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The objective of our work was to investigate some biological characteristics of purified glycoprotein subunits of Newcastle disease virus strain PHY-LMV.42 isolated from pigeons for the purpose of vaccine production. PHY-LMV.42 strain of Newcastle disease virus was multiplied by successive passages in embryonated eggs and identified by the methods of Reverse transcriptase PCR and Real-Time PCR along with F gene sequencing. Proving the presence of HN and F antigene in the virus subunits samples was carried out by hemagglutination inhibition method with referent immune sera. Biochemical characterization of glycoprotein subunits was performed by SDS-PAGE method as well as liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC ESI-TOF-MS/MS). Testing for the virus subunits immunogenicity was carried out in biological experiment on 75 laying hens Tetra-SSL and 25 chickens Isa Brown by inducing an artificial infection with Hertz 33 strain of the virus. Low concentrations of the virus antigens of 0.36 mg/ml along with glycoprotein fractions of 77 i 58 kDa manifested a strong hemagglutination activity of 4096 HJ/0,1ml. The subunit vaccines of 256 and 128 HJ/0.5 ml induced a protective immune response in all the vaccinated animals. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that low concentrations of purified virus subunits of PHY-LMV.42 strain can be used for preparing of effective vaccines., Cilj našeg istraživanja je bilo ispitivanje bioloških karakteristika prečišćenih glikoproteinskih subjedinica soja PHY-LMV.42 virusa Newcastle bolesti izolovanog iz golubova radi njihovog korišćenja za pripremanje vakcine. Soj PHY-LMV.42 virusa Newcastle bolesti je umnožavan sukcesivnim pasažama u kokošijim embrionima i identifikovan metodama Reverse transcriptase PCR i Real- Time PCR uz sekvenciranje F gena. Dokazivanje prisustva HN i F antigena u uzorcima virusnih subjedinica vršeno je metodom inhibicije hemaglutinacije sa referentnim imunim serumima. Biohemijska karakterizacija glikoproteinskih subjedinica izvršena je primenom metoda SDS-PAGE i tečne hromatografije sa masenom spektrometrijom (LC ESI-TOF-MS/MS). Ispitivanje imunogenosti virusnih subjedinica sprovedeno je u biološkom ogledu na ukupno 75 kokoši nosilja Tetra-SSL i 25 pilića Isa Brown uz izvođenje veštačke infekcije sojem Hertz 33 navedenog virusa. Niske koncentracije virusnih antigena od 0,36 mg/ml sa glikoproteinskim frakcijama od 77 i 58 kDa su ispoljavale snažnu hemaglutinacionu aktivnost od 4096 HJ/0,1ml. Subjedinične vakcine od 256 i 128 HJ/0,5 ml, indukovale su imunološki odgovor zaštitnog karaktera kod svih vakcinisanih životinja. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da se niske koncentracije prečišćenih virusnih subjedinica soja PHY-LMV.42 mogu koristiti za pripremanje efikasne vakcine. PR Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31008.

Crime does not occur randomly. It tends to concentrate at particular places for reasons that can be explained in relation to victim and offender interaction and the opportunities that exist to commit crime. If the police knew where crime is concentrated (where are the hotspots) resources could be directed in order to take proactive actions. In order to identify hotspots, spatial distributions of crimes should be examined. Patterns in data must be identified, and underlying (spatial) processes must be understood in order to be effective in crime prevention. This could be achieved using spatial analysis techniques. In cases where spatial distribution is not complex and visually overwhelming the simple 'eyeball method' should be sufficient. But in cases where spatial distribution of a large number of crimes (events) is present, the spatial statistics is needed. Spatial statistics help cut through some of the subjectivity to get more directly at spatial patterns, trends, processes, and relationships. Today, the most commercial GIS solutions already have more or less developed statistical capabilities. In cases where built-in GIS statistical capabilities are not sufficient to satisfy particular research need, they must be supplemented by specialized statistical software. An example of the usage of spatial statistics is shown on the practical example using commercial robberies dataset in one of Belgrade's municipalities. The crime distribution is assessed using centro graphic measures (mean center, center of minimum distance, standard deviation ellipse). Centro graphic measures allows us to visualize a complex spatial trend, how quickly the mean center moves, and where it moves, is there changes in dispersion and/or orientation of the crime distribution etc., providing valuable information about the spatial processes promoting this crime shifts. The level of clustering was assessed calculating nearest neighbor index and finally clusters (i.e. hotspots) were identified usi, Skup svih krivičnih dela na nekom geoprostoru formira određenu geoprostornu distribuciju. Ona nije slučajna već je u velikoj meri uslovljena karakteristikama geoprostora na kojem se manifestuje. Vršenje krivičnih dela podrazumeva postojanje pogodnih prilika, pri čemu niti su prilike podjednako distribuirane u geoprpostoru, niti su konstantne u vremenu. Tako su neki geoprostori ugroženi vršenjem krivičnih dela, dok su drugi manje ili više bezbedni. Ako bi policija poznavala ugrožena područja i objekte, mogla bi na te prostore da usmeri raspoložive resurse i da efikasnije proaktivno deluje. Odgovor na pitanje kakve su karakteristike geoprostorne distribucije krivičnih dela, gde se grupišu lokacije krivičnih dela (žarišta) i kakvi su odnosi geoprostorne distribucije krivičnih dela i drugih činilaca okruženja, moguće je dobiti vršenjem geoprostornih analiza. U radu se ukazuje na pojam i značaj geoprostorne analize, specifičnosti metoda statistike koje se koriste u radu sa geoprostornim podacima i na praktičnom primeru analize geoprostorne distribucije krivičnih dela pokazuju neke od njenih mogućnosti u policijskom radu.

Bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (PI3) causes respiratory infections in cattle and sheep with great economic losses in livestock. The aim of this investigation was to determine the significance of molecular methods in the identification of isolated strains of PI3 virus. Twenty cattle nasal swabs were analyzed for the presence of PI3 using the standard virology method of virus isolation in MBDK cell line and virus neutralization test. The identification of isolated strains was confirmed by RT-PCR and method of direct sequencing with primers for PI3 fusion (F) protein gene. PI3 virus was isolated and identified in four nasal swabs using the standard virology method and RT-PCR. The analysis of nucleotide sequences of isolated PI3 strains showed high similarity with sequences isolated from cattle in Asia. Our results showed that molecular methods are very useful in the diagnosis of PI3 infections as well as for the identification and characterization of PI3 strains in Serbia.

If we tend to fully understand the dynamics of crime, in addition to the analysis of its spatial distribution, equal attention should be paid to its temporal characteristics because time is an important component in the understanding of criminal occurrence. However, for some types of crime, it is sometimes difficult to reliably determine the exact time of their occurrence (e.g., burglary, vehicle theft etc.). The inability to do so severely limits analyses of the temporal dynamics of crime, which in turn is a serious limitation factor in devising effective strategies of crime prevention. In cases where the exact time of crime occurrence is not possible to be determined, a temporal dimension of criminal activity cannot be ignored because of its importance. Therefore, we should strive to calculate probability that an event occurred within given temporal parameters or provide an approximation. One of the most reliable methods is aoristic analysis. This paper describes aoristic analysis and gives a practical example of its application to the distribution of burglaries in one of the Belgrade's municipalities (Zemun), in 2012., Ako se teži potpunom razumevanju dinamike geoprostora na kojem se učestalo manifestuju krivična dela, osim analize geo- prostorne distribucije, pažnju bi trebalo posvetiti i temporalnim karakteristikama krivičnih dela. Međutim, kod nekih vrsta krivičnih dela teško je pouzdano utvrditi vreme izvršenja (na primer, krivično delo krađe). Nemogućnost utvrđivanja tačnog vremena izvršenja ozbiljno limitira validnost istraživanja vremenske dinamike kriminalne aktivnosti i predstavlja jedan od osnovnih razloga njene nedovoljne istraženosti. U situacijama kada precizno vreme izvršenja nije moguće saznati, temporalna dimenzija kriminalne aktivnosti, zbog njenog značaja, ne sme biti zanemarena. Treba težiti, što je moguće pouzdanijoj, aproksimaciji (približnom određenju) nepoznatih vremena izvršenja. S tim u vezi, u radu se opisuje metod aorističke analize, a na praktičnom primeru krivičnih dela krađe iz stanova na teritoriji opštine Zemun tokom 2012. godine pokazuje se njegova primena.

A great deal of time and effort has been invested in trying to understand crime, most notably examining why some people engage in criminal behavior and others do not. Theories which place offenders in the center of their research focus have dominated in criminology for a long time. However, in recent decades theoretical approaches whose focus is space and time where victims (targets) and offenders converge during the commission of the offense, increasingly come to the fore. These approaches, which all share common interest in understanding how the environment shapes criminal activity, belong together under the umbrella of what is called environmental criminology. Environmental criminology seeks to explain how the environment affects the creation of crime opportunities and offender decision making regarding committing crime, in an attempt to establish patterns of offender's and victim's behavior in relation to environment (space) where they meet and where the offense is executed. In addition to highlighting the essential characteristics of different theoretical approaches that now constitute the environmental criminology (e.g. routine activity theory, rational choice theory, crime pattern theory, CPTED etc.), this paper also shows how situational (micro) context of the crime came into the focus of theoretical thinking about crime. In this context, the paper starts from the ideas of the so called. Cartographic and Chicago School and design theorists, in the aftermath of World War II, who inspired the research about crime and place that lead to the emergence of the environmental criminology in the early 80's of last century. By providing a significant contribution to understanding the dynamics of performing criminal activities, theoretical approaches of the environmental criminology are significant factor in designing effective methods in combating (preventing) crime today. Practical application of crime prevention through environmental design, situational crime preven, Poslednjih decenija sve više do izražaja dolaze teorijski pristupi u čijem fokusu se nalazi geoprostor (mesto) na kojem dolazi do interakcije izvršioca i žrtve (mete) prilikom izvršenja krivičnog dela. Ovim pristupima je zajedničko interesovanje ka razumevanju načina na koji geoprostor 'oblikuje' kriminalnu aktivnost. Oni teže da istraže kako okruženje utiče na stvaranje prilike i donošenje odluke kod učinioca da se izvrši krivično delo, odnosno pokušavaju da objasne obrasce ponašanja učinioca i žrtve u geoprostoru gde se oni susreću i gde se izvršava krivično delo. U radu se pokazuje kako je mesto izvršenja dolazilo u fokus teorijskih promišljanja o kriminalitetu, počev od radova predstavnika tzv. 'kartografske' i 'čikaške škole', kao i 'teoretičara dizajna' u periodu nakon II svetskog rata, koji su inspirativno delovali na autore koji će rezultatima svojih istraživanja omogućiti nastanak kriminologije životne sredine osamdesetih godina prošlog veka. Takođe, u radu se navode i bitna obeležja osnovnih (teorijskih) pristupa koji konstituišu ovaj teorijski pravac u kriminologiji i ukazuje na njihov značaj u usmeravanju napora koji se preduzimaju u cilju suprotstavljanja kriminalitetu.

