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As technology advances and digitalization becomes more prevalent in the industry, the cyber threats to maritime systems and operations have significantly increased. The maritime sector relies heavily on interconnected networks, communication systems, and sophisticated technologies for its operations, making it an attractive target for cybercriminals, nation-states, and other threat actors. Safeguarding the maritime sector against cyber threats is crucial to ensuring the safety, integrity, and efficiency of maritime operations as well as for protecting sensitive information and global trade. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has played a significant role in addressing cybersecurity issues, leading to the implementation of regulations aimed at risk reduction. This paper delves into the realm of cybersecurity within the maritime industry, offering an in-depth analysis of its various aspects through an extensive literature review based on the latest Version 2.0 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) functional areas. The primary objective is to establish a connection between research and NIST’s functions and categories, thereby presenting a nascent perspective and identifying existing security research gaps. Through the adoption of this strategic approach, the present paper aims to cultivate a forward-looking and proactive state of maturity in anticipation of future developments within the maritime industry. The outcomes of this research can provide valuable reference points in academic discourse, potentially leading to new hypotheses, and fuel innovation in developing advanced cybersecurity measures within the maritime industry.

Abstract This paper examines whether the inclusion of maritime law subject in the curriculum of the Indonesian faculty of law is necessary for the expansion of the maritime industry. This paper describes how education can positively influence the long-term growth of the maritime industry in Indonesia. The method used in this research is normative legal research. Basically, in accordance with the Indonesian Vision 2045, a cultural and structural maritime reformation must be implemented for the nation to become a maritime leader; one of the strategies for achieving this goal is to improve the quality of human resources through formal education with a solid curriculum. The result of this research showed that through teaching and academic research, the presence of maritime law will have a significant impact on the Indonesian maritime industry. Additionally, the presence of maritime law and research institutes will result in the reform of maritime regulations to make them more effective and business-friendly, so that the policymakers and business actors in Indonesia have strong academic partners with which to resolve maritime issues that have arisen or will arise in Indonesia through the formation of admiralty court in Indonesia.

Abstract This study aims to determine the most appropriate alternative fuel technology to comply with possible different imposed emission regulations while ensuring optimal business performance. In this context, the most suitable alternative fuel technology minimizes the required freight rate while maximizing overall performance on technological, environmental, and other criteria. A decision support tool was developed combining the overall performance of alternative fuels based on technological, environmental, and other criteria via a simple multiattribute rating technique model with a financial model based on discounted cash flow analysis. In this model, also an optimization model is implemented to minimize the required freight rate by optimizing for economic vessel speed. This model provides quantified insights into the financial and operational effects of transitioning via either a 'market-based measure' regulatory scenario or an 'emission cap' scenario if current fuels do not reach the zero-emission targets in the future. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that upgraded bio-oil, Fischer–Tropsch diesel and liquefied bio-methane can be considered the 'most promising' alternative maritime fuels of the future. Current fuels such as Heavy fuel oil and Liquified natural gas remain the 'most probable' to retain dominance without regulations. If there is a transition toward these alternative fuels, this will also lead to a shift toward lower sailing speeds.

