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In the current study, the folklore medicine

Citrus limon L. is an ingenious alternative medication and has a broad scope in managing several health conditions as part of natural remedies. Recently, medicinal plants have witnessed incredible consideration worldwide in the field of neuroscience for remedial intervention. The present work has investigated the phytochemical compounds and neuropharmacological potential of the seed extract of Citrus limon as a step to partially validate its formulations as nutraceuticals using an in vivo model. Diverse phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, gums, saponins, steroids were qualitatively identified through colorimetric methods utilizing standard compounds. The neuropharmacological properties were studied in Swiss albino mice with the sleep time induced by thiopental sodium taken as an end-point, in standard hole cross, hole board, and open-field experiments at varying doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. Phytochemical screening showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and glycosides are present in the aqueous extract of the seed. The extracts demonstrated a significant reduction in sleep onset and enhanced the sleep duration in a dose-dependent manner in thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time, along with a marked decrease in unconstrained locomotors and explorative properties in both hole cross and open field tests. Moreover, in the hole board study, the extracts minimized the count of head dips observed in the treated mice. The results shown in this study demonstrate that Citrus limon extracts have neuropharmacological properties that can be further examined for their potential role as an adjuvant with conventional medications or nutraceuticals.

In the present study, gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized from aqueous extracts of Opuntia dillenii, characterized by various advanced techniques and investigated for antibacterial and antifungal potential. Phytochemical screening of O. dillenii showed the presence of alkaloids, betacyanin, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and phlobatannins. The characterizations of the synthesized metal NPs were performed such as UV-visible spectrophotometer, FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrophotometer, SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray). Through the application of such advance techniques, the UV-visible spectrophotometer showed the bands of absorbance for AgNPs and AuNPs at 420 nm and 525 nm range, respectively. The FTIR spectra for both and AgNPs also appeared in the range of 4000-400 cm-1. SEM was performed for the textural and morphological characteristics of the NPs such as shape, size distribution, and surface structure. Elemental analysis was recorded for the synthesis of Au and AgNPs, which confirmed its purity. The O. dillenii extract and their synthesized Au and AgNPs showed a clear zone of inhibition against the E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, and P. aeruginosa bacteria and T. viride, C. albicans, C. krusei, and A. niger fungal species.

The main aim of this research was to explore Parthenium hysterophorus Linn phytochemically and pharmacologically. Phytochemical screening is important for the isolation of active compounds before bulk extraction. The crude extracts and their fractions were screened for enzyme (urease, α-glycosidase, and phosphodiesterase) inhibition assays, in vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and sedative effects. Results indicated the presence of steroids, flavonoids, etc. The crude extracts such as methanol, hexane, aqueous, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and butanol exhibited excellent urease inhibitory activities with IC50 = 43.1 ± 1.24, 31.9 ± 2.21, 31.9 ± 2.21, 57.3 ± 1.27, 49.2 ± 2.16, and 35.3 ± 1.12, respectively, as compared to standard acetohydroxamic acid (20.3 ± 0.43). The extracts (methanol, hexane, aqueous, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and butanol) also showed promising α-glycosidase potency with IC50 = 13.1 ± 0.34, 21.2 ± 1.16, 23.1 ± 0.12, 84.2 ± 2.17, 118.6 ± 3.07, and 840 ± 1.73, respectively against acarbose (840 ± 1.73). The phosphodiesterase activity of the mentioned extracts was also excellent with IC50 = 131.1 ± 2.41, 197.2 ± 3.16, 24.2 ± 0.11, 62.4 ± 2.21, 152.4 ± 1.81, and 55.3 ± 2.15, respectively, against the standard (265.5 ± 2.25). Furthermore, butanol (14.96 ± 1.78), ethyl acetate (18.98 ± 1.71), and methanol (16.87 ± 1.00) showed dose-dependent analgesic effects with a maximum inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhes. Whereas, methanolic and butanol extracts exhibited maximum inhibition of inflammation in the carrageenan paw edema test. The aqueous ( p < 0.01 ) and butanol ( p < 0.01 ) extracts exhibited maximum a sedative effect followed by chloroform ( p < 0.05 ), ethyl acetate ( p < 0.05 ), and methanolic ( p < 0.05 ) fractions as compared to the standard drug. The current research concluded that Parthenium hysterophorus Linn has important phytochemical constituents having inhibitory effects on urease, α-glycosidase, and phosphodiesterase enzymes. Furthermore, the plant has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and sedative effects. The P. hysterophorus needs to further be explored for the candidate molecules responsible for the abovementioned activities.

