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The federal government has announced plans to introduce a contact tracing mobile app to help curb COVID-19's spread in Australia. However, rather than collecting location data directly from mobile operators, the proposed TraceTogether app will use Bluetooth technology to sense whether users who have voluntarily opted-in have come within nine metres of one another.

2019 IEEE. When technology is used for good in addressing sustainable development goals, fundamental human rights are adhered to. In the context of technology, we can discuss privacy, data rights and cybersecurity as three areas that are integral in maintaining the freedom and dignity of the individual. In a rush to bring developing nations on par with developed nations, the rapid deployment of technology is often seen as the answer to the achievement of all 17 sustainable development goals. We have seen, for example, biometric systems deployed in India through the Aadhaar biometric ID system versus the adoption of basic mobile technologies in Africa, providing e-payment capabilities. How can we know whether the deployment of new technology will help or inhibit the liberation of peoples, for example, to conduct mobile commerce? This paper emphasizes the need for three ethical elements-privacy, data rights and cybersecurity-in the deployment of new technologies and provides examples throughout history that demonstrate positive or negative applications of technology.

This paper explores the design process of robotics and autonomous systems using a co-design approach, applied ethics, and values-driven methods. Specifically, the approach seeks to move beyond traditional risk assessment toward a greater consideration of end-user exposure. The goal of the ethics-based co-design approach is to identify end-user and stakeholder values that guide the minimization of end-user vulnerability associated with the employment of autonomous systems. This design process is also used to identify positive consequences that probably increase human wellbeing as opposed to simply avoiding harm. We argue that biomedical autonomous systems design, during the preclinical phase, should bring together diverse stakeholders that would not traditionally be involved in design. We also argue that embedding ethical considerations in the engineering design process should bring together a diverse range of stakeholders to more accurately appreciate possible end-user implications of a design. With complex systems design, such as biotechnologies, greater awareness is necessary of the ethical implications of designed autonomy to end-user exposure.

Location-Based Services (LBS) provide value-added solutions to users based on location or position information and other contextual data. They enable the collection of GPS data logs or location chronicles, and may be deployed on a range of devices, many of which presently come in the form of commercially available product solutions with corresponding applications. This chapter presents the outcomes of an observational study of LBS users, which was designed to gauge user perspectives in relation to LBS socio-ethical dilemmas. The focus is on the outcomes of a spatial analysis exercise, which resulted in the development of a series of scenarios (in map format) that demonstrate varying LBS usability contexts. The scenarios range across various risk levels, and can be used as further input into consultative practices that are centered on the socio-ethical implications of LBS usage. Additionally, the results of the LBS observational study can be utilized to inform the need for LBS regulation. Future research directions are proposed, allowing for the study to be extended to wider contexts.

This chapter presents a set of scenarios involving the GoPro wearable Point of View (PoV) camera. The scenarios are meant to stimulate discussion about acceptable usage contexts with a focus on security and privacy. The chapter provides a wide array of examples of how overt wearable technologies are perceived and how they might/might not be welcomed into society. While the scenario is based at the University of Wollongong campus in Australia, the main implications derived from the fictitious events are useful in drawing out the predicted pros and cons of the technology. The scenarios are interpreted and the main thematic issues are drawn out and discussed. An in depth analysis takes place around the social implications, the moral and ethical problems associated with such technology, and possible future developments with respect to wearable devices.

This chapter provides a single person case study of Mr. Dan DeFilippi who was arrested for credit card fraud by the US Secret Service in December 2004. The chapter delves into the psychology of a cybercriminal and the inner workings of credit card fraud. A background context of credit card fraud is presented to frame the primary interview. A section on the identification of issues and controversies with respect to carding is then given. Finally, recommendations are made by the convicted cybercriminal turned key informant on how to decrease the rising incidence of cybercrime. A major finding is that credit card fraud is all too easy to enact and merchants need to conduct better staff training to catch fraudsters early. With increases in global online purchasing, international carding networks are proliferating, making it difficult for law enforcement agencies to be "policing" unauthorized transactions. Big data may well have a role to play in analyzing behaviors that expose cybercrime.

An interview with Metropolitan Kallistos of Diokleia on the interplay of religion, science and technology from an Eastern Orthodox perspective. Metropolitan Kallistos was Spalding Lecturer of Eastern Orthodox Studies at Oxford University for 35 years, and speaks here with M.G. Michael and Katina Michael of the University of Wollongong Australia on key issues, such as whether science and religion are in conflict, technology's impact on the practice of religion, responsible innovation, transhumanism, human enhancement and medical prosthesis. Metropolitan Kallistos responds to questions posed by sociotechnical systems researchers Michael and Michael, such as: are science and religion in conflict? Are there limits to innovation? Is religious faith threatened by technology? What if machines were to achieve artificial intelligence? Metropolitan Kallistos provides a sober critique of topics in technology and society, answering twenty questions, and giving readers of diverse backgrounds the opportunity to reflect on technological trajectories, past and present. Theological terms such as "image and likeness," the Incarnation, tradition, and omniscience are addressed, as are socioethical concepts of judgement, freedom, morality, and values. The well-known story of the Tower of Babel from the Book of Genesis, also serves as a backdrop in discussions related to scientific enquiry, the creation of new technology, engineering and hubris. Of course, there is nothing wrong with invention, for the faithful the creative genius is a gift from God to be nurtured, to be used to sustain and enhance life. It becomes a significant matter however, if humans or animals in the process of technological innovation at invention, commercialisation or diffusion, are misused for experimental purposes and not shown proper respect. In only a way we have come to expect from Metropolitan Kallistos- logical, eloquent and witty- he summates so accurately: "Now, a machine however subtle does not feel love

