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In this paper, the influence of the electrodes on effective electromechanical coupling coefficient k 2 eff distribution of high-overtone bulk acoustic resonators (HBAR) is investigated using the four-layer thickness extension mode composite resonator model. The k 2 eff distributions and the spacing of the parallel resonance frequency (SPRF) distributions are calculated for HBARs with different electrode and substrate materials. The frequency of first peak f M in k 2 eff distribution curve is close to the frequency of first valley in SPRF distribution curve, which has the maximum deviation of about 20%. The f M ratio of Al 0.1μm –ZnO 0.6μm –Au 0.1μm –Sapphire 400μm to Au 0.1μm –ZnO 0.6μm –Al 0.1μm –Sapphire 400μm is 1.91 which indicated that the k 2 eff distribution of HBAR is affected significantly by different electrode materials. We discuss for the first time the influence of the acoustic impedance ratio of the electrodes to substrate to the k 2 eff distribution, which is independent on the thickness ratio of the electrodes to piezoelectric film. It is found that for the pure-hard and pure-soft substrate HBARs, the resonator frequency of piezoelectric sandwich structure can be used to estimate the resonator frequency f M of the first peak of k 2 eff curve, which has the maximum deviation of 7%. The fabricated HBAR(I) Al–ZnO–Al–Sapphire and HBAR(II) Al–ZnO–Au–Sapphire shows identical outlines of k 2 eff and SPRF curves with the simulations, which have f M s of about 2 GHz and 3 GHz. The k 2 t of ZnO films are extracted from the first peak of the k 2 eff curve. The ZnO film deposited on Al and Au electrodes have k 2 t of 0.0597 and 0.0615, respectively.

Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant contributor to global hepatic disorders. ADIPOQ gene single‐nucleotide polymorphisms have been associated with NAFLD susceptibility, but with inconsistent results across the studies. This study aimed to investigate the association between ADIPOQ polymorphisms (+276G>T, rs1501299 and −11377C>G, rs266729) and the risk of NAFLD. Methods PubMed, Embase, Wanfang, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were used to identify the relevant published literature. Statistical analyses were calculated with STATA 11.0 software and RevMan 5.2. Summary odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated to assess the strength of the associations. Results Eleven relevant articles with a total of 3,644 participants (1,847 cases/1,797 controls) were included. Our meta‐analysis results revealed that ADIPOQ gene +276G>T polymorphism was not associated with NAFLD under various genetic models (allele model: OR = 0.99, 95% CI [0.69, 1.41]; dominant model: OR = 1.06, 95% CI [0.71, 1.58]; recessive model: OR = 0.83, 95% CI [0.42, 1.65]; homozygous model: OR = 0.86, 95% CI [0.38, 1.95]; heterozygous model: OR = 1.10, 95% CI [0.80, 1.53]; respectively). Moreover, no statistical significant association was found between +276G>T and NAFLD risk in the subgroups. ADIPOQ gene −11377C>G polymorphism significantly increased the risk of NAFLD (allele model: OR = 1.49, 95% CI [1.28, 1.75]; dominant model: OR = 1.64, 95% CI [1.35, 1.99]; recessive model: OR = 1.77, 95% CI [1.16, 2.70]; homozygous model: OR = 2.13, 95% CI [1.38, 3.28]; heterozygous model: OR = 1.58, 95% CI [1.29, 1.93]; respectively). Conclusion ADIPOQ gene −11377C>G may be a risk factor for NAFLD, while there was no association between ADIPOQ gene +276G>T polymorphism and the risk of NAFLD. Further studies are needed to detect the relationship between these ADIPOQ polymorphisms and NAFLD.

