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As hospitalized patients in psychiatry departments are often prescribed multiple psychotropics depending on their psychiatric symptoms, psychotropics are considered as important factors potentially associated with a high risk of falls. In this study, we attempted to investigate, from the aspect of drug prescription, to what degree the number and doses of psychotropics must be adjusted in order to reduce risk of falls in hospitalized psychiatric patients. The subjects were 526 patients, consisting of a fall group of 313 patients, who had experienced 1 to 5 falls (510 events) and a control group of 213 patients who had never experienced falls. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the correlations between the occurrence of falls and the number and doses of psychotropics. The results showed that the risk of falls increased with increasing number of antipsychotics and anxiolytics/hypnotics prescribed, with the risk increasing, by 3.75-fold with the increase in the dose of chlorpromazine (CP)-equivalents to more than 600 mg, by 2.08-fold when the dose of diazepam (DAP)-equivalents to more than 15 mg, and by 7.80-fold with increase in CP-equivalents to more than 600 mg concomitantly with an increase in DAP-equivalents to more than 15 mg. In addition, a tendency towards increase in the frequency of falls was observed when more than 5 psychotropics were prescribed concomitantly. The above results suggested that the risk of falls may be reduced by appropriately adjusting the number of drugs and the doses of psychotropics used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.

We assessed dispersal and vicariant events in four species of Japanese moles in the genera Mogera and Euroscaptor to better understand the factors shaping intra- and interspecific differentiation in Japanese moles. We used the combined viewpoints of molecular phylogeny and historical geology using nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial (cytochrome b; Cytb) and nuclear (A2ab, Bmp4, Tcf25, vWf) genes. The divergence times estimated from the molecular data were verified with available geological data on the chronology of fluctuations in sea level in the Korea Strait, assuming sequential migration and speciation events. This produced possible migration times of 5.6, 3.5, 2.4, and 1.3 million years ago for four species of Japanese moles, Euroscaptor mizura, Mogera tokudae, M. imaizumii, and M. wogura, respectively. For the western Japanese mole M. wogura, Cytb sequences revealed four major phylogroups with strong geographic affinities in southwestern Central Honshu (I), western Honshu/Shikoku (II), Kyushu/westernmost Honshu (III), and Korea/Russian Primorye (IV). The nuclear gene sequences supported the distinctiveness of phylogroups I and IV, indicating long, independent evolutionary histories. In contrast, phylogroups II and III were merged into a single geographic group based on the nuclear gene data. Intraspecific divergences in M. imaizumii and M. tokudae were rather apparent in Cytb but not in nuclear gene sequences. The results suggest that repeated dispersal events have occurred between the Asian continent and the Japanese Islands, and intensive vicariant events associated with abiotic and biotic factors have created higher levels of species and genetic diversities in moles occurring on the Japanese Islands.

Spin-polarized small-angle neutron scattering (Pol-SANS) measurements for nano-crystalline Nd-Fe-B magnet have been performed in order to clarify the magnetic reversal behavior. Due to high transparency of neutron beam, magnetic and nuclear microstructures in the `bulk' can be observed by SANS. Obtained SANS patterns arising from magnetic domain changes were analyzed by Teubner-Stray model, phenomenological correlation length model, to quantify the periodicity, density and morphology of magnetic domains. The results indicate that magnetic reversal evolves with magnetic domains which have the similar size of the grains. However, even in nano-crystalline system, single domain grain reversal is not realized.

The genus Kerivoula includes about 20 species, and 12 species have been recorded in the Indomalayan Region, including recently described species such as K. kachinensis from northern Myanmar, K. krauensis from Peninsular Malaysia, and K. titania from Southeast Asia (Corbet and Hill 1992; Bates et al. 2004, 2007; Simmons 2005; Thong et al. 2006; Francis et al. 2007). Among them, K. titania was recently described by Bates et al. (2007) from the Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area, Cambodia, and it is widely distributed in mainland Southeast Asia in 13 localities in five countries: Myanmar, Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Vietnam (Bates et al. 2007). Only two Kerivoula bats have been recorded from China, K. picta and K. hardwickii (Zhang 1997; Wang 2003). Recently, we collected eight specimens identified as K. titania for the first time from Hainan Island and Taiwan as reported below.