What is it with us today? We are giving over control to the machine and losing touch with the physical world around us [1]. We are witnessing the decay of our meaningful relationships-sucked into electronic vectors of nothingness-right before our very eyes [2]. Sometimes we are at a loss to describe this phenomenon, reflecting on how members of our own family have been duped by the promise of a Second Life.

2016 IEEE.Embedded radio-frequency identification, sensor technologies, biomedical devices and a new breed of nanotechnologies are now being commercialized within a variety of contexts and use cases. As these technologies gather momentum in the marketplace, consumers will need to navigate the changing cybernetic landscape. The trichotomy facing consumers are: (1) to adopt RFID implants as a means of self-expression or to resolve a technological challenge; (2) to adopt RFID implants for diagnostic or prosthetic purposes to aid in restorative health; as well as considerations (3) for enforced adoption stemming from institutional or organizational top-down control that has no direct benefit to the end-user. This paper uses the penal metaphor to explore the potential negative impact of enforced microchipping. The paper concludes with a discussion on the importance of protecting human rights and freedoms and the right to opt-out of sub-dermal devices.

Between 2010 and 2016 I accepted a voluntary post representing the Consumers Federation of Australia (CFA) on the standardization of the forensic analysis process. The CFA represents most major Australian national consumer organizations that work together to represent consumer rights.

The "Internet of Things" mantra promotes the potential for the interconnectedness of everyone and everything [1]. The fundamental premise is that embedded sensors (including audio and image) will herald in an age of convenience, security, and quick response [2]. We have become so oblivious to the presence and placement of sensors in civil infrastructure (e.g., shopping centers and lampposts) and computing devices (e.g., laptops and smartphones) that we do not question their placement in places of worship, restrooms, and, especially, children's toys [3].

Wearable devices with independent computing and networking capabilities change the proximity of people and visual information to self-presentation and self-perception. This article examines the disruptive effect that wearable technologies like the Digital Eye Glass present in documenting and representing the self in a surveillant world. We look at how the power relationships in self-presentation and self-interpretation are changed by sousveillant apparatus, and we explore how these practices of "looking" mediate the subject and power in the changing ethics and politics of human-to-human and human-to-computer interaction.

The current level of uncritical adoption in bodymodifying devices, and the propensity for remaking the human body through the aid of technology, is moving society closer to a human-machine fusion. We are at the brink of postmodernity in all its fullness. This paper speculates on the pros and cons of such a reality and insists on the right of the individual to be able to self-govern his/her own body, maintaining the right to choose. How individual choice is limited is also discussed, as industry innovation cycles get faster, and the need for continuous disruption means that the consumer is often at the mercy of an adapt or die kind of dilemma. What happens when complex technologies, like embedded microchips become a default way of living and working, transacting and interacting with no alternatives? These are just some of the questions explored in this qualitative study on body-modifying devices.

As more and more personal, enterprise and government data, services and infrastructure moves to the cloud for storage and processing, the potential for data breaches increases. Already major corporations that have outsourced some of their IT requirements to the cloud have become victims of cyber attacks. Who is responsible and how to respond to these data breaches are just two pertinent questions facing cloud computing stakeholders who have entered an agreement on cloud services. This paper reviews literature in the domain of cloud computing data breaches using a socio-technical approach. Socio-technical theory encapsulates three major dimensions- the social, the technical, and the environmental. The outcomes of the search are presented in a thematic analysis. The 7 key themes identified from the literature included: security, data availability, privacy, trust, data flow, service level agreements, and regulation. The paper considers complex issues, pre-empting the need for a better way to deal with breaches that not only affect the enterprise and cloud computing provider, but more importantly, end-users who rely on online services and have had their credentials compromised.

If you were born before 1985, then there is a good chance you watched Looney Tunes on a Saturday morning and followed the exploits of the Elmer Fudd, Bugs Bunny, and Daffy Duck hunting episodes with anticipation but no element of surprise. Poor old Daffy Duck, at times disguised as a rabbit, just couldn't outwit Bugs during rabbit season! And Elmer Fudd was one of those hunters you felt sorry for?a thousand shots fired, some on target, but he never really could finish off his rival.A modern-day remake of an Elmer Fudd cartoon might feature a precision-guided firearm, such as those in the TrackingPoint XactSystem series [1], making Fudd's rifle in Looney Tunes look like something out of ancient history. The modern cartoon might also be a little boring, with a short and predictable ending: shoot to kill the rabbit, and that's it- dead. There would be no great chase necessary, no teasing the target animal out. Daffy would be annihilated with pin-point accuracy the first time he came into Fudd's field of view.