Au–Ag bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) supported on SBA-15 have been prepared by a two-step method and characterized by ICP-AES, XRD, UV–vis, TG-DTG, XPS and TEM. Au–Ag/SBA-15 bimetallic catalyst with a low metal loading of 1.26 wt.% exhibited high catalytic performance for low temperature CO oxidation, which was governed by Au/Ag molar ratio and the pretreatment conditions (calcination and reduction). The Au–Ag/SBA-15 with an actual Au/Ag molar ratio of 5.4/1 showed the highest catalytic activity for CO oxidation (T100 = 20 °C), and it has also been found that catalytic activity was strongly related with the calcination and reduction temperature of the bimetallic catalyst. The initial CO conversion was increased with the calcination temperature and then decreased above 500 °C. It was necessary to activate the bimetallic catalyst and completely remove the amine groups in the catalyst at 500 °C for the high activity of CO oxidation. The severe sintering of Au–Ag bimetallic NPs at 700 °C resulted in an obvious loss of activity. H2 reduction following the calcination played an important role in the enhancement of catalytic activity for CO oxidation. The best catalytic performance was obtained in the activation temperature range of 500–600 °C, and then decreased with a further increase of reduction temperature to 700 °C. The reduction treatment induced the surface redistribution of gold and silver. The formation of a closer bulk value of the surface Au/Ag molar ratio after reduction at 500–600 °C and a more random alloy resulted in the improvement in activity. However, the surface enrichment of Ag NPs and the severe aggregation of particles after high temperature reduction (>600 °C) caused the activity decrease.

Bulk acoustic wave resonators with piezoelectric films have been widely explored for the small size and high quality factor (Q) at GHz. This paper describes a high overtone bulk acoustic resonator (HBAR) based on Al/ZnO/Al sandwich layers and c-axis sapphire substrate. ZnO film with high quality c-axis orientation has been obtained using DC magnetron sputtering. The fabricated HBAR presents high Q at the multiple resonances from a 0.5–4.0 GHz wide band with a total size (including the contact pads) of 0.6 mm×0.3 mm×0.4 mm. The device exhibits the best acoustic coupling at around 2.4 GHz, which agrees with the simulation results based on the one-dimensional Mason equivalent circuit model. The HBAR also demonstrates Q values of 30 000, 25 000, and 6500 at 1.49, 2.43, and 3.40 GHz, respectively. It is indicated that the HBAR has potential applications for the low phase noise high frequency oscillator or microwave signal source.

The effect of the annealing process on properties of Pb(Zr0.48Ti0.52)O3 (PZT) thin films prepared by sol-gel method was systematically studied. PZT film deposited by the single layer pre-crystallization processing followed by multilayer crystallization processing is easy to grow along (110) orientation. The PZT films were prepared by the single layer annealing process and show (100) preferred orientation at lower crystallization temperature, while (111) and (110) orientation growth is occurs easily in higher the crystallization temperature. The PZT films deposited at higher crystallization temperature have larger average grain, but the high temperature cause the volatilization of lead, film density to decrease.

The design, fabrication and measuring of piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (pMUTs), including the deposition and patterning of PZT films, was investigated. The (100) preferential orientation of PZT film have been deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si (100) substrates by modified sol–gel method. PZT film and Pt/Ti electrode were patterned by novel lift-off using ZnO as a sacrificial layer avoiding shortcomings of dry and wet etching methods. pMUT elements have been fabricated by an improved silicon micromachining process and their properties were also characterized. As measured results, the pMUT tends to operate in a standard plate-mode. The receive sensitivity and transmit sensitivity of pMUT element whose active area only has 0.25 mm2 are −218 dB (ref. 1 V/μPa) and 139 dB (ref. 1 μPa/V), respectively.

A high-overtone bulk acoustic resonator (HBAR) consisting of a piezoelectric film with two electrodes on a substrate exhibits a high quality factor (Q) and multi-mode resonance spectrum. By analyzing the influences of each layer's material and structure (thickness) parameters on the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient (Keff²), the resonance spectrum characteristics of Keff² have been investigated systematically, and the optimal design of HBAR has been provided. Besides, a device, corresponding to one of the theoretical cases studied, is fabricated and evaluated. The experimental results are basically consistent with the theoretical results. Finally, the effects of Keff² on the function of the crystal oscillators constructed with HBARs are proposed. The crystal oscillators can operate in more modes and have a larger frequency hopping bandwidth by using the HBARs with a larger Keff²·Q.