In order to elucidate the details of successive magnetic transitions in the rare earth cobalt arsenic oxides ( RE CoAsO), we have measured muon-spin rotation and relaxation( μ + SR) spectra of powder samples with RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Gd. Together with the result of magnetization measurements, it was found that all the compounds enter into abulk static ferromagnetic ordered phase below around 70 K(= T C ). Furthermore, additional transitions into a static antiferromagnetic ordered phase were found for the RE = Nd, Sm, and Gd compounds; namely T N1 = 15 K and T N2 = 7 K for Nd, T N1 = 41.5 K and T N2 = 17.5 K for Sm, and T N = 3K for Gd.

Diffusion of Li+ ionsin solidsisa basic principle behindthe operationof Li-ion batteries. Suchdiffusive behavior is represented by the diffusion equation (Fick's law), J = − D × δ ϕ/ δ x , where J is the diffusion flux, D is the self diffusion coeffcient, ϕ is the concentration, and x is the position. Although D of Li + ions( D Li)in solids is usually evaluatedby 7 Li-NMR, diffculties arise for materials that contain magnetic ions. This is because the magnetic ions contribute additional spin-lattice relaxation processes thatis considerably larger than the1/ T 1 expected from only Li diffusion [1] , [2] , [3] . This implies that 7Li-NMRprovidesa rough estimateof D Li for the positive electrode materials of Li-ion batteries, which include transition metal ions in order to compensate charge neutrality during a Li + intercala-tion/deintercalation reaction. This is an unsatisfactory situation since D Li is one of the primary parameters that govern the charge/discharge rate of a Li-ion battery. We have, therefore, attempted to measure D Li for lithium-transition-metal-oxides with muon-spin relaxation (μ + SR) since 2005 [4] , [5] , [6] . Muons do not feel fluctuating magnetic moments at high T, but instead sense the change in nuclear dipole field due to Li diffusion. Even if magnetic moments still affect the muon-spin depolarization rate, such aneffectis, in principle, distinguishablefromthatof nucleardipole fields.In particular,aweak longitudinal field can be applied that decouples the magnetic and nuclear dipole interactions [7] , [8] . Here, we wish to summarize our μ + SR study on the lithium-transition-metal-oxides, LixCoO2, LiNiO2, and LiCrO2.

Adventitious shoots can be regenerated from the cut surface of the primary shoot and lateral branches in decapitated plants in vivo. This inherent regenerative ability of plants is useful for mass propagation. In the present study, we conducted histological observations of shoot regeneration and applied auxin and cytokinin to decapitated seedlings in four tomato cultivars. The cultivars produced different numbers of adventitious shoots after decapitation; ‘Petit’ produced the largest number of adventitious shoots (78.5 ± 10.2) and ‘Momotaro’ produced the fewest (12.1 ± 3.3). Histological observation of ‘Petit’ revealed that adventitious shoots regenerated from calli formed at the cut surface of stems. Adventitious shoot formation was inhibited by the presence of lateral branches. Shoot regeneration was prevented by application of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid to ‘Petit’. Application of 6-benzyladenine promoted shoot regeneration in ‘Momotaro’. These results suggest auxin synthesized de novo from the lateral branches inhibited shoot regeneration after decapitation and endogenous cytokinin might stimulate shoot regeneration. Chemical names: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 6-benzyladenine (BA)

Parameter dependence of gravity-wave radiation from an unstable jet is investigated using a two-layer, f-plane shallow-water model. The sweeping parameters are the Rossby number Ro and the Froude number Fr. If Ro/Fr ≳ 0.6, the barotropic instability dominates and gravity waves that are almost independent of the longitudinal direction and have latitudinal wavelengths longer than the jet width are radiated. The radiation occurs when the jet develops into cyclonic and anticyclonic vortex trains. The amplitude of the radiated waves increases monotonically with Ro and Fr. If Ro/Fr ≲ 0.6, the baroclinic instability dominates and gravity waves the latitudinal wavelengths of which are shorter than or the same order of length as the jet width are radiated from cyclonic vortices dominating in the jet region. In this regime, the amplitude of the radiated waves increases with Fr, whereas it decreases with Ro. To understand the different dependences of the wave amplitude on Ro, we adopt the Lagrangian Rossby number RLG, and show that the amplitude increases with RLG.