U okviru ove doktorske disertacije je ispitivan uticaj sastojaka petroletarskog (PEK), hloroformskog (HEK), metanolnog (MEK) i vodenog ekstrakta (EK) rizoma i korena Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit. na hematološke parametre, odgovor akutne faze (brzinu sedimentacije i koncentraciju proteina akutne faze) i funkcije neutrofilnih granulocita (stepen fagocitoze i intenzitet oksidativnog praska) kod Wistar pacova. Kontrolnoj grupi je intramuskularno (IM) aplikovan sterilan fiziološki rastvor u količini od 2,5 ml/kg TM. Ogledne grupe su IM tretirane različitim ekstraktima kukureka u dozama od 50, 100 ili 200 mg/kg TM, a krv za analizu je uzimana posle 24h. Osim toga, ispitivan je i uticaj vodenog i metanolnog ekstrakta aplikovanih 24h nakon trokratnog tretmana pacova deksametazonom u dozi od 1 mg/kg TM, na uočene efekte. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 147 pacova podeljenih u 21 grupu od po 7 jedinki. Aplikovanje različitih doza (50, 100 ili 200 mg/kg TM) metanolnog i vodenog ekstrakta je dovelo do značajnog povećanja broja ukupnih leukocita, broja i procenta neutrofilnih granulocita, srazmernog primenjenoj dozi. Ove promene su bile izražene i kada se ekstrakti primenjuju 24h nakon aplikacije deksametazona. Aplikovanje ovih ekstrakata je imalo za posledicu smanjenje broja i procenta limfocita i povećanje neutrofilno/limfocitnog indeksa u svim oglednim grupama. Srednje vrednosti navedenih parametra su se neznatno menjale posle aplikovanja petroletarskog i hloroformskog ekstrakta. Ispitivani ekstrakti nisu uticali na broj i procenat monocita, ali je povećanje broja ovih krvnih elemenata registrovano kod primene MEK i EK nakon tretmana pacova deksametazonom. Upotrebljeni ekstrakti nisu ispoljili hemolitičku aktivnost, koncentracija hemoglobina je bila značajno povećana, a broj trombocita smanjen. Značajno bržu sedimentaciju u svim posmatranim intervalima su imali eritrociti pacova oglednih grupa kojima su aplikovani pojedinačni ekstrakti kukureka ili u kombinaciji sa deksametazo, Within the framework of this PhD thesis, we investigated effects that ingredients of petroleum ether (PHE), chloroform (CHE), methanol (MHE) and aqueous extract of rhizome and root of Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit. (HE) might have on hematological parameter values, acute phase response (sedimentation rate and concentration of acute phase proteins) and neutrophil granulocytes functions (intensity of phagocytosis and oxidative burst) in Wistar rats. Sterile saline, in the amount of 2,5 ml/kg BW, was applied intramuscularly (IM) to the animals in a control group. The experimental groups were treated intramuscularly with different Hellebores extracts in a doses of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg BW and blood was collected following 24 hrs. We have also investigated the influence of methanol and aqueous extracts injected 24 hrs after triple treatments of rats with dexamethasone in a dose of 1 mg/kg BW on the parameters enlisted above. The experiment was conducted on the total of 147 rats divided in 21 groups consisting of 7 animals each. Application of different MHE and HE doses (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg BW) resulted in significant increase of total leukocyte count, number and percent of neutrophil granulocytes and this efect was dose dependent. These effects were also evident 24 hrs following dexamethasone treatment. In all experimental groups, lymphocyte count and percent of lymphocytes was decreased while neutrophil/lymphocyte index was increased. Other two extracts (PHE and CHE) did not exert significant effects on the above mentioned parameters. Hellebores extracts didn't influence monocyte number and percent, but increase in their number was registered after treatment with MHE and HE following dexamethasone injections. Thrombocyte count was decreased. Applied extracts didn't exert hemolitic activity and hemoglobin concentration was significantly increased. Sedimentation rate in all observed intervals was significantly increased in all groups treated with Hellebores extracts al

Cilj ispitivanja je bio da se ustanovi da li kod prasadi poreklom od vakcinisanih krmača, posle vakcinacije sa atenuisanom i subjediničnom vakcinom, dolazi do interferencije kolostralnog imuniteta sa sintezom sopstvenih antitela i da li postvakcinalni imuni odgovor sprečava pojavu oboljenja, izlučivanje virusa i širenje klasične kuge svinja (KKS). Ogledna ispitivanja su obavljena 60 prasadi, uzrasta 45 dana (18 nevakcinisane prasadi poreklom od nevakcinisanih krmača i 42 nevakcinisana praseta poreklom od krmača vakcinisanih Kina (K)-sojem virusa KKS). Eksperimentalna ispitivanja su podeljena u dve faze: prva faza je obuhvatala ispitivanja sa primenom atenuisane (K-soj) vakcine dok je druga faza obuhvatala primenu subjedinične vakcine. U cilju utvrđivanja prisustva kolostralnih antitela u serumu prasadi, izvršeno je preliminarno uzorkovanje krvi 100 prasadi uzrasta 43 dana. Na osnovu rezultata seroloških ispitivanja (ELISA test), formirane su po tri eksperimentalne grupe, od po sedam jedinki u grupi: pozitivna grupa (utvrđeno prisustvo kolostralnih antitela), negativna grupa (nije utvrđeno prisustvo kolostralnih antitela) i treća grupa prasadi kod kojih su antitela utvrđena na granici detektabilnosti (sumnjiva grupa). U uzrastu 45 dana obavljena je vakcinacija tri grupe prasadi atenuisanom (K-soj) dok su preostale tri grupe prasadi vakcinisane i revakcinisane subjediničnom vakcinom. Četrnaest dana nakon vakcinacije K-sojem odnosno revakcinacije subjediničnom vakcinom izvršena je veštačka infekcija prasadi virulentnim sojem virusa KKS (Beker soj). Jedan dan nakon veštačke infekcije u cilju kontrole izlučivanja virusa u svaku grupu su dodana po 2 neimuna praseta, poreklom od nevakcinisanih krmača. Nakon veštačke infekcije, vršena je kontinuirana klinička opservacija jedinki i od svakog praseta je uzorkovana krv 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 i 28. dana nakon veštačke infekcije u cilju kontrole prisustva specifičnih antitela protiv virusa II KKS i vir, The aim of the research was to establish possible interference of colostral immunity with the production of own antibodies in piglets originating from vaccinated sows, after immunization with attenuated and subunit vaccine, as well as to examine whether post-vaccination immune response prevents the development of the disease, virus shedding and spread of the Classical Swine Fever (CSF). The experimental research included 60 piglets aged 45 days (18 non-vaccinated piglets originating from non-vaccinated sows and 42 non-vaccinated piglets originating from sows immunized with China (C)-strain of CSF virus). Experimental research was conducted in two phases: the first phase encompassed a trial with the attenuated (C-strain) vaccine, whilst the second phase was focused on the application of a subunit vaccine. To determine presence of colostral antibodies in the serum of piglets, blood sampling was performed in 100 piglets aged 43 days. Based on serological examination (ELISA test), three experimental groups consisting of seven animals each were formed: Positive Group (confirmed presence of colostral antibodies), Negative Group (presence of colostral antibodies not confirmed) and Suspect Group (animals in which the antibodies were detected at the detection limit). At the age of 45 days, the piglets from the first three groups were vaccinated with attenuated (C-strain) and remaining three groups were vaccinated and revaccinated with subunit vaccine. Fourteen days after vaccination with C-strain and revaccination with the subunit vaccine, the piglets were challenged with virulent CSF virus strain (Baker strain). One day following artificial infection and with an aim of controlling virus shedding, two non-immune piglets originating from non-vaccinated sows were introduced into each group. After artificial infection, continuous clinical monitoring of animals was performed, and blood samples were obtained from each individual piglet on days 0, 2, V 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18

Cilj ovog ispitivanja je bio da se ustanovi prisustvo S. suis na nekim farmama iklanicama svinja u Republici Srbiji, definišu biohemijske osobine izolovanih sojeva, utvrdinjihova serotipska pripadnost i ispita njihova osetljivost na antibiotike. Poznato je da se S.suis nalazi kao normalan stanovnik respiratornog sistema svinja, najčešće tonzila i nosnihšupljina, a često se može izolovati i iz genitalnog i gastrointestinalnog sistema. Kliničkizdrave svinje predstavljaju glavni rezervoar uzročnika i najznačajniju kariku uepidemiologiji infekcije kod ljudi. Iako se smatra uglavnom patogenom svinja, S. suis je dosada izolovan kao uzročnik infekcija kod različitih drugih vrsta sisara (goveda, mačaka,ovaca) i ptica. Infekcije kod ljudi izazvane S. suis smatrane su sporadičnim i bile suuglavnom vezane za ljude koji dolaze u kontakt sa svinjama i njihovim proizvodima.Međutim, 2005. godine u Kini je izbila epidemija izazvana S. suis kada je obolelo više od 200ljudi, a kod skoro 20% obolelih bolest se završila fatalno. Ova epidemija je potpunopromenila shvatanje o opasnosti ovog patogena za zdravlje ljudi. Veterinarske dijagnostičkelaboratorije obično lako identifikuju S. suis upotrebom malog broja biohemijskih testova,naročito ukoliko su ispitivani uzorci poreklom od obolelih svinja. Međutim, smatra se da nekisojevi (i/ili serotipovi) S. suis mogu biti pogrešno identifikovani komercijalnim kitovima, zbogčega serotipizacija, koja se inače koristi i u rutinskoj dijagnostičkoj proceduri predstavljajednu od sigurnih dijagnostičkih metoda Osetljivost na antibiotike sojeva S. suis u zemljamau kojima je ispitivana uglavnom je zavisila od antibiotika koji su korišćeni u lečenju svinja.Za ovo ispitivanje korišćeni su brisevi nazofaringealnih tonzila prasadi i svinja, nosnihšupljina prasadi, ali i brisevi organa uginule prasadi, brisevi sa trupova zaklanih svinja ibrisevi sa noža za evisceraciju organa na klanici. Svi uzorci su transportovani u tripton sojabujonu u roku od 2 časa od u, The aim of this study was to establish the presence of S. suis on some pig farms in theRepublic of Serbia, then, to define their biochemical profiles, determine their serotypeaffiliation and test antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated serotypes. It is known that S. suis isa normal inhabitant of the respiratory system of pigs, mostly of the tonsils and nasal cavities,and can often be isolated from the genital and gastrointestinal system. Clinically healthy pigsare a major reservoir of pathogens and the most important link in the epidemiology ofinfection in humans. Although generally considered a pathogen for pigs, S. suis has beenisolated as the cause of infection in a variety of other mammal species (cattle, cats, sheep)and birds. Infections in humans caused by S. suis were considered sporadic and were mostlyrelated to people who come in contact with pigs and their products. However, in year 2005the outbreak in China caused by S. suis affected more than 200 people, with almost 20% ofpatients with the disease ending fatally. This epidemic has completely changed the perceptionof the danger of this pathogen to human health. Veterinary diagnostic laboratories usuallyeasily identify S. suis using a small number of biochemical tests, especially if the samplesoriginate from diseased pigs. However, it is considered that some S. suis strains (and/orserotypes) may be incorrectly identified by commercial kits, thus making serotyping(normally used in routine diagnostic procedures), one of the safest diagnostic procedures.For this test we used nasopharyngeal swabs of pigs and pig tonsils, nasal cavities of piglets,and swabs of dead pigs, swabs from the carcasses of slaughtered pigs and swabs from theevisceration knife after slaughter. All samples were transported in tryptone soy broth within 2hours of sampling. For isolation were used solid and liquid media (Colombia agar with 5%sheep blood added, brain heart infusion with 6.5% NaCl added, tryptone soy broth, esculinbroth, and

Four pooled samples of whole poultry carcasses with their internal organs were used to determine the presence of Newcastle disease (ND) virus. Samples were collected from one epizootiological area in the Republic of Serbia during January 2007. Newcastle disease virus strains were isolated from four samples. The identification of isolated strains was done by using the hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. The nucleic acid of the ND virus was identified in all the four samples It was confirmed that all the isolated strains were velogenic strains. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the gene encoding the F cleavage site of the fusion F protein showed the presence of motifs 112RRQKRFIG119, characteristic for the velogenic strains of the ND virus. Phylogenetic analysis of the F gene sequences revealed that all isolated strains of the virus belong to class II and genotype VIId.

