first drinking is of primary importance for the health status of the calves and that resorption is increased by 0.25 grams with every gram of immunoglobulin taken with colostrum., Na stepen apsorbcije kolostralnih imunoglobulina, utiče čitav niz faktora. Jedan od najvažnijih faktora je vreme napajanja novorođene teladi kolostrumom u prvim časovima posle dolaska na svet. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi uticaj koncentracije imunoglobulina u kolostrumu na proces apsorpcije imunoglobulina u toku prvog dana života teladi. Za ovo istraživanje odabrna je farma krava holštajn-frizijske rase. Ispitivanje je obuhvatilo 35 krava. Za ispitivanje ukupne koncentracije imunoglobulina uziman je kolostrum dva časa posle teljenja. Koncentracija imunoglobulina određena je metodom elektroforeze na papiru (filtracionoj hartiji) i RID- partigen ploče (INEP Zemun). Količina imunoglobulina u krvnom serumu teladi određena je metodom zamućenja zink sulfata (ZST). Prosečna koncentracija imunoglobulina u kolostrumu dva časa posle teljenja bila je 65,95±15,80 g/l. Najveća postignuta prosečna koncentracija imunoglobulina u krvnom serumu teladi usledila je posle apsorpcije imunoglobulina u toku prvog dana i iznosila je 27,18±10,2 g/l, što predstavlja 1,91±0,72 g/kg TM teladi. Linearna jednačina prave je _ = 0,595+0,25xi. Koeficijent korelacije zavisnosti odnosa unetih i resorbovanih imunoglonulina iznosi r=0,80. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da je količina imunoglobulina u kolostrumu pri prvom napajanju od primarnog značaja za zdravstveni status teladi i da se sa svakim gramom imunoglobulina unetih kolostrumom povećava resorpcija za 0,25 grama.

Hygienic behaviour of the carniolan honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica Pollm) was investigated in 20 localities in Serbia (10 localities from the Machva region and 10 localities from the Rudnik region). The results revealed that the grey bees from Rudnik have a more expressed form of hygienic behavior compared to the yellow bees from Machva. The obtained data indicate that colonies of both investigated honeybee varieties, yellow bees from Machva and grey bees from Rudnik, belong to a category of the so called "hygienic colonies", as the efficiency of elimination of damaged pupae amounted to 91,45% in Machva honeybees and 93,60% in Rudnik honeybees. Our results point to an indisputable relationship between hygienic behaviour and the strength of honeybee colonies, i.e. the potent colonies have more expressed hygienic behaviour. Both investigated honeybee varieties can be used for improving breeds selection and for organic beekeeping in Serbia, owing to the manifested hygienic behaviour and thence, resistance to some diseases (Varroa, American foulbrood, and especially Chalkbrood)., Higijensko ponašanje kranjske medonosne pčele (Apis mellifera camica Pollm) ispitivano je na 20 lokaliteta u Srbiji (10 sa područja Mačve i 10 sa područja Rudnika). Rezultati su pokazali da sive pčele sa područja Rudnika imaju više ispoljeno higijensko ponašanje u odnosu na žute pčele sa područja Mačve. Dobijeni podaci ukazuju da društva oba ispitivana varijeteta medonosne pčele, sa područja Mačve i Rudnika, pripadaju kategoriji takozvanih higijenskih kolonija, obzirom da je efikasnost eliminacije oštećenih lutki iznosila 91,45% kod pčela u Mačvi i 93,60% kod pčela sa Rudnika. Naši rezultati ukazuju i na nedvosmislenu povezanost higijenskog ponašanja i jačine pčelinje zajednice, što znači da jača društva imaju vise izraženo higijensko ponašanje. Oba ispitivana varijeteta medonosne pčele mogu se koristiti za osvežavanje visoko selekcionisanih linija, kao i za organsko pčelarenje u Srbiji, zahvaljujući ispoljenom higijenskom ponašanju što podrazumeva i rezistenciju na bolesti kao što su varoza, američka kuga i naročito krečno leglo.