In a paramagnetic state of Li2MnO3, i.e. at temperatures above TN = 35 K, muon-spin relaxation (μ+SR) measurements with zero applied magnetic field (ZF) and longitudinal-field (LF) revealed the presence of a dynamic fluctuation of a nuclear magnetic field due to Li+-diffusion. From the motional narrowing behavior of the field distribution width, the Li+ ions were found to diffuse mainly along the c-axis through the Li+ ion in the [Li1/3Mn2/3]O2 layer. Also, based on the field fluctuation rate, a self-diffusion coefficient of Li+ ions (DLi) at 300 K was estimated as 4.7(4) × 10− 11 cm2/s with the thermal activation energy Eα = 0.156(3)eV.

In December 2005, three bats of indeterminate identity were captured in northern Japan. Their forearm lengths were slightly smaller than the average for Vespertilio sinensis. We identified these three individuals as V. murinus using both morphological and molecular approaches, and discussed their possible migration or vagrancy routes. Prior to the first record of V. murinus on Rebun Island near Hokkaido in 2002, there was no record of this species in Japan. These new occurrences illustrate the importance of determining possible migration or vagrancy routes of bats for understanding and preventing the spread of zoonotic diseases.

Introduction A solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) is known to play a significant role on safety and durability of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Here, the chemical composition of SEI has been usually determined with an ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis technique. However, there are few reports on the structural properties of SEI, such as thickness and density, and their variation with cyclic charge and discharge reactions, because of the difficulty for observing SEI with an in-situ manner. This means that we will never reach deep understanding of “alive” SEI and its formation mechanism through the work on “dead” SEI with ex-situ analytical techniques. Therefore, we have started to use neutron reflectivity (NR), as NR is a powerful technique for estimating thickness and density of an interface between solid and liquid. Furthermore, since the interfacial reaction is expected to occur within a few nanometer-thickness from the initial boundary between electrode and electrolyte, we naturally need a NR technique with more precise spatial resolution for such purpose than the past NRs. Fortunately, Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) is one of the most intense spallation neutron source, leading to the highest depth resolution of NR in the world. Here, we report the first operando measurement of the SEI formation during the initial charge, i.e. lithiation reaction in the carbon electrode of LIB using a combination of in situ NR and electrochemical analyses [1]. Experimental As an electrode for NR measurements, a carbon/titanium multi-layer film was deposited on a silicon substrate by a magnetron sputtering technique (Fig. 1). Here, the titanium layer is necessary to increase adhesive force between the carbon electrode and Si substrate. In a special electrochemical cell for in-situ NR measurements, the carbon/titanium film was a working electrode, a lithium foil was a counter electrode, 1 mol/L LiPF6 in a 1:1 (v/v) ratio of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate was an electrolyte, and a microporous polyethylene membrane was a separator. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed at a slow sweep rate of 0.2 mV/s between 3.3 and 0.05 V. In situ NR measurements were performed during the repeated charge and discharge, i.e. lithiation and delithiation cycles on the surface profile analysis reflectometer (SOFIA) at BL16 of Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility (MLF) in J-PARC (Proposal No.2015B0016). The NR spectrum was measured as a function of the momentum transfer, Qz = (4π/λ)sin θ, in the Qz range between 0.1 and about 0.45 nm-1. The obtained NR spectra were fitted with Motofit based on a Parratt formalism [2] [3]. Results and Discussion After the CV measurement, the morphology of the carbon surface was clearly changed as expected. Fig. 2 shows a color map of the reflectivity profiles in the Qz and time plane for the 1st and 2nd charge and discharge cycles in order to demonstrate the overall data for the present NR measurements. NR is found to drastically change at potentials between 1.5 and 0.05 V corresponding to the lithiation reaction, and between 0.05 and 2.5 V corresponding to the delithiation reaction. The change in NR along the Qz axis naturally reflects the formation and variation of SEI. Fig. 3 shows the Scattering length density (SLD) as a function of depth and time. The data were obtained by fitting the NR spectra with a four-layer model. The change in thickness of carbon electrode indicates the volumetric change induced by the lithiation and delithiation reactions into and from carbon. The decrease in SLD of carbon also supports the lithiation reaction into carbon, because Li exhibits a negative coherent scattering length. More correctly, as potential decreases from 1.5 to 0.05 V, the width of the carbon film increases from 67 to 83 nm. On the contrary, the boundary between electrode and electrolyte clearly changes with potential, indicating the formation of SEI. That is, as potential decreases from 1.0 V, SLD increases from 2.4 to 3.2 (x 10-4) nm-2, while the thickness increases from 18 to 36 nm at potential = 0.05 V during the initial lithiation reaction. This clearly demonstrates the growth of SEI during the lithiation reaction. Consequently, with NR measurements in the most intense neutron source, we have successfully observed the formation and growth of SEI at the boundary of the carbon electrode and liquid electrolyte during electrochemical charge and discharge reactions. Such measurements will provide an insight how to improve the performance of LIBs. References [1] H. Kawaura et al, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8(2016) 9540. [2] L. G. Parratt, Phys. Rev., 95(1954) 359. [3] A. Nelson, J. Appl. Cryst., 39(2006) 273. Figure 1

