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This paper describes the design and experimental characterization of two optimized thermal actuators devised to operate by means of scavenging heat from the environment. Different from the traditional MEMS thermal actuator that relies on electric current to generate heat by Joule effect, the devices herein presented have been optimized to absorb external heat and convert it into mechanical displacement and force. The behavior of vertical and horizontal microactuators fabricated in a standard surface micro-machining process (PolyMUMPs) demonstrates the viability of exploiting heat from the surrounding medium to realize batteryless microsystems. Analytical and finite element models are provided in support of the design. Results show that fairly large and useful displacements can be achieved at commonly available operating temperatures.

This paper presents a novel thermally-actuated vertical micromirror for optical communications. Fabricated in a standard surface micromachining process, this micromirror can achieve low insertion loss (< 1 dB) and is capable of operating at CMOS-compatible voltage levels. It has a measured maximum power consumption of only 50-mW and a switching speed in the order of 16 ms with 5-V drive.

We discuss a 3D Spherical Dielectric Photonic Crystal with a Metallic Core. Previous works have shown a distinctive transmission characterization for such a system. We show a continuous evolution that is explained by its dispersion relation.

The MEM actuator is controlled by an external heat source, such as the heat gradients present in some electronic systems. As the substrate bottom is heated, the thermal expansion rises the membrane, which can be used as an actuator. The analysis was realized by means of mechanical and thermal properties of materials. We also present the effect of the physical dimensions of the walls and, thickness and the length of the membrane. The process was simulated in COMSOL multiphysics. The membrane central deflection results, using different membrane materials, had been shown the use of Cr membrane as the best choice.

Esta investigación presenta la simulación de las sobretensiones ocurridas durante una maniobra de mantenimiento en un compensador estático de potencia reactiva de 230 kV. El incorrecto funcionamiento de un interruptor de potencia causa una falla catastrófica que incluye la explosión y el incendio del equipo. La Información obtenida de investigaciones previas, donde se analizan los estados estable y transitorio del compensador, no toma en cuenta la combinación del comportamiento del compensador y la fallida operación de los medios de desconexión. La incorrecta apertura de uno de los polos del interruptor de potencia del compensador provoca sobretensiones interesantes las cuales están relacionadas con las componentes armónicas de tensión y corriente generadas por un elemento clave de la falla: el reactor controlado por tiristores. En este trabajo se utiliza el Software Alternative Transients Program (ATP) para modelar el compensador y obtener el cálculo de las sobretensiones transitorias. Se analizan las frecuencias naturales y el espectro armónico de las señales manejadas por el compensador. Con la ayuda de una videograbación se muestran imágenes reales de los arcos eléctricos generados debido a las sobretensiones. Este estudio se realiza por primera vez en este compensador estático y la información resultante es de mucha utilidad futura para el diseño eléctrico y la planificación de la operación de las redes de potencia.

In this work we present the basis of the solar concentrator design, which has is located at Temixco, Morelos, Mexico. For this purpose, this place is ideal due to its geographic and climatic conditions, and in addition, because it accounts with the greatest constant illumination in Mexico. For the construction of the concentrator we use a recycled parabolic plate of a telecommunications satellite dish (NEC). This plate was totally covered with Aluminum. The opening diameter is of 332 cm, the focal length is of 83 cm and the opening angle is of 90°. The geometry of the plate guaranties that the incident beams, will be collected at the focus. The mechanical treatment of the plate produces an average reflectance of 75% in the visible region of the solar spectrum, and of 92% for wavelengths up to 3μm in the infrared region. We obtain up to 2000°C of temperature concentration with this setup. The reflectance can be greatly improved, but did not consider it as typical practical use. The energy obtained can be applied to conditions that require of those high calorific energies. In order to optimize the operation of the concentrator we use a control circuit designed to track the apparent sun position.

The analysis and simulation of the coupling between microstrips is realized, showing the corresponding capacitive or inductive walls. We analyze their interference and the changes produced in the electric and magnetic fields, as well as the distance dependence of the interference. The conductive lines on silicon and their crosstalk, produced when their distance is shorter that their width, is considered. The simulations were carried out with FEMLAB.

