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The Mexican Society of Pediatric Endocrinology developed a clinical practice guide for the diagnosis and treatment of precocious puberty. This document presents recommendations related to the diagnosis of secondary causes of central PP. The detailed description of the methodology for the development of this guide and the grading system, as well as the synthesis of the evidence on which it is based can be consulted in this same supplement.La Sociedad Mexicana de Endocrinología Pediátrica elaboró una guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la pubertad precoz. Este documento presenta recomendaciones relacionadas con el diagnóstico de causas secundarias de pubertad precoz central. La descripción detallada de la metodología para el desarrollo de esta guía y del sistema de gradación, así como la síntesis de la evidencia en la que se basa, pueden consultarse en este mismo suplemento.

The Mexican Society of Pediatric Endocrinology presents recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of precocious puberty (PP), a condition defined as the development of sexual characteristics due to an increase in pituitary gonadotropin secretion before 8 or 9 years of age in girls and boys, respectively.Three systematic reviews were conducted: controlled clinical trials on interventions for PP treatment, diagnostic tests, and observational studies on the long-term effects of PP. The quality evaluation and data extraction from the studies were conducted by two independent reviewers. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network and the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine systems were used for grading the quality of evidence for recommendations on intervention and diagnosis, respectively. Recommendations were submitted to a consensus by a Delphi method and were validated by another 143 certified pediatric endocrinologists through an online questionnaire.The group generated 12 recommendations on the diagnosis of PP, seven on the diagnosis of secondary causes of PP, eight on interventions for inhibition of puberty, five on other interventions for PP treatment, and 14 for the monitoring and follow-up of these patients. The online questionnaires submitted to certified pediatric endocrinologists showed more than 90% of approval for each one of the recommendations.Although a high degree of consensus for the recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of PP among pediatric endocrinologists was achieved, most of these recommendations showed a low level of evidence.La Sociedad Mexicana de Endocrinología Pediátrica presenta recomendaciones para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la pubertad precoz (PP), condición definida como el desarrollo de caracteres sexuales por incremento en la secreción hipofisiaria de gonadotropinas antes de los 8 años en las niñas y de los 9 años en los niños.Se realizaron tres revisiones sistemáticas de ensayos clínicos controlados sobre intervenciones para el tratamiento de la PP, pruebas diagnósticas y estudios observacionales sobre efectos a largo plazo de la PP. La evaluación de la calidad de los estudios y la extracción de datos se realizó por pares. La evidencia se graduó con el sistema de la Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) y del Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) para las recomendaciones sobre la intervención y el diagnóstico, respectivamente. Las recomendaciones generadas se sometieron a un consenso por el método Delphi y fueron validadas por otros 143 endocrinólogos pediatras certificados mediante un cuestionario en línea.Mediante consenso se generaron 12 recomendaciones para el diagnóstico de PP, siete sobre diagnóstico de causas secundarias de PP, ocho sobre intervenciones para inhibición de la pubertad, cinco sobre otras intervenciones en PP y 14 para la monitorización del tratamiento y el seguimiento de estos pacientes. Se obtuvo más del 90% de aprobación para cada una de las recomendaciones por el grupo de endocrinólogos certificados que respondieron el cuestionario en línea.Si bien se logró un alto grado de consenso para las recomendaciones para el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la monitorización de la PP entre los endocrinólogos pediatras, el nivel de evidencia para la mayoría de estas recomendaciones resultó bajo.

The Mexican Society of Pediatric Endocrinology developed a clinical practice guide for the diagnosis and treatment of precocious puberty. This document presents recommendations related to the complementary interventions for the treatment of precocious puberty besides puberty blockade. The detailed description of the methodology for the development of this guide and the grading system, as well as the synthesis of the evidence on which it is based, can be consulted in this same supplement.La Sociedad Mexicana de Endocrinología Pediátrica elaboró una guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la pubertad precoz. Este documento presenta recomendaciones relacionadas con intervenciones adyuvantes en el tratamiento de la pubertad precoz distintas de la inhibición de la pubertad. La descripción detallada de la metodología para el desarrollo de esta guía y del sistema de gradación, así como la síntesis de la evidencia en la que se basa, pueden consultarse en este mismo suplemento.

The Mexican Society of Pediatric Endocrinology developed a clinical practice guide for the diagnosis and treatment of precocious puberty. This document presents recommendations related to the diagnosis of precocious puberty. The detailed description of the methodology for the development of this guide and the grading system, as well as the synthesis of the evidence on which it is based can be accessed in this same supplement.La Sociedad Mexicana de Endocrinología Pediátrica elaboró una guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la pubertad precoz. Este documento presenta recomendaciones relacionadas con el diagnóstico de pubertad precoz. La descripción detallada de la metodología para el desarrollo de esta guía y del sistema de gradación, así como la síntesis de la evidencia en la que se basa, pueden consultarse en este suplemento.

Behavioral and cognitive tests in individuals who were malnourished as children have revealed malnutrition-related deficits that persist throughout the lifespan. These findings have motivated recent neuroimaging investigations that use highly portable functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) instruments to meet the demands of brain imaging experiments in low-resource environments and enable longitudinal investigations of brain function in the context of long-term malnutrition. However, recent studies in healthy subjects have demonstrated that high-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT) can significantly improve image quality over that obtained with sparse fNIRS imaging arrays. In studies of both task activations and resting state functional connectivity, HD-DOT is beginning to approach the data quality of fMRI for superficial cortical regions. In this work, we developed a customized HD-DOT system for use in malnutrition studies in Cali, Colombia. Our results evaluate the performance of the HD-DOT instrument for assessing brain function in a cohort of malnourished children. In addition to demonstrating portability and wearability, we show the HD-DOT instrument's sensitivity to distributed brain responses using a sensory processing task and measurements of homotopic functional connectivity. Task-evoked responses to the passive word listening task produce activations localized to bilateral superior temporal gyrus, replicating previously published work using this paradigm. Evaluating this localization performance across sparse and dense reconstruction schemes indicates that greater localization consistency is associated with a dense array of overlapping optical measurements. These results provide a foundation for additional avenues of investigation, including identifying and characterizing a child's individual malnutrition burden and eventually contributing to intervention development.