ダイヤモンドライクカーボン(DLC)はダイヤモンドとグラファイトの中間的な性質を持つアモルファス材料である。DLCをコーティングすると低摩擦・低摩耗になることが知られており，シリコンを添加すると特性は向上する。しかし，メカニズムは不明である。そこで，シリコンを添加したDLC(DLC-Si)の薄膜を直流プラズマCVD法でシリコン基板に作製し，摩擦係数と摩耗深さを測定して断面プロファイルを評価する。ボールオンディスク試験により，DLC-Si薄膜の摩擦摩耗特性が向上するのはシリコンの含有量が炭素に対して6～10at.％のときであることが明らかとなった。X線反射率法によりDLC-Siの表面には内部と散乱長密度が異なる層が存在することが見出された。表面層の厚さは20nm程度である。中性子反射率の測定結果からも同様の表面構造が導かれ，組成と密度を算出することができた。散乱長密度が異なる表面層は，シリコンを含まないDLCでは観測されなかったことから，摩擦摩耗特性の向上に寄与していると考えられる。

In order to clarify the mechanism of superprotonic conductivity (SPC) of Phase I for CsHSO 4 and CsHSeO 4 , we have performed quasielastic neutron scattering measurements using high resolution back scattering spectrometer at NIST. As a result, we have found a new diffusive motion of proton with the diffusion length λ H = 6.8 A, which corresponds to the distance of the seventh nearest neighboring proton in the lattice. SPC is not only caused by the short-range self-diffusion detected by the past neutron experiments but also caused by the long range self-diffusion in the lattice.

Karyotypes and chromosomal data are presented for eight bat species representing two families (Rhinolophidae and Vespertilionidae) from Hainan Island, China. The species investigated were Rhinolophus lepidus (2n = 62, FN = 60), R. pusillus (2n = 62, FN = 60), R. affinis (2n = 62, FN = 60), R. sinicus (2n = 36, FN = 60), Myotis horsfieldi (2n = 44, FN = 52), Pipistrellus abramus (2n = 26, FN = 44), Miniopterus australis (2n = 46, FN = 50) and M. schreibersii (2n = 46, FN = 50). The karyotype of Rhinolophus lepidus is reported for the first time.