The strategies involved in the development of therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders are very complex and challenging due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a closely spaced network of blood vessels and endothelial cells that functions to prevent the entry of unwanted substances in the brain. The emergence and advancement of nanotechnology shows favourable prospects to overcome this phenomenon. Engineered nanoparticles conjugated with drug moieties and imaging agents that have dimensions between 1 and 100 nm could potentially be used to ensure enhanced efficacy, cellular uptake, specific transport, and delivery of specific molecules to the brain, owing to their modified physico-chemical features. The conjugates of nanoparticles and medicinal plants, or their components known as nano phytomedicine, have been gaining significance lately in the development of novel neuro-therapeutics owing to their natural abundance, promising targeted delivery to the brain, and lesser potential to show adverse effects. In the present review, the promising application, and recent trends of combined nanotechnology and phytomedicine for the treatment of neurological disorders (ND) as compared to conventional therapies, have been addressed. Nanotechnology-based efforts performed in bioinformatics for early diagnosis as well as futuristic precision medicine in ND have also been discussed in the context of computational approach.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of trade openness on the cost of financial intermediation and bank performance. Developed and developing countries are currently pursuing trade openness to achieve higher bank performance with less intermediation costs. Design/methodology/approach In attaining the study's objectives, several regression methodologies were employed (i.e. system generalized method of moments (GMM), fixed effect, pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) and vector error correction model (VECM)). The authors tested the hypothesis on data of 885 banks from BRICS countries, which span 18 years (2000–2017). Findings The results from this robust study showed that embedding higher trade openness reduces financial intermediation costs and improves banks' performance. The results remain robust following the use of different estimation methods and alternative variables as proxies. In addition, results were still valid upon considering bank level, industry level and country level as control variables. It was also observed that the relation pattern holds its rigidity during “good” and “bad” times (i.e. the global financial crisis). Originality/value The results provide better references for bank regulators, academics and policymakers to take advantage of the low financial intermediation costs resulting from trade openness.

Abstract: G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are activated by manifold neurotransmitters, and their activation, in turn, evokes slow synaptic transmission. They are profoundly related to numerous psychiatric and neurological disorders such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. The significant malady indications for GPCR modulators demonstrate a change towards obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease, while other central nervous system disorders persist highly represented. GPR52, GPR6, and GPR8 are recognised as orphan GPCRs, co-exist either with both the dopamine D2 and D1 receptors in neurons of the basal ganglia or with the dopamine D2 receptor alone, and recommend that between these orphan receptors, GPR52 has the maximum potential of being a therapeutic psychiatric receptor. Genetically modified creature models and molecular biological investigations have suggested that these improved GPCRs could be potential therapeutic psychiatric receptors. In this perspective, the role of molecular targets in GPCR-mediated signalling has been discussed that would be novel drug design and discovery options for a scientist to elaborate previous knowledge with modern techniques.

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition that influences the endocrine framework. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are two of the most widely recognized metabolic irregularities in diabetes and two of the most well-known reasons for diabetic intricacies. Diabetes mellitus is a persistent illness brought about by metabolic irregularities in hyperglycemic pancreatic cells. Hyperglycemia can be brought about by an absence of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas (Type 1 diabetes mellitus) or inadequate insulin creation that does not work effectively (Type 2 diabetes mellitus). Present diabetes medication directs blood glucose levels in the systemic circulation to the typical levels. Numerous advanced prescription medicines have many negative results that can bring about unexpected severe issues during treatment of the bioactive compound from a different source that is beneficially affected by controlling and adjusting metabolic pathways or cycles. Moreover, a few new bioactive medications disengaged from plants have shown antidiabetic action with more noteworthy adequacy than the oral hypoglycemic agent that specialists have utilized in clinical treatment lately. Since bioactive mixtures are collected from familiar sources, they have a great activity in controlling diabetes mellitus. This study discusses bioactive compounds, their activity in managing diabetes mellitus, and their prospects. Though bioactive compounds have many health-beneficial properties, adequate clinical studies still need to acknowledge that they effectively manage diabetes mellitus.

The study aims to examine the effects of trade balance, economic growth, green field investment, energy use, financial development, and urbanization on environmental sustainability in BRICS countries. This study proceeds to estimate the long-term association using the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and the dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) panel estimation methods for the years 1991–2020. This empirical study finds that the ratio of exports to imports has a negative effect on environmental degradation. This indicates that increasing the trade balance eventually leads to environmental sustainability, which finally improves living standards and environmental conditions in the BRICS countries. The findings further show that green field investment and financial development substantially improve environmental sustainability, but energy use, urbanization, and economic growth desperately negatively affect environmental sustainability. Additionally, this research finds a unidirectional relationship of environmental sustainability with trade balance, green field investment, energy use, urbanization, and economic growth rate. This study states how BRICS countries can be protected through trade balance controlling environmental degradation. Thus, this research provides improved orientations to the policymakers of BRICS countries to design policy in favor of the environment.