Calibration of the micro force sensors is necessary for the measurement of microNewton forces, which are critical to analytical applications of micro force sensor in the analysis of micromanipulators, microrobots and microgrippers. This paper proposes a novel calibration system to calibrate PZT thin film micro force sensor using the bimorph probe as the loading part. Sensitivities of PZT thin film micro force sensors were calibrated by the calibration system composed of the drive system and the testing system. The drive system combines 3-dimensional positioning stage, a bimorph probe and a frequency synthesizer, and the testing system combines an electronic balance for static state or a charge amplifier and a lock-in amplifier for the quasi static state.

PZT thin film devices are very competitive when charge signal and force outputs are demanded. A Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 thin film with 24 coating layers is deposited by a sol–gel method. An array of three piezoelectric microcantilevers is fabricated using the wet and dry combined bulk micromachining techniques. Each microcantilever has a two-segment top electrode in different dimensions. The actuating and sensing capability of the six segments on the three microcantilevers are measured. It is proved that the proposed piezoelectric microcantilevers have both actuating and sensing functions; different proportion partition results in the diversity of the actuating and sensing capability. At the same location, the longer the piezoelectric segment is, the stronger actuating and sensing capability it has. The maximum actuating sensitivity and sensing sensitivity before poling treatment are 16.7 µN V−1 and 13.44 pC µm−1, respectively, which become about twice as big after poling. We may choose the appropriate microcantilevers to satisfy our purpose on some specific condition where force feedback and object manipulation are needed simultaneously. A hysteresis phenomenon is encountered in the actuating process while not in the sensing process.

In this paper, an Al-ZnO-Al film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) is described, which has a high mass sensitivity. And the series resonant frequency (fs) and parallel resonant frequency (fP) of the micromachined FBAR have been measured by using a network analyzer, which are 1.546 GHz and 1.590 GHz, respectively (close to the theoretical value simulated by mason equivalent circuit model). Moreover, the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient (Keff2) and quality Q have been calculated to be 6.83% and 350, respectively. After the FBAR packaging, the mass loading was added on the FBAR backside surface by sputtering different thicknesses of ZnO layer. From the graph of the resonant frequency versus added ZnO thickness, the FBAR is measured to have a mass sensitivity Sm of 1116.55 cm2 / g. The result is almost agreed with the theoretical value of 1166.86 cm2 / g, which is about 80 times of the conventional quartz crystal microbalance (QCM).

PZT thin films of various thickness were deposited on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrates by the sol?gel method. A new method to control the crystallographic orientation of the PZT thin films by modifying the coating layers in one annealing cycle is presented in this paper. PZT films with (111) and (100) preferred orientation were obtained using the multi-coating-layer-annealed and the one-coating-layer-annealed sol?gel methods, respectively. The optimized baking and annealing temperatures at 200 and 600??C were obtained by analyzing the phase transformation of the PZT precursor solution. The effect of film thickness on the microstructures, crystalline phases, and electrical properties of the PZT films was investigated. Compared to the multi-coating-layer-annealed method, the one-coating-layer-annealed method decreases the residual stress of the PZT films. The remanent polarization increases with the thickness of the PZT films. The remanent polarization (Pr) and coercive fields (Ec) of the one-coating-layer-annealed PZT films with 1.6??m thickness are 25.7??C?cm?2 and 59.2?kV?cm?1, respectively. New microcantilevers with two PZT piezoelectric elements and three electric electrodes were designed. These structures can be applied to microsensors, microactuators, or versatile devices having both sensing and actuating functions. The cantilevers were successfully fabricated with wet and dry combined bulk micromachining technique.

The paper presents the modeling of two types of piezoelectric microcantilevers, the two-layer and two-segment piezoelectric cantilevers, in which the two piezoelectric parts perform sensor and actuator functions, respectively. An analytic model is proposed to evaluate the sensing and actuating effects of multiporph microcantilevers formed of several layers or segments of piezoelectric materials. The analytical model is used to analyze the tip deflection of the cantilever and the piezoelectric charge generated on the sensor element as a function of the microcantilever geometry. The cantilevers of sensing and actuation are compared for the different working situations of the two-layer and two-segment cantilevers. The theoretical results can be used to optimize the design of the piezoelectric cantilever structures.