Diabetes mellitus is a complex, multifactorial, chronic disease characterized by impaired metabolism of glucose, fats and proteins. Patients who suffer from it frequently have hyperglycemia and coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death. The comorbidities associated with diabetes are overweight and obesity, systemic arterial hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia and in some patients peripheral vascular disease, kidney damage, neuropathy and retinopathy. Chronic lack of control of the disease is associated with increased susceptibility to infections, which generally have few symptoms, but hyperglycemia is generally magnified, which worsens the course of infections. Since December 2019, when the disease caused by one of the coronaviruses (coronavirus 2 of severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS-CoV-2) was identified and has been called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there have been some reports that associate the presence of diabetes with an increased risk of mortality. In this review article we have focused on four specific points: 1) epidemiology of the prevalence and mortality of COVID 19 in the general population and in the population with type 2 diabetes mellitus; 2) pathophysiology related to the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to receptors in subjects with diabetes; 3) the immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2, and 4) the outpatient and hospital treatment recommended in patients with diabetes who become infected with SARS-CoV-2.La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad crónica, compleja, multifactorial, que se caracteriza por alteración en el metabolismo de la glucosa, las grasas y las proteínas. Los pacientes que la padecen con frecuencia cursan con hiperglucemia y la enfermedad arterial coronaria es la principal causa de muerte. Las comorbilidades que se asocian a la diabetes son: sobrepeso y obesidad, hipertensión arterial sistémica, dislipidemia aterogénica y en algunos pacientes enfermedad vascular periférica, daño renal, neuropatía y retinopatía. El descontrol crónico de la enfermedad se asocia a mayor susceptibilidad a infecciones, las cuales generalmente cursan con pocos síntomas, pero generalmente se magnifica la hiperglucemia, lo cual empeora el curso de las infecciones. Desde diciembre de 2019, cuando se identificó la enfermedad producida por uno de los coronavirus (coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave, SARS-CoV-2) y que ha sido llamada enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), ha habido algunos reportes que asocian la presencia de diabetes con un mayor riesgo de mortalidad. En este artículo de revisión nos hemos enfocado en cuatro puntos específicos: 1) epidemiología de la prevalencia y de la mortalidad de COVID 19 en la población general y en la población con diabetes mellitus tipo 2; 2) fisiopatología relacionada con la unión del SARS-CoV-2 a los receptores en sujetos con diabetes; 3) la respuesta inmunológica inducida por el SARS-CoV-2, y 4) el tratamiento ambulatorio y hospitalario que se recomienda en los pacientes con diabetes que se infectan con SARS-CoV-2.

espanolEl exantema periflexural asimetrico de la infancia es una patologia infrecuente, poco conocida y escasamente descrita; a pesar de que fue definida hace mas de cinco decadas, existen escasos reportes e investigaciones sobre el tema, motivo por el cual aun se desconoce su etiopatogenia con exactitud, y su diagnostico resulta desafiante. Sin embargo, la clinica caracteristica de la enfermedad, su evolucion y su propiedad autolimitada permite reconocerla. Presentamos un reporte de caso en una nina de 1 ano y 6 meses de edad y su evolucion semanal hasta su autolimitacion EnglishThe Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood is an infrequent pathology, unknown and scarcely described; although it was defined more than five decades ago, there are few reports and research on the subject, which is why its ethiopathogenesis is still unknown, and its diagnosis is challenging. However, the clinical characteristic of the disease, its evolution and its selflimited property allows it to be recognized. We present a case report in a girl of 1 year and 6 months of age and her weekly evolution until her self-limitation.

Resumen Identificar las representaciones sociales (RS) del cáncer de mama en mujeres con diagnóstico y mujeres sanas o libres de enfermedad (MLE), Guadalajara-Jalisco, 2016. Se aplicó la técnica asociativa de listados libres y cuestionario de pares a 40 mujeres; para conocer la estructura de las RS se hizo análisis de contenido temático y estructural de la RS.Los hallazgos muestran que las mujeres diagnosticadas tienen mayor conciencia sobre la importancia de prevención y detección oportuna. MLE otorgaron mayor importancia a aspectos negativos como miedo y muerte. La RS sobre la enfermedad se construye a través de las vivencias, ya sea propia con el diagnóstico o a través de experiencias de una persona cercana o conocimientos sociales. Abstract The objective of the study was to identify the social representations (SR) of breast cancer in diagnosed women and healthy or disease-free women (MLE), Guadalajara-Jalisco, 2016. The associative technique of free listing and peer questionnaire was applied to 40 women. In order to know the structure of SR, a thematic and structural content analysis of SR was carried out. The findings show that diagnosed women are more aware of the importance of prevention and timely detection. MLE gave greater importance to negative aspects such as fear and death. The SR on the disease is built through experiences, either one’s own with the diagnosis, through the experiences of a close person, or through social knowledge.

Se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas de la escala para medir Cibervictimización en estudiantes de Educación Superior. Participaron 686 estudiantes, 380 hombres (M=19.92, DE=1.83 años) y 306 mujeres (M=18.5, DE=1.72 años) de seis instituciones de educación superior de un Estado del noroeste de México. Se encontró que el modelo bidimensional que mide denigración y usurpación de identidad presenta mejores índices de ajuste. El cuestionario mostró invariancia factorial para ambos sexos (configuracional y métrica parcial), evidencias de validez concurrente, ya que sus puntajes se relacionan con los de victimización tradicional, y adecuada fiabilidad. Se concluyó que la escala posee propiedades psicométricas que permiten su utilización en la medición de la cibervictimización en estudiantes de educación superior.

In a world full of speed and uncertainty where the dynamics of the processes become more and more uncertain, the exercise of foresight within the administration is presented as an option for change in the face of possible undesired events that may occur in the future, in this sense the Delphi method is recognized as a tool that allows grouping a set of forecasts to change a trend scenario for a desired future. One of the greatest challenges facing public management of food and nutritional security is the definition and implementation of a series of indicators that will enable government officials to monitor, control and evaluate the results and impact of their management, oriented towards the particularities of the territory where they are located. The objective of this research is to validate, using the Delphi method of expert consultation, a set of indicators for public management of food and nutritional security that are adapted to the local reality. For its implementation, the empirical method based on the evaluation of experts was used, using the survey technique to determine the level of competences of the collaborators to be used and during the validation of the SAN public management indicators.