Considerable evidence supports that cytokines are important mediators of pathophysiologic processes within the central nervous system (CNS). Numerous studies have documented the increased production of various cytokines in the human CNS in various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Deciphering cytokine actions in the intact CNS has important implications for our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of these disorders. The purpose of this study is to discuss the recent research on treating cytokine storm and amyloids, including stroke, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's condition, Multi-sclerosis (MS), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Neuroinflammation observed in neurological disorders has a pivotal role in exacerbating Aβ burden and tau hyperphosphorylation, suggesting that stimulating cytokines in response to an undesirable external response could be a checkpoint for treating neurological disorders. Furthermore, the pro-inflammatory cytokines help our immune system through a neuroprotective mechanism in clearing viral infection by recruiting mononuclear cells. This study reveals that cytokine applications may play a vital role in providing novel regulation and methods for the therapeutic approach to neurological disorders and the causes of the deregulation, which is responsible for neuroinflammation and viral infection. However, it needs to be further investigated to clarify better the mechanisms of cytokine release in response to various stimuli, which could be the central point for treating neurological disorders.

A modified approximate analytic solution of the cubic nonlinear oscillator “ ” has been obtained based on an iteration procedure. Here we have used the truncated Fourier series in each iterative step. The approximate frequencies obtained by this technique show a good agreement with the exact frequency. The percentage of error between exact frequency and our fifth approximate frequency is as low as 0.009%. The calculation with this technique is very easy. This easily-calculated modified technique accelerates the rapid convergence, reduces the error and increases the validity range of the solution.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a main cause of dementia, accounting for up to 75% of all dementia cases. Pathophysiological processes described for AD progression involve neurons and synapses degeneration, mainly characterized by cholinergic impairment. This feature makes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEi) the main class of drugs currently used for the treatment of AD dementia phase, among which galantamine is the only naturally occurring substance. However, several plant species producing diverse classes of alkaloids, coumarins, terpenes, and polyphenols have been assessed for their anti-AChE activity, becoming potential candidates for new anti-AD drugs. Therefore, this mini-review aimed to recapitulate last decade studies on the anti-AChE activity of plant species, their respective extracts, as well as isolated compounds. The anti-AChE activity of extracts prepared from 54 plant species pertaining 29 families, as well as 36 isolated compounds were classified and discussed according to their anti-AChE pharmacological potency to highlight the most prominent ones. Besides, relevant limitations, such as proper antioxidant assessment, and scarcity of toxicological and clinical studies were also discussed in order to help researchers out with the bioprospection of potentially new AChEi.

Abstract: Dementia and frailty increase health adversities in older adults, which are topics of growing research interest. Frailty is considered to correspond to a biological syndrome associated with age. Frail patients may ultimately develop multiple dysfunctions across several systems, including stroke, transient ischemic attack, vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, cortico-basal degeneration, multiple system atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Patients with dementia and frailty often develop malnutrition and weight loss. Rigorous nutritional, pharmacological, and non-pharmacological interventions generally are required for these patients, which is a challenging issue for healthcare providers. A healthy diet and lifestyle instigated at an early age can reduce the risk of frailty and dementia. For optimal treatment, accurate diagnosis involving clinical evaluation, cognitive screening, essential laboratory evaluation, structural imaging, functional neuroimaging, neuropsychological testing is necessary. Diagnosis procedures best apply the clinical diagnosis, identifying the cause(s) and the condition(s) appropriate for treatment. The patient's history, caregiver's interview, physical examination, cognitive evaluation, laboratory tests, structural imaging should best be involved in the diagnostic process. Varying types of physical exercise can aid the treatment of these disorders. Nutrition maintenance is a particularly significant factor, such as exceptionally high-calorie dietary supplements and a Mediterranean diet to support weight gain. The core purpose of this article is to investigate trends in the management of dementia and frailty, focusing on improving diagnosis and treatment. Substantial evidence builds the consensus that a combination of balanced nutrition and good physical activity is an integral part of treatment. Notably, more evidence-based medicine knowledge is required.

The objective of this study is to examine the aspects of investment in human capital like training of employees, education level of employees, knowledge level of employees, and skills of employees that influence the performance of a bank and to provide some comments to improve the banking sectors. This research included a conceptual model along with hypotheses. This empirical study is based on primary data. The data were obtained by the convenient sampling procedure with a questionnaire using the Seven Point Likert Scale. The hypothesized model has been validated using data from 261 participants and an analysis was conducted using the system of Structural Equation Modelings (SEM). The results revealed that investment in training, knowledge level and skills of the employee was positively connected to bank performance at less than 1% and a 5% level of significance. But, the employee's educational level does not substantially affect bank output in this analysis. The focus field is the study of the human capital investments of the Human Resources Division at Janata Bank Limited. It investigates different aspects of the Janata Bank’s facilities as well as the problems and prospects. Thus, this study can be a policy dialog for the managers, owners, decision-makers, and academicians.