The objective of this work was to determine which of the examined disinfectants represents the agent of choice for isolates of L monocytogenes originating from foodstuffs of animal origin and if there are differences regarding sensitivity associated with specific serotypes. Disinfectant A (sodium hypochlorite + phosphates + alkali) did not exhibit a listericidal effect on any examined serotype, while disinfectants B (10 % hydrochloride of 1- dodecyl-1.4.7- triazooctane - 8- carbonic) and C (acidic iodoform with tenside- iodine complex)) exhibited a listericidal effect against most strains. Desinfectant B had the greatest effect at the highest working concentration (2 %) with a very significant difference (p lt 0.01) in comparison with the listericidal effect of disinfectant C. Analysis of the sensitivity of different serotypes of L monocytogenes showed that, despite evident higher or lower sensitivity to disinfectant B, the antigenic structure (seroype) was not related to the sensitivity of the examined strains. However, with disinfectant C, the greatest listericidal effect was exhibited on serotypes 3a and 112b, while it was smaller for other serotypes of L monocytogenes. Statistically very significant differences (p lt 0.01) and significant differences (p lt 0.05) were detected between the mean inhibition zones of most serotypes of L monocytogents. Therefore, the sensitivity of different strains of L. monocytogenes originating from foodstuffs of animal origin to disinfectants can be related to the antigenic structure, actually the serotype (C) or not (disinfectant B)., Cilj ovog rada je da odgovori na dva vrlo značajna pitanja: prvo, koji od ispitivanih dezinficijenasa ispoljava najbolji dezinfekcioni efekat na sojeve Listeria monocytogenes, poreklom iz namirnica animalnog porekla i drugo, da li u pogledu osetljivosti L monocytogenes prema ispitivanim dezinficijensima postoje razlike uslovljene serotipskom pripadnošću. Dezificijens A (natrijum hypochlorit+phosphati+alkalija) nije ispoljio listericidni efekat ni prema jednom ispitivanom serotipu, dok su dezificijensi B (10% hydrochloride 1-dodecil-1,4,7-triazooctan-8-carbonska kiselina) i C (kiseli iodoform satensid-iodnim kompleksom) ispoljili listericidni efekat prema većem broju sojeva. Dezificijens B ispoljio je najviši baktericidni efekat pri najvišoj radnoj koncentraciji sa statistički vrlo značajnom razlikom (p lt 0,01) u odnosu na listericidni efekat dezificijensa C. Analizom rezultata osetljivosti različitih sojeva Listeria monocytogenes utvrđeno je da i pored evidentne ispoljene osetljivosti listerija prema dezificijensu B, antigensa struktura odnosno, serotip nema većeg značaja u pogledu osetljivosti ispitivanih sojeva. Medutim dezificijens C, najveći listericidni efekat ispoljio je prema listerijama serotipa 3a i 1 /2b, dok je prema ostalim serotipovima bio manji. Između aritmetičkih sredina zona inhibicije većine serotipova, utvrđene su statistički vrlo značajne razlike (p lt 0,01), odnosno značajne razlike (p lt 0,05). Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da je osetljivost različitih sojeva L monocytogenes poreklom iz namirnica animalnog porekla bila ispoljena prema dezinficijensu B, kao i da osetljivost listerija prema ispitivanim dezinficijensima zavisi od njihove antigenske strukture odnosno serotipske pripadnosti.

The genotoxic properties of different doses (7,5, 15 and 30 mg/kg body mass) of alphachlorchydrin were investigated in vivo in BALB/C mice and in vitro using cell cultures. Thus, mouse bone marrow cells were examined after exposure for 10/20 and 30 days under in vivo conditions, while cultures of mouse fibroblasts were examined after exposure for 2, 3 and 5 days under in vitro conditions. The genotoxic effects of this chemosterilant vere evaluated on the basis of numerical and structural aberrations in the three experimental groups for each dose and each length of exposure in comparison with control groups. From the results obtained, it may be concluded that alphachlorchydrin in the tested doses caused genotoxic effects both in bone marrow cells and in cell cultures of mouse fibroblasts. The number of numerical aberrations increased with increase indoseor length of exposure, although the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The increase in the number of structural aberrations in bone marrow cells from mice treated with 30 mg alphachlorhydrin per kg body mass was statistically significant (p lt 0.01) when compared with the effect of the 7.5 mg/kg dose. Significant differences concerning numerical and structural aberrations were also found between the treated groups and the control group.