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Diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy for peripheral pulmonary lesions has improved since the application of R-EBUS. R-EBUS enables us to confirm not only solid nodules but also ground-glass nodules (GGNs). However, diagnostic bronchoscopy for GGNs still has been challenging because of their subtle pathologic changes. Recently, cryobiopsy has made a great impact for the diagnosis of interstitial lung disease. We tried to apply cryobiopsy for GGNs, and researched the utility. Fifteen outpatients who underwent diagnostic bronchoscopy for GGNs at our hospital from June to September 2017 were enrolled. All procedures were performed using R-EBUS, virtual bronchoscopy, and X-ray fluoroscopy guidance under local anesthesia. After usual sampling (forceps, brush, or aspiration needle), cryobiopsy was added. The diagnostic value and the safety of cryobiopsy were reviewed. The median (range) size of total and solid part were 23.7 (14.4-35.3) and 12.5 (0-24.4) mm. Six nodules located in upper lobe, 11 nodules located at peripheral 1/3, and 6 nodules showed negative bronchus sign. We performed 67 times forceps biopsy and 17 times cryobiopsy. The median (range) area of specimens were significantly larger in cryobiopsy (12.6 [1.26-27.0] vs. 1.77 [0.116-5.88] mm2, p Cryobiopsy enabled us to obtain specimens with better quantity and quality. We could diagnose GGNs more precisely using cryobiopsy under controllable complications.

The differences in hemodynamic and ventilatory responses to graded exercise between men and women have not been well documented. Using wave intensity (WI) analysis, which is useful for analyzing ventriculo-arterial interaction, we aimed to elucidate the sex-specific differences.We enrolled 48 healthy subjects (24 men and 24 women, age 21.3 ± 1.6 and 20.5 ± 0.9 years, n.s. [not significant]). Using ultrasonic diagnostic equipment, we measured WI, arterial stiffness parameter (β), force-frequency relation (FFR) and other hemodynamic parameters in the carotid artery before and during graded bicycle exercise. We also analyzed expired gas volume (VE) during the exercise. The workload was increased stepwise by 20 W at 1-min intervals up to respiratory compensation (RC) point through the anaerobic threshold (AT). WI is defined as WI = (dP/dt) (dU/dt), where P is blood pressure, U is velocity, and t is time. The peak value of WI (WThere was no difference in the body mass index between men and women. Carbon dioxide outputs (VCOThe reached values of workload/weight at RC, VCO

Background Conventional hydration (CH) in chemotherapy containing cisplatin (CDDP) has been recommended to prevent renal toxicity. Although an increasing number of studies have demonstrated the feasibility of short hydration (SH), few large studies have reported the superiority of SH, compared with CH, in terms of nephrotoxicities. Methods We conducted a consecutive retrospective analysis of 467 patients who had been treated with chemotherapy including CDDP. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the risk factors for nephrotoxicities. The following factors were included in the analyses: age, sex, performance status (PS), concomitant thoracic radiotherapy, CDDP dose, magnesium supplementation, baseline creatinine values and method of hydration. Results The patients’ characteristics were as follows: male/female, 323/144 patients; median age (range), 62 (27–69) years; PS 0/1/2/3, 238/217/10/2 patients and SH/CH, 111/356 patients. The proportion of patients requiring a CDDP dose reduction in the SH group was 6.3%, while that in the CH group was 12.9%. Patients who discontinued CDDP because of nephrotoxicities accounted for 0.9% of the patients in the SH group and 2.2% of the patients in the CH group. After CDDP-based chemotherapy, a creatinine increase of more than grade 1 was observed in 14.4% and 33.1% of the patients in the SH and CH groups, respectively. A logistic regression analysis revealed a significantly lower incidence of grade 1 or higher creatinine toxicity after the first cycle of chemotherapy in the SH group (OR, 0.20; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.63; p=0.006). Conclusions SH resulted in a significantly lower incidence of nephrotoxicity.