Five strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were obtained from poultry in Vojvodina, Serbia during the outbreaks in 2006 and 2007. These isolates were confirmed and genotypically characterized by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primer specific to the viral fusion (F) protein (572bp), and by sequencing of partial F gene for phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all five isolated strains of Newcastle disease virus belong to genotype VII. At the same time, all five isolates were clustered in NDV subtype VIId. The examined NDV isolates express high similarity to each other (99.7-100%) and group together with the strains of Newcastle disease virus isolated previously from wild birds in Serbia during the same 2006 - 2007 outbreak. The analysis of the isolates F gene cleavage sites has shown that all five isolated strains of Newcastle disease virus had a cleavage site motif 112R-R-Q-K-R-F-117 characteristic for highly virulent, velogenic strains., Pet sojeva virusa Newcastle bolesti (NDV) je izolovano iz uzoraka suspektnog materijala poreklom od živine 2006. i 2007.godine tokom epizootije atipične kuge živine na teritoriji Vojvodine, Srbija. Ovi izolati su potvrđeni i genotipski tipizirani primenom metoda RT-PCR uz korišćenje prajmera specifičnih za deo genoma virusa koji kodira sintezu fuzionog F proteina (572bp) i sekvenciranjem dela F gena sa filogenetskom analizom. Filogenetska analiza je ukazala da je svih pet izolovanih sojeva virusa Newcastle bolesti pripadalo genotipu VII. Istovremeno, svih pet sojeva je grupisano u podtip VIId navedenog virusa. Izolovani sojevi virusa Newcastle bolesti su međusobno bili veoma slični (99,7-100%) i grupisali su se sa sojevima virusa prethodno izolovanih iz divljih ptica u Srbiji tokom izbijanja bolesti 2006. i 2007. godine. Molekularnom karakterizacijom gena na mestu deobe fuzionog F proteina ustanovljeno je da svih pet izolovanih sojeva virusa pripada visoko virulentnim velogenim sojevima.

The objective of this work was to identify isolated Staphylococcus species and to investigate their sensitivity to some antibacterial drugs. The material used for these investigations were Staphylococcus isolates originating from milk samples. A total of 25 strains of Staphylococcus isolates were examined, including 24 from milk samples from cows with mastitis, and one strain was isolated from a milk sample from a cow following treatment for mastitis. For primary identification, catalase and oxidase tests were used, as well as the free coagulase test. Following the preliminary tests, the isolated strains were identified using commercial systems ID32 STAPH (bioMérieux, France) and the BBL Crystal Gram-Positive ID Kit (Becton Dickinson, USA) according to the enclosed instructions. The Staphylococcus isolates were examined for sensitivity to the following: oxacillin, penicillin, cefoxitin, gentamicin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim, and vacomycin using the disk diffusion method and the broth microdilution method as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Strandards Institute - CLSI(2003), and the results were interpreted according to CLSI recommendations from 2008 and 2010. Antibiogram disks manufactured by Becton Dickinson (USA) were used, and the broth microdilution method was applied using pure antibiotic substances from different manufacturers: erythromycin, chloramphenicol, cefoxitin, gentamicin, oxacillin, tetracycline (Sigma Aldrich, USA), sulfametoxazol (Fluka, USA), penicillin (Calbiochem, Germany), vancomycin (Abbott laboratories, USA), ciprofloxacin and trimetoprim (Zdravlje A.D., Serbia). All 25 strains were catalase positive and oxidase negative. Of the 25 strains, 19 were coagulase positive and 6 were coagulase negative.With the implementation of the disk diffusion method on 19 strains of S. aureus, 17 were established to be resistant to penicillin (89.5%), and 2 strains to gentamicin (10.5%). The, Cilj ovog rada je bila identifikacija izolovanih vrsta stafilokoka i ispitivanje njihove osetljivosti na neke antibakterijske lekove. Kao materijal u ovom ispitivanju korišćeni su izolati stafilokoka poreklom iz uzoraka mleka. Ukupno je ispitano 25 sojeva izolovanih stafilokoka od kojih su 24 poticala iz uzoraka mleka krava sa mastitisom, a jedan soj je izolovan iz uzorka mleka krave nakon lečenja mastitisa. U primarnoj identifikaciji su korišćeni katalaza i oksidaza testovi, kao i test prisustva slobodne koagulaze. Nakon izvođenja preliminarnih testova, vršena je identifikacija izolovanih sojeva, primenom komercijalnih sistema ID32 STAPH (bioMérieux, Francuska) i BBL Crystal Gram-Positive ID Kit (Becton Dickinson, SAD) prema uputstvima proizvođača. Osetljivost izolovanih sojeva stafilokoka ispitivana je na: oksacilin, penicilin, cefoksitin, gentamicin, eritromicin, hloramfenikol, tetraciklin, ciprofloksacin, sulfametoksazol/trimetoprim i vankomicin primenom disk difuzione metode i mikrodilucione metode u bujonu prema preporukama Instituta za kliničke i laboratorijske standarde (Clinical and Laboratory Strandards Institute - CLSI (2003), a tumačenje rezultata je vršeno prema preporukama CLSI iz 2008. i 2010. godine. Korišćeni su antibiogram diskovi proizvođača Becton Dickinson (SAD), a za mikrodilucionu metodu u bujonu korišćene su čiste supstance antibakterijskih lekova različitih proizvođača: eritromicin, hloramfenikol, cefoksitin, gentamicin, oksacilin, tetraciklin (Sigma Aldrich, SAD), sulfametoksazol (Fluka, SAD), penicilin (Calbiochem, Nemačka), vankomicin (Abbott laboratories, SAD), ciprofloksacin i trimetoprim (Zdravlje A.D., Srbija). Svih 25 sojeva je bilo katalaza pozitivno i oksidaza negativno. Od 25 sojeva, 19 je bilo koagulaza-pozitivno, a 6 koagulaza-negativno. Primenom disk difuzione metode od 19 sojeva S. aureus kod 17 je utvrđena rezistencija na penicilin (89,5%), a kod 2 soja na gentamicin (10,5%). Od 3 soja S. xylosus, kod jednog je primenom disk

Information exchange is one of the key aspects of good police - community partnership. Having this in mind, the paper highlights the importance of crime mapping in informing and mobilizing community members to achieve a common goal - improving safety and quality of life in the community. By combining information from different sources, according to the old adage according to which 'a picture is worth a thousand words', crime maps easily inform citizens about crime and other issues relevant to their safety, allowing them to spot problems, identify their causes and - through team work with the police - ensure their solving and reducing risk factors. Pointing to one of the possible areas of crime maps' application in police work, the paper affirms the necessity of integrating them into everyday police practice., U kontekstu unapređenja proaktivnog rada policije naročito je značajno postojanje dobrih partnerskih odnosa policije i zajednice. Kako je jedan od ključnih aspekata izgradnje partnerskih odnosa razmena informacija, u radu se ukazuje na značaj kartografskih prikaza kriminala u informisanju i mobilizaciji članova zajednice ka ostvarivanju zajedničkog cilja − unapređenju kvaliteta života u zajednici. Objedinjujući informacije iz različitih izvora, a shodno pravilu da 'slika vredi više od hiljadu reči', kartografski prikazi kriminala jednostavno i brzo informišu građane o kriminalu i drugim dešavanjima od značaja za njihovu bezbednost, omogućujući im da uoče probleme, prepoznaju njihove uzroke i efektivno i efikasno deluju sa policijom u cilju njihove eliminacije. Ukazujući na jednu od mogućih oblasti primene kartografskih prikaza kriminala u policijskom radu, u radu se afirmiše neophodnost njihove implementacije u domaću policijsku praksu.

This study is aimed at evaluating the immunogenicity of two inactivated (mono- and polyvalent) vaccines containing bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) reference and field strains. Three experimental groups were formed: 10 calves vaccinated twice (days 1 and 28) subcutaneously (s/c) with 2 ml of inactivated polyvalent vaccine per animal (Group 1); 10 calves vaccinated twice (days 1 and 28) subcutaneously (s/c) with 2 ml of inactivated monovalent vaccine per animal (Group 2) and 9 unvaccinated calves (Control, Group C). Blood sera were obtained from immunized animals (standard procedure: on days 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 post-immunization). Geometric mean titer (GMT) values for BVDV neutralizing antibodies were substantially higher in blood sera of calves receiving the inactivated monovalent vaccine. The immune response developed more rapidly in calves immunized with the monovalent vaccine.

One of the most common causes of salmonellosis of man and poultry is Salmonella Enteritidis which is often found in the digestive system of adult birds. The infected birds do not display any evident clinical symptoms and, at the same time, they excrete the bacteria into the surrounding environment. Studies are carried out by standard microbiological procedures which include the isolation of Salmonella spp. in egg yolks and their serologic typization by agglutination on microplates. Along these methods, studies on the possibility to use an enzyme immunoassay, such as cELISA, in order to detect the presence of specific antibodies on Salmonella Enteritidis in egg yolks are carried out intensively. The presence of specific antibodies for Salmonella Enteritidis is detected in egg yolk samples from vaccinated flocks resulted in specific positive for a total of 72.22%. Egg yolk samples originating from hens of an unknown immunologic status were cELISA positive in a total of 1.66%. However, egg yolk samples from non-vaccinated hens were positive on the presence of specific antibodies for Salmonella Enteritidis in 23.07% cases. Bearing in mind that standard bacteriological methods did not confirm the presence of Salmonella Enteritidis in egg yolk samples and that cELISA did establish the presence of specific antibodies in the tested samples it can be concluded that cELISA is a more sensitive test., Jedan od najčešćih uzročnika salmoneloze ljudi i živine je Salmonella Enteritidis. Pomenuti uzročnik se često nalazi u digestivnom sistemu odrasle živine koja ne pokazuje klinički manifestne simptome oboljenja odakle se izlučuje u spoljašnu sredinu fecesom. Ispitivanja se sprovode kako primenom standardnih metoda bakteriološke dijagnostike koje obuhvataju izolaciju Salmonella spp. iz žumanceta kokošijeg jajeta i njihovu serološku tipizaciju metodom aglutinacije na pločici. Takođe se pored klasične aglutinacije u mikrotitracionim pločama vrše ispitivanja imunoenzimskom probom - ELISA, radi otkrivanja prisustva specifičnih antitela na Salmonella Enteritidis u uzorcima žumanceta jaja kokoši nosilja. Naša ispitivanja su imala za cilj da provere valjanost kompetitivne imunoenzimske probe - cELISA za utvrđivanje prisustva specifičnih antitela protiv navedenog uzročnika u uzorcima žumanaca jaja poreklom od kokoši nosilja. Prisustvo specifičnih antitela za Salmonella Enteritidis ustanovljeno je primenom cELISA kod 72,22% ispitanih uzoraka žumanaca jaja poreklom od vakcinisanih jata i kod 1,66% uzoraka poreklom iz jata nepoznatog imunološkog statusa. Kod 23,07% ispitivanih uzoraka žumanaca jaja poreklom od nevakcinisanih jata ustanovljeno je prisustvo specifičnih antitela za Salmonella Enteritidis primenom metode cELISA. S obzirom da klasičnim bakteriološkim metodama izolacije nije ustanovljeno prisustvo Salmonella Enteritidis u ispitivanim uzorcima, a da je primenom metode cELISA utvrđeno prisustvo specifičnih antitela, može se zaključiti da je cELISA osetljivija dijagnostička metoda.