A modified sol-gel multiple coating and annealing process was developed to prepare lead zirconate titanate PbZr 0.5 Ti 0.5 O 3 (PZT) thin films with various thickness on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO 2 /Si(100) substrates. The PZT films with thickness 280, 560 and 810 nm underwent one, two and three annealing cycles, respectively, which consisted of 5 coating layers, 10 coating layers and 15 coating layers. Surface morphology and phase structure of the thin films were studied by SEM and XRD, respectively. The relationship between the thickness, namely different annealing cycles, and degree of texture was investigated. The dielectric constant increases with increasing film thickness. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of PZT films as functions of applied field and frequency had also been examined and discussed.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Polyphaga plancyi is a 15,547 bp circular molecule, which contains 37 typical mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs) and a 854 bp D-loop. Its gene arrangement pattern is identical with typical other cockroaches. All protein-coding genes start with an ATG codon except COI, ND3, ND5, ND4, ND4L ND6 and ND1. TAA is the most frequent stop codon, and TAG, GCA, TA- and T- are also occurred very common. The mtDNA sequence contains 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA of rRNA. Except for tRNASer(AGY) and tRNALeu(CUN) without the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm, all tRNAs could be folded into canonical cloverleaf secondary structures. The phylogenetic trees from the ML and BI analyses based on the complete mtDNA of nine cockroaches’ species, share similar topologies and high node support values. Polyphaga plancy has close relative with Eupolyphaga sinensis.

Background Cell death induced by poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) and mediated by apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is well-characterized in models of ischemic tissue injury, but their roles in cancer cell death after chemotherapy are less understood. Methods Here we investigated the roles of PAR and AIF by RNA interference (RNAi) in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells after chemotherapy. Differences in effects were statistically tested by analysis-of-variance and unpaired student’s t-test. Results Silencing of AIF by RNAi led to decreased MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell death after chemotherapy, which demonstrates a critical role for AIF. RNAi silencing of PAR glycohydrolase (PARG), the primary enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of PAR, led to increased PAR levels but decreased cell death. Further investigation into the possible role of PAR in apoptosis revealed decreased caspase-3/7/8/9 activity in PARG-null cells. Interestingly, the pharmacologic inhibition of caspase activity in PARG-silenced breast cancer cells led to increased cell death after chemotherapy, which indicates that an alternative cell death pathway is activated due to elevated PAR levels and caspase inhibition. AIF silencing in these cells led to profound protection from chemotherapy, which demonstrates that the increased cell death after PARG silencing and caspase inhibition was mediated by AIF. Conclusions The results show a role for AIF in breast cancer cell death after chemotherapy, the ability of PAR to regulate caspase activity, and the ability of AIF to substitute as a primary mediator of breast cancer cell death in the absence of caspases. Thus, the induction of cell death by PAR/AIF may represent a novel strategy to optimize the eradication of breast tumors by activating an alternative cell death pathway.

MEMS Lamb wave ultrasonic devices have been shown to be extremely useful for applications of sensor, actuator, resonator, and so on. This paper presents the design and fabrication of Lamb wave microdevice based on ZnO piezoelectric film. The Lamb waves were respectively launched and received by both Al interdigital transducers deposited on ZnO/Al/LTO/Si 3 N 4 /Si thin piezoelectric composite plate. The detail fabrication procedure of microdevice and characteristics of the ZnO film were presented. A novel method to obtain the piezoelectric constant of the ZnO film was used in this paper. The experimental results for characterizing the wave propagation modes and their frequencies of the Lamb wave microdevice indicated the measured center frequency of antisymmetric A 0 and symmetric S 0 modes Lamb wave agree with the theoretical predictions.