Estimation of the contractility of the left ventricle during exercise is an important part of the rehabilitation protocol. It is known that cardiac contractility increases with an increase in heart rate. This phenomenon is called the force–frequency relation (FFR). Using wave intensity, we aimed to evaluate FFR noninvasively during graded exercise. We enrolled 83 healthy subjects. Using ultrasonic diagnostic equipment, we measured wave intensity (WD), which was defined in terms of blood velocity and arterial diameter, in the carotid artery and heart rate (HR) before and during bicycle ergometer exercise. FFRs were constructed by plotting the maximum value of WD (WD1) against HR. We analyzed the variation among FFR responses of individual subjects. WD1 increased linearly with an increase in HR during exercise. The average slope of the FFR was 1.0 ± 0.5 m/s3 bpm. The slope of FFR decreased with an increase in body mass index (BMI). The slopes of FFRs were steeper in men than women, although there were no differences in BMI between men and women. The FFR was obtained noninvasively by carotid arterial wave intensity (WD1) and graded exercise. The slope of the FFR decreased with an increase in BMI, and was steeper in men than women.

Background: The differences in hemodynamic and ventilatory responses to graded exercise between men and women have not been well documented. Using wave intensity (WI) analysis, which is useful for analyzing ventriculo-arterial interaction, we aimed to elucidate the sex-specific differences.

Recent experimental evidence supports the idea that human observers are good at recognizing and categorizing materials. Fleming et al. reported that perceptual qualities and material classes are closely related using projected images (Journal of Vision 13(8) (2013) 9). In this paper, we further investigated their findings using real materials and degraded image versions of the same materials. We constructed a real material dataset, as well as four image datasets by varying chromaticity (color vs. gray) and resolution (high vs. low) of the material images. To investigate the fundamental properties of materials’ static surface appearance, we used stimuli that lacked shape and saturated color information. We then investigated the relationship between these perceptual qualities and the various types of image representation through psychophysical experiments. Our results showed that the representation method of some materials affected their perceptual qualities. These cases could be classified into the following three types: (1) perceptual qualities decreased by reproducing the materials as images, (2) perceptual qualities decreased by creating gray images, and (3) perceptual qualities such as “Hardness” and “Coldness” tended to increase when the materials were reproduced as low-quality images. Through methods such as principal component analysis and k-means clustering, we found that material categories are more likely to be confused when materials are represented as images, especially gray images.

A wood block often changes its original dimension when it is kept in hot water. This is because the locked-in component of the growth stress is released by hygrothermal softening of the cell wall matrix. However, it is still unknown whether or not heating is a necessary requirement for the release of the visco-elastic locked-in component of the growth stress (GS). To solve this question, Agathis green specimen was treated by drying and re-swelling at room temperature, followed by boiling at 120 °C and 0.2 MPa. Then dimensions of green, re-swollen, and boiled specimens were measured at room temperature. Based on the obtained data, it was discussed whether the drying and subsequent re-swelling treatments release the visco-elastic locked-in component of the GS in green wood. The following conclusions were obtained. Locked-in component is released in part by the drying and subsequent re-swelling treatments without heating. After repeating the drying and subsequent re-swelling treatments, viscoelastic components are gradually released; however, rapid or complete release is made by boiling in hot water.

This article describes a color naming experiment using 2D and 3D rendered color samples. Conventional color naming experiments using a priori clues generally involve 2D clues such as color patches. However, in real-world scenes, most objects have 3D shapes whose colors are affected by illumination effects such as shadows and gloss. We use 2D and 3D rendered samples as clues in the experiments, and analyze the relationship between color terms and object surfaces. First, we develop a color term collection system that can produce 218 test colors. We render the color images of a flat disk as a 2D sample and a sphere as a 3D sample on a calibrated display device. It is supposed that the 2D and 3D surfaces with the same object color are obtained under the same conditions of viewing and illumination. The results of color naming experiments show that there are differences for color terms between 2D and 3D samples. Important findings are as follows: (1) brighter color terms tend to be chosen for the 3D samples than the 2D samples, when observing achromatic colors, (2) achromatic color terms are chosen for 3D samples having low saturation, and (3) for chromatic colors, a darker color term is generally chosen in comparison to the corresponding 2D samples of the same color. These properties become more prominent by changing the illumination angle from 0° to 45° to the surface normal. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 270–280, 2015