Los hongos comestibles silvestres son un recurso forestal no maderable que ha sido utilizado desde épocas prehispánicas en México por su alto contenido nutrimental y sus propiedades medicinales. México constituye un importante reservorio de dichos hongos a nivel mundial. En el presente trabajo, se identificaron las especies de hongos comestibles silvestres comercializados en dos mercados de Valles Centrales de Oaxaca durante 2009 y 2010. Se realizaron encuestas a las personas recolectoras sobre el conocimiento tradicional de los hongos comercializados. Se identificaron 20 especies de hongos comestibles adscritos a 12 géneros. Se determinó que dichas especiesdehongostienendiferentesusos,talescomo:i)potencial de exportación; ii) nutricional, con alto contenido de proteínas y aminoácidos; iii) propiedades medicinales como antioxidantes, anticancerígenos, antibióticos y antitumorales; y iv) potencial biotecnológico para la producción de bioinoculantes útiles en especies forestales de México. Por esta razón, los hongos comestibles silvestres colectados en mercados de Valles Centrales pueden ser utilizados íntegramente en modelos de desarrollo sustentable en las comunidades rurales de Oaxaca.

La producción de plántulas de chile (Capsicum annuum L.) en almácigos es afectada por la enfermedad conocida como “damping off”. Su prevención se hace regularmente mediante fungicidas, cuyos efectos sobre los hongos causantes de esta enfermedad no son siempre efectivos, pero representan problemas de tipo ambiental. Ante esta situación, el control biológico adquiere mayor relevancia. En el presente trabajo se aislaron tres cepas de hongos fitopatógenos del género Fusarium spp. (FP, FN y FA; por los colores púrpura, naranja y amarillo, respectivamente). En cuanto a cepas bacterianas, se seleccionaron 18 cepas de rizobacterias (B), las cuales fueron confrontados in vitro con las tres cepas de Fusarium y una de Rhizotocnia (R). La cepa B23 fue la más eficiente en la inhibición del crecimiento de los fitopatógenos estudiados, al reducir el crecimiento de FP, FN y FA (50, 44 y 47%, respectivamente) y de R (56%); la producción de AIA varió entre 1.24 y 11.32 μg mL-1, la mayor solubilización de fosfato inorgánico (104 μg mL-1) se obtuvo con B8. Al evaluar el efecto de B7, B9, B15 y B23 sobre la supervivencia de plántulas de chile inoculadas con Fusarium sp. y Rhizotocnia sp., se observó que las cepas B7 y B23 son las que tuvieron mayor efecto sobre la supervivencia de las plántulas durante los primeros 34 días, con valores de entre 80 a 100%, mientras que las plántulas control fue de entre 30 y 50%. Por otra parte, las cepas B8 y B9 se identificaron molecularmente como Pseudomonas chlororaphis; B7 y B14 como Pseudomonas sp.; B15 como Pseudomonas protegens y B23 como Bacillus sp. Los resultados muestran la potencialidad del uso de bacterias como promotoras del crecimiento y agentes de biocontrol de hongos causantes del damping off en plántulas de chile tipo “guajillo”.

Foram realizados estudos geoquímicos em rochas sedimentares argilosas da Formação Corumbataí - unidade geológica da Bacia do Paraná, utilizadas como matéria prima na obtenção de produtos cerâmicos, objetivando extrair informações a partir das análises químicas dos elementos maiores aliadas às descrições de campo. Através destas informações foi possível estabelecer diferenças e similaridades entre os estratos argilosos de três minerações localizadas em diferentes municípios da região estudada. Foi dada especial importância à perda ao fogo, uma vez que esta determinação resulta principalmente da liberação de CO2 e/ou água durante o aquecimento a 1000°C. As relações usadas para óxidos/elementos químicos, quando lançadas em gráficos, mostram agrupamentos e/ou sequências resultantes da proporção, tipos de componentes e estados de alteração dos materiais amostrados, o qual foi verificado mediante análise por difração de raios X. Também foi abordado o efeito fundente de certos elementos a temperaturas maiores que 1000°C tais como sódio, o qual pode modificar o comportamento observado quando se usa como variável a perda ao fogo.

RESUMEN En 2012, a través de la Rey 1562, se estableció que la «salud ocupacional» se entendería «como Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo», confundiendo instrumentalmente la disciplina de la salud ocupacional con uno de sus objetos de estudio: la seguridad y la salud en el trabajo; se origina así un obstáculo para el conocimiento científico. Ante esta situación se realizó un ejercicio de sindéresis hermenéutico, de análisis/contraste, utilizando un patrón de análisis elaborado a partir de textos originales o facsimilares occidentales y de textos referenciales históricos que permitió examinar la salud ocupacional como medicina laboral; como higiene ocupacional; como seguridad industrial (anticipación) y como auditoría. Ra conclusión: la Rey 1562 no responde a la disciplina de la Salud ocupacional sino a una de las estrategias de la Organización Mundial de la Salud: Salud y Seguridad en el Trabajo; pero es débil en Medicina del trabajo, Higiene y Seguridad Industrial. ABSTRACT In 2012, through Raw 1562 it was established that "occupational health" would be understood as "Safety and Health at Work", instrumentally confusing the discipline of occupational health with one of its objects of study: health and Safety at work causing an obstacle to scientific knowledge. In view of this situation, a hermeneutic synderesis (synteresis) analysis/contrast exercise was carried out using a pattern of analysis based on Western original or facsimile texts and historical reference texts that allowed the examination of occupational health as a labor medicine; as occupational hygiene; as industrial safety (anticipation) and as an audit. The result: Raw 1562 responds to the strategy of Health and Safety in Rabor, but is weak in occupational medicine, hygiene and industrial safety.

An intervention study was made with an initial self-evaluation and a summative evaluation for the purpose of fostering awareness of the retirement process in employees nearing retirement at a Mexican waterworks company. Sensitization strategies consisted of giving two successive interactive conferences. Data were gathered using the SQA-E metacognitive format with two open questions and during the plenary sessions. The 92 employees over 55 years old who participated were divided into five groups. Each group received the same information presented in a completely similar manner. A thematic analysis was made of the data to gather information about prior and subsequent knowledge and expectations. Employees successfully learned about the historical and politico-economic situation of retirement, devised their own definition of retirement and learned about the need to plan and become prepared. They wanted to stay active, improve their health and quality of life, strengthen their social networks, participate socially and manage their income. They decided they would retire voluntarily, they would have an economic plan, would establish a positive attitude and peace of mind, would try to be happy and enjoy retirement to the fullest and prepare for old age by learning to live alone. A link between the university and the company was forged. We suggest continuing to promote preparation with two sensitization conferences because they help employees to become aware of retirement, to want to plan for it and to stay active, to involve family members and colleagues, and to use the comprehensive evaluation of large groups.