In this work we discuss the control of a solar concentrator located at Temixco, Morelos, Mexico. This place accounts with the greatest constant illumination in Mexico. For the construction of the concentrator we use a recycled parabolic plate (NEC). This plate was totally covered with aluminum. Its opening diameter is of 332 cm, the focal length is of 83 cm and the opening angle is of 90deg. The geometry of the plate guarantees that the incident beams, will be collected at the focus. We obtain up to 2000degC of temperature concentration with this setup. In order to optimize the operation of the concentrator we use a control circuit designed to track the apparent sun position.

Because of their characteristic large contrast, the transfer problem of meteorological radar images is cumbersome and resource expensive. We present a simple and efficient process to code images based on our experience on discrete data fitting on circular and spherical domains. On either case, the disperse data may lead to large errors unless we use a discrete reduction. We consider, as is common in images analysis, a geometry independent single variable but discrete description, to reduce it using the Chebyshev like polynomials on that discrete set. We analyze several radar images of the type height-distance, to successfully deconstruct and reconstruct them with a reduced error.

The equidistant detector distribution on a circular path is quite convenient for detection, but should be related with an spherical description and this is the object of this work.

The design of a semi-spherical irradiance profile detector (SD) is shown. With this device, we obtain the distribution of illumination due to punctual sources in the visible range. This meter can be also used as quality control device for lamps and bulbs. We are interested in the distribution of the irradiance, instead of the total irradiance over a complete region, which is the information given by spherical meters, such as the Ulbrich spheres. The obtained discrete profiles corresponds to the irradiance, as equivalent to the voltage intensity detected in semispherical detector basic sensor. These voltage values permit us to obtain the corresponding profile to each source and give as the capability to chose the better sources for specifics tasks.

To bypass the non orthogonality of the corresponding spherical harmonics on a semisphere we map the detection data on a circle, were a good data fitting is provided by the Zernike Polynomilas.

We present the relevant considerations taken into account in the reorganization and growth of the telecommunication network of the Autonomous University of Morelos (UAEM), Mexico, in order to obtain an optimal performance, such as the analysis of Fresnel ellipsoids, the route profiles and the broadband growth. This reorganization is due to the need of a higher information transfer rate and a wider broadband, to be supported on a wireless platform. The aim is to have a private network for video, voice and data transmission using the Internet Protocol (IP), which is a data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet switched network. The characteristics of the terrain allow us a detailed analysis of the reflections produced by the surface profile. The influence of the weather and the environment is also considered in the design.

Annular Photonic structures, which occur on bulk and fibers, are Bragg structures that share both Bragg resonances and waveguiding. They are related to Photonic crystals because of their large enough refraction difference indexes (n 2 - n 1 ) that makes unavoidable to consider in full the reflected wave, well beyond the approximations required for analytical gap solitons. Effectively, their confining capabilities are or primary importance, however, the potential of those structures are substantial and deserves to be further explored. Waveguiding occurs where the structure is homogenous, and may be handled on well known methods. Nonlinear propagation has been observed on solid core Bragg fibers and the soliton distribution on a nonlinear circular and annular region have been described [1]. Linear Photonic annular structures, such as resonators, have been studied by A. Yariv [2] as well as on omniguide fibers. The propagation along the direction where the material is inhomogenous, and that correspond to the beam profile, is a complex task and it is the objective of this paper.

The study of nonlinear photonics crystals is quite complex and cumbersome, because of their inherent architectural complexity and, in addition, because of the nonlinearity that couples propagating and counterpropagating waves. However, they are quite attractive because of their potential capabilities, and that has lead to use different approximated methods. In a one dimensional stack, it has been successfully demonstrated that they show switching, bistability and chirping as nonlinear characteristics. Band gap solitons are a well established feature of the coupled wave equations. We have extended a method that have previously shown its success for a stack with a Kerr nonlinearity, to a much more complex structure such as an omniguide fiber, as part of our suggestion that such method could be applied to numerical or analytical methods as long as the linear solution were available. Such a restriction, hinder our ability of getting analytical solution beyond their enabling approximations, however, it is completely adequate for the purpose of to develop devices. A comparative numerical analysis of a one dimensional photonic crystal and an omniguide fiber, made of a dielectric and stratified linear and nonlinear media, has been carried out. They were considered as multilayer arrangements with a finite numbers of periods: linear-linear, nonlinear-linear and nonlinear- nonlinear in order to study and isolate those features. Finally, a comparison of multilayer systems with variations in the diffraction indexes profiles is presented.