Meat, table eggs and their products are very important in human nutrition. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the health status of commercial flocks as much as the quality of poultry products in the food chain. Campylobacter sp. and Salmonella sp. are widely distributed in nature. The influence of these bacteria on animal health depends on the immune response. If animals are not immunologicaly compromised, the infection is latent and clinical symptoms are absent. Unlike animals, these bacteria cause serious diseases in humans and the morbidity is quite high. The main transfer of infection to humans is via poultry products. The goal of this work was to study the role of Salmonella in artificially infected chickens onto the outcome of clinical campylobacteriosis. It is certain that salmonella infection in poultry damages the immune system of chickens, enabling Campylobacter to multiply and subsequently induce a disease. Three groups of chickens were included in the experiment. The first group received a suspension of field strain of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis). The second group received an inoculum prepared from the field isolate of Campylobacter jejuni and the third group received the field isolate of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, only. In artificially infected chickens Campylobacter and Salmonella were confirmed by isolation and identification according to morphological, cultural and biochemical properties. Humoral immune response of infected chickens was monitored using the complement fixation test (CFT). In chickens infected with C. jejuni and S. Enteritidis the clinical symptoms were recorded. The results from this experiment show that salmonella infection damages the immune system of the chickens enabling Campylobacter to alter the health status of the host., Značajno mesto u ishrani ljudi zauzimaju meso i jaja živine, kao i različiti proizvodi od mesa i jaja. Kontinuirana kontrola zdravstvenog statusa živine u lancu proizvodnje jednako je važna kao i kontrola njihovih proizvoda namenjenih za ishranu ljudi. Uzročnici poput kampilobakterija i salmonela široko su rasprostranjeni. u prirodi. Uticaj ovih bakterija na zdravlje životinja zavisi od imunskog statusa jedinki i u većini slučajeva kod imunološki nekompromitovanih jedinki infekcija ovim bakterijama ne dovodi do kliničkih simptoma. Za razliku od životinja, kod ljudi ove bakterije dovode do ozbiljnih kliničkih simptoma sa pojavom morbiditeta u visokom procentu. Njihovo prisustvo u proizvodima od živine, predstavlja jedan od glavnih puteva prenošenja ovih patogena koji izazivaju bolesti ljudi putem hrane. U ovom radu, ispitivanje je imalo za cilj da se kod živine veštački inficirane salmonelom ispita njen uticaj na kliničko ispoljavanje kampilobakterioze. Sigurno je da infekcija živine salmonelom utiče na imunološki sistem dovodeći do njegovog iscrpljivanja i opterećenosti što će omogućiti kampilobakterijama da se umnože do one mere kada će se pojaviti klinički znaci i razviti kampilobakterioza. U eksperimentalnim uslovima ispitivanje je izvedeno na tri grupe od po 30 pilića. Prvoj grupi je peroralno inokulisana suspenzija terenskih izolata Campylobacter jejuni i Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis; drugoj grupi peroralno je inokulisana suspenzija terenskog izolata Campylobacter jejuni i trećoj grupi peroralno je inokulisana suspenzija terenskog izolata Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Prisustvo Campylobacter jejuni i Salmonella Enteritidis u organizmu veštački inficiranih pilića potvrđeno je reizolacijom uzročnika, a identifikacija izolovanih bakterija vršena je na osnovu njihovih morfoloških, kulturelnih i biohemijskih osobina. Imunološki odgovor inficirane živine i titar specifičnih antitela, kao i kretanje humoralnog imunskog odgovora na antigene Campyl

Police officers of Ministry of the Interior affairs, while doing police work, are authorized in the name of the law, to use means of force, including firearm. Firearm can be used if the two cumulative requirements are fulfilled: 1. that the use of other means of force can not achieve a result in the execution of assignment and 2. when is absolutely necessary execution of the assignment from point 1. to 5. article 100. Law on police and also one special requirement which is related to the existence of imminent danger to life during the execution of the assignment. Considering that the term of imminent danger to life is not defined in the Law on police and other bylaws, our goal in this paper is to define this term, and to name and explain the conditions, without which there would be no imminent danger to life and the conditions that must be fulfilled in order to eliminate the danger. This paper analyzes the legal basis for the use of firearms from the section 100 Law on police, and defines the imminent danger as a special condition for the use of firearms and specifies the conditions which create and eliminate an immediate danger. The paper is also an analysis of two incidents in which firearms were used by police officers of the MUP of Serbia, and in the concluding remarks were given suggestions for improving police conduct in using police authorizations., Policijski službenici Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova ovlašćeni su da, u ime države, obavljajući policijske poslove, upotrebe sredstva prinude, među kojima je i vatreno oružje. Vatreno oružje može se upotrebiti ako su kumulativno ispunjena dva opšta uslova: 1. da se upotrebom drugih sredstava prinude ne može postići rezultat u izvršenju zadatka, i 2. kad je apsolutno nužno da se izvrši zadatak iz tačke od 1 do 5 člana 100 Zakona o policiji, i jedan poseban uslov koji se odnosi na postojanje neposredne opasnosti po život prilikom izvršenja zadataka. S obzirom da u Zakonu o policiji i podzakonskim aktima nije definisan pojam neposredne opasnosti po život, cilj nam je da u radu definišemo ovaj pojam, da navedemo i objasnimo uslove bez kojih ne bi postojala neposredna opasnost po život i uslove koji treba da se ispune da bi se ta opasnost otklonila. U radu je analiziran pravni osnov za upotrebu vatrenog oružja iz člana 100 Zakona o policiji, definisana je neposredna opasnost kao poseban uslov za upotrebu vatrenog oružja i navedeni su uslovi koje je potrebno ispuniti da bi neposredna opasnost postojala i da bi se ona otklonila. U radu je izvršena i analiza dva događaja u kojima je upotrebljeno vatreno oružja od strane policijskih službenika MUP-a Republike Srbije, a u zaključnim razmatranjima dati su predlozi za unapređenje postupanja policije u primeni policijskih ovlašćenja.

Avian paramyxoviruses type 1 or Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) are frequently recovered from wild birds and such isolates are most frequently of low virulence. Velogenic NDV are usually recovered from poultry and only occasionally from wild birds. Five NDV isolates were obtained from carcasses of four wild bird species during 2007 in Serbia: Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), feral Rock Pigeon (Columba livia), and Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto). All the isolates have a typical fusion protein cleavage site motif of velogenic viruses (R-112-R-Q-K-R-F-117). The highest homology (99%) for the nucleotide sequences spanning the M and F gene of the studied isolates was with the genotype VII NDV isolate Muscovy duck/China(Fujian)/FP1/02. Phylogenetic analysis based on a partial F gene sequence showed that the isolates from wild birds cluster together with concurrent isolates from poultry in Serbia within the subgenotype VIId, which is the predominant pathogen involved currently in Newcastle disease outbreaks in poultry worldwide. It is unlikely that the wild birds played an important role in primary introduction or consequent spread of the velogenic NDV to domestic poultry in Serbia, and they probably contracted the virus from locally infected poultry.

Among different pathogens, enterotoxic E. coli (ETEC) has been for many years an important etiological agent in the occurrence of digestive system disease of newborn animals. In counties with developed pig breeding (farming), including our country, diarrhea in the neonatal period, caused by ETEC strains is one of the most present and economically most significant diseases. The aim of this investigation wais to determine the prevalence of ETEC strains in piglets (weaning pigs), originated from 5 (five) pig farms in the Republic of Serbia, as well as their serological typization based on characteristics of somatic O antigens, presence of fimbrial antigensadhesins and hemolytic activity. The material for this investigation was targeted and sampled from piglets that have shown clinical signs of neonatal diarrhea or pathoanatomical changes characteristic for enteritis caused by ETEC strains. The total number of isolated ETEC strains were 148, of which 91 (61.48 %) were determined on the basis of somatic O antigen characteristics. The largest number of strains, 42 (46.15 %) belonged to serotype O149. Serological types O8 and O147 were represented, each with 15 strains (16.48 %). In 13 (14.28 %) strains the somatic antigen which belonged to serotype O138 was determined and in 6 (6.59 %) strains the antigen belonged to serotype O157. No strain agglutinated with hyperimmune O139 serotype serum. The presence of fimbrial adhesins was determined in 47 (51.64%) strains and of that number the F4 type of fimbrial adhesins was detected in 38 (80.85 %) strains. The presence of F5 adhesins was determined in 4, and F6 in 3. In 2 strains, the paralell presence of two adhesin types, F4 and F6 was detected. The greatest number of strains 30 (71.42 %) with adhesin F4 belonged to O149 serotype, a considerably smaller number, 4 (26.66%) to serotype O8, 2 strains to serotype O157 and to each serotype O147 and O138 1 strain. The fimbrial adhesin of F5 type was detected in 3 strains which belo, Među različitim patogenima, enterotoksična E.coli (ETEC) je već dugo značajan etiološki agens u nastanku oboljenja digestivnog sistema novorođenih životinja. U zemljama sa razvijenom svinjarskom proizvodnjom, uključujući i našu zemlju, dijareja u neonatalnom periodu, uzrokovana sojevima ETEC je jedna od najprisutnijih i ekonomski najznačajnijih bolesti. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi prevalencija sojeva ETEC kod prasadi, poreklom sa 5 farmi svinja u Srbiji, kao i njihova serološka tipizacija na osnovu karakteristika somatskog O antigena, prisustva fimbrijalnih antigena - adhezina i hemolitičke aktivnosti. Materijal za istraživanja ciljano je uzorkovan od prasadi koja su pokazivala kliničke znake neonatalne dijareje ili patoanatomske promene karakteristične za enteritise izazvane sojevima ETEC. Ukupno je izolovano 148 sojeva ETEC od čega je 91 soj (61,48%) bio tipiziran na osnovu karakteristika somatskog O antigena. Najveći broj sojeva, 42 (46,15%) pripadao je serotipu O149. Serološke grupe O8 i O147 su bile zastupljene sa po 15 (16,48%) sojeva. Kod 13 (14,28 %) sojeva, utvrđen je somatski antigen serogrupe O138, a kod 6 (6,59%) sojeva antigen serogrupe O157. Nijedan soj nije aglutinirao sa hiperimunim serumom serogrupe O139. Prisustvo fimbrijalnih adhezina ustanovljeno je kod 47 (51,64 %) sojeva, a od tog broja F4 tip fimbrijalnih adhezina detektovan je kod 38 (80,85 %) sojeva. Prisustvo F5 adhezina ustanovljeno je kod 4, F6 kod 3, a kod 2 soja detektovano je istovremeno prisustvo dva tipa adhezina, F4 i F6. Najveći broj sojeva, 30 (71,42 %) sa F4 adhezinom pripadao je serogrupi O149, znatno manji broj, 4 (26,66 %) serogrupi O8, 2 soja serogrupi O157 i po 1 soj serogrupama O147 i O138. Fimbrijalni adhezin tipa F5 otkriven je kod 3 soja serogrupe O8 i kod 1 soja iz serogrupe O149. Sva 3 soja sa F6 adhezinom pripadala su serogrupi O8. Od 2 soja sa istovremenim prisustvom adhezina F4 i F6, jedan je pripadao serogrupi O8, a drugi serogrupi O138. Hemolitička aktiv