Extreme climate change has occurred over the last decade, which has impacted the port and shipping industries. Port operations are vulnerable to the detrimental effects of climate change, which are predicted to present significant challenges to port operators. The impact is adverse and adapting to it has become crucial. Given the initial state of research on climate change, this paper aims to provide a thorough overview via a Systematic Literature Review of its issues, impacts on port operations, and adaptation strategies. The findings indicate that several issues influence port operations, such as sea-level rise, storm surges, and extreme winds. The study clearly showed that the port has been identified as being vulnerable to climate change and there has already been an intrusion into port operations worldwide. Furthermore, the potential solutions to climate change adaptation have also been addressed, and the most suggested options include modernising the port infrastructure, relocating the port, and developing a symbiotic relationship with the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence is entering the maritime industry at a rapid pace. There is talk about intelligent ships and autonomous solutions. According to the authors of this study, autonomous technologies should be introduced in gradually so as to guarantee peace of mind for marine experts and offer maximum accuracy in their functionalities. The purpose of this paper is to reveal a methodology for intelligent (based on artificial intelligence) safety in the maritime industry. A gradual process has been revealed in which, with the help of various intelligent tools, multifaceted analyzes can be carried out and conclusions and alternative solutions can be drawn, on the basis of which maritime experts can make an informed decision and significantly increase safety. The combination of technology and expertise, outlines the necessary transition for creating a new type of competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a scarcity of information regarding seafarers’ knowledge, perceptions and attitudes (KPAs) on occupational noise exposure and hearing health. This study aimed to determine the baseline KPAs of seafarers in a shipping company on occupational hearing health and noise exposure on board. This is a cross-sectional study, using an online questionnaire disseminated to seafarers in a shipping company. There were a total of 291 respondents, predominantly males. Only 15% of the respondents showed sufficient knowledge regarding occupational hearing health and noise exposure, but the majority know that long time noise exposure can damage hearing but can be prevented. Perceptions and attitudes were heterogeneous concerning their perceived susceptibility to hearing loss and perceived self-efficacy to protect from loud sounds. This study could provide insight into how to initiate awareness and educational modules for this population. Additional investigation will be needed to provide context and a deeper understanding of the perceptions and attitudes of the seafarers that will allow health education advocates continuity in improving their programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in global temperature, as a result of greenhouse gas emissions, continues to be a major concern that has led to a deep interest in the implementation of hydrogen as a source of electric power generation; therefore, hydrogen fuel cell technologies have been developed and are available on the market to mitigate CO2 emissions generated by the use of fossil fuels. This document describes the methodology used for the design of an electric propulsion system with energy supply from a hydrogen fuel cell in a Light Cabotage and Logistic Support Vessel - BALC-L. The current design of the vessel has a conventional propulsion with two diesel engines of 224 bkW each and two diesel generators 99 ekW each, as the basis for the proposed analysis of an electric propulsion system energized through a hydrogen fuel cell system. As a result, a change in the operational profile of the vessel and a reduction in the CO2 emissions that it would generate throughout its useful life cycle are identified. The research described in this document is a starting point for the implementation of these technologies in the maritime and fluvial industry in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the maritime industry has introduced technological improvements, shipping activity is still a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Using more intelligent incentive policies, such as subsidies, seems a way to increase green technology adoption. Our proposal is to engineer micro-level incentives to target a reduced set of adopters to optimize subsidies while encouraging adoption by shipowners. We focus on wind-assisted propulsion technology in shipping and test the effectiveness of targeting using agent-based simulations. The agent-based model employs a three-phase process, influenced by awareness of technology, economic factors, and networking. Experiments under different scenarios robustly analyze targeting policies and their impact on adoption rates. Our findings reveal that targeted incentives significantly improve adoption compared to a uniform distribution. The most effective targeting policies are those that select receptors based on their social activity and energy consumption, although the available budget affects the selection of criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maritime industry is a crucial hard-to-abate sector that is expected to depend on high-energy density renewable liquid fuels in the future. Traditionally, decarbonization pathways have been assessed assuming exogenous cost trajectories for renewable liquid fuels based on an exogenous learning curve. While past studies have looked at the impact of endogenizing learning curves for a specific technology utilizing linear approximation, a fully endogenous direct non-linear implementation of learning curves in a detailed sectoral model (maritime industry) that explores dynamics concerning sensitive parameters does not yet exist. Here, we apply an open-source optimization model for decarbonizing the maritime industry and further develop the model by encompassing a nonconvex mixed-integer quadratically constrained programming approach to analyze the impact of endogenized learning curves for renewable fuel costs following an experience curve approach. We find that global greenhouse gas emissions are significantly lower (up to 25% over a 30 year horizon) when utilizing endogenously modeled prices for renewable fuels compared to commonly used exogenous learning frameworks. Furthermore, we find that conventional modeling approaches overestimate the cost of climate mitigation, which can have significant policy implication related to carbon pricing and fuel efficiency requirements. In a broader context, this emphasizes the potential opportunities that can be achieved if policymakers and companies accelerate investments that drive down the costs of renewable technologies efficiently and thus trigger endogenous experience-based learning in real life.