The karyotypes of three shrew species (Mammalia, Soricomorpha, Soricidae) from Nepal were examined for the first time. Based on the karyotypes and overall differences in skull size, the current Episoriculus caudatus appeared to include two distinct species: the larger E. caudatus and the smaller Episoriculus sacratus. Episoriculus sacratus has three subspecies, E. s. soluensis in Nepal and Sikkim, E. s. umbrinus in Assam, Myanmar and the Yunnan Province of China, and E. s. sacratus in the Sichuan Province of China. Soriculus nigrescens had a diploid chromosome number (2n) and fundamental number (FN), including two X chromosomes, of 64 and 92, respectively, consisting of 11 metacentric or submetacentric, two subtelocentric and 18 acrocentric pairs of autosomes, a metacentric X and an acrocentric Y chromosome. Episoriculus sacratus soluensis had 2n = 74 and FN = 126, consisting of 12 metacentric or submetacentric, 13 subtelocentric and 11 acrocentric pairs of autosomes, a submetacentric X and an acrocentric Y chromosome. Episoriculus caudatus had 2n = 60 and FN = 118, consisting of 19 metacentric or submetacentric, nine subtelocentric and one acrocentric pair of autosomes, a subtelocentric X and an acrocentric Y chromosome. The karyotypes of these three species are characterized by their large 2n and FN values compared with other Soricidae.

A new species of the Rhinolophus philippinensis group (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) is described from Guangdong, Guangxi, and Jiangxi Provinces in China. Rhinolophus huananus n. sp. is characterized by the horseshoe, as well as by external and cranial characteristics that separate it at the species level from the other members of the philippinensis group. One of the small species of the philippinensis group, R. huananus is intermediate in size between smaller R. siamensis and larger R. macrotis.

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) has a major negative effect on the quality of life of patients. However, there is still no consensus on effective treatment strategies for BRONJ. We report a case of BRONJ that was treated surgically.A 57-year-old woman who was given a diagnosis of breast cancer with multiple metastasis was referred to our clinic for evaluation of swelling of the left upper gum. Clinical examination revealed a fistulous tract with pus discharge that had developed after extraction of the upper left first molar at a dental clinic. The clinical diagnosis was an infectious bone lesion associated with bisphosphonate therapy. Conservative therapy with local irrigation and antibiotics was performed, but the lesion progressed and showed ulceration with exposed bone. We therefore determined that surgical intervention should be performed to remove the necrotic bone.A CT revealed extensive osteonecrosis of the maxila and a well demarcated interface between the necrotic and vital bone.The BRONJ was completely removed with sequestrectomy of the maxilla. Pathological evaluation confirmed necrosis of the maxilla. No evidence of metastatic disease was detected. The patient has been followed for 5 months since surgery and continues to do well.

Neutron reflectometry is a very powerful and essential technique for the studies on material interfaces due to its high spatial resolution, ∼a few tenths of nm, along the depth direction. The use of neutron as a probe is a big advantage for structural analysis on soft-materials, since the scattering contrast can be highly enhanced in hydrogenous materials such as polymers, surfactants, lipids, proteins, etc., without big changes in their physical and chemical properties by substituting all or part of the hydrogen atoms in the molecules with deuterium (a deuterium labeling method). Furthermore, the neutron reflectometry can explore deeply-buried interfaces such as solid/liquid interfaces in a non-destructive way, and make in situ measurements combined with various sample environments due to its high transmission to the materials. In this article, the neutron reflectometry is reviewed from the standpoint of researches on interfacial structures of the thin films of polymer and lipid, and its future prospects at a high-intensity pulsed-neutron source are presented.

Onchocerca eberhardi n. sp. from the sika deer, Cervus nippon , in Japan is described. Adult worms lived in the carpal ligament; infection reached high levels (up to 25 female and 16 male worms in a single carpal limb). Skin dwelling microfilariae were mainly found in the ears. Prevalence of infection was 81 % at the type locality, Mt. Sobo, in Kyushu. The new material was compared to the 31 species of Onchocerca presently known. Onchocerca eberhardi n. sp. females were characterized by a long slender anterior end and a thin esophagus ≤ 1 mm long with no or only a slight glandular region. The vulva was located near the level of the mid-esophagus and the cuticle had transverse external ridges and internal striae (two striae between adjoining ridges). The most similar species were O. stilesi (re-examined), O. lienalis , and to a lesser extent O. gutturosa, all from bovids (cattle). Two main lineages of Onchocerca are recognized in cervids with either primitive or with derived characteristics (as exemplified by the new species). The species in both lineages are not restricted to cervids but are also found in bovids in the Holarctic region, suggesting that the species diversified in the two host groups simultaneously, when these host groups lived in the same geographic area.