The objective of this study was the application of polymerase chain reaction in detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 in clinical samples. Twenty samples of bovine nasal swabs were separately inoculated in Vero cells. Laboratory strain TN 41 of bovine herpesvirus 1 served as a control in the experiment. The cytopathic effects were recovered in the cell line previously inoculated with a sample of bovine nasal swab, as well as in cells inoculated with the laboratory strain TN 41 of the bovine herpesvirus 1 after a period of incubation of 24h, 36h and 48h. Identification of the isolated strains of the virus was done by the virus - neutralization test with specific immune sera against BHV 1, with a titre of 1:16. Comparative analysis of DNA fragments of the laboratory strain of BHV1 and isolated strain obtained by polymerase chain reaction with primers for viral gB glycoprotein and thymidine-kinase coding region, confirmed that the isolated strain of the virus belongs to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV 1)., Cilj nàših istraživanja je bio primena lančane reakcije polimeraze u dokazivanju prisustva goveđeg herpesvirusa 1 u kliničkim uzorcima materijala. Dvadeset uzoraka nosnih briseva goveda pojedinačno je inokulisano u ćelijsku liniju Vero. Referentni soj TN 41 virusa BHV 1 služio je kao pozitivna kontrola u ogledu. Posle 24h, 36h i 48h od inokulacije, utvrđena je pojava citopatogenog efekta u ćelijskoj liniji inokulisanoj uzorkom poreklom od jednog nosnog brisa goveda. Iste promene su ustanovljene i posle inokulacije referentnog soja TN 41 virusa BHV 1 u ćelijsku liniju Vero. Identifikacija izolovanog soja virusa poreklom iz uzorka nosnog brisa goveda, vršena je primenom testa virus - neutralizacije uz korišćenje specifičnog imunog seruma protiv virusa BHV 1, titra od 1:16. Uporednom analizom DNK fragmenata referentnog soja virusa BHV 1 i izolovanog soja virusa, dobijenih primenom lančane reakcije polimeraze uz korišćenje dva para prajmera koji su amplifikovali gene na molekulu DNK koji kodiraju sintezu glikoproteina B spoljašnjeg omotača virusa BHV 1 i timidin - kinaze, potvrđena je pripadnost izolovanog soja virusa goveđem herpesvirusu 1.

Examinations were performed on 65 samples of nasal smeas taken from calves and young cows with clinical symptoms of respiratory infection to determine the presence of the bovine herpes virus 1 using parallel implementation of molecular and standard methods of virological diagnostics. The appearance of a cytopathogenic effect (CPE) was not established in inoculated cell lines 24h, 48h and 72h following inoculation, or after two successive passages of the examined material sample through these cell lines. The application of polymerize chain reaction (PCR) using a primer for glucoprotein B and thymidine - kinasis, established the presence of bovine herpes virus 1 nucleic acid in one sample of a bovine nasal smear, while the presence of this virus was established in three samples in an examination of the nasal smear samples using the Real-Time PCR method., Ukupno je ispitivano 65 uzoraka nosnih briseva prikupljenih od teladi i junadi sa kliničkim simptomima respiratorne infekcije na prisustvo goveđeg herpesvirusa 1 uporednom primenom molekularnih i standardnih metoda virusološke dijagnostike. Kod inokulisanih ćelijskih linija nije ustanovljena pojava citopatogenog efekta (CPE -) posle 24h, 48h i 72h od inokulacije ni posle dve uzastopne pasaže uzoraka ispitivanog materijala kroz navedene ćelijske linije. Primenom lančane reakcije polimeraze (PCR) uz korišćenje prajmera za glikoprotein B i timidin-kinazu, utvrđeno je prisustvo nukleinske kiseline goveđeg herpesvirusa 1 u jednom uzorku nosnog brisa, dok je ispitivanjem navedenih uzoraka nosnih briseva goveda metodom Real-Time PCR prisustvo pomenutog virusa ustanovljeno kod tri uzorka.

Crime also does not occur randomly. It tends to concentrate at particular places for reasons that can be explained in relation to victim and offender interaction and the opportunities that exist to commit crime. These concentrations or clusters of crime are commonly referred to as hotspots. There is no single universally accepted definition of a hot spot. A hot spot can be a single location that produces a large volume of calls (e.g., a bar); a cluster of locations, such as some residences across several contiguous blocks experiencing burglaries; or an area. Also, there is no universal or standard numerical threshold that can be used to define the number of crimes that need to have occurred in an area for the area to be defined as 'hot'. Hot spots policing refers to the concentration of police resources in small discrete areas such as addresses, street blocks, or clusters of addresses or street blocks. Research showed that focused police activities on crime hot spots can reduce crime problems. One of the most thorough evaluations of the effectiveness of focused police efforts to prevent crime in hot spot areas was examined by E. Braga who reviewed all available academic studies evaluating hot spots policing programs. The results of this systematic review support the assertion that focusing police efforts on high-activity crime places can be used to good effect in preventing crime. As soon as these findings showed that the focus of police efforts on crime hot spots presented a new and promising approach for police practice as they enable police commander to focus resources into the areas of highest need, new dilemma emerged. How would one know if crime prevention benefits gained at hot spots would not simply be displaced to other areas close by? Today, the growing body of research evidence suggests that focused crime-prevention efforts do not inevitably lead to the displacement of crime problems, rather, when displacement was measured, it was quite limited and often, Kriminalna žarišta informišu da se na određenom vremenu i u određenom prostoru učestalo vrše krivična dela. Suštinu koncepta rada policije na žarištima čini fokusiranje policijskih resursa na deo prostora na kojem se krivična dela manifestuju u većem obimu, nego što je to slučaj sa manifestacijama kriminaliteta u okruženju tog prostora. Na taj način, umesto da se teži policijskoj sveprisutnosti na širem prostoru, resursi se dovode na mesto i u vreme izvršenja krivičnih dela u cilju njihovog sprečavanja. U radu se ukazuje na probleme u definisanju kriminalnih žarišta, ukazuje na činioce koji su omogućili nastanak i implementaciju ovog koncepta u policijsku praksu, kao i na najznačajnija empirijska istraživanja koja su potvrdila njegovu efikasnost. Takođe, autor ukazuje i na problem premeštanja kriminaliteta, koji preti da dovede u pitanje pozitivne efekte (usmerenog) policijskog postupanja na žarištu.

For the past decade, community policing reformers have struggled to replace the image of police as reactive force to that of proactive problem- solvers working as partners with the community. However, the events of just one day (the 9/11 terrorist attacks) dramatically changed the context in which law enforcement operated. Now police are called on to meet the new service demands associated with combating terrorism, in addition to meeting the traditional demands arising from fighting crime. This may cause organizations to reintroduce military policing strategies that characterised previous periods in the evolution of police services in some parts of the world. Such a change would not only be counterproductive, but would also annul the progress policing has made over recent decades. Community policing can help law enforcement prepare for terrorist acts and struggle to prevent them. One of the ways it is able to do this is by responding to the fear such threats create by encouraging organisational change within the law-enforcement agencies, supporting problem-solving efforts, and seeking external partnerships. The main argument espoused in the paper is that community policing principles can be as successfully in a terrorist threat environment as they have been aim the crime environment during the past decade., Autor nastoji da u tekstu odgovori na pitanje da li koncept rada policije u zajed-nici može biti podjednako efikasan i na planu suprotstavljanja terorističkoj pretnji. Osnovna pretpostavka analize jeste da je koncept uslužno orijentisanog rada policije u zajednici nastao na slabostima tradicionalnog, reaktivnog modela i da danas niko ne dovodi u pitanje njegovu superiornost kada je reč o suprotstavljanju klasičnom kriminalitetu. Nakon terorističkih napada 11. septembra 2001. godine nastaju izazovi za koncept rada policije u zajednici i težnje ka povratku na stari, tradicionalni model koji se smatra prihvatljivijim za novo okruženje u kojem se vrši policijska funkcija. Autor iznosi argumente kojima potkrepljuje tezu da se policija u suprotstavljanju terorizmu, jednako kao i klasičnom kriminalu, mora osloniti na zajednicu. Partnerski odnosi policije i zajednice zasnovani na poverenju i uzajamnom poštovanju mogu rezultirati informacijama o planiranju terorističkih akata. Umesto da koncept uslužno orijentisanog rada u zajednici potisne u drugi plan, policija treba da intenzivira napor u njegovoj implementaciji jer partnerstvo i veze koje su stvorene između policije zajednice mogu voditi znatno efikasnijoj zaštiti građana od terorističkih pretnji.

Među različitim patogenima, enterotoksična E.coli (ETEC) je već dugo značajan etiološki agens u nastanku oboljenja digestivnog sistema novorođenih životinja. U zemljama sa razvijenom svinjarskom proizvodnjom, uključujući i našu zemlju, dijareja u neonatalnom periodu, uzrokovana sojevima ETEC je jedna od najprisutnijih i ekonomski najznačajnijih bolesti. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi prevalencija sojeva ETEC kod prasadi, poreklom sa 5 farmi svinja u Srbiji, kao i njihova serološka tipizacija na osnovu karakteristika somatskog O antigena, prisustva fimbrijalnih antigena - adhezina i hemolitičke aktivnosti. Materijal za istraživanja ciljano je uzorkovan od prasadi koja su pokazivala kliničke znake neonatalne dijareje ili patoanatomske promene karakteristične za enteritise izazvane sojevima ETEC. Ukupno je izolovano 148 sojeva ETEC od čega je 91 soj (61,48%) bio tipiziran na osnovu karakteristika somatskog O antigena. Najveći broj sojeva, 42 (46,15%) pripadao je serotipu O149. Serološke grupe O8 i O147 su bile zastupljene sa po 15 (16,48%) sojeva. Kod 13 (14,28 %) sojeva, utvrđen je somatski antigen serogrupe O138, a kod 6 (6,59%) sojeva antigen serogrupe O157. Nijedan soj nije aglutinirao sa hiperimunim serumom serogrupe O139. Prisustvo fimbrijalnih adhezina ustanovljeno je kod 47 (51,64 %) sojeva, a od tog broja F4 tip fimbrijalnih adhezina detektovan je kod 38 (80,85 %) sojeva. Prisustvo F5 adhezina ustanovljeno je kod 4, F6 kod 3, a kod 2 soja detektovano je istovremeno prisustvo dva tipa adhezina, F4 i F6. Najveći broj sojeva, 30 (71,42 %) sa F4 adhezinom pripadao je serogrupi O149, znatno manji broj, 4 (26,66 %) serogrupi O8, 2 soja serogrupi O157 i po 1 soj serogrupama O147 i O138. Fimbrijalni adhezin tipa F5 otkriven je kod 3 soja serogrupe O8 i kod 1 soja iz serogrupe O149. Sva 3 soja sa F6 adhezinom pripadala su serogrupi O8. Od 2 soja sa istovremenim prisustvom adhezina F4 i F6, jedan je pripadao serogrupi O8, a drugi serogrupi O138. Hemolitička aktiv, Among different pathogens, enterotoxic E. coli (ETEC) has been for many years an important etiological agent in the occurrence of digestive system disease of newborn animals. In counties with developed pig breeding (farming), including our country, diarrhea in the neonatal period, caused by ETEC strains is one of the most present and economically most significant diseases. The aim of this investigation wais to determine the prevalence of ETEC strains in piglets (weaning pigs), originated from 5 (five) pig farms in the Republic of Serbia, as well as their serological typization based on characteristics of somatic O antigens, presence of fimbrial antigensadhesins and hemolytic activity. The material for this investigation was targeted and sampled from piglets that have shown clinical signs of neonatal diarrhea or pathoanatomical changes characteristic for enteritis caused by ETEC strains. The total number of isolated ETEC strains were 148, of which 91 (61.48 %) were determined on the basis of somatic O antigen characteristics. The largest number of strains, 42 (46.15 %) belonged to serotype O149. Serological types O8 and O147 were represented, each with 15 strains (16.48 %). In 13 (14.28 %) strains the somatic antigen which belonged to serotype O138 was determined and in 6 (6.59 %) strains the antigen belonged to serotype O157. No strain agglutinated with hyperimmune O139 serotype serum. The presence of fimbrial adhesins was determined in 47 (51.64%) strains and of that number the F4 type of fimbrial adhesins was detected in 38 (80.85 %) strains. The presence of F5 adhesins was determined in 4, and F6 in 3. In 2 strains, the paralell presence of two adhesin types, F4 and F6 was detected. The greatest number of strains 30 (71.42 %) with adhesin F4 belonged to O149 serotype, a considerably smaller number, 4 (26.66%) to serotype O8, 2 strains to serotype O157 and to each serotype O147 and O138 1 strain. The fimbrial adhesin of F5 type was detected in 3 strains which belo