Tree growth stress (GS) consists of an elastic component and a viscoelastic locked-in component. The elastic component is released instantaneously by cutting wood, whereas the locked-in component remains. The latter can be released by hot water treatment, which is known as hygrothermal recovery (HTR). In this paper the mechanism behind HTR is described and interpreted in terms of the microfibril angle (MFA) in the cell wall as follows: during cell-wall maturation, axial tensile stress is generated in the cellulose microfibrils (CMF), whereas isotropic compressive stress is generated in the matrix of lignin-hemicellulose (MT). Some amount of microscopic stresses remains following the removal of the wood from the living stem. Hygrothermal (HT) treatment induces recovery of remaining compressive stress in the MT, which causes its expansion. Axial tensile stress in the CMF are released by HT softening of the MT. This causes the CMF to contract along its length and to expand laterally. The combined effect of the expansions of the MT and contraction of the CMF causes the wood to deform anisotropically. This is the HTR of wood. The degree of anisotropy is determined by the MFA on the basis of reinforced-matrix theory.

A 34-year-old Filipino woman presented with a 3-day history of fever, coryza, cough, sore throat, conjunctivitis and rash following a visit to the Visayas, Philippines, 2 weeks earlier. At fever onset, she noted a maculopapular rash on her face and upper chest, which subsequently spread to her trunk and arms. On the right buccal mucosa, 2 mm ulcer-like white spots (figure 1) and multiple white plaques, described as ‘grains of salt on a red background’ (figure 2 …

Background and purpose Aerobic exercise has been reported to be associated with reduced arterial stiffness. However, the intensity, duration, and frequency of aerobic exercise required to improve arterial stiffness have not been established. In addition, most reports base their conclusions on changes in pulse wave velocity, which is an indirect index of arterial stiffness. We studied the effects of short-term, intermittent, moderate-intensity exercise training on arterial stiffness based on measurements of the stiffness parameter (β) and pressure–strain elastic modulus (E p), which are direct indices of regional arterial stiffness. Methods A total of 25 young healthy volunteers (18 men) were recruited. By use of ultrasonic diagnostic equipment we measured β and E p of the carotid artery before and after 8 weeks of exercise training. Results After exercise training, systolic pressure (P s), diastolic pressure (P d), pulse pressure, systolic arterial diameter (D s), and diastolic arterial diameter (D d) did not change significantly. However, the pulsatile change in diameter ((D s − D d)/D d) increased significantly, and β and E p decreased significantly. Conclusions For healthy young subjects, β and E p were reduced by intermittent, moderate-intensity exercise training for only 8 weeks.

AIM FTO is the most important polygene for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Our aims were to investigate whether a variant in FTO affects glucose dysregulation through its effect on fat accumulation or distribution, and when and how FTO influences fat accumulation and distribution and glucose dysregulation from birth until midlife. METHODS A total of 454 Japanese female university students (mean age: 20 years) and 132 middle-aged women (mean age: 50 years) who were the biological mothers of the students underwent the following: genotyping for rs1558902 in the FTO gene, assessment of fat accumulation and distribution, obesity-related metabolic traits and serum adipokine measurement. A subsample of 364 students reported their weight history since birth. RESULTS The A allele in rs1558902 was substantially less common in young and middle-aged Japanese women (18 and 17%, respectively) than in the European population (45%). The strong effect of genotype AA on BMI was evident at age 12, 15, 20 and 50 years whereas there was no effect on birth weight. In young and middle-aged women, the variant was strongly associated with higher body weight and fat mass. The effects on abdominal girth, fasting glucose, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance and HbA1c were evident in mothers but not in students. In addition, genotype AA was associated with increased white blood cell counts and hsCRP in mothers only. Associations with fasting glucose, insulin resistance, and white blood cell counts remained after correction for BMI, abdominal girth and fat mass. In multiple logistic regression analysis, AA homozygote in FTO was associated with higher odds of overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m(2)) in young (OR 1.73 (95%CI 1.06-30.0)) and middle-aged women (OR 1.73 (95%CI 1.06-30.0)). It was also associated with higher odds of abdominal fat accumulation (abdominal girth ≥90 cm, OR 1.73 (95%CI 1.06-30.0)) and fasting hyperglycemia (≥100 mg/dL) (OR 1.87(95%CI 1.05-40.4)) in middle-aged mothers. CONCLUSION Despite the small sample size, the low average BMI, and the low risk allele frequency, a genetic variation at the FTO locus was related to greater weight gain before age 12 in Japanese women. At age 20, it was related to general adiposity. In midlife, however, it was related to abdominal adiposity in addition to general adiposity, fasting hyperglycemia, higher HbA1c and subtle systemic inflammation. Fasting hyperglycemia associated with higher HbA1c in midlife was independent of its effects on general and abdominal adiposity.