With the rapid technological advancement of the fourth and fifth industrial revolutions in recent decades, the international maritime industry has been challenged to be aligned with the requirements of the new effective and efficient technological development. Key challenges are to sustainably utilize new technologies and applications of AI and unmanned systems efficiently in the maritime industry while maintaining high levels of safe maritime operations. Technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data, 3-D printing, virtual augmented and mixed reality, and omniverse are just examples of results of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). In addition, the world is witnessing the commencement of the transition to the Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR), which may be defined as a new era of collaboration between humans and machines, with emerging disruptive technologies demanding the maritime community, academia, and industry to act swiftly on many frontiers. The (5IR) can be described as the collaboration between humans and machines in the workplace with various prospects for automation.Autonomous technology is poised to reshape the maritime sector with crewless vessels; small crafts and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) are already developed and in service with larger vessels under development. Technical feasibility combined with compelling economic advantages, such as improved efficiency, reduced human error, and operating costs, are driving adoption, especially in the maritime industry. It is time for the maritime industry to collaborate and align its efforts within the various sectors to the fact that autonomy is coming and to address current gaps through understanding how autonomy can shape the future of such a rich industry and how to exploit it for the benefit of the blue economy and the shift towards greener vessels. This article aims to shed the light on the concept of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), the challenges it presents, and the role of Maritime Education and Training (MET) institutes in preparing for it.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has augmented pre-existing digitalization and environmental trends. In the maritime industry, one of the marked impacts of the pandemic is how the regard for technology has changed. There is now greater appetite and acceptance of digital solutions across the industry. This study investigates the ways the adoption of a series of digital technologies impact shipping firms’ efficiency, that will shed light on how industry stakeholders may derive value from data solutions, for making better operational decisions. We use cross-country firm-level data to evaluate the efficiency effects of maritime industry-level digital adoption. The results provide robust proof that working in a digitalized ecosystem is a way to promote efficiency, though not to the same extent across shipping firms and divisions. Impacts are relatively stronger in water transport activities than warehousing/support activities for transportation. Digital technologies may add to the growing diffusion in efficiency across shipping firms.

Due to an ever-increasing movement of containers across the globe in line with the economic boom, the trade imbalance and issues related to empty containers have become inevitable. Empty containers accumulated at specific ports cannot only generate profit but also increase the environmental footprint. This research proposes a Maritime Empty Container Reposition Modelling Framework by integrating the agent-based modelling (ABM) paradigm to model the global movements of empty containers. An agent-based maritime logistic empty container redistribution model was developed to help minimize the total relevant costs for empty container movement in the planning horizon. In the system, ports, shipping companies, customers, and empty containers were identified as critical agents. Using simulated annealing (SA), shipping line agents were able to optimise empty container repositioning to determine the best sequence for moving containers. The model was applied to the Asia–Middle East region to simulate global empty containers repositioning in the region. The results comparison shows that the proposed optimised empty container repositioning framework can significantly reduce the shipping line's costs and make full use of empty containers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to propose a novel model for the determination of depreciation in an environment of uncertainty. In the study, amortization methods were modified through interval type-2 fuzzy, and a new approach was proposed to help investors make decisions in an environment of cash flow uncertainty. We provide options among different depreciation alternatives for the future investment decisions of maritime companies through the revision of the straight-line depreciation method and the double-declining balance depreciation method. The fuzzy depreciation alternatives we suggest in our study are not only suitable for maritime companies, but also companies in different industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to address one of the significant challenges maritime SMEs, as well as the whole industry, are facing concerning the general necessity to digitize the global supply chain: the lack of transparent information flows between participants and the non-existing documentation standards. This objective includes a proposal of using blockchain technology for data sharing as a solution to counter this challenge. To understand how a blockchain-based data-sharing platform would succeed and tackle this challenge, TradeLens was selected as a case study. The literature review has addressed the shipping industry as a whole, blockchain technology, and its features and current