Comparative investigations of the sensitivity and specificity of the indirect immunoenzyme probe - iELISA and the hemagglutination inhibition test (HI test) in serological diagnostics of the Newcastle disease in poultry were carried out using samples of blood serum taken from non-vaccinated and vaccinated poultry. A total of 14 samples of blood serum from non-vaccinated poultry were examined using the immunoenzyme probe - iELISA, and nine of these were found to be positive to the presence of specific antigen against the Newcastle disease virus, while two samples were suspect, and no presence of specific antibodies was established in three samples. Examinations of 82 samples of blood serum from vaccinated poultry for the presence of specific antibodies against the Newcastle disease virus established their presence in 80 serum samples, while one sample was suspect and one sample was negative. The values of the titer of specific antibodies in blood serum samples of vaccinated and non-vaccinated poultry established using the hemagglutination inhibition test (HI test) ranged from 1:2 to 1:32., Uporedno ispitivanje osetljivosti i specifičnosti indirektne imunoenzimske probe - iELISA i testa inhibicije hemaglutinacije (HI testa) u serološkoj dijagnostici Newcastle bolesti živine vršeno je korišćenjem uzoraka krvnog seruma nevakcinisane i vakcinisane živine. Primenom imunoenzimske probe - iELISA ukupno je ispitano četrnaest uzoraka krvnog seruma nevakcinisane živine, od kojih je devet bilo pozitivno na prisustvo specifičnih antitela protiv virusa Newcastle bolesti, dok su dva uzorka bila sumnjiva, a kod tri uzorka nije ustanovljeno prisustvo specifičnih antitela. Ispitivanjem 82 uzorka krvnog seruma vakcinisane živine na prisustvo specifičnih antitela protiv virusa Newcastle bolesti, utvrđeno je njihovo prisustvo kod 80 uzoraka seruma, dok je jedan uzorak bio sumnjiv, a jedan negativan. Vrednosti titra specifičnih antitela u uzorcima krvnog seruma vakcinisane i nevakcinisane živine ustanovljene primenom testa inhibicije hemaglutinacije (HI testa), kretale su se od 1:2 do 1:32.

Infections caused by the avian influenza virus have been known for a long time and they are present, to a smaller or greater extent, in both extensive and intensive poultry production in many parts of the world. Epidemiological investigations have established a definite significance of the population of wild birds in maintaining and spreading this infection. Avian influenza is a zoonosis, and the virus has a great potential for causing mortality in humans, in particular its subtypes H5 and H7, which is why it has lately been provoking much attention among scientists and experts, as well as the general public. The objective of the work was to catch a certain number of wild birds in several locations in the Republic of Serbia, to identify them, and to collect samples of their blood serum for the determination of specific antibodies against the avian influenza virus. Birds were caught in ten locations in a manner that was safe for the birds themselves, as well as for the staff that did the catching. The birds were caught in especially produced nets, and in some cases in special traps. The caught wild birds were identified using the methods described in reference literature. All the names of the wild birds were coordinated with the valid Serbian nomenclature of European birds, prepared by prominent ornithologist and bird lover Milan Ružić. Following catching and identification, blood samples were taken from the birds from the wing vein (in bigger birds) or from the leg vein (in smaller birds). In taking blood samples from wild birds, all the principles of asepsis and antisepsis were followed in order to prevent any possibility of infection. After that, the birds were returned to their natural habitat, to the same locations in which they were caught. Serums were isolated from the taken blood samples and they were stored at -20ºC until the final examinations. A total of 46 species of wild birds were identified among a total of 259 birds from which 259 samples of blood ser, Infekcije izazvane virusom avijarne influence, su već odavno poznate i prisutne u manjem ili većem obimu, kako u ekstenzivnoj, tako i u intenzivnoj živinarskoj proizvodnji, u mnogim delovima sveta. Epidemiološkim ispitivanjima je utvrđen nesumnjiv značaj populacije divljih ptica u očuvanju i širenju ove infekcije. Avijarna influenca je zoonoza, a virus ima veliki potencijal da izazove visoku smrtnost kod ljudi, posebno njegovi podtipovi H5 i H7, tako da u novije vreme izaziva veliku pažnju, kako naučne i stručne, tako i najšire javnosti. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se na nekoliko lokacija u Republici Srbiji uhvati određeni broj divljih ptica, izvrši njihova identifikacija i prikupe uzorci krvnog seruma radi otkrivanja specifičnih antitela protiv virusa avijarne influence. Hvatanje ptica vršeno je na deset lokacija na bezbedan način, kako za same ptice, tako i za osoblje koje ih je hvatalo. Hvatanje ptica obavljano je posebnim za te svrhe proizvedenim mrežama, a u nekim slučajevima i posebnim zamkama (klopkama). Za identifikaciju uhvaćenih divljih ptica korišćene su metode koje su opisane u stručnoj literaturi. Svi nazivi divljih ptica usklađeni su sa važećom srpskom nomenklaturom ptica Evrope. Nakon hvatanja i identifikacije, pticama je uzimana krv iz krilne vene (kod većih ptica) ili iz nožne vene (kod malih ptica). Prilikom uzimanja krvi od divljih ptica poštovani su svi principi asepse i antisepse, kako bi se sprečila svaka mogućnost infekcije. Nakon toga, ptice su vraćane u prirodu, na iste lokacije na kojima su i uhvaćene. Od uzetih uzoraka krvi izdvojeni su serumi koji su ostavljani na - 20ºC i čuvani do konačnog ispitivanja. Identifikovano je 46 vrsta divljih ptica sa ukupno 259 jedinki od kojih je izdvojeno 259 uzoraka krvnog seruma. Za otkrivanje prisustva specifičnih antitela protiv virusa avijarne influence u uzorcima krvnog seruma divljih ptica korišćeni su agar gel precipitacija (AGP), test inhibicije hemaglutinacije (IH) za podtipove H5 i H7, cELISA test

A total of 92 samples of bovine blood serum were examined for the presence of antibodies against the bovine respiratory syncytial virus using indirect immunoenzyme probe - iELISA. Specific antibodies against the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were established in 46, or 50% blood serum samples. Investigations of the 92 blood serum samples of cattle for the presence of antibodies against the parainfluenza virus 3 (PI 3), revealed their presence in 77, or 83.69% of the samples, and the presence of antibodies against the bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV 1) was established in 19, or 20.65% of the samples., Ukupno je ispitano 92 uzorka krvnog seruma junadi na prisustvo antitela protiv goveđeg respiratornog sincicijalnog virusa primenom indirektne imunoenzimske probe - iELISA. Kod 46, odnosno 50% uzoraka krvnog seruma ustanovljena su specifična antitela protiv goveđeg respiratornog sincicijalnog virusa (BRSV). Ispitivanjem 92 uzorka krvnog seruma goveda na prisustvo antitela protiv virusa parainfluence 3 (PI 3) ustanovljeno je njihovo prisustvo kod 77, odnosno 83,69% uzoraka, a prisustvo antitela protiv goveđeg herpesvirusa 1 (BHV 1) ustanovljeno je kod 19, odnosno 20,65% uzoraka.

The resistance of bacteria poses a significant problem everywhere in the world, and consequently in our country as well. The non-critical use of antibacterial medicines in human and veterinary medicine has contributed to the spreading of this resistance. Due to the topical importance of this problem, large numbers of states in the world are financing projects of which the objective is to follow and monitor bacterial resistance. The objective of this investigation was to isolate and identify pathogenic strains of E. coli from piglets with clinically manifest diarrhea and to examine the sensitivity of the isolated strains to a certain number of selected antibiotics. The material for these investigations were parts of intestines (jejunum, ileum) from piglets that died, rectal smears and feces of diseased piglets sampled pig farms in the vicinity of Belgrade. Conventional methods of microbiological diagnostics were used for isolation, and conventional and commercial tests API 20E (bio Merieux, France) were used for identification. Following biochemical identification using hyper immune serums for certain group (O) antigens: (O8, O138, O139, O147, O149, and O157), the serological typization of the strains was carried out. Commercial antiserums: T K88 (F4), K99 (F5), and 987P (F6), Toxigenic E. coli pili antisera, Denka Seiken Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan) were used to establish the presence and to identify fimbrial antigens-adhesions through slide agglutination reaction. The sensitivity of the antibiotics to the isolated strains of E. coli was examined using the disc diffusion method according to Kirby Bauer and the microdillution method in bouillon according to CLSI recommendations (2008). Examinations using the microdillution method in bouillon were performed with pure active antibiotic substances: ampicillin, apramycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin (Sigma, USA). A total of 400 E. coli strains were isolated, including 48 E. coli strains, Rezistencija bakterija predstavlja značajan problem svuda u svetu, pa i kod nas. Širenju rezistencije doprinela je nekritička upotreba antibakterijskih lekova u humanoj i veterinarskoj medicini. Zbog aktuelnosti problema veliki broj država finansira projekte čiji je cilj praćenje i nadzor nad rezistencijom bakterija. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio izolacija i identifikacija patogenih sojeva E. coli kod prasadi sa klinički manifestnom dijarejom i ispitivanje osetljivosti izolovanih sojeva na određeni broj odabranih antibiotika. Materijal za ovo ispitivanje predstavljali su delovi creva (jejunum, ileum) uginule prasadi, rektalni brisevi i feces obolele prasadi uzorkovani na farmama svinja iz okoline Beograda. Za izolaciju su korišćene klasične metode mikrobiološke dijagnostike, a za identifikaciju klasični i komercijalni testovi API 20E (bioMerieux, Francuska). Nakon biohemijske identifikacije pomoću hiperimunih seruma za određene grupne (O) antigene (O8, O138, O139, O147, O149 i O157) vršena je serološka tipizacija sojeva. Za utvrđivanje prisustva i identifikaciju fimbrijalnih antigena - adhezina primenom reakcije aglutinacije na pločici su korišćeni komercijalni antiserumi: K88 (F4), K99 (F5) i 987P (F6), Toxigenic E. coli pili antisera, Denka Seiken Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan. Osetljivost na antibiotike izolovanih sojeva E. coli ispitivana je primenom disk difuzione metode po Kirby Baueru i mikrodilucione metode u bujonu prema preporukama CLSI (2008). Ispitivanje mikrodilucionom metodom u bujonu je vršeno sa čistim aktivnim supstancama antibiotika: ampicilina, apramicina, gentamicina, kanamicina, tetraciklina, ceftriaksona i ciprofloksacina (Sigma, SAD). Ukupno je izolovano 400 sojeva E. coli, od kojih je 48 svrstano u kategoriju patogenih sojeva. Od navedenog broja patogenih sojeva E. coli kod 32 (66,67%) je ustanovljena multirezistencija na 3 i više od 3 antibiotika, a kod 16 sojeva (33,33%) rezistencija na 2 ili 1 ispitivani antibiotik. Rezistencija na tetraciklin i a