A new technique, based on Optical Methods, has been tested for the evaluation of the lithium bromide (LiBr) concentration, a corrosive substance frequently used in heat pumps. Those solutions have large oxidizing capabilities. This technique avoids the direct contact between the electrodes and the LiBr aqueous solution within a thermodynamic absorption cycle. The viability of this technique in a potential commercial device, resides on its capability to detect working fluid concentrations within a temperature range from 25 °C up to 70 °C, those limiting temperature values correspond to the operating wavelengths of 1.33 μm and 1.55 μm, respectively. Our system determines the correlation among the signal and temperature data, for various concentrations, between 49 and 58 mass percentages. This function of two variables is represented as a surface with the transmittance, concentration and temperature as parameters and wavelength as reference. We discuss the adequate parameters characterization used in this technique.

The millimeter frequency range is being intensively investigated. Novel types of oscillators, both diode-like (TUNETT) and lasers have been put forward; the search of effective control devices is also of great interest. Volume and surface oriented integrated p-i-n-structures modulators have demonstrated high efficiency in millimeter wave range. These structures possess high modulation and high-speed properties, sustain great EM powers, but their modulation characteristics in millimeter and sub millimeter range have not been yet investigated in detail. A comparison and criteria of these modulators based on silicon, in millimeter range are presented here.

E. Gonza1ezRamirezl*, J D. Cluckie1, M. Tecpoyotl-Torres2, M. A. Rico-Ramirez', G. Cerda-Villafafla1 J Escobedo-Alatorre2 and J. Sanchez-Mondragon31Water and Environmental Management Research Centre (WEMRC), Department of CivilEngineering, University ofBristol, Lunsford House, Cantocks Close, Bristol BS8 1UP;2Research Center ofApplied Sciences and Engineering (CIICAp), Autonomous University ofMorelos State (UAEM); Av. Universidad No. 1001, C. P. 62210,Cuemavaca, Mor., Mexico;3National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (INAOE),P.O. 51 & 216, Z.P. 72000, Puebla, Mexico.ABSTRACT

We show the convenience of using the same concepts used on the data fitting on a pupil, Zernike polynomials on a discrete data set, for the data fitting on a spherical shell. Such a need arises on a broad range of problems that includes not only illumination, but also remote sensing, biology and others. We briefly discuss some direct applications.

We present in this paper a data fitting method that analyzes a spherical shell that uses the near orthogonality of the Spherical Harmonics Y lm (4,)) within a discrete data collected on a spherical shell to obtain the best rms fit. This is obtained through the generation of an orthogonal basis from the spherical harmonics Y lm (4,)) on a discrete and often irregular data set on a spherical shell. 1. JUSTIFICATION The problem of data fitting on a spherical shell is not privative of optics, since it can find in many other fields such as microwaves sensing, radiative problems, biology, geology, medicine and many others. The ideal conditions of an analytical description have been careful included in the detailed experimental analysis, where such idealizations are taken care off by being an essential part of the data fitting. Optics has developed quite efficient interferometric techniques on a circular pupil (see Figure 1a) based on Zernike Polynomials and in particular by a discrete domain defined by the data set, which do not need to be regular distributed, and where those Zernike alike polynomials have become their best fit for both the data and the functional description. These features, are exceptionally convenient in other domains, where near continuous arrays of detectors such as CCD´s arrays are not easily available or do not exists. Data fitting on a spherical shell in many radiative problems are typical problems with these characteristics. However, the capability to deal with wavefronts on spherical problems is much more cumbersome experimentally, which makes quite attractive carry out similar procedures based on point like detectors. Different efforts have been developed to treat those problems such as: x A Double Fourier series has been discussed (1974), but its inadequacies has been already pointed out

Superheterodyne amplification of sub-millimeter electromagnetic waves in GaAs due to negative differential mobility is analyzed. The nonlinearity arises from the current and the magnetic field of the electromagnetic waves. The case of interaction of two traveling counter-propagating electromagnetic waves and the following space charge wave in an n-GaAs film placed onto an i-GaAs substrate is considered The case of 2D electron gas is also analyzed. The simulation of this nonlinear interaction shows a certain increment of the amplification.

