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To achieve the elimination of the negative impacts of transport on road safety, the European Union is taking various measures resulting from its commitment to improve road safety. The main objective of this paper is to assess the impact of social legislation on road transport safety using real research and to identify the factors influencing the violation of the legislation depending on the type of transport carried out in domestic or international road freight transport. Answers from the respondents are used in the segmentation of truck drivers based on input data describing the factors influencing the violation of traffic rules. Two-step cluster analysis is a suitable method for the segmentation of truck drivers based on input data. These data are obtained through a questionnaire from a total of 472 Czech and Slovak truck drivers. The results show that the optimal number of types of truck drivers with different characteristics is four. All of the clusters are described and compared. The majority of truck drivers do not violate social legislation for several reasons, such as traffic accidents (almost 67%), complications in meeting the loading or unloading deadline (less than 88%), poorly planned transport routes (more than 90%) and driving home (almost 80%).

Over the last 30 years, the competition in road transport has increased significantly. For a transport company to maintain its position in the road freight transport market, the knowledge of the accurate costs arising from the transportation process is an important tool in the current competitive struggle. Carriers quantify the transportation costs in the process of price creation using the routes utilization coefficient, also taking into account routes with an empty vehicle. The value is usually set as a constant in the range from 0 to 1. The purpose of this paper is to show that it is more appropriate and economically feasible to consider this as a variable which depends on the direction as well as on the time of the transportation. In this analysis, a twofactor ANOVA model was applied to actual data of transport offers to Slovakia from 18 different countries recorded on a daily basis in a period of one year. The analysis shows that the direction of transportation is a significant factor in the offer, and therefore it is appropriate to include this factor in the price creation. The results of this analysis are in practice directly applicable to modify the calculation procedures and thus gain a competitive advantage for the transport operator in calculating the transportation price. Using this methodology, the carrier can determine the price more accurately and achieve greater price competitiveness in road transport in the common EU market.

Examining the competitiveness of public transport plays an important role because through public transport, the transport of passengers to schools, public healthcare establishments and work is ensured. In addition, transportation for vulnerable groups of passengers (students, seniors) is provided. On the other hand, public transport constitutes a financial burden on public budgets. The aim of this paper is to point out that public transport does not have an equal status in the transport market within the European Union. In the states of Central and Eastern Europe, public transport had a dominant position in the transport market in the 90s. Nowadays, the market share is declining, particularly in the bus transport, with the rising costs for public budgets regarding an increase in individual motoring. The aim of this paper is to highlight the possibilities of increasing the competitiveness of public transport by integrating different components of public transport. Another aim is to define the possibilities of financing public transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Year 1956 was an important year for international road and freight transport. By this year Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR) was made. The basic purpose of the Convention was to unify the rules in the international carriage of goods and thereby promote development of international trade. From the practical point of view, this was very important for both carriers and transporters. This Convention also describes the most important document in the international carriage of goods, which includes the consignment note of CMR as well. Recently this document is often associated with the term neutralization. Objective of this article was to clarify the meaning of this phrase in transport. In addition, the aim was to find out in what range carriers have real experience with neutralization of the consignment note of the CMR during the transport, for what types of goods and on what types of routes is the neutralization being used the most.

Relevant research has investigated how predictive modeling algorithms, deep-learning-based sensing technologies, and big urban data configure immersive hyperconnected virtual spaces in digital twin cities: digital twin modeling tools, monitoring and sensing technologies, and Internet-of-Things-based decision support systems articulate big-data-driven urban geopolitics. This systematic review aims to inspect the recently published literature on digital twin simulation tools, spatial cognition algorithms, and multi-sensor fusion technology in sustainable urban governance networks. We integrate research developing on how blockchain-based digital twins, smart infrastructure sensors, and real-time Internet of Things data assist urban computing technologies. The research problems are whether: data-driven smart sustainable urbanism requires visual recognition tools, monitoring and sensing technologies, and simulation-based digital twins; deep-learning-based sensing technologies, spatial cognition algorithms, and environment perception mechanisms configure digital twin cities; and digital twin simulation modeling, deep-learning-based sensing technologies, and urban data fusion optimize Internet-of-Things-based smart city environments. Our analyses particularly prove that virtual navigation tools, geospatial mapping technologies, and Internet of Things connected sensors enable smart urban governance. Digital twin simulation, data visualization tools, and ambient sound recognition software configure sustainable urban governance networks. Virtual simulation algorithms, deep learning neural network architectures, and cyber-physical cognitive systems articulate networked smart cities. Throughout January and March 2023, a quantitative literature review was carried out across the ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, with search terms comprising “sustainable urban governance networks” + “digital twin simulation tools”, “spatial cognition algorithms”, and “multi-sensor fusion technology”. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) flow diagram was generated using a Shiny App. AXIS (Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies), Dedoose, MMAT (Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool), and the Systematic Review Data Repository (SRDR) were used to assess the quality of the identified scholarly sources. Dimensions and VOSviewer were employed for bibliometric mapping through spatial and data layout algorithms. The findings gathered from our analyses clarify that Internet-of-Things-based smart city environments integrate 3D virtual simulation technology, intelligent sensing devices, and digital twin modeling.