Over the basic police training, prospective police officers are trained to perform duties defined in the job description of general services police officer. However, regardless of the quality of the training curriculum, the realistic environment could never be simulated in the classroom setting. For probationary officers, there will always be a period of 'adjustment' to the police service. This 'adjustment' period will allow them to get introduced to the field work and learn how to perform assigned duties independently. What we have here is vocational (field) training. The paper discusses the importance of such training in creating a profile of a competent police officer; it offers explanation why mentoring (FTO) is a cornerstone of every solid police training program and how the status of the probationary officer in our police service can come in the discrepancy with the essence of the concept of probation., Tokom trajanja osnovne policijske obuke kandidati za buduće policajce osposobljavaju se za obavljanje poslova koji proizlaze iz radnog mesta policajca opšte nadležnosti. Međutim, koliko god da je program obuke dobar, učionica nikada neće moći da simulira realno okruženje. Uvek će postojati potreba za periodom 'adaptacije' tokom kojeg će se policajci pripravnici uvoditi u praksu i osposobljavati za samostalan rad. Reč je o stručnoj (pripravničkoj) obuci. U radu se govori o tome kakav značaj ona ima za formiranje dobrog policajca, daje se odgovor na pitanje zašto se u osnovi svakog dobrog programa osposobljavanja pripravnika nalaze dobri mentori, i kako status našeg policajca pripravnika može doći u nesklad sa suštinom instituta pripravništva.

Rezistencija bakterija predstavlja značajan problem svuda u svetu, pa i kod nas. Širenju rezistencije doprinela je nekritička upotreba antibakterijskih lekova u humanoj i veterinarskoj medicini. Zbog aktuelnosti problema veliki broj država finansira projekte čiji je cilj praćenje i nadzor nad rezistencijom bakterija. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio izolacija i identifikacija patogenih sojeva E. coli kod prasadi sa klinički manifestnom dijarejom i ispitivanje osetljivosti izolovanih sojeva na određeni broj odabranih antibiotika. Materijal za ovo ispitivanje predstavljali su delovi creva (jejunum, ileum) uginule prasadi, rektalni brisevi i feces obolele prasadi uzorkovani na farmama svinja iz okoline Beograda. Za izolaciju su korišćene klasične metode mikrobiološke dijagnostike, a za identifikaciju klasični i komercijalni testovi API 20E (bioMerieux, Francuska). Nakon biohemijske identifikacije pomoću hiperimunih seruma za određene grupne (O) antigene (O8, O138, O139, O147, O149 i O157) vršena je serološka tipizacija sojeva. Za utvrđivanje prisustva i identifikaciju fimbrijalnih antigena - adhezina primenom reakcije aglutinacije na pločici su korišćeni komercijalni antiserumi: K88 (F4), K99 (F5) i 987P (F6), Toxigenic E. coli pili antisera, Denka Seiken Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan. Osetljivost na antibiotike izolovanih sojeva E. coli ispitivana je primenom disk difuzione metode po Kirby Baueru i mikrodilucione metode u bujonu prema preporukama CLSI (2008). Ispitivanje mikrodilucionom metodom u bujonu je vršeno sa čistim aktivnim supstancama antibiotika: ampicilina, apramicina, gentamicina, kanamicina, tetraciklina, ceftriaksona i ciprofloksacina (Sigma, SAD). Ukupno je izolovano 400 sojeva E. coli, od kojih je 48 svrstano u kategoriju patogenih sojeva. Od navedenog broja patogenih sojeva E. coli kod 32 (66,67%) je ustanovljena multirezistencija na 3 i više od 3 antibiotika, a kod 16 sojeva (33,33%) rezistencija na 2 ili 1 ispitivani antibiotik. Rezistencija na tetraciklin i a, The resistance of bacteria poses a significant problem everywhere in the world, and consequently in our country as well. The non-critical use of antibacterial medicines in human and veterinary medicine has contributed to the spreading of this resistance. Due to the topical importance of this problem, large numbers of states in the world are financing projects of which the objective is to follow and monitor bacterial resistance. The objective of this investigation was to isolate and identify pathogenic strains of E. coli from piglets with clinically manifest diarrhea and to examine the sensitivity of the isolated strains to a certain number of selected antibiotics. The material for these investigations were parts of intestines (jejunum, ileum) from piglets that died, rectal smears and feces of diseased piglets sampled pig farms in the vicinity of Belgrade. Conventional methods of microbiological diagnostics were used for isolation, and conventional and commercial tests API 20E (bio Merieux, France) were used for identification. Following biochemical identification using hyper immune serums for certain group (O) antigens: (O8, O138, O139, O147, O149, and O157), the serological typization of the strains was carried out. Commercial antiserums: T K88 (F4), K99 (F5), and 987P (F6), Toxigenic E. coli pili antisera, Denka Seiken Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan) were used to establish the presence and to identify fimbrial antigens-adhesions through slide agglutination reaction. The sensitivity of the antibiotics to the isolated strains of E. coli was examined using the disc diffusion method according to Kirby Bauer and the microdillution method in bouillon according to CLSI recommendations (2008). Examinations using the microdillution method in bouillon were performed with pure active antibiotic substances: ampicillin, apramycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin (Sigma, USA). A total of 400 E. coli strains were isolated, including 48 E. coli strains

The presence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae has been established in all suspected cases of pleuropneumonia at several farms that have been included in the research. Equal incidence of pleuropneumonia has been found both among piglets for breeding and for fattening. The health monitoring of herds is extremely important, firstly because of the need for the adequate strategy to be chosen for controlling the Actinobacillus-caused pleuropneumonia and, at the same time, in order to prevent enormous economic losses that this disease may cause. The morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of isolated strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae were completely identical to those of referent strains. It has been found that Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae grows most abundantly on chocolate agar when PolyVitex (bioMerieux) is used as the substrate. Out of 237 samples of altered parts of swine lungs, 13 bacterial species have been found in 193 (81%), and the incidence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae within this percentage was 33%. Of all bacterial species isolated in pure culture from all investigated specimen the most dominant species were Pasteurella multocida with the incidence of 32.64% and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae with 29.01%. Their common incidence in all positive findings was 61.65%. If one adds to this their participation in mixed infections (2.59%), this percentage is higher (64.24%). The high percentage of these two bacterial species shows that they are at the same time the most common bacterial pathogens causing pneumonia in pigs. The incidence of other species of bacteria isolated from the lungs of diseased pigs ranged from 0.51 to 10.88%. The sensitivity of isolated strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to the selected range of antibiotics used in clinical veterinary medicine (penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalosporin (III gen.) gentamycin, streptomycin, neomycin, thylosine, enrofloxacin, linkomycin-spectinomycin, tetra, U novije vreme, pleuropneumonija izazvana aktinobacilusom dominira u velikim aglomeracijama životinja i u nekim zemljama predstavlja jedan od problema koji značajno doprinosi smanjenju populacije svinja. Navedeni problem, postoji i na našim farmama svinja gde protiče kao infekcija izazvana jednim uzročnikom, ili se, što je češća pojava, uzročnik javlja kao oportunistična patogena bakterija udružena sa drugim mikroorganizmima koji učestvuju u nastanku kompleksa respiratornih bolesti. Iz navedenih razloga monitoring zdravstvenog stanja jedinki na farmi je neophodan ne samo zbog utvrđivanja odgovarajuće strategije za kontrolu pleuropneumonije koju izaziva aktinobacilus, već i radi sprečavanja ogromnih ekonomskih gubitaka koje ova bolest može da prouzrokuje. U svim slučajevima sumnje na pleuropneumoniju kod svinja sa nekoliko farmi koje su bile obuhvaćene ispitivanjem, ustanovljeno je prisustvo Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Podjednaka zastupljenost pleuropneumonije ustanovljena je, kako kod prasadi u odgoju, tako i kod prasadi u tovu. Od 237 uzoraka promenjenih delova pluća uginulih svinja iz 193 (81%) izolovano je 13 vrsta bakterija, a u okviru navedenog procenta zastupljenost Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae je iznosila 33,15%. Morfološke, fiziološke i biohemijske osobine izolovanih sojeva Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae potpuno su bile identične sa osobinama referentnog soja. Utvrđeno je da Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae najobilnije raste na čokoladnom agaru kada se kao supstrat za obogaćenje koristi PolyVitex (bioMerieux). Od bakterija koje su iz pluća izolovane u čistoj kulturi najzastupljenije su bile Pasteurella multocida sa 32,64% i Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae sa 29,01%. Njihovo zajedničko učešće u ukupno pozitivnim nalazima iznosi 61,65%, a ako se tome doda i njihovo učešće u mešanim infekcijama od 2,59 % onda taj procenat iznosi 64,24%. Ovako visoki procenti zastupljenosti obe vrste bakterija ukazuju na njihovu značajnu ulogu u nastanku pneumonije kod s