Objective: The objective of this study was assessing the diverse pharmacological efficacies of methanolic extracts of the whole plant of Gardenia coronaria Buch-Ham This study illustrates the phytochemicals, antioxidants and thrombolytic activity which have the possibility to be used in the coming future to open a new line of investigation. The Gardenia coronaria, one of the necessary traditional medicinal plants in Bangladesh. In the rural area this plant is used by a lot of people as a treatment from various disease. Methods: Total sum of the flavonoids was spectrophotometrically ascertained with the help of aluminum chloride colorimetric assay as total phenolic and tannin content by Folin Chiocalteu’s reagent. Antioxidant activity, ascertained by DPPH (α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay giving some comparison between the resultant activity with the standard. The thombolytic activity was assessed based on the method of minor alterations. Results: The percentage of clot lysis was 87.58% when 100 μl of streptokinase (30,000 I.U.), and the methanolic extract displayed the least clot lysis activity (26.79%), much less compared to the standard. It can be elicited that the extract of Gardenia coronaria Buch-Ham contains antioxidant and thrombolytic activity. The potential of these activities probably because of the availability of most of the phytochemicals supporting previous claims and verify its uses as an expected folk medicine. Peer Review History: Received 9 January 2020; Revised 25 January; Accepted 4 March, Available online 15 March 20200 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 4.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Name: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel Affiliation: Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt E-mail: gehankandeel9@yahoo.com Name: Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed Affiliation: University of Sadat City, Egypt E-mail: maafayed@gmail.com Comments of reviewer(s): Similar Articles: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF LEAF, STEM-BARK AND ROOT OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA (NEEM) EXTRACTION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL POTENT MUCOADHESIVE BIO-MATERIAL OBTAINED FROM THE FRESH FRUITS PULP OF ACHRAS ZAPOTILLA

Using Pooled Ordinary Least Square (Pooled OLS) on a daily panel dataset from the US and Canada from January 22 to September 22, 2020, this study examines the impact of macroeconomic indicators impact on the stock market indices during the COVID-19 pandemic. We improved the interaction relationship of government action variables with the trend in COVID-19 affected and death cases in finding the reaction of stock market returns. We find that the industrial production and money supply significantly influence the stock market return during this pandemic. As there is a paucity of literature together with unclear findings, we improved that social distancing and government economic support significantly affect the stock market returns. Further, this study implies that the interaction of social distancing with the trend in COVID-19 affected cases reduces the adverse reaction of stock market returns during this pandemic. But the interaction of social distancing with the trend in COVID-19 death cases enters negative and significant, suggesting that social distancing action with the trend in death cases of COVID-19 doesn’t weaken the inverse reaction of stock market returns. During this pandemic period, this study can be a policy dialog for the government, policymakers, researchers, and regulatory bodies.

Suzanna Arundhati Roy is a post-modern sub-continental writer famous for her first novel The God of Small Things. This novel tells us the story of Ammu who is the mother of Rahel and Estha. Through the story of Ammu, the novel depicts the socio-political condition of Kerala from the late 1960s and early 1990s. The novel is about Indian culture and Hinduism is the main religion of India. One of the protagonists of this novel, Velutha, is from a low-caste community representing the dalit caste. Apart from those, between the late 1960s and early 1990s, a lot of movements took place in the history of Kerala. The Naxalites Movement is imperative amid them. Kerala is the place where communism was established for the first time in the history of the world through democratic election. Some vital issues of feminism have been brought into focus through the portrayal of the character, Ammu. In a word, this paper tends to show how Arundhati Roy has successfully manifested the multifarious as well as simultaneous influences of politics in the context of history and how those affected the lives of the marginalized. Overall, it would minutely show how historical incidents and political ups and downs go hand in hand during the political upheavals of a state.

Inflammation plays an important role in different chronic diseases. Brominated indoles derived from the Australian marine mollusk Dicathais orbita (D. orbita) are of interest for their anti-inflammatory properties. This study evaluates the binding mechanism and potentiality of several brominated indoles (tyrindoxyl sulfate, tyrindoleninone, 6-bromoisatin, and 6,6′-dibromoindirubin) against inflammatory mediators cyclooxygenases-1/2 (COX-1/2) using molecular docking, followed by molecular dynamics simulation, along with physicochemical, drug-likeness, pharmacokinetic (pk), and toxicokinetic (tk) properties. Molecular docking identified that these indole compounds are anchored, with the main amino acid residues, positioned in the binding pocket of the COX-1/2, required for selective inhibition. Moreover, the molecular dynamics simulation based on root mean square deviation (RMSD), radius of gyration (Rg), solvent accessible surface area (SASA), and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) analyses showed that these natural brominated molecules transit rapidly to a progressive constant configuration during binding with COX-1/2 and seem to accomplish a consistent dynamic behavior by maintaining conformational stability and compactness. The results were comparable to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved selective COX inhibitor, aspirin. Furthermore, the free energy of binding for the compounds assessed by molecular mechanics–Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MM–PBSA) confirmed the binding capacity of indoles towards COX-1/2, with suitable binding energy values except for the polar precursor tyrindoxyl sulfate (with COX-1). The physicochemical and drug-likeness analysis showed zero violations of Lipinski’s rule, and the compounds are predicted to have excellent pharmacokinetic profiles. These indoles are projected to be non-mutagenic and free from hepatotoxicity, with no inhibition of human ether-a-go–go gene (hERG) I inhibitors, and the oral acute toxicity LD50 in rats is predicted to be similar or lower than aspirin. Overall, this work has identified a plausible mechanism for selective COX inhibition by natural marine indoles as potential therapeutic candidates for the mitigation of inflammation.