Resumen Objetivo: Mostrar la relación entre las condiciones negativas de trabajo de origen psicosocial, las situaciones y comportamientos de violencia y acoso psicológico en el trabajo y las autoper-cepciones sobre el estado de salud mental de un grupo de profesionales docentes de medicina y enfermería. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, con un diseño no experimental, transversal, analítico y explicativo. Participaron 68 docentes universitarios, médicos y enfermeras con al menos un año de antigüedad laboral. Resultados: No se encontró relación de sexo y edad con la exposición a condiciones negativas de trabajo. La presencia de condiciones psicosociales negativas (nivel medio, 66 %) se asoció, para ambos grupos, con una probabilidad alta de presencia de situaciones y comportamientos de violencia p

Family agriculture is of great importance to food self-sufficiency of the productive families and a generating source of local development. In this sense, its points of link with cooperative movement and other forms of social and solidary economy such as associations, foundations and mutualities, are obvious. The work was carried out in the municipality of Pinar del Rio, in order to characterize the current situation of the management process of family agriculture and its contribution to food and nutrition security, based on the analysis of primary and secondary sources of information to assess the actual state of the object of study. In the research were applied theoretical and empirical methods, including some techniques as the questionnaire, applied to different levels of decision regarding the structure of urban, suburban and family agriculture program, and surveys to small family farmers whose production units classified as courtyards and plots. Finally, the information obtained using the technique of triangulation, allowed to establish the main positive and negative aspects related to the management of family agriculture and its contribution to the food and nutrition security in the municipality selected.

Este trabajo forma parte de un proyecto de investigación en torno a las concepciones culturales de los conceptos de empleo y desempleo de diferentes grupos poblacionales de países iberoamericanos. Aquí se presenta el caso de los jóvenes estudiantes de bachillerato de Guadalajara, México, sin trayectoria laboral. El objetivo es identificar las representaciones sociales de empleo y desempleo, con el fin de generar elementos que permitan considerar su visión en el diseño de programas de apoyo para el empleo. El estudio fue cualitativo y se apoyó en métodos asociativos para la recolección del contenido de las representaciones sociales. La metodología del enfoque estructural de las representaciones sociales considera a representaciones como un conjunto de cognemas (términos del vocabulario que las personas utilizan para referirse a un objeto social determinado) organizados por múltiples relaciones que pueden ser orientadas y sistematizadas. Se concluye que las representaciones sociales del empleo y desempleo muestran una serie de expectativas que difícilmente llegarán a coincidir con la realidad a la que se enfrentarán los jóvenes en su proceso de inserción laboral.

Objetive The prevalence of aortic valve calcification (AVC), strongly influenced by ethnicity, is unknown in Mexican population. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of AVC and its associations with cardiovascular risk factors and coronary artery calcification (CAC), in Mexican subjects. Methods In 1,267 subjects (53% women) without known coronary heart disease, aged 35 to 75 years, AVC and CAC were assessed by multidetector-computed tomography using the Agatston score. Cardiovascular risk factors were documented in all participants. The associations of AVC with CAC and risk factors were assessed by multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results The overall prevalence of AVC and CAC was 19.89% and 26.5%, respectively. AVC and CAC increased with age and were found more frequently in men (25.5% and 37.1%, respectively) than in women (14.9% and 13.0%, respectively). AVC was observed in only 8.5% of subjects without CAC, while those with CAC 1-99, 100-399, and >400 Agatston units had AVC prevalences of 36.8%, 56.8%, and 84.0%, respectively. The multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusted for age, gender, obesity, physical inactivity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and high insulin levels, showed that the presence of CAC (OR [CI95%]: 3.23 [2.26-4.60]), obesity (1.94 [1.35-2.79]), male gender (1.44 [1.01-2.05]) and age (1.08 [1.03-1.10]), were significant independent predictors of AVC. Conclusion Prevalence of AVC is high and significantly associated with atherosclerotic risk factors and CAC in this Mexican population.

A Formação Corumbataí na região de Rio Claro - Limeira - Araras é representada por uma sucessão de siltitos, constituídos principalmente por filossilicatos (predominando illita, embora também ocorram montmorillonita, biotita, clorita, caulinita e interestratificados regulares e irregulares, quartzo, plagioclásios e feldspatos potássicos, carbonatos, hematita, goethita e zeólitas, de origem autígena e/ou detrítica. Quimicamente as rochas da Formação Corumbataí são classificadas principalmente como wackes e secundariamente como folhelhos, cuja principal fonte são rochas ígneas félsicas e/ou rochas sedimentares quartzosas. A aplicação de índices de maturidade química nas rochas analisadas sugere que estas são quimicamente imaturas e que a fonte foi submetida a condições de intemperismo moderado. Diagramas discriminantes para ambientes tectônicos sugerem que a fonte dos sedimentos da Formação Corumbataí são rochas quimicamente semelhantes a rochas formadas em margem ativa e/ou arcos de ilha, embora depositados em outro contexto geotectônico (bacia intracratônica).

Objetivo. Determinar las prácticas utilizadas para la producción agrícola y mejora de la productividad de en un módulo agroforestal. Diseño/metodología/aproximación. Se realizó el análisis comparativo de las prácticas que el productor realiza en un módulo agroforestal, así como del rendimiento obtenido en dos años, desde el punto de vista económico y de diversificación de especies vegetales que fueron establecidas. Resultados. Las prácticas utilizadas en el módulo fueron: a) conservación (labranza reducida); b) vegetativas (diversificación de cultivos, cultivos asociados, cultivos intercalados y rotación de cultivos); y c) agronómicas (fertilización de fondo y fertigación). Durante el periodo evaluado (2015-2018) se establecieron 16 especies vegetales. Los rendimientos e ingresos por venta de excedentes de la producción se incrementaron con el tiempo. Lo cual contribuyó en la seguridad alimentaria y economía de la familia rural. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones. En el presente trabajo, la eficiencia biológica de la asociación en el módulo agroforestal no fue evaluada. Dicha eficiencia podría dar un valor adicional a este tipo de producción versus los sistemas de monocultivo. Hallazgos/conclusiones. Se documentaron el tipo de prácticas utilizadas en la producción de alimentos y forraje en un módulo agroforestal. La producción de cultivos en pequeñas superficies, bajo el enfoque agroforestal, es una alternativa sustentable de producción agrícola para las regiones áridas y semiáridas, asimismo es un medio para mejorar el ingreso y nutrición de la familia rural.