It is important to check distortion in an opaline photonic crystal, since it may affect the photonic band structure and optical properties of the crystal. In this paper, we demonstrate that the existence of distortion can be checked by measuring both angle-resolved reflection spectra produced by two-dimensional (2D) diffraction and mirror reflection spectra. The lattice constant (a2D) determined by 2D diffraction is derived from the periodicity in the surface plane of the opaline crystal. In contrast, the lattice constant (am) determined from the mirror reflection spectra results from the periodicity in the direction perpendicular to the surface. Therefore, the existence of distortion can be checked by comparing these two lattice constants (a2D and am). The measurements revealed that the structure of an opaline photonic crystal composed of polystyrene (PS) spheres had the structure shrunken approximately 4% in the direction perpendicular to the surface. The origin of this distortion is discussed in terms of shrinkage of the PS spheres.

We surveyed the central mountains and southeastern region of Taiwan and collected 11 specimens of a new species of mole, genus Mogera. The specimens were characterized by a small body size, dark fur, a protruding snout, and a long tail; these characteristics are distinct from those of the Taiwanese lowland mole, M. insularis (Swinhoe, 1862). A phylogenetic study of morphological, karyological and molecular characters revealed that Taiwanese moles should be classified as two distinctive species: M. insularis from the northern and western lowlands and the new species from the central mountains and the east and south of Taiwan. The skull of the new species was slender and delicate compared to that of M. insularis. Although the karyotypes of two species were identical, the genetic distance between them was sufficient to justify considering each as a separate species. Here, we present a detailed specific description of the new species and discuss the relationship between this species and M. insularis based on ecological characteristics and geographic distributions.

単分散微粒子が三次元的に規則配列したオパール型コロイド結晶を作製するための単分散微粒子として，シリカ微粒子と並んでポリスチレン微粒子がよく用いられる．しかし，ポリスチレン微粒子を用いた場合にはクラックの発生が多いとの指摘もある．本報では，数 cm2 オーダーの面積にわたって面内での結晶方位が揃ったオパール型コロイド結晶の作製が可能な流体セルを用いて，ポリスチレン微粒子を用いた場合のコロイド結晶形成過程と作製されたコロイド結晶の構造を，シリカ微粒子の場合との比較において調べた．角度分解反射スペクトル測定などの分光的手法により，異なる光学特性を示す三段階の乾燥過程を経てコロイド結晶が形成されること，シリカ微粒子の場合と異なりポリスチレン微粒子の場合には，最後の乾燥段階において約 3%の粒子径収縮が生じることが明らかになった．この粒子径収縮のため，ポリスチレン微粒子からなるコロイド結晶では，シリカ微粒子からなるものに比べて，クラックの発生が多くなるものと考察した．

We investigated karyotypes, mitochondrial cytochromeb gene sequences, and cranial morphometries of the water shrewsChimarrogale himalayica (Gray, 1842) andC. platycephala (Temminck, 1842) (Insectivora, Soricidae). Karyotypes ofC. himalayica from Taiwan andC. platycephala are 2n=52 and FNa=100. Autosomes consisted of 21 large-to-small metacentric or submetacentric pairs, and 4 medium-to-small subtelocentric pairs. The X and Y chromosomes were medium submetacentric and small acrocentric, respectively. The karyotypes ofC. himalayica andC. platycephala were very similar. Secondary constrictions were observed in the largest metacentric pair in both species. In the 930 base-pairs of the cytochromeb gene,C. himalayica from Taiwan andC. platycephala diverged with 9.46% sequence difference; each species diverged fromC. phaeura with more than 14% sequence difference. The two speciesC. himalayica andC. platycephala were well distinguished by morphometric characters, but three subspecies ofC. himalayica were not clearly separated. We suggest thatC. platycephala be treated as a valid species and separated fromC. himalayica in Taiwan.