The energy consumption rate around the world is increasing. A large amount of energy is consumed for lighting purposes. The lighting system is accounted for approximately 19% of total energy consumption. So, development is needed in the lighting system to save energy. This paper represents an energy-saving smart lighting system for commercial buildings. This is a user-friendly system based on Arduino Nano and NodeMCU. This system can be easily controlled by Wi-Fi module. Here, node MCU works as Wi-Fi Module chip. It is low cost and can be configured to connect to the Internet for Internet of Things (IoT). Experimental results show that energy can be saved because it consumes less power than the normal lighting system. The day-light sensor provides the system more accurate. A light dimming property is performed with the help of a daylight sensor. We have scheduled running office time for enlightened the working place of a building as well. The proposed system has both automatic and personal control system.

The space elevator is a type of transportation objects from the earth to space. It would enable a cost-effective space ride for human to explore and exercise space science. The primary component of a space elevator is a cable. It would be extended into space from the Earth’s surface which would lift the elevator. Carbon nanotube is one of the potential materials for the cable. In this study, some electrical and mechanical properties of the carbon nanotube are analyzed. Simulations are carried out to illustrate the parameters which support the fact that carbon nanotube can be used as tether and sensor material in the space elevator projects. Information gained from this work would be useful for construction and related applications of carbon nanotube-based space elevator.

In recent days everything depends on smart technology. Irrigation system is also becoming smart by using modern technologies, which is more advantageous rather than the traditional methods. In this paper, a smart irrigation system is developed that automates the irrigation process with the help of solar power. This proposed system can optimize the use of water based on different data, such as soil moisture, weather prediction, etc. It will also notify its owner about the current condition of the soil and motor through GSM technology. This proposed model can automatically turn ON and OFF the motor pump by sensing the moisture content of the soil depending on the demand of water in the field. A moisture sensor is used to collect data (soil moister level) of a particular area. The motor will automatically turn OFF after fulfilling the demand of water and get turns ON again when the field becomes dry. GSM technology is used to send the update (ON/OFF) of a motor to the farmers. The whole proposed system is controlled by an Arduino. Here, DC power is generated from the solar panel. All these features will make irrigation system much smarter and economical.

This paper deals with wireless power transmission technology. A battery of an electronic device will be charged wirelessly. The solar panel converts the sun light into electrical energy. Power from a solar panel is sent through a transmitter circuit and received by a receiver circuit wirelessly based on Faraday’s law of induction. As magnetic resonance coupling is more efficient and useful than magnetic inductive coupling, in this paper, magnetic resonant coupling is used. There are a transmitter and receiver coil. The transmitter coil is driven at the same frequency of the resonant frequency of the receiver coil. For those reasons, the LC tuned circuit has been built to maintain the same frequency. As power is transmitted wirelessly, some power is wasted. As a result, efficiency is decreased to only 11 %. After all, it will be a future charging solution in the modern world. With the help of wireless battery charger technology, power can be supplied to the electric cars, drones, hospital’s equipment, and smartphones. This device also helps to reduce the necessity of using wires.

In recent times, the use of furnace in industrial sectors has increased. Furnace deals with high temperature for melting and die casting purpose. The smart gas furnace basically made by G.I metal sheet (outer part of the furnace), solenoid valve, ceramic fiber, Plaster of Paris, black fire cement, crucible and gas as a fuel. Among different types of furnace, higher efficiency can be achieved from smart gas furnace. A smart gas furnace is the minimum expensive melting process introduced for melting any types of metal or alloy compared with other furnace. The objectives of this project work are to control the flow of gas for maintaining the required temperature inside the furnace and melt the material. The goal of this project work is to build a gas fired crucible furnaces and develop a controlling system which provide more benefit compare with other furnace. In this project Arduino is used to maintain the required temperature inside the furnace by switching the solenoid valve which controls the flow of gas. Whenever the temperature reaches the desired temperature the gas flow will automatically stopped by solenoid valve resulting in minimum gas loss. Which will reduce fuel cost. Thermocouple is used as a sensor. It continuously sends data (temperature) to Arduino, and by comparing the both data (required temperature and available temperature inside the furnace) the Arduino switches the solenoid valve.