Campylobacteria are widely distributed in domestic and wild animals. Avian species are the most common host of campylobacteria, thus an important source for human infection caused by this organism. Campylobacteriosis in animals frequently proceeds without clinical symptoms, which may be due to the different virulence of the agent, as well as to the immune status of the infected animal. In this trial we investigated the effects of the vaccine against infective bursal disease (IBD) on occurrence and clinical manifestation of campylobacteriosis in conditions of controlled experimental infection with the strain Campylobacter jejuni. The immunosuppressive effects of a live attenuated vaccine against IBD on development of clinically manifest campylobacteriosis in perorally challenged chickens were assessed. The investigation was performed on 90 chickens in experimental conditions. The presence of Campylobacter jejuni was confirmed by reisolation, while identification of the organism was performed on the basis of its morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Specific antibody titer and humoral immune response to C. jejuni specific antibodies were monitored using the complement fixation reaction method. Clinical symptoms of the disease were observed in chickens infected with Campylobacter jejuni and vaccinated against infective bursal disease. Pathomorphological findings revealed changes in the intestines and liver, from which Campylobacter jejuni was isolated. C. jejuni specific antibodies were detected in the infected birds in the third week post infection, with titer values ranging from 1:4 to 1:16. Results of our research strongly imply an immunosuppressive effect of the IBD vaccine on development of campylobacteriosis, which is supported by the clinical and morphological findings, i.e. isolation of the agent and detection of specific antibodies., Kampilobakterije su kod domaćih i divljih životinja široko rasprostranjeni mikroorganizmi, a živina je jedan od glavnih nosilaca kampilobakterija i važan izvor infekcija ljudi. Klinički simptomi kampilobakterioze kod živine se relativno retko javljaju, a razloge treba tražiti u različitoj virulenciji uzročnika i u imunološkom statusu inficiranih jedniki. U ovom radu je ispitivan uticaj vakcine protiv infektivnog burzitisa živine na nastanak i kliničku pojavu kampilobakterioze, posle veštačke infekcije terenskim sojem Campylobacter jejuni. Ispitivanje je izvršeno na 90 pilića u eksperimentalnim uslovima. Prisustvo Campylobacter jejuni u organizmu veštački inficiranih pilića dokazivano je reizolacijom uzročnika, a identifikacija izolovanih bakterija vršena je na osnovu njihovih morfoloških, kulturelnih i biohemijskih osobina. Prisustvo titra specifičnih antitela i kretanje humoralnog imunskog odgovora na antigene Campylobacter jejuni kod pilića u ogledu praćeno je primenom reakcije vezivanja komplementa (RVK). Kod pilića inficiranih sojem Campylobacter jejuni i imunizovanih vakcinom protiv infektivnog burzitisa uočeni su klinički znaci bolesti. Patomorfološkim ispitivanjem utvrđene su promene na crevima i jetri pilića iz kojih je izolovan Campylobacter jejuni. Specifična antitela za C. jejuni dokazana su kod inficiranih jedinki u trećoj nedelji od veštačke infekcije, a vrednosti njihovog titra su iznosile od 1:4 do 1:16. Rezultati ovih ispitivanja su potvrdili imunospresivno delovanje vakcine protiv infektivnog burzitisa koje je imalo za rezultat klinički manifestnu kampilobakteriozu. Infekcija je potvrđena na osnovu kliničkih simptoma i patomorfoloških promena, izolacijom uzročnika, kao i na osnovu vrednosti titra specifičnih antitela utvrđenih u uzorcima krvnih seruma oglednih pilića.

In addition to the implementation of standard methods of virological diagnostics used for the isolation of the Newcastle disease virus from suspect material, as well as for its identification, nowadays there is increasing use of molecular diagnostic methods, primarily reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the sequencing method. The objective of this work was to examine possibilities for the implementation of the above methods in the diagnosis of poultry infection caused by the Newcastle disease virus. The presence of hem agglutination antigens for the Newcastle disease virus was established in samples of allantoises liquid from 62 poultry embargoed eggs 72 h after inoculation, whose titers ranged from 1:16 to 1:2048, while the hem agglutination inhibition test (HI test) with the implementation of a referent immuno serum against the given cause provided the identification of isolated viruses in serum dilutions of 1:128 to 1:1024. The RT-PCR method and the PCR established that in eight examined samples one fragment each of viral RNA is formed in agars gel of a size of 254bp, which is characteristic for the Newcastle disease virus genome according to its nucleotide sequence. On the grounds of a comparative analysis of RNA sequences obtained from eight isolated NDV strains and the genome sequences of referent atypical poultry influenza viral strains using Mega 40 and BLAST programmers, it was established that the isolated strains of the Newcastle disease virus were highly virulent., Pored primene standardnih metoda virusološke dijagnostike koje se koriste za izolovanje virusa Newcastle bolesti iz suspektnog materijala kao i za njegovu identifikaciju, danas su sve više u upotrebi i molekularne metode dijagnostike i to pre svega lančana reakcija polimeraze (RT-PCR) i metoda sekvenciranja. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitivanje mogućnosti primene navedenih metoda u dijagnostici infekcije živine izazvane virusom Newcastle bolesti. Prisustvo hemaglutinacionih antigena virusa Newcastle bolesti ustanovljeno je u uzorcima alantoisne tečnosti od 62 embrionirana jaja živine posle 72h od inokulacije čiji su se titri kretali od 1:16 do 1:2048, dok je testom heminhibicije (HI testom) uz primenu referentnog imunog seruma protiv navedenog uzročnika izvršena identifikacija izolovanih virusa u razređenjima seruma od 1:128 do 1:1024. Metodom reverzne transkripcije (RT-PCT) i lančane reakcije polimeraze (PCR) ustanovljeno da se kod osam ispitivanih uzoraka formira po jedan fragment virusne RNK u gelu agaroze veličine od 254bp koji je po sekvenci nukleotida karakterističan za genom virusa Newcastle bolesti. Na osnovu uporedne analize sekvenci RNK dobijenih od osam izolovanih sojeva virusa NDV i sekvenci genoma referentnih sojeva virusa atipične kuge živine uz korišćenje Mega 40 i BLAST programa, utvrđeno je da su izolovani sojevi virusa Newcastle bolesti visoko virulentni.

U novije vreme, pleuropneumonija izazvana aktinobacilusom dominira u velikim aglomeracijama životinja i u nekim zemljama predstavlja jedan od problema koji značajno doprinosi smanjenju populacije svinja. Navedeni problem, postoji i na našim farmama svinja gde protiče kao infekcija izazvana jednim uzročnikom, ili se, što je češća pojava, uzročnik javlja kao oportunistična patogena bakterija udružena sa drugim mikroorganizmima koji učestvuju u nastanku kompleksa respiratornih bolesti. Iz navedenih razloga monitoring zdravstvenog stanja jedinki na farmi je neophodan ne samo zbog utvrđivanja odgovarajuće strategije za kontrolu pleuropneumonije koju izaziva aktinobacilus, već i radi sprečavanja ogromnih ekonomskih gubitaka koje ova bolest može da prouzrokuje. U svim slučajevima sumnje na pleuropneumoniju kod svinja sa nekoliko farmi koje su bile obuhvaćene ispitivanjem, ustanovljeno je prisustvo Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Podjednaka zastupljenost pleuropneumonije ustanovljena je, kako kod prasadi u odgoju, tako i kod prasadi u tovu. Od 237 uzoraka promenjenih delova pluća uginulih svinja iz 193 (81%) izolovano je 13 vrsta bakterija, a u okviru navedenog procenta zastupljenost Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae je iznosila 33,15%. Morfološke, fiziološke i biohemijske osobine izolovanih sojeva Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae potpuno su bile identične sa osobinama referentnog soja. Utvrđeno je da Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae najobilnije raste na čokoladnom agaru kada se kao supstrat za obogaćenje koristi PolyVitex (bioMerieux). Od bakterija koje su iz pluća izolovane u čistoj kulturi najzastupljenije su bile Pasteurella multocida sa 32,64% i Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae sa 29,01%. Njihovo zajedničko učešće u ukupno pozitivnim nalazima iznosi 61,65%, a ako se tome doda i njihovo učešće u mešanim infekcijama od 2,59 % onda taj procenat iznosi 64,24%. Ovako visoki procenti zastupljenosti obe vrste bakterija ukazuju na njihovu značajnu ulogu u nastanku pneumonije kod s, The presence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae has been established in all suspected cases of pleuropneumonia at several farms that have been included in the research. Equal incidence of pleuropneumonia has been found both among piglets for breeding and for fattening. The health monitoring of herds is extremely important, firstly because of the need for the adequate strategy to be chosen for controlling the Actinobacillus-caused pleuropneumonia and, at the same time, in order to prevent enormous economic losses that this disease may cause. The morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of isolated strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae were completely identical to those of referent strains. It has been found that Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae grows most abundantly on chocolate agar when PolyVitex (bioMerieux) is used as the substrate. Out of 237 samples of altered parts of swine lungs, 13 bacterial species have been found in 193 (81%), and the incidence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae within this percentage was 33%. Of all bacterial species isolated in pure culture from all investigated specimen the most dominant species were Pasteurella multocida with the incidence of 32.64% and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae with 29.01%. Their common incidence in all positive findings was 61.65%. If one adds to this their participation in mixed infections (2.59%), this percentage is higher (64.24%). The high percentage of these two bacterial species shows that they are at the same time the most common bacterial pathogens causing pneumonia in pigs. The incidence of other species of bacteria isolated from the lungs of diseased pigs ranged from 0.51 to 10.88%. The sensitivity of isolated strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to the selected range of antibiotics used in clinical veterinary medicine (penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalosporin (III gen.) gentamycin, streptomycin, neomycin, thylosine, enrofloxacin, linkomycin-spectinomycin, tetra

The objective of our study was to examine fusional, hemolytic, hemagglutination and hemadsorption activities of the surface glycoprotein HN and F antigens of Newcastle disease (ND) virus, in vitro. The samples of activated ND virions, induced Vero cell fusion after 6h, 12h, 24h and 48h. After 24h of treatment of the inoculated Vero cells with dilutions of the specific immune sera against ND virus, cell fusion was not registered at dilutions of 1:2 and 1:4. The ND virion samples, activated with 0.025 g/dL trypsin-versen, induced hemolysis of chicken erythrocytes at antigen dilutions of 1:4 and 1:8. The samples of activated ND virions, expressed an intensive hemagglutinating activity of 256 HAU/0,1 mL. After treatment of the abovementioned samples with specific immune sera against ND virus, hemolytic activities were not detected at immune sera dilution of 1:32. The hemadsorption of chicken erythrocytes at the surface of inoculated Vero cells was detected after 6h of inoculation with activated ND viruses. After 24h of treatment of inoculated Vero cells with dilutions of specific immune sera against ND virus, the hemadsorption of chicken erythrocytes was not registered at immune sera dilution of 1:64. These results showed the possibility to use fusion, hemolytic and hemadsorption tests for the detection of immunologically important glycoprotein antigens of ND viruses and their identification with specific immune sera., Cilj ovih istraživanja je bilo ispitivanje fuzionih, hemolitičkih, hemaglutinacionih i hemadsorpcionih aktivnosti glikoproteinskih antigena virusa Newcastle bolesti, in vitro. Rezultati testova ćelijske fuzije pokazali su da je virus Newcastle bolesti posle aktivacije sa 0,025 g/dl tripsin-versena indukovao fuziju Vero ćelija posle 6h, 12h, 24h i 48 od inokulacije virusa. Tretiranjem inokulisanih Vero ćelija sa razređenjima imunih seruma protiv virusa Newcastle bolesti, ustanovljena je inhibicija ćelijske fuzije u razređenjima seruma od 1:2 i 1:4. Uzorci virusa Newcastle bolesti, indukovali su posle aktivisanja sa 0,025 g/dl tripsin-versena, hemolizu eritrocita kokoši u razređenjima antigena od 1:4 do1:8. Isti uzorci su ispoljili i intenzivne hemaglutinacione aktivnosti posle aktivacije tripsin-versenom koje su iznosile 256 HJ/0,1 ml za virus Newcastle bolesti. Posle tretiranja uzoraka aktivisanih virusa Newcastle bolesti sa razređenjima specifičnih imunih seruma, nije ustanovljena njihova hemolitička aktivnost do razređenja seruma od 1:32. Posle 6h, 12h i 24h od inokulacije Vero ćelija aktivisanim uzorcima virusa Newcastle bolesti, ustanovljena je pojava hemadsorpcije eritrocita kokoši u različitim razređenjima antigena virusa. Posle 24h od tretiranja inokulisanih Vero ćelija sa razređenjima specifičnog imunog seruma protiv virusa Newcastle bolesti, nije ustanovljena po-java hemadsorpcije eritrocita kokoši do razređenja imunog seruma od 1:64. Ovi rezultati su ukazali na mogućnost korišćenja fuzionog, hemolitičnog i hemadsorpcionog testa za brzu detekciju imunološki značajnih glikoproteinskih antigena virusa Newcastle bolesti i njihovu identifikaciju primenom specifičnih imunih seruma.