From an evolutionary perspective, suicide is a puzzle, because it has serious adverse effects, yet is remarkably common and heritable. An hypothesis is proposed to explain this puzzle, by explaining how suicide could be adaptive through reducing risk that individuals will transmit infections to kin. Empirical evidence supports four predictions from the hypothesis. There are well-established mechanisms by which infections and immune factors increase risk for mental disorders that contribute to suicide. Suicide is more prevalent in occupations with greater exposure to infection and immune-compromising factors and at higher latitudes, where key environmental factors increase vulnerability to infection. In several other highly social species, suicide-like behaviors have evolved to reduce transmission of infections. If the hypothesis is correct, detection and treatment of underlying infections and immune dysfunction should help predict and prevent suicidal behavior, while also combating spread of infectious diseases.

A 32-year-old Japanese female patient consulted the authors' dental clinic with a 4.5-year history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). She complained of pain during mouth opening and difficulty in eating due to masticatory dysfunction caused by an anterior open bite. Imaging showed severe erosion and flattening of both condyles. RA stabilized after pharmacological therapy and became inactive during the orthodontic therapy aimed at reconstructing an optimal occlusion capable of promoting functional repositioning of the mandible. At present, 4 years and 2 months postretention, the reconstructed occlusion remains stable, and both condyles continue to be remodeled. The distance from reference position to intercuspal position has gradually decreased throughout the 4-year posttreatment and postretention periods. Orthodontic therapy that comprehensively reconstructs occlusion and enhances the functioning of the mandible can induce remodeling of eroded condyles, even those with a history of rheumatoid arthritis.

It is well known that trypsin inhibitors（TIs）alter exocrine pancreatic function. We found that dietary TIs decreased serum triglyceride levels in Wistar rats in a previous investigation. In this study，we tried to confirm the effect of TIs on lipid metabolism of Sprague-Dawley（SD）rats with Japanese quail ovomucoid（OM）as a TI. Five-week-old male SD rats were fed a 20% casein control diet or OM diets containing 0.1% OM，0.2% OM or 0.4% OM for 4 weeks. Rats had no change in food intake and growth rate between the control and OM fed groups. An OM fed group（0.4% OM）had lower serum triglyceride levels and no change in serum cholesterol levels. OM led to increased pancreatic protein content and trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in a dose dependent manner，but no difference in amylase activity. Liver fatty acid synthetase activity significantly decreased in OM fed groups. Therefore，we suggested that dietary OM caused increased pancreatic protein synthesis，which resulted in increased energy expenditure and decreased serum triglyceride levels

OMを添加していないコントロール食と100g中にOMを0.2g，0.4g，0.8g含むOM食をそれぞれラットに与え，肝臓，膵臓，血液を分析し，脂質代謝への影響を調べた．その結果，OM摂取群において膵重量，膵タンパク質量，膵酵素活性の上昇が見られ，特に0.8％OM食群ではコントロール群に対して統計的に有意な差を示した．また脂肪酸合成に関連するG6PDH, ME, FAS活性については，OM摂取群で減少傾向にあることが観察された．さらに，動物用X線CT装置を用いて脂肪率を計測した結果OM摂取群で減少傾向にあることが示された．以上より，OM摂取により膵臓のTrophic効果が起こり，このTrophic効果に伴うエネルギー代謝亢進により脂質代謝が変動し，体脂肪減少へとつながったものと推定された．

Bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor, is anticipated to prolong survival with inhibition of angiogenesis in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Rare life-threatening adverse events affecting the digestive tract have been reported, such as gastrointestinal hemorrhage and bowel perforation. A 62-year-old Japanese woman who was diagnosed as having stage IIIB (cT4N2M0) lung adenocarcinoma received chemotherapy with bevacizumab, pemetrexed and carboplatin every 3 weeks for four cycles, which resulted in a partial response, and then continued with maintenance bevacizumab monotherapy. Fourteen days after completion of the seventh cycle of bevacizumab maintenance therapy, the patient developed sudden abdominal pain with more than 10 episodes of hematochezia per day. On the basis of colonoscopic and pathological findings, ulcerative colitis (UC) with severe pancolitis was diagnosed. This case was unresponsive to medical treatment and required subtotal colectomy for management of the ulcerative colitis. This is the first reported case of ulcerative colitis occurring during bevacizumab therapy. The anti-angiogenesis activity of bevacizumab may have been involved in the development and exacerbation of UC in this patient.

We have investigated Mossbauer spectra of single crystal YMn 2 O 5 (with 1.5 mol % 57 Fe), which is simultaneously ferroelectric (the ferroelectric Curie temperature T CE =39 K and the second dielectric transition temperature T C2 =19 K) and antiferromagnetic ( T N =45 K) at low temperatures. In the temperature range of T C2 < T < T CE , the spectrum is composed of two different hyperfine sextets, indicating that the magnetic moments of Mn 3+ ions are in two different states. A half of them are oriented parallel to the a -direction, which is probably the easy direction, while the other half are forced to be oriented along the bisector of the b - and c -direction. A few evidences indicate that both A and B moments rotate at T C2 to form an incommensurate helical spin structure with bunching. We present a remark on a possible relation between the ferroelectric transition and the magnetic long-range order in this oxide.

Magnetic properties of ZnFe 2 O 4 were studied for various specimens prepared by different thermal and artificial treatments using neutron scattering, Mossbauer spectroscopy and DC and AC susceptibilities. We found a strong correlation between the magnetic Bragg peak intensity and the Mossbauer absorption line-width. Comparing with the susceptibility data, it is discussed what are the intrinsic magnetic properties of ZnFe 2 O 4 as a typical 3-D geometrical spin frustration system.

To study Ca 2 + handling by the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (JSR), the time course of short-term mechanical restitution after varying magnitudes of twitch contractions was assessed in rat papillary muscle. Mechanical restitution consisted of a pretwitch latency period followed by a rapid and a subsequent much slower restitution of twitch force. The rate of rapid restitution was independent of the magnitude of the preceding twitch, which suggests that the rate of JSR Ca 2 + repletion was dependent on the amount of Ca 2 + remaining in the JSR after a twitch contraction. Based on this finding, the functions G(t) and H(t), representing the time courses of JSR Ca 2 + repletion and release, respectively, were derived graphically from a family of the mechanical restitution curves. G(t) increased monotonically with time at a decreasing rate, while H(t) increased with time in a sigmoid manner. The mechanical alternans were simulated by using experimental values and mathematically predicted values of G(t) and H(t). A substitution of extracellular Na + with Li + to inhibit Na + /Ca 2 + exchange resulted in an augmentation of G(t) by approximately 10%, presumably by increasing the tubular SR Ca 2 + uptake. The inhibition of tubular SR Ca 2 + uptake by thapsigargin (10 μM) reduced mechanical restitution by approximately 13% of the maximal twitch force, independent of the phase of mechanical restitution; the effect was greater at an earlier time point in the mechanical restitution. These results suggest that early JSR Ca 2 + replenishment results mainly from the movement of Ca 2 + from the tubular SR.