Viscosity is a key property controlling the appearance of automotive coatings. However, the direct measurements of the viscosity in automotive coatings have not been achieved, since the automotive coating is a complex system consisting of a multilayer where mass transfer occurs between each thin layers. Using the laser trapping method, we have developed a rheometer to realize non-destructive viscosity measurements of the multilayers. Applying the new rheometer to automotive coatings, the viscosity has been estimated for (A) a clearcoat itself, (B) a clearcoat on a basecoat, and (C) a clearcoat on a basecoat and a surfacer. The results demonstrate an increase of viscosity in the order of (A) < (B) < (C), depending on the thickness of the lower layers. The viscosity increase suggests that the concentration of the clearcoat is likely to increase due to the diffusion of the solvent into the lower layers.

The genus Crocidura is one of the largest genera among mammals and widely distributed in Eurasia, Africa, and Southeast Asia. We review the recent advances in taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of this genus in East and Southeast Asia. Sympatric distributions of two or more species are known in several localities. Karyotypes of East and Southeast Asian species are divided into several groups. From karyological comparison and molecular phylogeny, those groups are suggested to have formed by geographical isolation in islands and in the continent in East and Southeast Asia. To clarify evolutionary history of East and Southeast Asian species, comprehensive studies with the West Asian and European species from karyological and molecular approaches are desired.

The phase behavior of the newly found miscible polymer blends poly(4-trimethylsilylstyrene) and polyisoprene was investigated with optical microscopy (OM) and also with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while the degree of polymer−polymer interaction was evaluated with small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The blends with homogeneous one phase at various compositions turned into two phases by heating, showing a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) type phase diagram with a critical temperature of 172 °C if the degree of polymerization is ca. 370. The blend gave a single glass transition temperature below the LCST, and the interaction parameter χ was represented as a function of temperature T according to the relationship χ = 0.027 − 9.5/T.

Three poly(4-trimethylsilylstyrene)-block-polyisoprenes (TIs), the molecular weights of which were 82,000, 152,000 and 291,000 (TI-82K, TI-152K, and TI-291K), were synthesized by sequential anionic polymerizations. The component polymers were a miscible pair that presented a lower critical solution temperature phase diagram if blended. The TI phase behavior was investigated with transmission electron microscopy. The order-disorder transition could be observed at a temperature between 200 °C (the ordered state) and 150 °C (the disordered state) for the block copolymer TI-152K. The block copolymer TI-82K presented the disordered state at 200 °C, whereas TI-291K was in the ordered state at 150 °C. With the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter between poly(4-trimethylsilylstyrene) and polyisoprene, which was evaluated by small-angle neutron scattering for the block copolymers, the TI phase behavior could be reasonably explained by mean-field theory.

Compositional profiles of bilayer films in the direction normal to the interfaces have been investigated by neutron reflectivity measurements and analyzed with mean field theory. The bilayer films were prepared with poly(4-trimethylsilylstyrene) (PTMSS) and polyisoprene (PI), which constitute a miscible polymer pair and whose blends show phase separation at the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) by heating. Because we can accurately control the degree of polymerization of component polymers and can adjust the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, X, with the temperature, T, according to the relationship X = 0.027-9.5/T, the phase behavior and the interfacial structure of PTMSS and PI are predictable by mean field theory. When the bilayer films of PTMSS and PI were set at 90 C, which is a temperature below the LCST, diffusion at the interface was observed, and the original interface disappeared in several hours; this supports the idea that the polymer pair is miscible. No clear interfaces were identified below the LCST, whereas broad interfaces, compared with that of the strong segregation pairs, were observed above the LCST. The compositions of each layer are consistent with that of the coexisting phase in the polymer blends, and the interfacial widths agree well with the theoretical prediction considering the effect of capillary waves. In addition, all annealed films have a thin surface layer of PTMSS corresponding to surface segregation induced by the lower surface energy of PTMSS (with respect to that of PI). Thus, the interfacial profiles of PTMSS/PI bilayer films have been totally prospected in the framework of mean field theory.