Energy conservation is one of the major issues of recent days because all the natural resources will end up soon as the earth has a limited amount of such non-renewable resources. This paper ensures the conservation of energy by minimizing the wastage of electricity. Two microcontrollers are used for this setup. One of them is used to control the electrical appliances automatically depending on human presence in a particular room or area. When the passive infrared sensor (PIR) and proximity sensor find the motion and presence of human inside the area then it will turn on the electrical appliances and will count the number of persons. And the opposite action will be taken for the absence of human movement in a particular area using a relay circuit in the system. Although everything will be controlled using this system there is also a scope to control the appliances manually using separate switches. Once the switches are kept ON, the system will automatically shut down and turn ON when necessary. Another microcontroller is used to operate the safety features of the building and the entrance gate opening which will automatically open or close the door when someone enters or leaves the room and will show it on the LCD. With the help of the humidity sensor, it will show the temperature and humidity level in the LCD. A smoke detector sensor is used which will ring the fire alarm when smoke is detected and it will open the emergency exit door as well as the entrance door.

Fertilizers (Triple superphosphate) and pesticide (fungicide and insecticide) are one of the major products used to increase the productivity of crops. As time passes the amount of pesticide in crops is not maintained fixed. Pesticide does react with water and the level of pesticide decreases day by day. Hence, it is important to know the present level of pesticide in soil and crops. TSP and pesticide (fungicide and insecticide) are used in this project as a sample of fertilizer and pesticide, cause of its high demand in Bangladesh. To detect the amount of TSP and pesticide in the oil sample, the conductivity property of TSP and pesticide (fungicide and insecticide) are used. Three separate solutions of TSP and pesticide (fungicide and insecticide) is made with water then AC source is applied to the solution instead of DC to avoid electrolysis of the given solution. Through the op-amp and two comparators, the final result is accomplished. Those two comparators, comparator 1 and comparator 2 were used to find the presence of 30%, 50%,70% TSP and Pesticide respectively. As result suggest, the resistance of the solution decreases with the incremental frequency. The compatible frequency for AC source is selected as 40 KHz. The reference voltage of comparator 1 is 1.4v and comparator 2 is 5v.

Objective: To investigation of cytotoxic, antimicrobial and analgesic activities of different fractions of Rhaphidophora glauca (Wall.) Schott. Methods: Two partially purified aqueous methanolic fractions from ethyl acetate extract (AMF-1) and chloroform extract (AMF-2) obtained from the partitioning were used in study. The cytotoxic effect was determined by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Antibacterial activity was investigated by disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration methods. Hot plate method and acetic acid test was used for determining analgesic activity. Results: The LC50 values of AMF-1 and AMF-2 were found to be 287.73 and 428.54 µg/mL respectively, where colchicines showed LC50 of 11.16 µg/mL. The zone of inhibition of the fractions AMF-1 and AMF-2 was found to be in the range of 8–26 mm in 2 000 µg/disc, as compared to reference antibiotics kanamycin (11–28 mm at 30 µg/disc) and ciprofloxacin (20–25 mm at 30 µg/disc) indicating the antibacterial activity. In hot plate test, the highest pain inhibitory activity was found at a dose of 250 mg/kg for AMF-1 which was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) compared to both positive and negative control at 30 min interval. In acid induced model, both AMF-1 and AMF-2 at a dose of 500 mg/kg showed significant activity compared to positive and negative control. Conclusions: This study found that Rhaphidophora glauca possesses potential cytotoxic, antibacterial and analgesic activity. Further study may be needed to isolate the bioactive compounds responsible for different activities with subsequent mechanistic study.

Objective: Present study aims to investigate both qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals presence, antioxidant, thrombolytic, α-amylase and cytotoxic activity of a Bangladeshi plant Steudnera colocasiifolia K. Koch leaf ethanolic extract. Methods: Phytochemical screening was accomplished by using established methods. Thrombolytic assay was conducted through clot lysis method. Alpha amylase inhibition assay was made by modified enzyme inhibitory action and cytotoxicity was studied by brine shrimp lethality test. Data was analyzed by One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using statistical software Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, Version 22.0, IBM corporation, NY) followed by student ‘t’ test with GraphPad Prism Data Editor for Windows, Version 6.0 (GraphPad software Inc., San Diego, CA). Results: Primary screening shows the presence of major metabolites such as alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, saponins, steroid, quinone, cellulose and glycosides while the quantitative analysis elicits the presence of magnificent amount of flavonoid (70.60 ± 0.23), proanthocyanidin (64.46 ± 0.58), flavonol (71.22 ± 0.07) and total antioxidant (66.40 ± 0.26) in the extract. The thrombolytic effect of S. colocasiifolia was found to be 35.16% and this extract had good α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50=2.16 ± 0.06 mg/ml) as compared to Acarbose. The extract was found to have a LC50 value of 305.2 μg/ml in Brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Conclusion: Results demonstrate the Steudnera colocasiifolia has a very good prospect to be studied further for its extended antioxidative and α-amylase inhibitory effects. Key words: Steudnera colocasiifolia, Antioxidant, Thrombolytic, α-amylase, Cytotoxic activity.

A new technique of the Mickens iterative method has been pr esented to obtain approximate analytic solutions of the Inverse Cubic Truly Nonlinear Oscillator . In this paper, we have used Fourier series and utilized truncated terms in each steps of iteration. T he method is illustrated by an example and the solutions obtained by this method agree nicely with the ex act frequency. Also the solutions give more accurate result than other existing results and the method is convergent.