A modulator on the base of a surface oriented p-i-n structure in an oversize waveguide is researched theoretically and experimentally. It uses a matrix surface oriented structure with "deep" contacts which is like a window in oversize waveguides of the millimeter frequency range. This modulator is also the electrically controlled lens of the microwave branch.

The propagating properties of dielectric waveguides (DW) working in millimeter wave range are investigated. The interest and attention are focused on the peculiarities of a propagation of electromagnetic waves in dielectric waveguides in the region of weak retardings. The losses in DWs in 3 mm wavelength range have been experimentally measured. The results of the experiment demonstrate the promising use of these lines in communication systems in mm and sub mm range.

We describe the design and experimental characterization of two optimized thermal actuators devised to operate by means of scavenging heat from the environment. Different from the traditional MEMS thermal actuator that relies on electric current to generate heat by Joule effect, the devices presented here are optimized to absorb external heat and convert it into mechanical displacement and force. The behavior of vertical and horizontal microactuators fabricated in a standard surface micromachining process (PolyMUMPs, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina) demonstrates the viability of exploiting heat from the surrounding medium to realize batteryless microsystems. Analytical and finite element models are provided in support of the design. Results show that fairly large and useful displacements can be achieved at commonly available operating temperatures.

The chirping of a pulse propagating on a nonlinear media is nowadays a rather well studied phenomena and we are aware that requires an appreciable propagation length to develop. A nonlinear stack of finite dimension, does not have those dimensions. Therefore, chirping in this media is a rather new feature that deserves to be studied at considerable length given the greater importance that those structures have in photonics. We present a nonlinear analysis of a finite stack, nonlinear at each media and compare it with its analytically solvable linear case. The pulse propagation is discussed, in particular we demonstrate intensity dependence of the chirp as a distinctive nonlinear signature. We show two additional nonlinear characteristics: the nonlinear switching and the bistability.

The coherent coupling of a pair of Bloch Equations is used to model the coupling of a pair of Two Level Atoms in terms of their symmetric and antisymmetric states.

We discus the changes introduced in switching, bistability and chirping of a one dimensional photonics crystal made up of conducting nanoparticles composites modelled classically and quantum mechanically.

We present near soliton propagation in an optical fiber with a core doped conducting nanoparticles.

Using p-i-n-structures in terahertz range faces some problems. Namely, a change of the frequency dependent effective dielectric permittivity due to injected carriers in terahertz range is not so great as in millimeter wave one. Moreover, the parameters of p-i-n-structure, like the shape and sizes of injecting junctions, the depth of the structure, and matching layers, should differ from the case of millimeter wave range. Therefore, some optimization of modulation properties at higher frequencies must be done.