Monodisperse poly(4-timethylsilylstyrene)s (PTMSS's) and the partially deuterium-labeled polymers were prepared and characterized to determine their unperturbed dimensions hy measuring small-angle neutron scattering of their blends. For polymer pairs with three different molecular weight (M w ), the radii of gyration (R g ) in bulk were estimated and a power law was deduced as R g = 0.022M w 0.50 (nm). The power index 0.50 was consistent with the theoretical prediction for ideal chains, 1/2. Although the prefactor, 0.022, is apparently smaller than that of polystyrene (PS), 0.0275, the segment length of this polymer, 0.72 nm, is similar to that of PS, 0.69 nm. It is indicated that the bulky trimethylsilyl group on 4-position does not affect much on the chain conformation of polystyrene hackbone.

The etching process of the 6H–SiC(000-1) surface was investigated to obtain a flat surface by removing scratches due to polishing. An atomically flat surface with a step-terrace structure without scratches has been obtained by removing the graphite layer grown on the substrate after annealing in N2 at a temperature of 1900 °C for 6 h. The step height corresponds to that of a 6H–SiC unit cell. In contrast, a rough surface was observed on the Si face, 6H–SiC (0001), using the same process as for the C face.

Recently, some countries have begun conducting feasibility studies and R&D projects on High Altitude Platform Systems (HAPS). Japan has been investigating the use of an airship system that will function as a stratospheric platform for applications such as environmental monitoring, communications and broadcasting. If pseudolites were mounted on the airships, their GPS-like signals would be stable augmentations that would improve the accuracy, availability, and integrity of GPS-based positioning systems. Also, the sufficient number of HAPS can function as a positioning system independent of GPS. In this paper, a system design of the HAPS-based positioning system and its positioning error analyses are described.

This study investigated geographic variation in the Asian lesser white-toothed shrew, Crocidura shantungensis Miller, 1901, among a number of localities in East Asia, including the Korean Peninsula, Tsushima Island, Cheju Island, and Taiwan, using univariate and multivariate analyses of cranial morphometric characters. Sexual differences were found in Taiwanese shrews, but were not evident in those from Korea or Tsushima. The samples from Taiwan had a larger overall cranial size than those from Korea and Tsushima, and were well separated from the latter two samples in the discriminant analyses. The overall size of the Cheju shrews was also greater, but lay within the variation of those from Taiwan. Crocidura dsinezumi quelpartis Kuroda, 1934, described from Cheju Island, is actually a junior synonym of C. shantungensis, and is not related to C. dsinezumi.

The polarity of AlN films grown epitaxially on the Si(0001) and C(000) faces of 6H?SiC substrates utilizing molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) were investigated. A number of small pits with sizes less than 10?20 nm were observed on the AlN surface. The pits in AlN film on the Si face combined with neighboring ones to form linear dents, while those on the C face were isolated from each other. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement showed clear differences in the binding energy of Al2p and N1s core levels and in the intensity ratios of IN1s/IAl2p between the AlN films on the Si and C faces. The XPS spectra also showed that more oxygen was contained in the AlN film grown on the Si face than that on the C face. The results reveal that the {0001} surfaces of AlN films grown on the Si and C faces are terminated with aluminum and nitrogen, respectively.

It is well known that secondary hyperparathyroidism (secondary HPT) systemically induces fibrous dysplasia (FD) in bone throughout the body. However, FD commonly occurs in a single bone and rarely extends to the maxillofacial bones. We describe, a case of FD that widely extended to the maxillofacial bones and caused facial deformity, associated with secondary HPT.A 66-year-old woman was referred to our clinic because of facial deformity characterized by bilateral enlargement of the maxilla, the zygoma, and the mandible. The patient had bee receiving regular hemodialysis therapy for 9 years because of chronic renal failure. The enlargement was hard and not tender on palpation. The hard palate was pushed down and flattened. X-ray computed tomographic examination revealed a diffuse radiopaque area in the maxillofacial bones, and a marked cotton-wool appearance in the mandible. A biopsy of the mandible was performed, and the pathological diagnosis was FD. To reduce the lesion, surgical resection of the mandible and of the maxilla and zygoma was performed. There was no evidence of regrowth of the lesion 1 year month after surgery. Full dentures were able to be successfully used. Furthermore, the patient is satisfied with the improved appearance of her face.