Wind energy has drawn worldwide attention. Because of simple structure, high efficiency, stable operation and other inherent advantages, variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) direct-drive wind power generation system using permanent magnetic synchronous generator(PMSG) is the development trend and one of the focuses of wind power generation system, on which this paper researches through its converter's topological. To be the interface between PMSG and the grid, typical converter topology structure of direct-driven wind power system with PMSG are analyzed, including the diode rectifier + DC to DC converter + inverter, and the back to back double PWM converter. The topological characteristics and applications of some high-voltage, high-power converters are introduced in detail, including Diode-clamped multi-level converter, Cascaded H-bridge multilevel converter and Flyingcapacitor multilevel converter. Their implementations, working principles, advantages and disadvantages are discussed and compared. Judging from the current situation, for the advantages of low-cost and simple control strategy, diodeclamped three-level PWM converter is the hot spot of current converting technique study for direct-driven wind power system.

Operation characteristics of doubly fed wind turbine generator system under grid voltage unbalance conditions are analyzed. In order to restrain various pulsations, a coordinated control strategy of rotor-side and grid-side converters of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is presented. Taking the pulsations of electromagnetic torque, stator reactive power and system total output power at double supply frequency (100Hz) as control aims, the required compensation voltages are calculated, then superimposed on the reference voltages of the rotor-side and grid-side converters. Thus the pulsations could be restrained effectively. Finally, the proposed control scheme is implemented in Matlab/Simulink on a 1.5MW DFIG connected to a power grid with unbalanced voltage. Results show that the proposed control strategy can minimize pulsations of electromagnetic torque, stator reactive power and system total output power.

Multiobjective site selection is a class complicated spatial analysis problem which can hardly be solved with traditional methods of Geographical Information System (GIS). In this paper we described an approach based on the gene expression programming (GEP) algorithm, with which the multiobjective site-search problems can be resolved. The validity of this method is verified by using MOP2 function, Bohachevsky function and Shubert function. By the comparison with genetic algorithms, it is concluded that the proposed GEP method using the expression trees/simple strings coding strategy can generate more approximate Pareto-front than the GAs using the linear coding method. This proposed model is finally applied to facilities optimal location search in Guangzhou.

A novel piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (pMUT), has been designed, and successfully fabricated .A bridge type structure in flexure mode was adopted for the design of the pMUT element. The transducers comprise a 4-6μm thick silicon layer, a 1μm thick thermal oxide layer, and 1.1μm thick piezoelectric PZT layer . The PZT films were deposited by a sol-gel technique. The influence of different annealing processes on the films properties had been investigated. The PZT films annealed at 650? for half an hour in air exhibit preferred orientation in the direction of the (100) plane. The piezoelectric coefficient d33 of PZT films was measured as 120 pC/N. The bridge diaphragms are much more compliant and free from the clamped stress in two side edges in vibrating diaphragms in comparison with diaphragms clamped on all four edges. The sensitivity of novel pMUT is expected to be higher.

The development of information technology and electronic commerce (E-commerce) has led to great changes in the tourism industry in many countries around the world including China. Traditional tourism are faced with great opportunities and challenges because of the information revolution,. With E-commerce development, traditional tourism value chain has encountered problems and begun to recon figurate.

The paper presents a technology platform for micromanipulation systems based on the piezoelectric cantilevers integrated with PZT thin-film micro force sensors and actuators. Two novel piezoelectric microcantilevers with two-segment and bimorph sol-gel PZT films were designed, fabricated by bulk micromachining and tested. The sensing and actuation capability of two-segment PZT microcantilevers as microforce sensors or actuators was characterized. The sensing performance of bimorph PZT microcantilevers was compared with the conventional unimorph microcantilever. The piezoelectric constant d31 of PZT films were measured without poling process.

PZT thin film sensors are widely used in microsensor because of its simple structure, high sensitivity and good linearity. The sol-gel method is used for the PZT thin film deposition on the silicon cantilever structure, actuation and sensing electrodes are made on the PZT micro-cantilever by the bulk micromachining technology. AC voltage is applied to the actuation electrode to make the micro-cantilever oscillate at 70 Hz, and the charge on the sensing electrode serves as sensor signal. When contact force is applied to the tip of the micro-cantilever, the amplitude variation of the induced charge is collected by a charge amplifier and a digital lock-in amplifier. Experiments have shown that the PZT thin film sensors with the micro-cantilever structure are able to sense contact force whether the PZT thin film is in the state of stretching stress or compressive stress. The resolution of the microforce sensor is 3 muN at the stretching stress, and 3.75 muN at the compressive stress