Resumen Objetivo: explorar qué se ha investigado sobre la experiencia de ser diagnosticado y el vivir con la infección por Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) en personas adultas. Metodología: se realizó una revisión de literatura basada en el diseño de scoping review de Arksey y O'Malley. Resultados: la experiencia de la persona adulta con la infección por VPH implica considerar principalmente cuatro áreas: la psicosocial, la sexual, la cognitiva y la atención a la salud. Discusión: aunque la mayoría de los hallazgos se centran en aspectos negativos del VPH, algunos muestran evidencia de beneficios o aspectos positivos a partir del diagnóstico. Conclusiones: el VPH conlleva un impacto considerable desde el momento de su detección hasta el tratamiento, lo que implica afecciones en las distintas áreas de la vida de las personas que van desde cuestiones emocionales hasta el seguimiento adecuado del proceso de atención. Abstract Objetivo: Explore what has been investigated about the experience of being diagnosed and living with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in adults. Metodología: A literature review was done based on the scoping review design of Arksey and O'Malley. Resultados: The experience of the adult with HPV infection involves mainly considering four areas: psychosocial, sexual, cognitive and health care. Discusión: Although most of the findings focus on negative aspects of HPV, some show evidence of benefits or positive aspects from the diagnosis. Conclusiones: HPV carries a considerable impact from the time of its detection until the treatment, which implies affections in the different areas of the life of patients ranging from emotional issues to the adequate follow-up of the care process.

ATP-binding cassette membrane transporters (ABC), functions as an outflow facilitator of phospholipids and cellular cholesterol, playing an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and arterial hypertension. ABC’s transporters could post-transcriptionally regulated by miRs. Evaluate the association in the transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 with the expression of miR-33a and miR-144 and the carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) in patients with essential arterial hypertension. The miR-33a-5p, miR-144-3p and mRNA ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression in monocytes from Mexican hypertensive patients were examined by RT-PCR. The miR-33a and miR-144 expression in monocytes and mRNA ABCA1 and ABCG1 from Mexican hypertensive patients were examined by RT-PCR. This study involved 84 subjects (42 normotensive subjects and 42 patients with essential hypertension). Our study revealed that miR-33a expression (p = 0.001) and miR-144 (p = 0.985) were up-regulated, meanwhile, ABCA1 and ABCG1 transporters were down-regulated (p = 0.007 and p = 0.550 respectively) in hypertensive patients compared with the control group. The trend remains for miR33a/ABCA1 in presence of cIMT. Moreover, an inverse correlation was found with the expression levels of ABCA1 and ABCG1 as well as in HDL-C with miR-33a and miR-144. Our results showed an increase in the expression of miR-33a and miR-144 and an inverse correlation in their target ABCA1 and ABCG1; it may be associated with essential arterial hypertension in patients with cIMT and as consequence for atheromatous plaque.

Polymorphisms in the LPA gene have been associated with aortic valve calcification (AVC). There are wide differences in the allelic frequencies, Lp(a) levels, and the association with AVC among ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to determine the association of the LPA gene polymorphisms with Lp(a) levels and risk of developing AVC, in Mexican-Mestizos population. Six LPA polymorphisms (rs10455872, rs7765803, rs6907156, rs1321195, rs12212807 and rs6919346) were genotyped by TaqMan assays in 1,265 individuals without premature coronary artery disease. The presence of AVC was determined by computed tomography. The association of the LPA polymorphisms with AVC, Lp(a), and other cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) was evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Compared to AA genotype, subjects with AG+GG genotypes had high prevalence of Lp(a) ≥ 30 mg/dL (7.1% vs. 23.7%, p

Multi-frequency bio-impedance analysis (BIA) accurately evaluates body composition.To assess nutritional status and its relationship with body mass index (BMI) or with BIA-obtained phase angle in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis.BMI, BIA and dialysis malnutrition score (DMS) were assessed in 99 patients on hemodialysis (43.6 ± 17.2 years of age, 58.8% males). Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine BMI and phase angle independent associations with DMS.Malnutrition risk (DMS13) showed a gradual increase among patients with normal BMI and phase angle (44.4%), low BMI (45.8%), low phase angle (64.0%), and in those with both parameters at abnormal ranges (68.0%). The phase angle was the only variable that was independently associated with patient nutritional status (standardized coefficient beta -0.372, p0.001), accounting for 13.8% of DMS variation.Phase angle is inversely and independently associated with malnutrition risk in patients with ESRD, which suggests that BIA-assessed body composition might be better than BMI in the clinical assessment of patients with ESRD.La bioimpedancia eléctrica multifrecuencia (BIE) evalúa con precisión la composición corporal.Investigar el estado nutricional y su relación con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) o el ángulo fase obtenido por BIE en pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal (ERT) en hemodiálisis.En 99 pacientes en hemodiálisis (43.6 ± 17.2 años, 58.8 % varones) se evaluó IMC, BIE y puntuación de desnutrición (DMS, Dialysis Malnutrition Score). La independencia de las asociaciones del IMC y el ángulo fase con el DMS se determinó con regresión lineal múltiple.El riesgo de desnutrición (DMS13) se incrementó gradualmente entre los sujetos con IMC y ángulo fase normales (44.4 %), IMC bajo (45.8 %), ángulo fase bajo (64.0 %) y en aquellos con ambos parámetros anormales (68.0 %). El ángulo fase fue la única variable asociada independientemente con el estado nutricional de los pacientes (coeficiente beta estandarizado −0.372, p0.001), lo que explicó 13.8 % de la variación en el DMS.El ángulo fase se asocia inversa e independientemente con el riesgo de desnutrición en pacientes con ERT, lo que sugiere que la composición corporal evaluada por BIE pudiera ser mejor que el IMC en la valoración clínica de pacientes con esta enfermedad.

The objective of the present work is to evaluate feasibility of deploying a High-Density Diffuse Optical Tomography (HD-DOT) instrument to a field setting to measure the effects of early life stressors on brain development. This goal was accomplished by imaging a cohort of typical and malnourished children in Cali, Colombia. Feasibility of performing brain imaging in this population using HD-DOT was assessed by replicating known brain responses during both tasks and rest. A total of 22 participants were enrolled in the study (10 male; average age 107.2 months; age range 97-118 months). Participants completed a passive word listening task, and participants were also imaged as they rested quietly for 5 minutes while viewing a movie. Data acquisition was performed using a custom field-ready HD-DOT system with a small footprint optimized for field use. This continuous-wave system consisted of a 30 source by 48 detector array, (S-D separations of 1.3, 2.9, and 3.9 cm; first through third nearest neighbor measurements), sampled at a 10 Hz frame rate. Sources consisted of LEDs illuminating at 750 and 850 nm. The passive word listening task revealed activations in the superior temporal gyrus, demonstrating sufficient data quality and sensitivity to known auditory language processing regions. Functional connectivity (FC) was measured using data collected during passive movie viewing and reveals sensitivity to at least two previously published functional networks. The results of this work confirm feasibility of performing neuroimaging in low-resource settings with HD-DOT. Future work will identify differences in brain function between the two populations.