57 Fe Mossbauer study on the ordered double perovskite A 2 FeReO 6 (A = Ca, Sr) has been conducted. Fe ions are in 2.5+ states that correspond to the hybridized state of 3d t 2g down-spin electrons...

Rare earth (R) manganese oxides RMn 2 O 5 are the ferroelectric crystals with Curie temperature between 25 and 39 K. They are at the same time antiferromagnetic below the Neel temperature slightly above their ferroelectric transition temperature. By applying Mossbauer spectroscopy to the samples with a small amount of 57 Fe, we concluded that Mn 3+ ions in ferroelectric YMn 2 O 5 and HoMn 2 O 5 are classified into two groups with different magnetic environments. We suggest a possibility that the long-range magnetic structure induces the spontaneous polarization.

The effect of zinc-carnosine complex (Z-103) on muscle function in dystrophin-deficient (mdx) mice was examined using several different courses of repetitive administration. Z-103 at a dose of 100 mg/kg increased the load resistant time (LRT), during which an animal bearing a load holds himself upright on a wire net, in mdx mice when administered at an age of less than about 4 months. The effect of Z-103 on LRT was independent of sex when given by intraperitoneal (I.P.) administration between 4 and 8 weeks of age. Administration of Z-103 from the age of 4 to 9 weeks had no significant effect on wet weight, magnitude or rate of rise of twitch force, or rate of decay of twitch force over time with twitch elicited by 0.5 Hz of electricity in the extensor digitorum longus muscle or calcium content in the gastrocnemius muscle, while it increased the magnitude of twitch force in the soleus muscle. These results suggest that Z-103 reduces fatigability of the whole body in mdx mice, possibly by increasing the contractility of slow fibers.

The effect of antioxidant Z-103, catena-(S)-[mu-[N(alpha)-(3-aminopropinyl)histidinnato-(2-)N(1),N(2),O:N(tau)]-zinc], on muscle function in the muscular dystrophy (mdx) mouse was examined by repetitive intraperitoneal administration in subjects aged 4 to 12 weeks. Z-103 administration at a dose of 150 mg/kg increased the load resistant time (LRT), during which the animal with a load holds itself upright on a wire net. The Z-103 administration reduced hypertrophy, the ratio of centronucleated myofibers, and the rate of decay for magnitude of twitch force elicited by 0.5 Hz of electricity to the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of 12-week-old mdx mice, with little effect on the magnitude of twitch force. The administration of Z-103 (100 mg/kg) had a lesser effect on LRT and the other characteristics examined for EDL muscles. The constituent of Z-103, Zn(2+) applied in the form of ZnSO(4) (5 mg/kg), carnosine (100 mg/kg), and the combination of the two had no beneficial effect on mdx mice. Z-103 (150 mg/kg) administered to normal mice increased LRT with little effect on the contractile properties of EDL muscles. These results suggest that the administration of Z-103 ameliorates muscle function in the mdx mouse.

Background Evaluation of the contractile state of the left ventricle during exercise is important for cardiac rehabilitation. As yet, no noninvasive methods for this purpose have been established. The force-frequency relation (FFR) during exercise has the potential for evaluating the contractile state noninvasively. Color Doppler- and echo tracking-derived carotid arterial wave intensity is a sensitive index of global left ventricular (LV) contractility.