The fundamental objective of this research is to learn how trade liberalization, male employment, urbanization, and foreign direct investment (FDI) affect women’s participation in the labor force. To continue, this study aims to determine the effects of trade and other factors on women’s employment in three distinct sectors (i.e., agriculture, industry, and service). From 1991 to 2021, we analyzed data from eight SAARC countries. The study’s theoretical foundation was the Cobb–Douglas production function. To better understand the connections between trade liberalization and the SAARC labor market, this paper used panel quantile regression (QR) and generalized method of moments (GMM) to empirically explore the key determinants of female employment in total and three sub-sectors. The QR method was used in the study because it looks at how variables affect each other beyond the data mean. Additionally, our data set does not follow a normal distribution, and the connection between the explained and explanatory factors is non-linear. Trade openness has a beneficial effect on total female employment throughout system GMM and all quartiles. Total female employment also benefits from an increase in GDP and FDI. However, women’s access to the workforce is hampered by urbanization. Many strategies for increasing women’s participation in the workforce across three sectors are addressed in this article. The major finding of this study is the rate of change in female employment across three industries. Women’s participation in the service and manufacturing sectors increases, whereas their participation in agriculture decreases, as a result of increased trade openness. Although these studies can assist policymakers in choosing the best feasible trade adjustments, they will also add to diverse academic and policy discussions on trade liberalization and its gender consequences. Since trade has become more accessible, more and more women are entering the workforce. Therefore, workers should acquire industrial and service-sector-related competencies.

The costs of each company on the market are an essential component of financial decision making, not only on the price of the goods and services provided, but also about the business efficiency. In business, services have a significant impact on pricing, but also for deciding on the realization of performances. Costs structure is composed of fixed and variable costs. Changing the costs structure creates assumptions for other decisions, as well as the pricing of the entrepreneur. The goal of this article was to identify, whether there is a change in time of the costs structure.

Drivers’ response time means that drivers act after a judgment is made when an emergency action signal is needed. Drivers have different feelings while driving, and the response time to sudden situations differs. The main purpose of this study was to verify whether the mean reaction time of professional drivers is at the level of one second, which is the value usually used for practical purposes, and to verify the impact of age on the reaction times of drivers. Two different studies with a total of 120 participants—professional drivers—were conducted on the simulator, with 116 drivers participating in the first experiment and four drivers participating in the second experiment using eye-tracking technology. The determination of the mean reaction time was realized using statistical tests. The evaluation of the impact of age on the reaction time of professional drivers was carried out using statistical testing, a regression model, and clustering. The results of this study can be immediately used in practice for professional drivers, as the mean reaction time is usually used as a benchmark in several calculations in transport, for forensic and educational purposes, and for planning traffic and modelling different traffic situations.

The importance of the issue of an effective mode of passenger transport is currently increasing. On the one hand there is an increasing economic demand for public passenger transport, on the other hand, there is a growing traffic share of individual automobile transport. The aim of this article is to define the importance of public passenger transport and to identify the problems of its operation. The integration of different modes of public passenger transport is proposed as a way to increase the competitiveness of public passenger transport. This paper analyses the individual elements of integration systems abroad and suggests the methodology of integration system applicable in regions where the share of public passenger transport is decreasing within the transport market.

The paper deals with the financing of public passenger transport. It analyses unconventional types of financing public passenger transport abroad. The aim of the paper is to present the methodology of creating funding sources for the financing of public passenger transport which is applicable in the Slovak Republic and in the member states of the European Union. The key idea of the methodology is to use funding sources arising from the provision of public services.

The paper deals with the relationship of increasing road safety through the support of bus service. The objective of the paper is to analyse the factors affecting road safety. Subsequently, the impact of the bus service support on road safety is expressed through those factors. The paper highlights the multiplier effect of the bus service support on road safety increase. First part of the paper analyses factors affecting road safety. The factors are divided into three groups in terms of infrastructure, vehicles and drivers. Further part emphasizes the possibilities for improving individual factors under the support of bus service. The last part of the paper processes a theoretical model which reflects the impact of the bus service support on increasing road safety.

The paper deals with an issue of the impact of road infrastructure pricing on transport planning. The first part describes the history of road infrastructure pricing in the USA and the EU. The paper also describes an applicable methodology of toll rate determination in the EU. Further part of the paper deals with the factors affecting decision-making of carriers while planning a route of transport. Especially, it deals with a value of time savings and savings in fuel costs while deciding among several routes of transport. The proposal of a methodology for toll rate determination, taking into account the value of time savings for a carrier while using the toll road infrastructure, is elaborated in the next part of the paper. The methodology also takes into account savings in fuel costs of carriers.

The paper deals with the importance of the risk in financing public passenger transport. The first part analyses the risks affecting financing public passenger transport. These risks can be divided into two basic groups: cost risks and revenue risks. The second part describes the ways of dividing risks between contractual parties. The risk determination in financing public passenger transport is discussed in the last part of the paper

In spite of the various facts transport belongs to the main contaminers of environment, therefore another transport development is contingent on conditions of permanently sustained development.The article deals with transport negative effects to the environment at present and about expected trends in the near future.