Resumen La televisión es un sistema para la transmisión y recepción de imágenes en movimiento y sonido a distancia. Esta transmisión puede ser efectuada mediante ondas de radio, o bien, por redes especializadas de televisión por cable o en sistemas de televisión satelital. Este trabajo se enfoca en el desarrollo de una antena apilada, receptora de señales de TV abierta en el rango de muy alta frecuencia (VHF, por sus siglas en inglés). Para esto, se desarrolló un prototipo basado en un arreglo de antenas de parche, el cual, proporciona una respuesta dual. Cabe mencionar que, los canales de TV abierta en México se distribuyen en dos sub-rangos de frecuencia. La antena se compone de un apilamiento de dos parches radiantes de iguales dimensiones y geometrías similares, con un dieléctrico adicional entre ellos. Cada uno de los parches radiantes está formado por un arreglo de parches rectangulares en forma T, la cual, a su vez, se forma de dos antenas rectangulares, diseñadas para operar a 584 MHz y 752 MHz, respectivamente, acopladas de manera directa y escaladas hasta lograr dimensiones que permitan un manejo práctico, para su uso en exteriores. Cada uno de los parches radiantes de forma T, de la antena apilada, cuenta con cortes en sus esquinas, y un anillo de ranura interno, con la misma forma que el contorno externo del parche radiante. El plano de tierra forma parte del substrato del parche radiante inferior. Mientras que el parche radiante superior, está ubicado sobre un substrato de una sola cara. El punto de alimentación y los puntos de corto forman parte del parche radiante inferior. El uso de cortes en las esquinas del parche fue implementado con la finalidad de incrementar su ganancia. Para este diseño, se utilizó como substrato a FR-4 de una y de doble cara, con la finalidad de obtener un prototipo de bajo costo. La utilidad del prototipo logrado, así como sus características de manipulación, y sus costos de fabricación, lo hacen adecuado para su posible comercialización. Además, el tamaño de la antena aún puede reducirse mediante la utilización de materiales avanzados como substrato. iv Cabe señalar que esta tesis se inició en 2011, y debió concluirse en 2015, por lo que desde entonces ha habido muchos avances en esta área. El equipo experimental ha dejado de funcionar. Abstract Television is a system for the transmission and reception of moving images and remote sound. This transmission can be carried out by radio waves, or by specialized cable television networks or satellite television systems. This work focuses on the development of an over-the-air TV receiver antenna in the very high frequency range (VHF). The prototype was developed based on an array of patch antennas, which provides a dual response. The over-the-air TV broadcast channels are distributed in two sub-ranges of frequency in Mexico. This work focuses on the development of a stacked antenna for open TV, in the very high frequency range (VHF). The prototype was developed based on an array of two patch antennas, which provides a dual response. Each radiant patch is formed by a T-shaped patch, which, in turn, is formed by two rectangular antennas, which were designed to operate at 584 MHz and 752 MHz, respectively, directly coupled and scaled down to achieve dimensions that allow their practical handling. They are designed for outdoor use. T-shaped patches have cuts in their corners, and an internal groove ring, with the same shape as the external contour of the radiant patch. The ground plane is part of the substrate of the lower radiant patch. While the upper radiant patch is located on a single-sided substrate. The feeding point and the short circuit points are part of the lower radiant patch. The use of cuts in the corners of the patch was implemented in order to increase its gain. For this design, FR-4 of single and double-sides were used, in order to obtain a low-cost prototype. The usefulness of the prototype achieved, as well as its handling characteristics, and its manufacturing costs, make it suitable for possible commercialization. In addition, the antenna size can still be reduced by using advanced materials as substrates. vi It must be mention that this thesis began in 2011, and the development end in 2015. The test equipment no longer works.

RESUMEN Esta tesis presenta el diseño e implementación de una micropinza normalmente abierta, accionada por un arreglo de actuadores piezoeléctricos. Para reducir los costos de fabricación, se utilizan zumbadores piezoeléctricos convencionales que se encuentran fácilmente en el mercado a un costo muy bajo. Se eligió para la fabricación de la micropinza al ácido poliláctico (PLA, por sus siglas en inglés), como material estructural. La elección de este material reduce considerablemente el costo total de implementación. Al utilizar las puntas metálicas se elimina el inconveniente generado por los defectos inherentes a la tecnología de fabricación FDM. Se diseño al arreglo experimental de pruebas de la micropinza. Este arreglo consta básicamente de los bloques de medición y control. La medición en escala micrométrica de forma óptica, no contactiva e invasiva, es compleja, debido que se tiene la restricción de bajo costo. La solución a esto fue el uso de un cabezal lector de unidades de CD ROM conocido como Pick-Up. El rango de medición es de 0 a 650 μm, con una resolución de 0.1 μm. Mientras que, con relación a la etapa de control, uno de los obstáculos mayores fue hallar componentes de bajo costo, que satisficieran las necesidades requeridas por el sistema, tal como alta resolución en la conversión análoga a digital, alta velocidad de operación, múltiples puertos de comunicación serial, entre otros. No obstante, se concluyó esta etapa satisfactoriamente utilizando dispositivos de bajo costo. La originalidad de este trabajo reside en el material utilizado para la fabricación de la micropinza, así como en diseño del actuador piezoeléctrico apilado y su uso. La contribución principal es la demostración de una metodología de diseño que implementa mecanismos flexibles de prototipos a escala II milimétrica para fines de validación, antes de proceder a la fabricación en escala micrométrica. El sistema en escala milimétrica se puede usar para micromanipulación debido al rango máximo de apertura de las mandíbulas, 365 μm, con una fuerza máxima de 8.841 mN. Cabe señalar que, su agarre puede mantenerse durante el lapso que sea necesario. ANSYS ™ se utilizó como herramienta de software para diseño y simulación. ABSTRACT This thesis presents the design and implementation of a microgripper device, normally open, actuated by a piezoelectric stack. In order to reduce fabrication costs, conventional piezoelectric buzzers are used that are easily found in the market at very low cost. Polylactic Acid (PLA) was chosen as the structural material for the design of the mechanisms of the microgripper. The choice of this material considerably reduces the total implementation cost. Metallic tips were added to the jaws, reducing the inherent defects of the 3D fabrication. The experimental set-up was designed for the microgripper performance tests. This arrange has basically two blocks: measurement and control. The first one is performed using low cost optical device CD ROM pick-up, with a measurement range from 0 up to 650 μm, with a resolution of 0.1 μm. A big outcome in the control stage was again to find low cost components, which satisfy the established requirements, such as: high resolution in the Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC), high operation velocity, several serial ports of communication, etc. All devices were found and successfully implemented. The originality of this work resides in the material used, as well as the design of the stacked piezoelectric actuator and its application. The main contribution is the demonstration of a design methodology that implements prototype compliance mechanisms at millimeter scale for validation purposes before proceeding to the fabrication in micrometric scale. The system in mm scale can also be used for micromanipulation due to the range of its microgripper jaws’ aperture, with a maximum value of 365 μm. The maximum applied force is of 8.841 mN. It is necessary to mention, the object could be hold during the required periods of time. ANSYS™ was used as the software tool for design and simulation.