Objective: To evaluate the analgesic, neuropharmacological, cytotoxic and thrombolytic potentials of the aqueous, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves. Methods: At the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight, the analgesic activity of the extracts were evaluated by the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced persistent pain tests while neuropharmacological activity was evaluated by the open field, hole cross and elevated plus maze tests. The cytotoxic potential was observed by brine shrimp lethality bioassay and the thrombolytic potential was investigated by clot lysis test. Results: The aqueous extract significantly suppressed the number of writhing (96.78%) as well as the formalin-induced persistent pain on the early phase (46.92%) and on the late phase (40.98%). Again in case of hole cross and open field tests, the locomotor activity was decreased significantly (P < 0.001) mostly by the ethyl acetate extract. Furthermore, the sedative-anxiolytic activity was supported by the increased percent (P < 0.01) of frequency into the open arm on elevated plus maze test. Besides, the extracts showed moderate lethality and thrombolytic activity. Conclusions: The findings showed that activities are comparable to the standards and in some cases are stronger than the standards. Therefore, based on the results, it is evident that it has great analgesic and sedative-anxiolytic activity with moderate cytotoxic and thrombolytic potential.

Objective: To estimate the antidepressant, anxiolytic and antinociceptive activities of ethanol extract of Steudnera colocasiifolia K. Koch (S. colocasiifolia) leaves. Methods: Swiss albino mice treated with 1% Tween solution, standard drugs and ethanol extract of S. colocasiifolia, respectively, were subjected to the neurological and antinociceptive investigations. The tail suspension test and forced swimming test were used for testing antidepressant activity, where the parameter is the measurement of immobility time. Anxiolytic activity was evaluated by hole board model. Anti-nociceptive potential of the extract was also screened for centrally acting analgesic activity by using formalin induced licking response model and acetic acid induced writhing test was used for testing peripheral analgesic action. Results: Ethanol extract of S. colocasiifolia significantly decreased the period of immobility in both tested models (tail suspension and forced swimming models) of antidepressant activity. In the hole board model, there was a dose dependant (at 100 and 200 mg/kg) and a significant increase in the number of head dipping by comparing with control (1% Tween solution) (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001). In formalin induced licking model, a significant inhibition of pain compared to standard diclofenac sodium was observed (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001). In acetic acid induced test, there was a significant reduction of writhing response and pain in mice treated with leaves extract of S. colocasiifolia at 200 mg/kg body weight (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001). Conclusions: The results proofed the prospective antidepressant, anxiolytic and antinociceptive activities of ethanol extract of S. colocasiifolia leaves.

Objective: To examine the antibacterial effects of different extracts of Hopea odorata leaves against bacteria and to determine their total flavonoid content. Methods: Leaves of Hopea odorata was extracted with pure methanol (MEHO), ethanol (EEHO) and water (AEHO), which are tested for antibacterial activity on three Gram positive and three Gram negative bacteria by disk diffusion method. Total flavonoid content determined based on the method of Wang et al . Result: Among the all extracts, MEHO exhibited moderate antibacterial activity. It showed zone of inhibition in highest concentration of 2 mg/ml against Gram - positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus

Background: Diabetes has become one of the major burdens for developing country people mainly due to excessive cost and adverse effects of synthetic drugs. Plant-derived drugs in Bangladesh is currently being paid an emerging attention because of low cost and diverse floral distribution. This research investigated thein vitroα-amylase inhibitory and hypoglycemic activityof organic etracts of Phrynium imbricatumin normal and glucose induced hyperglycemic mice. Methods: Extracts were undertaken to measure in vitroα-amylase activity using starch-iodine method while the hypoglycemic effect was studied in glucose induced hyperglycemic mice. Results: All the extracts of P. imbricatum (EEPI) showed considerable α-amylase inhibitory activity and chloroform extract (CHPI) showed the highest activity among them as compared to Acarbose the reference antidiabetic drug.The extracts at 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w. significantly (p < 0.05) reduced fasting glucose level in normal mice as compared to standard drug glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) but CHPI at 800 mg/kg showed the highest hypoglycemic effect decreasing 23.78 % of blood glucose level after 2 h of administration in normal mice, while glibenclamide decreased 49.30 %. In oral glucose tolerance test, at 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg of extracts significantly reduced blood glucose level (p < 0.05) at 30 min. Area under the curve (AUC) of the extracts were at the range of 12.895-14.258 hr.mmol/L., and 14.573 hr.mmol/L and 9.835 hr.mmol/L for control and glibenclamide respectively. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that Phrynium imbricatummay be a very remarkable source for the development of new oral antihyperglycemic agent.