Different from the conventional piezoelectric microcantilevers with a piezoelectric film sandwiched between two metal electrodes on cantilever structures, the objective of our investigation is to develop a technology platform based on the integration of two piezoelectric PZT thin-film elements on silicon cantilevers for microsensors and microactuators. Two novel piezoelectric microcantilevers with two piezoelectric elements (bimorph or two segments of PZT films) and three electric electrodes were designed. The microcantilevers were successfully fabricated by bulk micromachining. The generated piezoelectric charge and actuation force of the microcantilevers were characterized. As microsensors or microactuators, the bimorph piezoelectric cantilevers can increase the sensing resolution and actuation displacement (force) of the piezoelectric cantilevers. The bimorph and two-segment piezoelectric cantilevers can be served as the versatile devices for sensing and actuation. The multifunctional cantilevers have many potential applications in fields such as micromanipulation systems, microrobots, and vibration controls of flexible manipulators.

Online consumer product reviews have long been considered an important form of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) and have generated widespread interests in business research fields. The reviews provide potential buyers with product comments and evaluations from a user’s perspective, which is generally believed to be neutral and impartial. However, little research explored the bias in the process of potential buyers’ browsing reviews. This paper examines how the sequence of negative reviews, the quantity of online feedback text and the quality of online comments affect consumer purchase intention. The experiment’s results suggest that the quantity and quality of online consumer product reviews have a positive effect on consumer purchase intention. However, consumers show a negativity bias for products when negative consumer reviews concentrate in the foreground.

Apoptosis-Inducing Factor (AIF) was previously characterized as a poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) dependent, caspase independent cell death effector in a wide spectrum of diseases or conditions that involve cell death. The objective of this study was to determine the role of PAR and AIF in cancer cell death after chemotherapy. We have previously demonstrated the presence of AIF mediated caspase-independent cell death in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells following treatment with the DNA alkylating agent N-methyl-N’-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). To gain further insight into the role of AIF in cell death induced by chemotherapy, we utilized RNA interference (RNAi) to knockdown expression of AIF and PAR glycohydrolase (PARG) in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. UV-C irradiated AIF-silenced cells displayed increased cell viability. Moreover FACS analysis showed that AIF knockdown successfully protected cells against apoptosis induced by MNNG and the chemotherapeutic agents epirubicin and cyclophosphamide. Interestingly, the knockdown of PARG led to decreased apoptotic cell death after treatment with MNNG. However, inhibition of caspases using Q-VD-OPh in PARG RNAi treated cells led to an increase in apoptotic cell death, which suggests that caspase dependent cell death after chemotherapy is mediated in part by PARG. However, the knockdown of AIF in these cells led to significant protection, which indicates that cell death in the absence of caspase activity in PARG knockdown cells is mediated by AIF. Taken together, the results provide a paradigm where AIF can substitute as caspase executioner in the absence of PARG and caspases in breast cancer cells. Thus, the activation of AIF mediated cell death is a promising strategy to improve the treatment of breast cancer by providing an alternative pathway for tumor eradiation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2019. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2019

Background Glutaraldehyde cross-linked bioprosthetic heart valves might fail due to progressive degradation and calcification. Methods In this study, we developed a new BHVs preparation strategy named as "HPA/TRA/FMN" that utilized 3,4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (HPA)/tyramine (TRA) conjugated pericardium and riboflavin 5'-monophosphate (FMN) initiated photo-cross-linking method. HPA/TRA-pericardium conjugation would provide extra phenol groups for FMN initiated photo-cross-linking. Results The feeding ratio of riboflavin 5'-monophosphate was optimized. The collagenase and elastase enzymatic degradation in vitro, biomechanics, calcification, elastin stability in vivo, and macrophage marker CD68 were characterized. We demonstrated that riboflavin photo-cross-linked pericardiums had great collagen and elastin stability, improved mechanical properties, better resistance for calcification, and less CD68 positive macrophages in rat subdermal implantation study. Conclusions This new riboflavin photo-cross-linking strategy would be a promising method to make BHVs which have better elastin stability, less calcification, and reduced inflammatory response.