Resumen Estamos en un tiempo, donde la tecnología ha alcanzado un alto grado de desarrollo, impactando la vida moderna. El uso de smartphones, de dispositivos móviles con acceso a internet, se ha hecho común para cualquier persona. Estos dispositivos llegaron para facilitar la vida, ya que no solo se utilizan para realizar llamadas o mandar mensajes de texto, sino que su uso es tan exceso, que se usan hasta para tomar fotos, entre sus funciones básicas. Existen aplicaciones móviles que se han desarrollado para simplificar tareas cotidianas, las cuales permiten encontrar recetas de cocina, pedir un Uber, mandar mensaje mediante Whatsapp, estar en contacto con amigos desde la aplicación de Facebook, pedir un taxi con Cabify, etc. Incluso, interactuar en un museo se ha hecho más divertido y original, gracias a las aplicaciones móviles que permiten ver las obras en 3D o con movimientos. Estas son algunas de las opciones que existen en un mercado tan amplio como es el de las aplicaciones móviles. Existe mucha competencia, se trata de un mercado bastante saturado y muy variable. Para obtener éxito en este mercado se tiene que ser diferente, innovador, con una propuesta interesante, ya que es fácil que un posible usuario el interés en descargar una aplicación móvil si no cumple con sus expectativas. Muchas de estas aplicaciones ayudan a resolver problemas cotidianos o facilitan actividades diarias. En este trabajo, se identificó un problema, el desperdicio de alimentos alrededor del mundo. El desperdicio de comida en particular, cada vez que una persona realiza sus compras de insumos y la almacena, mucha de esa comida termina en la basura, debido a distintos factores, pero principalmente, debido a la caducidad de los mismos. Por eso el interés de llevar al mercado el SISTEMA DE CONTROL DE ALMACÉN PARA EL HOGAR. Cada vez más personas están más consientes sobre el impacto ambiental que genera el desperdicio de comida. Pero, no solo se daña el medio ambiente, también iii se impacta en la calidad de vida de otras personas que están en situaciones vulnerables, donde no tienen acceso a comida, agua, etc. Por estas razones, se identifica la importancia de crear, además de una aplicación móvil, un movimiento de concientización, donde se promueve una vida más sostenible que impacte de manera positiva al medio ambiente y a la sociedad en general, haciendo conciencia generalizada sobre el gran problema que representa el desperdicio de comida. No solo los usuarios se beneficiarían, si no que con sus acciones se está beneficiando, de manera indirecta a más personas. ABSTRACT Nowadays, technology has reached a high degree of development, with a great impact in the modern life. Smartphones or mobile devices with internet access have become of common use for everyone. They make the life easier, as they are used not only to make calls or send text messages, they are even used to take pictures, among their basic functions. Mobile applications (Apps) have been developed to simplify everyday tasks, such as find recipes, ask for a message, send a message via WhatsApp, be in contact with friends from the Facebook application, and ask for a taxi with Cabify. Even interacting in a museum has become more fun and original, thanks to mobile applications, which allow you to see 3D works or movements. Many other options exist in this large market of Apps. There is a lot of competition, in this very saturated and very variable market. In order to be successful, a new App needs to be different, innovative, supported by an interesting proposal. It is easy for a potential user to lose interest in downloading an App if it do not met their expectations. Many of these applications help solve everyday problems or facilitate daily activities. In this work, a problem was identified as opportunity, the waste of food around the world. The waste of food in particular. Every time when a person makes the purchase and storage of supplies, much of that food ends up in the trash, due to several factors, but mainly by the expiration date. That is the reason to commercialize the WAREHOUSE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR THE HOME. Fortunately, more and more people are related to the environmental impact generated by the waste of food, but not only affect the environment, but also to the quality of life of other people, who are in vulnerable situations, without access to food, water, etc. This fact reveals the importance of creating, in addition to a mobile application, a movement of awareness, which promotes a more sustainable life, taking care of the v environment and society. The general awareness of the waste of food will not only benefit to users, their actions will also have impact on the quality of life of other people.