espanolObjetivo: Analizar la percepcion social de los perpetradores de acoso psicologico en el trabajo desde el punto de vista de sus diferentes actores: victimas, testigos y acosadores. Metodos: Estudio fenomenologico realizado con entrevistas en profundidad. Resultados: Los acosadores mostraron una autopercepcion favorable, basada en lo academico, la normatividad y en su puesto directivo. Algunos se auto identificaron como acosadores, otros consideraron que sus acciones pueden malinterpretarse como acoso y otros no reconocieron ser acosadores. Los testigos los visualizaron como personas atractivas con capacidades intelectuales y personales calificadas de positivas o negativas. Las victimas destacaron solo aspectos negativos. Conclusiones: La personalidad individual en forma aislada no es suficiente para explicar el acoso, se debe considerar el contexto organizacional, economico y politico EnglishGoal: To analyze the social perception of bullying at work place perpetrators from different participant’s point of view: victims, bystanders and perpetrators. Methods: Phenomenological study performed by deep interviews. Results: The perpetrators showed a positive auto perception, supported in academic background, the laborer policies and his/her directive position. Some of them recognized to be perpetrators, others think that her actions could be misunderstand by the people like bullying, and others not recognized themselves as perpetrators. The bystanders perceived the perpetrators like attractive persons with intellectual and personal skills that could be evaluated in positive or negative way. The victims pointed out only negative visions. Conclusion: The individual personalities in insolate way is not enough for to understand the bullying at work place, it should be considerer the organizational, economic and politic context.

Background and Aims Adiponectin (ADPN) is a cardioprotective adipocytokine, and its association with atherosclerosis development is controversial. The aim of the present study was to assess the association of low ADPN plasma levels with the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in a Mexican-Mestizo population without history of diabetes or coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods In 818 subjects (53.4 ± 9 years; 49.9% women) anthropometry, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, lipids, glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin, and ADPN levels were determined. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) was measured with ultrasound in B mode and the sex-age specific value higher than 75th percentile defined the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis. Low ADPN was considered when plasma concentrations were lower than 25th percentile (8.67 μg/mL in women, 5.30 μg/mL in men). Results Prevalence of low ADPN was 43.6% (42.9% in women and 44.4% in men; p = 0.66) and elevated CIMT (eCIMT) was 23.8% (25.8% in women and 21.9% in men; p = 0.184). In addition to their higher prevalence of low ADPN, subjects with eCIMT had higher values of body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and CRP. Multivariate analysis revealed that independent of these factors, low ADPN was associated with eCIMT (OR [95% CI]: 1.505 [1.051–2.153]). Conclusions In the studied population, low adiponectin concentrations are associated with a higher prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

Uno de los aspectos ma?s importantes que se tocara? en el transcurso de esta investigacio?n sera? el de Gerencia de Valor, se quiere conocer cua?les son las estrategias implementadas por cada empresa seleccionada de la ciudad de Medelli?n, que? importancia le esta?n dando a este factor y si verdaderamente sirve para la toma de decisiones y crecimiento de estas Pymes. Adema?s, se quiere conocer cua?l es el manejo financiero que los directivos de las pequen?as y medianas empresas especi?ficamente del sector colchonero le esta?n dando a este. El estudio se realizo? a 20 empresarios con el fin de conocer cua?les son los procedimientos o estrategias que llevan a cabo en cuanto a la implementacio?n de la Gerencia de Valor. Se llega a la conclusio?n de que las Pymes en Medelli?n tienen poco conocimiento de este modelo innovador y pocas empresas son las que tienen en cuenta este factor en sus procesos de desarrollo empresarial, aunque algunos de estos empresarios son conscientes de la importancia de este elemento se reu?san a su implementacio?n ya sea por desconocimiento o desconfianza. Palabras clave: Pymes, Innovacio?n, Gerencia de valor, Desarrollo empresarial. ABSTRACT One of the most important aspects that were touched in the course of this investigation is that of Value Management, refers to the strategies implemented by each selected company in the city of Medelli?n, how important are they to give this factor? really serves for the decision making and growth of these SMEs. You also want to know what is the financial management that managers of small and medium enterprises, specifically the mattress sector that are giving this. The study was carried out with 20 businessmen in order to know which procedures or strategies they carry out in relation to the implementation of Value Management. It is concluded that SMEs in Medelli?n have little knowledge of this model and companies have the success factor in their business development processes, although some of these entrepreneurs are aware of the importance of this element. reuse for its implementation due to ignorance or distrust. Keywords: SMEs, Innovation, Value management, Business development.