initiatives that facilitate this technology. The case study analysis and discussion focused on the architecture, data sharing model, and standards for documentation as well as challenges associated with the solution TradeLens is offering for maritime enterprises. From this analysis, implications for SMEs have been elaborated. Concluding these implications have been validated through interviews with industry experts and strategic decision-makers in maritime SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of transforming maritime industry into a digital platform with real-time communication has rapidly emerged within industry discussions. A big part of the topic was tied around blockchain technology that due to its decentralization feature can simplify the complexity of the supply chain network and interconnect its actors. Nevertheless, only a few studies have investigated the feasibility in detail, yet not covered limitations other than those generally discussed. The purpose of the study is to identify and summarize the challenges of blockchain implementation in the maritime industry and within maritime ports. Based on the literature and previous research findings, 18 challenges to the blockchain implementation were identified and categorized into four dimensions: human factor, operational, organizational, and technological. The findings show that different priorities among ports, low level of digitalization, scalability of blockchain systems, and unwillingness to change business routine are important challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to highlight what the maritime industry really means, as well as its contribution to the development of the global economy. In addition to the problems caused by COVID - 19, the maritime industry continues its struggle with other challenges, such as climate, economic, social changes, the new generation of industry 4.0 technologies, especially autonomous ships, which requires the maritime industry to be ready to accept these challenges as an opportunity rather than a threat. This paper will look at global shipbuilding situations, the biggest shipping companies, which countries have the most ships, where the ships are registered and which are the most famous merchant fleet recycling areas. The paper will also analyze the situation of the maritime industry, in recent years, regarding the transport of goods at the global, European and national level in order to have an overall perspective of the importance of the maritime industry as well as the statistics for each situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information Communication Sector (ICT) is the fastest growing and changing industry today. The developments in this sector are still continuing at a great pace. There are two basic elements of the ICT sector as communication and content. Today, there are great changes and developments especially in communication infrastructures. Different wireless systems with different features and frequencies are used in communication infrastructures. Some of the maritime communication systems are for inter-ship/land communication, others are for intra-ship communication. In recent years, developments in the ICT sector have brought about a great change and diversification in the communication devices used both inside the ship and between the ship/land. The vast majority of these systems are wireless technologies. Wireless devices operate at different powers and frequencies. All wireless systems generate electromagnetic fields (radiation). The antenna dimensions of these devices and the electromagnetic field intensities they emit vary according to the frequency value used and the power of the devices. These values are of great importance for the health of seafarers working on ships. Because the electromagnetic field values of the radio devices used in wireless communication on ships of different sizes should be below a certain limit. In addition, the electromagnetic field intensities emitted by these must not exceed international standards in terms of human health. This issue is also extremely important for maritime enterprises. Because the first degree shipowners are responsible for the health of the seafarers working on the ships. In recent years, many new communication systems have been used on ships. These systems have different communication capabilities, and today, especially the data communication method is developing gradually. These features both offer new opportunities for ships and ship operators in terms of communication and bring additional responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic affected almost all sectors of the economy. The maritime industry was also affected by the pandemic in various ways. During the pandemic period, the maritime industry experienced such challenges as empty container shortages, port congestion, labor shortages, etc. Different sectors of the maritime industry developed resilient strategies against these challenges. Liner shipping companies also developed horizontal integration strategies along supply chains to control and manage the whole process of door-to-door transportation. In this study, factors that accelerated the supply chain integration strategies of liner shipping companies during the Covid-19 pandemic period were investigated. In this context, the relevant literature was investigated in the SCOPUS database, and 24 articles were examined in a detailed manner. As a result of the literature review, the factors that accelerated the supply chain integration of liner shipping companies were coded through the MAXQDA 20 qualitative data analysis program, and the relationship between these factors was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether the inclusion of maritime law subject in the curriculum of the Indonesian faculty of law is necessary for the