RESUMEN La producción científica, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación son pilares fundamentales en el crecimiento económico y social de un país. La vinculación efectiva entre investigadores, empresas y Oficinas de Transferencia Tecnológica (OTT), es un punto clave para obtener resultados retribuyentes para cada una de las partes, a través de la protección de la Propiedad Intelectual (PI) generada por los investigadores, su venta o licenciamiento en las industrias, y la aplicación específica de la PI en producto o proceso, satisfaciendo de manera eficiente una necesidad. En la actualidad, México posee altos indicadores en materia de producción científica, en contraste al indicador respecto a la apropiación de PI. Es necesario, que se generen estrategias para lograr una cultura de la protección de PI entre las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) y Centros de Investigación (CI’s). Es indispensable que estas investigaciones tengan una aplicación real fuera del campo de la investigación, es decir, una aplicación industrial. Cabe señalar que, es importante comercializar dichas investigaciones, con el objeto de que éstas sean retribuidas monetariamente, generando así un impacto en la economía del país y en su desarrollo tecnológico. El presente proyecto de investigación se centra en generar una estrategia de comercialización para las creaciones e invenciones registradas en la OTC-UAEM, con el objeto de difundir patentes con un enfoque atractivo y comercial para los clientes potenciales. Así mismo, se busca establecer las bases de un acercamiento y vinculación efectiva con las industrias. Para este fin, se colabora en el desarrollo de un portafolio de PI que será publicado en la página web de la OTC-UAEM y difundido directamente con las empresas. Este trabajo se especializa en el diseño de los apartados de este portafolio de PI, el diseño técnico que tendrá la página web, el diseño de dos estrategias de marketing: ventas personales y relaciones públicas, y por último, se propone un plan de acción que permita favorecer la vinculación efectiva con las empresas de Morelos. Scientific production, technological development and innovation are fundamental pillars in the economic and social growth of a country. Effective linkage between researchers, firms and Technology Transfer Offices (TTO), is a key point for obtaining rewarding results for each one of the parts. This fact is possible through the protection of intellectual property (IP) for researchers, the sale or licensing of the IP to the industries and the specific and efficient application of the IP in a product or process. Nowadays, Mexico has high indicators in terms on scientific production, in contrast with the deficient indicators of protection and appropriation of IP. It is necessary to create strategies to achieve the IP protection among universities and research centres. It is essential that these investigations have a real application outside of the research field that means an industrial application. It should be noted that it is very important to commercialize these researches, for getting money from them and to generate an impact on the country's economy and in their technological development profile. This work is based on the generation of a marketing strategy for the creations and inventions that have been registered in the OTC-UAEM, with the aim of spreading patents, with an attractive and commercial approach for potential customers. Likewise, it seeks to establish the bases of an approach and effective linkage with the industries. For this purpose, collaboration in the development of an IP portfolio is essential. This portfolio will be published on the OTC-UAEM website and disseminated directly on the firms. This work focuses on: the design of the sections of this IP portfolio, the technical design that the website will have, the design of two marketing strategies: personal sales and public relationships, and finally, a proposal of an action plan that promote an effective linkage with the Morelos´ firms.