The Santa Gertrudes ́ Ceramic Polo is the Brazilian region with national and international prominence in the manufacturing of ceramic tiles. Some raw materials used by ceramic industry and coatings industries in this region were characterized in terms of chemical-mineralogical and microscopic view, in order to promote the best technological characterization of them. For this, chemical analysis of major elements and trace X-ray diffraction and microscopic analysis by SEM, TEM and Electron microprobe were performed by ICP-MS. The results showed that the raw materials commonly referred to as "clays" are actually constituted by various mineral phases, which directly influence the properties of the same ceramics. Also showed that, by virtue of this constitution, different formulations can be developed, using the best raw materials found in the region of Santa Gertrudes, SP.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:26:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-03-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T17:50:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0366-69132016000100005.pdf: 439158 bytes, checksum: f73ae579bdbb284fe4caf99f0f0afbb4 (MD5) Resumo Os produtos cerâmicos obtidos com argilas naturais são muito variados (tijolos, vasos, pisos) e a maioria das matériasprimas possui alto conteúdo de ferro, apresentando tons avermelhados, principalmente após queima. Esta pesquisa estudou argilas utilizadas por uma fábrica de blocos cerâmicos localizada no polo Tatuí-Sorocaba - SP. Na caracterização das mesmas, foram abordados aspectos físico-químicos, geoquímicos, mineralógicos e cerâmicos com o intuito de analisar sua influência na composição de massas, as quais foram formuladas e processadas em laboratório com base na análise da consistência de misturas argila-água. Este método se mostrou promissor para controle de qualidade, melhor aproveitamento dos materiais e alternativas para ajuste da proporção dos componentes de uma massa. Abstract Ceramic products made with natural clays are quite diverse (bricks, vases, tiles) and most of the raw materials have high content of iron, thus presenting reddish shades, especially after firing. This research studied clays from a ceramic block factory located in the Tatuí-Sorocaba ceramic region (S. Paulo, Brazil). The samples were characterized by physicochemical, geochemical, mineralogical and ceramic tests in order to evaluate their influence on the composition of masses, which were formulated and processed in the laboratory based on the consistency analysis of clay-water mixtures. This method proved to be a promising tool for quality control, better use of raw materials, and to identify the alternatives for adjusting the proportion of mass components. Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas Universidade Federal de Alfenas Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality, are among the most common adverse events in healthcare, and of them, pneumonia is the most commonly reported. Our objective was to evaluate the incidence and clinical outcome of respiratory viruses in hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). Methods: This was a prospective cohort study, include patients aged between 0 and 18 who fulfilled Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria for HAP. Demographic and clinical data were obtained, and a nasopharyngeal swab specimen was taken for the detection of respiratory viruses. All included patients were monitored until discharge to collect data on the need for mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mortality. All-cause 30-day mortality was also ascertained. Results: Four thousand three hundred twenty-seven patients were followed for 42,658 patient-days and 5,150 ventilator-days. Eighty-eight patients (2.03%) met the CDC criteria for HAP, 63 patients were included, and clinical and epidemiological characteristics showed no statistically significant differences between patients with virus associated healthcare-associated pneumonia (VAHAP) and those with non-viral healthcare-associated pneumonia (NVHAP). At least one respiratory virus was detected in 65% [95% CI (53-77)] of episodes of HAP, with a single viral pathogen observed in 53.9% and coinfection with 2 viruses in 11.1% of cases. The outcome in terms of ICU admission, mechanical ventilation and the 30-day mortality did not show a significant difference between groups. Conclusions: In two-thirds of the patients a respiratory virus was identified. There was no difference in mortality or the rest of the clinical outcome variables. About half of the patients required mechanical ventilation and 10% died, which emphasizes the importance of considering these pathogens in nosocomial infections, since their identification can influence the decrease in hospital costs and be taken into account in infection control policies.

Background: In subjects without a history of coronary heart disease (CHD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with carotid artery plaques (CAP), which is a better marker than high carotid intima-media thickness (hCIMT) for predicting first or recurrent cardiovascular events. Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the association of T2DM with CAP and hCIMT in premature CHD patients. Methods: Premature CHD was considered before the age of 55 years in men and before 65 in women. T2DM was defined according to the American Diabetes Association criteria. CAP was defined as a focal structure encroaching the arterial lumen by at least 50% of the surrounding IMT value or with a thickness > 1.5 mm. Results: Among 1196 patients (CHD duration 1.5 years [interquartile range: 0.4-5.6]), 37.2% had T2DM, and 97.8% were on antihypertensive, 94.4% on lipid-lowering, and 97.3% on anti-aggregate treatment. hCIMT prevalence was similar in patients with or without T2DM, whereas CAP prevalence was higher among T2DM patients (17.7% vs. 30.9%; p < 0.001). T2DM showed association with CAP, independently of CHD evolution and glycemic control (odds ratio: 1.57; 95% confidence interval: 1.09-2.26). Conclusions: T2DM has an independent association with CAP. Early detection of recurrent cardiovascular events, with CAP identification, could be useful to prevent complications in patients with CHD. (REV INVEST CLIN. 2018;70:301-9)

Purpose. Hand hygiene is the most important strategy for preventing healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs); however, the impact of hand hygiene in middle-income countries has been poorly described. In this work, we describe the impact of the programme ‘Let’s Go for 100’ on hand hygiene adherence, HCAIs rates and multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, including the molecular typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Methodology. A multimodal, hospital-wide hand hygiene programme was implemented from 2013. ‘Let’s Go for 100’ involved all healthcare workers and encompassed education, awareness, visual reminders, feedback and innovative strategies. Monthly hand hygiene monitoring and active HCAI surveillance were performed in every ward. Molecular typing of MRSA was analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results/Key findings. Hand hygiene adherence increased from 34.9 % during the baseline period to 80.6 % in the last 3 months of this study. The HCAI rate decreased from 7.54 to 6.46/1000 patient-days (P=0.004). The central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSIs) rate fell from 4.84 to 3.66/1000 central line-days (P=0.05). Negative correlations between hand hygiene and HCAIs rates were identified. The attack rate of MDR-ESKAPE group bloodstream infections decreased from 0.54 to 0.20/100 discharges (P=0.024). MRSA pulsotypes that were prevalent during the baseline period were no longer detected after the 5th quarter, although new strains were identified. Conclusions. A multimodal hand hygiene programme in a paediatric hospital in a middle-income country was effective in improving adherence and reducing HCAIs, CLABSIs and MDR-ESKAPE bloodstream infections. Sustaining hand hygiene adherence at a level of >60 % for one year limited MRSA clonal transmission.

miR-33a has been described as a key regulator in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. However, its role in arterial hypertension (HTA) has not been elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the association between the expression of miR-33a (5p and 3p) and the carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in samples of monocytes and serum from hypertensive patients. The miR-33a-5p and miR-33a-3p expression in monocytes and serum from Mexican hypertensive patients were examined by RT-PCR. This study involved 84 subjects (42 normotensive subjects and 42 patients with essential hypertension). Our study revealed that miR-33a-5p expression was significantly upregulated in the monocytes of hypertensive patients compared with the control group (p = 0.001), while miR-33a-3p was significantly downregulated (p = 0.013). miR-33a-5p upregulation [OR: 5.53, 95% CI: 2.01–15.20; p = 0.001], as well as miR-33a-3p downregulation [OR: 3.32, 95% CI: 1.45–7.60; p = 0.004] in monocytes, was associated with an increased risk of developing hypertension. In addition, miR-33a-5p upregulation in hypertensive patients was associated with an increased risk of presenting cIMT [OR: 5.99, 95% CI: 1.10–32.85; p = 0.039]. Moreover, we found no significant differences in the expression of both strands of miR-33a in serum of our patients. Our results showed an upregulation of miR-33a-5p and downregulation of miR-33a-3p in monocytes, these data are associated with cIMT, which could be a risk factor for the development of hypertension. In addition, upregulation of miR-33a-5p in monocytes from Mexican hypertensive patients could be involved in the development of atherosclerosis.