expansion of the maritime industry. This paper describes how education can positively influence the long-term growth of the maritime industry in Indonesia. The method used in this research is normative legal research. Basically, in accordance with the Indonesian Vision 2045, a cultural and structural maritime reformation must be implemented for the nation to become a maritime leader; one of the strategies for achieving this goal is to improve the quality of human resources through formal education with a solid curriculum. The result of this research showed that through teaching and academic research, the presence of maritime law will have a significant impact on the Indonesian maritime industry. Additionally, the presence of maritime law and research institutes will result in the reform of maritime regulations to make them more effective and business-friendly, so that the policymakers and business actors in Indonesia have strong academic partners with which to resolve maritime issues that have arisen or will arise in Indonesia through the formation of admiralty court in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has stifled international trade and the global maritime industry. Its impact on the routing of the regional vessel traffic flow provides supportive data to port authorities, ship owners, shippers, and consignees. This study proposes a spatiotemporal dynamic graph neural network (STDGNN) model that includes the usual primary part of the vessel flow and an auxiliary part of newly confirmed COVID-19 cases near the port. The primary part consists of a time-embedding (TE) block, two dynamic graph neural network (DGNN) blocks, and a gated recurrent unit block, to capture the spatiotemporal dependence in the regional vessel traffic flow. The auxiliary part is made of multiple blocks to exploit the dynamic temporal relationships in hours, days, and weeks. Moreover, the performance of the STDGNN model is verified by utilising real vessel traffic flow data (i.e. inflow, outflow, and volume) and the new cases of COVID-19 near the port of New York, USA, provided by the automatic identification system and the Johns Hopkins University Centre for Systems Science and Engineering. The 2-h prediction result shows a 37.7%, 17.23%, and 11.4% improvement in the mean absolute error (MAE) over the gated recurrent unit (GRU), STGCN, and TGCN models, respectively. The delicate and adaptable prediction of vessel traffic flow could help the port relieve congestion, enhance efficiency, and further assist the recovery of regional maritime industries in the post-COVID era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maritime is one of the sectors where conflicts from work to the family are experienced the most. It is vital to examine the results of behavioral outputs in an area where staying away from the family is so effective that burnout is accompanied by severe difficulty. The primary purpose of the study is to examine the role of burnout in the impact of work-family conflicts (WFC) experienced by key players in the maritime industry on job satisfaction. Data gathered from 372 participants working in the maritime sector were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results show that burnout has a partial mediating effect on job satisfaction. After the literature review and results, the applications that motivate and keep key players engaged are discussed. In this context, for those working in the maritime industry, from work to family conflict has been shown to play a critical role in burnout and job satisfaction modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been claims about how social acceleration affects us in different ways. However, such claims are mainly based on temporalities ashore. As such, we fail to grasp in their complexities the differentiated conflicted experiencing of temporalities in contemporary life. This article hopes to fill in this gap and in effect provides a more nuanced rendering of experiencing temporalities based on a particular social group who live and work in the fringes of our society and yet play a hugely important role in the global economy – the ocean-going merchant seafarers. Based on a fieldwork on board four merchant vessels, the experiencing of both fast time and slow time by seafarers is explicated here. It highlights how place (the ship and its work and living arrangements) and its available resources (or the paucity of them) and power relations with those ashore (shoreside personnel) shape the experiencing of time onboard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the most appropriate alternative fuel technology to comply with possible different imposed emission regulations while ensuring optimal business performance. In this context, the most suitable alternative fuel technology minimizes the required freight rate while maximizing overall performance on technological, environmental, and other criteria. A decision support tool was developed combining the overall performance of alternative fuels based on technological, environmental, and other criteria via a simple multiattribute rating technique model with a financial model based on discounted cash flow analysis. In this model, also an optimization model is implemented to minimize the required freight rate by optimizing for economic vessel speed. This model provides quantified insights into the financial and operational effects of transitioning via either a 'market-based measure' regulatory scenario or an 'emission cap' scenario if current fuels do not reach the zero-emission targets in the future. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that upgraded bio-oil, Fischer–Tropsch diesel and liquefied bio-methane can be considered the 'most promising' alternative maritime fuels of the future. Current fuels such as Heavy fuel oil and Liquified natural gas remain the 'most probable' to retain dominance without regulations. If there is a transition toward these alternative fuels, this will also lead to a shift toward lower sailing speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extant literature neglects the impact of state regulation in a dual structure of port governance by both the government and private terminal operators (via the public‐private partnership). Using the Nigerian experience, this article interrogates the impact of the implementation of Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) regulatory frameworks on the management of 2006 port concession in the maritime industry. Based on qualitative and content analysis of data, the article argues that poor articulation and implementation of the NPA regulatory frameworks are implicated in the level of port asset management, operational efficiency, quality of port service, compliance capacity of terminal operators, and patronage system in the maritime industry. The terminal operators capitalize on the complications and gaps in the NPA regulatory frameworks to substantially subvert the government's port control and undermine effective port‐asset management in the maritime industry. Related Articles: Asongu, Simplice A., and Jacinta C. Nwachukwu. 2016. "Law, Politics, and the Quality of Government in Africa." Politics & Policy 44(5): 916–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12171. Ikeanyibe, Okechukwu Marcellus. 2018. "Bureaucratic Politics and the Implementation of Liberalization Reforms in Nigeria: A Study of the Unbundling and Reorganization of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation." Politics & Policy 46(2): 263–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12249. McNamara, Madeleine W., John C. Morris, and Martin Mayer. 2014. "Expanding the Universe of Multi‐Organizational Arrangements: Contingent Coordination and the Deepwater Horizon Transportation Challenges." Politics & Policy 42(3): 346–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12073. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates asymmetries in the capital structure speed of adjustment in the case of a capital-intensive industry. Employing a sample of globally listed maritime, manufacturing and services firms between 1995 and 2020, we estimate a regime-switching partial adjustment model, to test whether the capital structure speed of adjustment depends on a firm’s positioning relative to the target. After accounting for the fractional, bounded nature of leverage ratios using a DPF estimator we document that maritime firms exhibit a higher (lower) speed of adjustment when they lie below (above) their target. Our empirical findings suggest that this asymmetric behavior holds across industries but is more profound in maritime firms emphasizing this industry’s particularity.

The main goal of the article is to present the problems of the development of autonomous ships and to characterize the most important challenges. The article provides a description of autonomous ships and studies the existing relevant projects. It presents a spectrum of applications and possibilities of unmanned ships in the field of security. Currently, high hopes are placed on the functioning of unmanned ships. They are not only to be more economical but also to contribute to environmental protection. Developing a technology that allows the construction of ships and their safe operation is not the only task faced by enthusiasts of unmanned vessels. It is also important to develop and implement proper regulatory framework that will allow the legal operation of such ships.

The maritime industry is displaying notable interest in the adoption of cutting-edge technologies within the scope of Industry 4.0, aiming to digitalize both companies and processes. At the core of data science lies machine learning, which serves as the focal point of this article. This study seeks to accomplish two main objectives: firstly, an exploration of various machine learning algorithms, and subsequently, the application of these techniques to analyze predictions within the propulsion system of a 9500 TEU container ship. The outcomes of the study reveal that utilizing distinct machine learning algorithms for predicting braking performance yields a lower mean square error (MSE) when compared to the discrepancy introduced by the J. Mau formula, as evident in the container ship database. The selection of propulsion engines was based on predictions for a 9500 TEU container ship. Similarly, promising outcomes were achieved in predicting propeller diameter in comparison to conventional methods. Thus, these predictions can also effectively guide the appropriate choice of propeller diameter.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is significantly transforming the maritime industry, enabling the generation of vast amounts of data that can drive operational efficiency, safety, and sustainability. This review explores the role and potential of data analysis in maritime IoT applications. Through a series of case studies, it demonstrates the real-world impact of data analysis, from predictive maintenance to efficient port operations, improved navigation safety, and environmental compliance. The review also discusses the benefits and limitations of data analysis and highlights emerging trends and future directions in the field, including the growing application of AI and Machine Learning techniques. Despite the promising opportunities, several challenges, including data quality, complexity, security, cost, and interoperability, need to be addressed to fully harness the potential of data analysis in maritime IoT. As the industry continues to embrace IoT and data analysis, it becomes critical to focus on overcoming these challenges and capitalizing on the opportunities to improve maritime operations.