Objective: to compare the bond strength and failure mode between human and bovine enamel using the universal testing device and stereomicroscopy.Methods: sixty teeth were used, thirty human upper premolars and thirty lower bovine incisor which were cemented with metallic standard brackets (Ortho Organizers, California, EE. UU.) using composite resin (Transbond® XT, 3M Unitek, St. Paul, Minnesota, EE. UU.) for later testing adhesion using the universal testing device (Instron 3367 Class 0.5 with load cell 0-30Kn, EE. UU.) at a speed of 1.,5 mm/min. The data was calculated in megapascals, dividing the force by the area of the bracket base. Finally, in order to determine the failure mode, the tooth surfaces and the bases of the brackets, were analyzed by visual inspection using a stereomicroscope (Stemi 2000C, Carl Zeiss, Göttingen, Germany).Results: the bond strength in bovine teeth was higher than in human teeth (12.11 MPa and 6.10 MPa, respectively) without a statistically significant difference (p=0.052). The predominant failure modes for human and bovine teeth were presented at the interface Resin/Bracket (RB 60.71%) and Adhesive/Enamel (AE 57.14%). Multiple correspondence analyses reported that any force value could have any failure mode in both types of teeth.Conclusion: although no statistically significant difference between groups was found, the applied method cannot determine whether it is possible the use of bovine teeth as a substitute for human teeth enamel in adhesion studies. Objetivo: comparar la fuerza de adhesión y tipo de falla entre el esmalte humano y bovino mediante el dispositivo universal de pruebas y estereomicroscopía.Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio experimental In vitro para lo cual se utilizaron sesenta dientes, treinta primeros premolares superiores humanos y treinta incisivos inferiores bovinos en los cuales se cementaron brackets estándar metálicos (Ortho Organizers, California, EE. UU.) con resina compuesta (Transbond® XT, 3M Unitek, St. Paul, Minnesota, EE. UU.). Posteriormente, fueron descementados usando un dispositivo universal de pruebas (Instron 3367 Class 0,5 with load cell 0-30Kn, EE. UU.) a una velocidad de 1,5 mm/min. Los datos fueron calculados en megapascales al dividir la fuerza por el área de la base del bracket. Para determinar el tipo de falla, la superficie de los dientes y las bases de los brackets fueron analizados mediante inspección visual con un estereomicroscopio (Stemi 2000C, Carl Zeiss, Göttingen, Germany).Resultados: la fuerza de adhesión en dientes bovinos fue mayor al compararla con los dientes humanos (12,11 MPa y 6,10 Mpa, respectivamente) sin presentarse una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0,052). Los tipos de falla predominantes para humanos y bovinos se presentaron en la interfase Resina/Bracket (RB 60,71%) y Adhesivo/Esmalte (AE 57,14%). El análisis de correspondencia múltiple reportó que a cualquier valor de fuerza se puede presentar cualquier tipo de falla en ambos dientes.Conclusión: aunque no se encontró una diferencia significativa entre los grupos, no es concluyente la utilización de los dientes bovinos como sustitutos de dientes humanos en estudios de adhesión a esmalte según el método utilizado en esta investigación.[Benitez M, Mirxoyan A, Rivera JR, Tanaka EM. Propiedades físico-mecánicas y tipo de falla adhesiva del esmalte humano y bovino. Ustasalud. 2014; 13: 11 - 17]

Mossbauer spectra of a single crystal of LuFeCoO 4 are studied in the temperature range between 4.2 K and 70 K. The Mossbauer spectra are separated into two components. We propose a model that one of three spins in a spin plane is parallel to the c -axis and other two orient to 120° to the c -axis. This model explains the experimental data satisfactory. It is concluded that the spins parallel to the c -axis are more stable than the other when temperature is increased. The Ising like character observed in susceptibility measurements can be explained by this spin arrangement in the spin planes.

The dynamical properties of local dipole fields in a model of a dilute triangular lattice antiferromagnet LuFeMgO 4 have been investigated for the purpose of understanding the origin of the unique anti-decoupling effect in longitudinal field (LF)- μ SR . In this compound the decay of muon polarization is noticeably faster in LFs than in a zero field in a certain temperature region slightly above the magnetic transition. Our modified lattice model, which reproduces the observed magnetic properties remarkably well, predicts a strong influence of the external field on the long-term behavior of the spins, and consequently on the long-term behavior of the local dipole fields for the muons. The conditions for observing this unique effect in the μ SR time-window were considered. The antiferromagnetic inhomogeneity that enhances the susceptibility and the characteristic connectivity in dilute lattices near the percolation would be important factors.

Polarized 57 Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy was applied to a stoichiometric single crystal LuFe 2 O 4 in order to determine the spin configuration of Fe ions. The compound is one of the RFe 2 O 4 (R=Y, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) family, which show some characteristics of a two-dimensional antiferromagnet on a triangular lattice. The antiferromagnet is composed of positive and negative ferrimagnetic domains. It was concluded that among three types of Fe 3+ ions, two of them contribute to the minority spins and the rest to the majority spin in a domain. All Fe 2+ ions contribute to the majority spins. The spin configuration is consistent with that suggested by the previous investigations.