Introduccion: En unidades de atencion medica de tercer nivel existen factores que propician mayor frecuencia de Infecciones Nosocomiales (IN). Por lo anterior; es fundamental; evaluar periodicamente la sensibilidad de los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiologica; para comprobar su funcionamiento y el logro de objetivos. Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia puntual de IN de una Unidad Medica de Alta Especialidad; como indicador de las acciones implementadas por la Unidad de Vigilancia Epidemiologica Hospitalaria (UVEH). Asi como conocer los factores de riesgo asociados a la prevalencia de IN. Metodologia: Es un estudio observacional de tipo transversal. La poblacion estuvo conformada por 383 pacientes hospitalizados. Resultados: Se encontro que el 73.9% tenian procedimientos invasivos terapeuticos. Se identificaron 68 casos con infeccion nosocomial; lo que corresponde a una prevalecia puntual de 17.8%. Los sitios de IN mas frecuentes fueron las bacteremias (38.2%) y neumonias (20.6%). Los microorganismos identificados con mayor frecuencia fueron pseudomona sp; enterobacter aglomerans; serratia marcescens y staphylococo coagulasa negativa; asi como Escherichia Coli. Ademas de ser neonato y lactante otros factores asociados a las IN por RM; fueron el estar inmunocomprometido; el tener cateter venoso por diseccion; dialisis peritoneal; sonda orogastrica; intubacion orotraqueal; ventilacion mecanica; nutricion parenteral y el tener una cirugia contaminada. Factores que estan significativamente asociados (p = 0.05) al riesgo de IN. Conclusiones: El desarrollo del estudio permitio conocer la prevalencia puntual y caracterizar las IN; como un indicador del funcionamiento de la UVEH; para el establecimiento de medidas de control de infecciones. Objective: The purpose of this research was to analyze the intIntroduction: Within third level medical attention units; there are factors which lead to a higher frequency of Hospital Infections (HI). Because of this; it is fundamental to assess periodically the epidemiologic surveillance systems sensibilities in order to verify their functionalities as well as the objective achievements. Objective: To assess the prevalence of HI in one high Specialty Medical Units; as an indicator of the actions taken by the Hospital Epidemiologic Surveillance Unit (HESU);and also to assess the risk factors associated with the prevalence of HI. Methodology: Basic observational study with a population of 383 hospitalized patients. Results: We found that 73.9% had invasive processes. We identified 68 cases with Hospital Infection (17.8).The most frequent HI were general bacterial invasions (38.2%) and pneumonias (20.6%).The most frequently identified microorganisms were pseudomona sp; enterobacter aglomerans; serratia marcescens; staphylococcus aureus; and Escherichia coli. Besides to be newborn and nursing other factors associated to IN bt RM they were inmunocomprometed to be; having venous catheter by dissection; peritoneal intubation; mechanical ventilation; parenteral nutrition and having a contaminated surgery; factors that are significantly (p = 0.05) to the risk of IN. Conclusions: This study allowed us assesses and characterize the prevalence of HI as an indicator of the HESU functionality in order to establish infection control measurements.

Introduccion: El Sindrome de Burnout se presenta como una respuesta al estres cronico laboral. Poco se ha estudio sobre su variables facilitadoras o intervinientes en trabajadores de tiendas de abarrotes. Objetivo: Analizar la relacion entre los factores socio-demograficos y laborales con el apoyo social, la autoestima y el Sindrome de Burnout en los trabajadores de tiendas de abarrotes de Guadalajara, Jalisco. Metodologia: El estudio fue de corte transversal. Se aplicaron cuatro cuestionarios: uno sobre datos socio-demograficos y laborales, la escala de Maslach Burnout Inventory, el instrumento sobre Apoyo y Redes Sociales de Apoyo y la escala sobre Autoestima. Participaron en el estudio cuarenta personas que laboraban solo en tiendas de abarrotes en la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara, Jalisco. Resultados: Un 55% de la poblacion prevalece el Sindrome de Burnout, la dimension mas afectada fue el agotamiento emocional (62,5%). Todos los sujetos manifestaron un buen apoyo social, sentirse satisfechos con su red de apoyo y mantener una buena autoestima, sin embargo se encontraron factores socio-demograficos y laborales relacionados con las tres variables de estudio, asi como valores de asociacion significativos. Conclusion: Los trabajadores de abarrotes se enfrentan a diversas situaciones criticas en su vida cotidiana causantes de manifestaciones negativas en su salud, en su red de apoyo social y en su autoestima.

International audience; We used in vivo and in vitro phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy to follow the change in transport, compartmentation and metabolism of phosphate in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum in response to root signals originating from host (Pinus pinaster) or non-host (Zea mays) plants. A device was developed for the in vivo studies allowing the circulation of a continuously oxygenated mineral solution in an NMR tube containing the mycelia. The in vitro studies were performed on fungal material after several consecutive treatment steps (freezing in liquid nitrogen; crushing with perchloric acid; elimination of perchloric acid; freeze-drying; dissolution in an appropriate liquid medium).

With the theoretical and methodological background of social representations (SR), we analyzed the concepts of employment and unemployment in inhabitants of Santa Cruz, Tenerife. We used the associative technique of free listings for to learn about the content and structure of SR, as well as the identification of the core and the peripheral items. For the participants, the employment is a trade allows the access for the satisfaction of needs, personnel and family and of material goods. It takes personal effects as learning, growth and positive emotions. Requires responsibility, commitment and is an opportunity for personal and professional development. The unemployment is a free time, which implies the lack of money, generates poverty and problems, dependence, stress, sorrow, worry, fear and hopelessness. It takes social effects as chaos, migration, segregation and crime. They blame the politicians in the current economic crisis. The ways of confronting it are academic training and organization of workers., Con la base teórico metodológica de las representaciones sociales (RS) analizamos los conceptos de empleo y desempleo en habitantes de Santa Cruz, Tenerife. Utilizamos la técnica asociativa de listados libres para conocer el contenido y estructura de las RS, así como la identificación del núcleo central y los elementos periféricos. Para los participantes el empleo es un oficio permite el acceso a dinero para la satisfacción de necesidades, personales y familiares y de bienes materiales. Tiene efectos personales como el aprendizaje, crecimiento y emociones positivas. Requiere de responsabilidad, compromiso y es una oportunidad de desarrollo personal y profesional. El desempleo es un tiempo libre que implica la falta de dinero, genera pobreza y problemas, dependencia, estrés, penas, preocupación, miedo y desesperanza. Tiene efectos sociales como caos, migración, segregación y delincuencia. Responsabilizan a los políticos de la crisis económica actual. Las formas de afrontarlo son formación académica y organización de los trabajadores.