Corrosion poses a significant threat to the integrity and longevity of ship, offshore, and oil & gas structures, resulting in substantial economic losses, environmental hazards, and safety concerns. In recent years, machine learning (ML) has emerged as a promising tool for corrosion analysis in maritime industry. This paper provides a critical review of prevalent ML approaches, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Random Forests (RFs), computer vision, image processing techniques, and hybrid models in corrosion detection and classification from 2018 to 2024. Beyond a typical review, this study meticulously examines these approaches, focusing on model development, efficacy, limitations, and practical implementation challenges in details. Key findings reveal that while ML models hold considerable potential to enhance the efficiency of corrosion detection and classification, significant barriers such as data quality, model interpretability, and integration into existing maintenance workflows impede widespread adoption. Furthermore, the paper identifies best practices and proposes future research directions to bolster the robustness and reliability of ML models in corrosion analysis. The insights gleaned from this review aim to guide industry experts and academicians in developing more effective corrosion management strategies through the integration of machine learning, ultimately mitigating the impact of corrosion on maritime and offshore operations. • Machine Learning approach effectively detects and classifies corrosion. • Challenges include data quality, generalization capability, and environmental conditions. • Future research should enhance data quality, model reliability, and practical application. • Provides comprehensive guidance to industry professionals and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Workplace bullying has severe negative consequences for the well-being of targeted employees. Previous research suggests that social support may buffer against such adverse effects. However, it remains unclear if different forms of support have equally strong effects and if support buffers equally effectively against different outcomes. Further, little is known about social support as a mitigating factor in remote occupational groups such as seafarers. This study examines the buffering effects of four forms of support (instrumental and emotional peer support, company support, non-work support) on three aspects of employee well-being (depression, anxiety, and exhaustion) among seafarers. Methods: Responses to a cross-sectional online survey from a convenience sample of 414 seafarers on international commercial vessels were analyzed using moderated regression analyses with PROCESS. Results: Exposure to workplace bullying behavior increased seafarers' depression, anxiety and exhaustion. Instrumental peer support and non-work support buffered the negative impact of bullying on depression. The impact of bullying on exhaustion was buffered by company support. The impact of bullying on anxiety was not buffered by any of the four forms of support. Conclusion: Extending previous research, the findings suggest that the interaction between workplace bullying and support depends not only on the source of support, but also on the type of support and the outcome considered. While support from colleagues on board was important for seafarers, company and non-work support must not be overlooked. Interventions should, therefore, encourage the development of peer support and ensure access to shore-based support for workers in remote locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), 70% of accidents on board were caused by human error, and almost one-fifth of these accidents have been related to inadequate supervision. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate which of the safety factors can influence the quality of safety supervision. For this purpose, a questionnaire with 24 statements was distributed to professional seafarers. Two exploratory factor analyses were conducted to identify the underlying factor structure. The first analysis yielded one factor, quality of safety supervision, and the second analysis yielded four factors, namely: safety communication, safety training, safety compliance, and safety rules and procedures. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was applied to examine the influence of seafarers' demographic characteristics and the four identified factors on the quality of safety supervision. The results revealed the following two statistically significant predictors of safety supervision quality: safety communication and safety training. The theoretical and practical implications of the results in terms of improving the quality of safety supervision in the maritime industry were discussed and compared with results in other industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in shipping have been receiving growing concerns in the maritime industry. Recently, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is considering the introduction of a global shipping carbon tax, which has become the most talked-about topic in both industry and academia. To assess the potential impact of the carbon tax on maritime trades, a trade-volume-based model of shipping carbon emissions was developed. Considering that bulk shipping is the second-largest carbon emitter in the maritime industry and the low value-to-weight nature of bulk cargoes, the model was applied to analyze the dry bulk trade in China, one of the leading countries in the global dry bulk trade. The results show that the introduction of the carbon tax could have significant impacts on freight rates and commodity prices. Depending on the trading regions and the carbon charges, shipping freight rates would increase by 10–30%, which is equivalent to 1–4% of the