Spin-glass-like freezing in the triangular-lattice random mixed antiferromagnet has been analysed by Monte Carlo simulation. Experimental results on random diluted have also been presented. The analysis provides a qualitative interpretation of the experimentally observed spin freezing in the random mixed system as well as the diluted systems and . The non-uniform antiferromagnetic interaction due to the random distribution of and in prevents long-range spin ordering, but instead it causes well-defined short-range correlation and a distribution of the relaxation time. The simulation demonstrates the formation of a higher-order structure of the short-range correlation at low temperatures. The development of a long-range correlation of quasi-static spins at the cusp temperature of the susceptibility is discussed.

Spin correlation in the diluted triangular-lattice antiferromagnet LuFeMgO${}_{4}$ has been investigated. LuFeMgO${}_{4}$ is one of the simplest insulating antiferromagnets where spin-glass-like random freezing is caused by random dilution of the frustrating antiferromagnetic interactions. Several magnetic properties obtained by Monte Carlo simulation are compared with experimental results including neutron scattering on a single crystal. Possible ionic distribution of Fe${}^{3+}$ and Mg${}^{2+}$ on the triangular lattice is also examined. The simulation reproduces the characteristic short-range spin correlation remarkably well and provides a qualitative description on the ``observed'' freezing in this two-dimensional model system. The short-range spin correlation itself does not change significantly at the freezing temperature but forms a long-range network of quasistatic spins. At lower temperature, a higher order structure of the short-range correlation is expected as a consequence of the residual degree of freedom on the cluster orientation.

Mossbauer parameters of the high temperature phase of Fe 3 O 4 have been precisely determined as functions of temperature. The measurements were carried out by using a stoichiometric single crystal in applied magnetic field up to 15 kOe. The values of isotropic hyperfine fields and isomer shifts at room temperature for A- and B-sites agree with those of typical 3+ and 2.5+ Fe ions, respectively, while the values of e 2 q Q /2 and magnetic dipole field for B-site are too small for purely ionic state. The difference between the isomer shifts of A- and B-sites, however, becomes small above around 500–600 K. This corresponds to the contribution of A-site Fe to the electrical conduction above this temperature range. Both the absorption line width and e 2 q Q /2 value of the B-site spectrum increase noticeably below around 300 K. This is noticed for the first time by our precise measurements. We consider that this feature indicate the change of the electronic states, or the formation of large polarons.

Zero and longitudinal field μSR measurements on diluted triangular‐lattice antiferromagnet LuFeMgO4 have revealed gradual and highly anisotropic slowing‐down of spin fluctuation. Relaxation rate \lambda in the condition with initial muon spins perpendicular to the hexagonal c‐plane shows divergent behavior while that in the parallel configuration remains finite. At certain temperature range the fluctuation of spins is suppressed by a small external magnetic field. Monte Carlo calculation suggests that the correlation time for z(c)‐component of spins diverges first on cooling.

Background: Evaluation of the contractile state of the left ventricle during exercise is important in drawing up a protocol of cardiac rehabilitation. It has been demonstrated that color Doppler- and echo tracking-derived carotid arterial wave intensity is a sensitive index of global left ventricular (LV) contractility. Objectives: We assessed the feasibility of measuring carotid arterial wave intensity and determining force-frequency (contractility-heart rate) relationships (FFR's) during exercise totally noninvasively. Methods: We measured carotid arterial wave intensity with a combined color Doppler and echo tracking system in 15 healthy young male volunteers (age 20.8 ± 1.3 years) at rest and during exercise. FFR's were constructed by plotting the maximum value of wave intensity (WD1) against heart rate (HR). Results: WD1 increased linearly with an increase in HR. The goodness-of-fit of the regression line of WD1 on HR in each subject was very high (r2 0.67 ~ 0.91, p