Biomass fired cook stoves, for many years, have been the main cooking appliance for the rural people of developing countries. Several researches have been carried out to the find efficient stoves. In the present study, numerical model of an improved household cook stove is developed to analyze the heat transfer and flow behavior of gas during operation. The numerical model is validated with the experimental results. Computation of the numerical model is executed the using non-premixed combustion model. Reynold’s averaged Navier-Stokes (RaNS) equation along with the κ – e model governed the turbulent flow associated within the computed domain. The computational results are in well agreement with the experiment. Developed numerical model can be used to predict the effect of different biomasses on the efficiency of the cook stove.

To determine the in vivo neuropharmacological and in vitro antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Tetracera sarmentosa. Open field (OFT), hole cross (HCT), thiopental-induced sleeping time (TIST), elevated plus-maze (EPMT) tests were used to determine the neuropharmacological activity and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, total phenolic content tests were used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of T. sarmentosa. In the case of OFT and HCT, the extract showed a decrease in exploratory and locomotion activities at both dose levels (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight). In the thiopental-induced hypnosis test, 400 mg/kg dose of T. sarmentosa produced quick onset of sleep and prolonged duration of sleep than that of 200 mg/kg dose. T. sarmentosa extract showed the lessening percentage of entries of mice into the open arm and decreased percentage of time spent in open arm compared to the standard drug diazepam. In the case of DPPH scavenging activity, IC50 value of methanolic plant extract of T. sarmentosa is 151.56 μg/ml whereas the value of ascorbic acid is 23.53 μg/ml. In this current study, the phenolic content of T. sarmentosa was found to be 140.34 ± 1.56 GAE mg/gm dry extract. Results of this study revealed that methanolic extract of T. sarmentosa contains significant neuropharmacological and antioxidant activities.

BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate whether tested organic extracts possess antithrombotic properties with minimal or no toxicity and to predict the activity of some of their isolated compounds. METHODS An in vitro thrombolytic model was used to check the clot lysis effect of four Bangladeshi herbal extracts viz., roots of Curculigo recurvata W.T. Aiton (Satipata), leaf of Amorphophallus bulbifer Roxb. (Olkachu), leaf of Phyllanthus sikkimensis Muell. Arg., and whole plant of Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. (Nillata) using streptokinase as a positive control and water as a negative control. Cytotoxicity was screened by brine shrimp lethality bioassay using vincristine sulfate as positive control. In silico prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) prediction was applied for phytoconstituents, namely, nyasicoside, glucomannan, grandifloric acid, serine, and alanine. RESULTS Using an in vitro thrombolytic model, C. recurvata, A. bulbifer, P. sikkimensis, and T. grandiflora showed 28.10±1.64%, 42.47±1.96%, 32.86±1.92%, and 25.51±1.67% of clot lysis, respectively. Reference drug streptokinase exhibited 75.00±3.04% clot lysis. Examined herbs showed significant (p

The sedative and anxiolytic potential of Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr., a Bangladeshi tribal medicinal plant was studied for the first time. The crude methanol extract of L. indica leaves was evaluated for its central nervous system (CNS) depressant effect using rodent behavioral models, such as hole cross, open field and thiopental sodium induced sleeping time tests for its sedative properties and an elevated plus-maze (EPM) test for its anxiolytic potential, respectively. The methanol extract of L. indica at doses of 200 mg/kg, p.o. and 400 mg/kg, p.o., displayed a dose dependent suppression of motor activity, exploratory behavior (in hole cross and open field tests) and prolongation of thiopental induced sleeping time in mice; the highest CNS depressant effect was shown at a dose of 400 mg/kg, p.o. In the EPM test, both dose of methanol extract significantly (p < 0.01) increased exploration to and time spent by the treated mice in EPM open arms in a dose dependent manner. These results provide in vivo evidence that leaves of L. indica in general have significant sedative and anxiolytic effects. However, these results may rationalize the scientific basis for use of this plant in traditional medicine for treatment of anxiety and related disorders.

Background: Averrhoa bilimbi, Gymnema sylvestre and Capsicum frutescens are medicinal plants commonly used as traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant activities of Ethanolic extract of A. bilimbi, G. sylvestre and C. frutescens . Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity of the extracts were evaluated using total phenolic and flavonoid contents, ferric reducing power and the free radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in G. sylvestre (53.63636 ΁ 0.454545 mg/g gallic acid equivalent) and C. frutescens (26.66667 ΁ 2.081666 mg/g quercetin equivalent) respectively. Reducing power of the crude ethanol extracts increased with the concentrations of the extracts and all the extracts showed moderate free radical scavenging activity against DPPH. The plant extract displayed moderate phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to gallic acid and quercetin equivalent respectively, whereas also exhibited significant scavenging of DPPH radical and reducing power compared with ascorbic acid as standard. Conclusion: Our study suggests that G. sylvestre has significant antioxidant activity. The antioxidant compound of this plant might be a therapeutic candidate against oxidative stress related diseases. Different sub-fraction of A. bilimbi and C. frutescens should be studied further to assess the effect. Further study is necessary for isolation and characterization of the active antioxidant agents for better treatment.