SynopsisThe efficacy of a drug is characterized by its action mechanismand its ability to pass the skin barrier. In this article, differentmethods are discussed, which permit this penetration process tobe analysed non-invasively. Providing qualitative and quantita-tive information, tape stripping is one of the oldest procedures forpenetration studies. Although single cell layers of corneocytes areremoved from the skin surface, this procedure is considered asnon-invasive and is applicable exclusively to the stratum corne-um. Recently, optical and spectroscopic methods have been usedto investigate the penetration process. Fluorescence-labelleddrugs can be easily detected in the skin by laser scanning micros-copy. This method has the disadvantage that the dye labellingchanges the molecular structures of the drug and consequentlymight influence the penetration properties. The penetrationprocess of non-fluorescent substances can be analysed by Ramanspectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, CARS and mul-tiphoton microscopic measurements. Using these methods, theconcentration of the topically applied formulations in differentdepths of the stratum corneum can be detected by moving thelaser focus from the skin surface deeper into the stratum corne-um. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods will bediscussed in this article.Re´sume´L’efficacite´ d’un me´dicament se caracte´rise par son me´canismed’action et sa capacite´ a` passer la barrie`re de la peau. Dans le pre´sentdocument les diffe´rentes me´thodes sont discute´es, qui permettentd’analyser le processus de la pe´ne´tration de fac¸on non invasive. L’ar-rachage (tape stripping) est l’une des plus anciennes me´thodes pourles e´tudes de pe´ne´tration puisqu’elle fournit de l’information qualita-tive et quantitative. Bien que des cellules isole´es des couches de cor-ne´ocytes soient retire´es de la surface de la peau, cette proce´dure estconside´re´e comme non-invasive; elle est applicable exclusivement a` lacouche corne´e. Re´cemment, des me´thodes spectroscopiques etoptiques et ont e´te´ utilise´es pour e´tudier le processus de pe´ne´tration.Les me´dicaments marque´s par fluorescence peuvent eˆtre de´tecte´sfacil-ement dans la peau par la microscopie a` balayage laser. Cette me´thodepre´sente l’inconve´nient que le label colore´ change les structuresmole´culaires de la drogue et par conse´quent sont susceptibles d’influ-encer les proprie´te´sdepe´ne´tration. Le processus de pe´ne´tration dessubstances non-fluorescentes peut eˆtre analyse´ par spectroscopieRaman, par la re´sonance paramagne´tique e´lectronique, CARS et pardes mesures de microscopie multiphotonique. En utilisant ces me´th-odes, la concentration des formulations topiques a` des profondeursdiffe´rentes du stratum corneum peut eˆtre de´tecte´e par le de´placementdu focus laser a` partir de la surface de la peau vers les couches plusprofondes de la couche corne´e. Les avantages et les inconve´nients deces me´thodes seront discute´sdanslepre´sent document.IntroductionSubstances are often topically applied in dermatology and cosmetol-ogy to improve the skin barrier and to treat dermatological diseases[1–4]. Whereas in the first case, the action of the drug is related tothe uppermost cell layers of the skin – the stratum corneum, in thesecond case, it is related to the living cells. Penetration of the skinbarrier is, therefore, indispensable. The investigation of this penetra-tion process is essential for the development and optimization of newpharmaceutics and cosmetic products [5, 6]. Whereas in the past, ithad been assumed that topically applied substances pass the skin bar-rier via the intercellular route [7, 8], it could be demonstrated thatalso the follicular route can represent an important penetration path-way [9, 10]. It was found, for example, for caffeine [11] and minoxi-dil [12], that these substances penetrate the skin barrier veryefficiently via the follicular route. For these investigations, the orificesof the hair follicles were artificially closed [11]. When these orificeswere blocked, the penetration of both substances into the blood circu-lation was considerably delayed. Previously, penetration investiga-tions had been based inter alia on diffusion cells or attenuated totalreflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which describeonly the intercellular penetration in vitro [13, 14]. Today, however,methods considering also the influence of the follicular penetrationare to be used. In this article, different methods for the analysis of thepenetration process are described and discussed in terms of theiradvantages and limitations.This article elucidates both conventional penetration in vivo pro-cedures and recent developments in the field of optical technologiesused in in vivo penetration research.