trading prices. Additionally, since shorter shipping distances may have less emission per trading tonnage, the shipping carbon tax may significantly change the dry bulk trade patterns, resulting in China's increasing reliance on nearby countries, e.g., India and Australia, for the import of key commodities. These findings can help shipping companies and sectors make better carbon reduction responses, such as redeploying their fleets, promoting the development of low-carbon shipping technologies, and increasing investments in Australia, as well as South and Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly efficient manufacturing processes in which innovative technologies are continuously integrated are essential for a globally competitive European maritime industry. Promising optimization potential lies in the welding of thick sheet metal. The use of new high-power diode lasers with output powers of up to 60 kilowatts can replace conventional welding processes and significantly improve welding quality and efficiency. In addition to the welding process development with extremely high laser powers, ensuring laser safety is a major challenge for adequate employees' protection. This work aims to investigate the spatial distribution of laser radiation backscattered from the laser process zone into the hemisphere above the sheet metal. The results of the scattered radiation measurements performed are used to estimate the amount of thermal energy introduced from the laser process zone into a possible protective shielding against the scattered radiation. The derived maximum temperatures finally allow a suitable dimensioning of the shielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Social support from colleagues is a key resource for employees and organizations, with beneficial effects on performance, employee well-being and resilience. Although the importance of social support is well-known, the factors that help to build and maintain social support are not equally well understood. OBJECTIVE: This study analyzes the impact of workgroup characteristics (i.e., workgroup composition regarding national diversity and tenure; workload) and the COVID-19 pandemic on employees' perceptions of instrumental and emotional support, and examines the mediating role of informal interactions. METHODS: The study is based on responses from 382 seafarers to a cross-sectional online survey. Hypotheses were tested using OLS regression and mediation analysis using PROCESS. RESULTS: Workgroup composition regarding national diversity had indirect effects on social support through informal interactions around social foci (here: joint leisure activities). High workload and pressure from the COVID-19 pandemic reduced interactions around social foci, thus contributing to the erosion of perceived social support. CONCLUSION: The findings provide insights on the development of social support, suggesting that informal interactions provide an important mechanism for the development of social support at work. From a theoretical perspective, this highlights the value of a relational perspective on the development of social support, a perspective that is based on the insight that social support is embedded in social relationships. From a practical point of view, this indicates that organizations can proactively foster the development of social support through practices that shape workgroup characteristics and social foci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a modern globalized world, knowledge of a foreign language is important, determines the relevance of high-quality training of specialists in foreign language communication. Foreign language proficiency is a significant condition for establishing and maintaining international business contacts, intensifying professional interaction with foreign colleagues. The Bologna Convention also proclaims knowledge of foreign languages as a necessary basis for the mobility of students, teachers and scientists for access to education, research, teaching and training in the European Region. All these factors justify the economic value of knowledge of foreign languages and become an indispensable component of the professional training of future specialists. Competitiveness of specialists depends on the ability to read and translate professional foreign literature, on the formation of skills to listen to lecture material and reports in a foreign language during conferences, round tables and seminars; from the ability to participate in an idiosyncratic conversation on professional and business topics; from the ability to find the necessary information on the Internet or in any other foreign sources; from the ability to prepare and conduct a presentation on a selected topic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has augmented pre-existing digitalization and environmental trends. In the maritime industry, one of the marked impacts of the pandemic is how the regard for technology has changed. There is now greater appetite and acceptance of digital solutions across the industry. This study investigates the ways the adoption of a series of digital technologies impact shipping firms' efficiency, that will shed light on how industry stakeholders may derive value from data solutions, for making better operational decisions. We use cross-country firm-level data to evaluate the efficiency effects of maritime industry-level digital adoption. The results provide robust proof that working in a digitalized ecosystem is a way to promote efficiency, though not to the same extent across shipping firms and divisions. Impacts are relatively stronger in water transport activities than warehousing/support activities for transportation. Digital technologies may add to the growing diffusion in efficiency across shipping firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]