Resumen Los sistemas microelectromecánicos (MEMS), son sistemas en la escala de los micrómetros que pueden integrar complejos elementos mecánicos, eléctricos, ópticos, electrónicos y otros más de manera monolítica en un solo substrato o “microchip”. Así, cada micromáquina puede contener sensores, actuadores, circuitos de cómputo y procesamiento. Nacidos de la industria de los circuitos integrados, los MEMS hallan aplicaciones que van desde la instrumentación militar hasta la comercial, constituyendo una industria de alto impacto económico, fortaleciendo ampliamente a las economías de los países líderes en estas tecnologías. Entre la variedad de actuadores MEM, se encuentran las micropinzas, las cuales se utilizan en diversos campos, entre los que destaca: la manipulación de partículas en la industria mecatrónica. Para llevar a cabo tales aplicaciones, es necesario que satisfagan los requerimientos de funcionamiento de cada caso, siendo particularmente importantes: su apertura, fuerza, frecuencia y la temperatura de operación. De acuerdo a los elementos que les dan origen, algunas micropinzas se basan en actuadores chevrón, otras utilizan U-beams, capacitores de diferentes tipos, o solamente arreglos de cantiléver. Cabe señalar que, las diversas aproximaciones que se realizan, tienen la finalidad de mejorar los parámetros de desempeño. En este trabajo, proponemos un nuevo diseño de micropinza, la cual tiene como elemento de diseño básico un actador chevrón, el cual a su vez se forma de un arreglo de cantiléver. Para analizar el funcionamiento de los elementos básicos, se hace uso del modelado teórico, así como de la simulación mediante Ansys, logrando que el error entre los resultados obtenidos sea muy reducido, en todos los casos, menor al 1%. Para el caso de sistemas complejos, de acuerdo con la literatura especializada consultada, el análisis se realizará mediante simulación. Además de considerar al Silicio como material estructural, se realizan simulaciones considerando la implementación de la pinza con Polisilicio y Nitruro de Silicio, con la finalidad de analizar la factibilidad de su uso, con base en el comportamiento de los parámetros de desempeño de las micropinzas implementadas. 2 Cabe señalar que, de un trabajo posterior, sobre la generalización de una de las micropinzas consideradas, se realizó una solicitud de patente, la cual se basa un el pandeo de los elementos cantiléver que, funcionan como base de los brazos de apertura de la nueva micropinza. Abstract Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are systems in the scale of micrometers that can integrate complex mechanical, electrical, optical, electronic and other elements in a single substrate. Thus, each micromachine can contain sensors, actuators, computation and processing circuits. MEMS were born form the integrated circuits industry, they find applications ranging since military to commercial instrumentation, constituting an industry with a high economic impact, greatly strengthening to the economies of the leading countries in these technologies. Among the variety of actuators MEM, we can find the microgrippers, which are used in various fields, among them highlights: the handling of particles in the mechatronic industry. To carry out such applications, it is necessary that they satisfy the operating requirements of each case, being particularly important: their opening, strength, frequency and the operating temperature. According to the elements that give them origin, some micropinzas are based on chevron actuators, others use U-beams, capacitors of different types, or only cantiléver arrangements. It should be noted that the design approaches are made with the purpose of improving the microgrippers´ performance parameters. In this work, a new microgripper design is proposed, which has as basic element to a chevron actuator, which is formed by an arrangement of cantiléver. To analyze the performance of the basic elements of the microgripper, theoretical modeling is used, as well as the simulation, by Ansys. The error between theoretical results and simulation is very low, in all cases, less than 1%. Due to the complexity of the systems, microgriper analysis is made with simulation, as other cases found in the specialized literature. In addition to Silicon, simulations are carried out considering the implementation of the microgripper with Polysilicon and Silicon Nitride, in order to analyze the feasibility of their use as a structural materials, based on the behavior of the microgripper´s performance parameters. It should be noted that, after finished this work, based on the generalization of one of the micropinzas considered, a patent application was made, which is based on the buckling of the cantilever elements that work as a base for the opening arms of the new microgripper.

El proyecto de investigación desarrollado en el Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Aplicadas en la Maestría en Comercialización de Conocimientos Innovadores, y denominado “Diseño del Método de Evaluación Tecnológica y Comercial de Patentes” busca implementar una herramienta alternativa para detectar proyectos de base tecnológica que tengan un alto impacto tecnológico y comercial, con el fin de mejorar los procesos de selección e invertir de manera inteligente en el escalamiento tecnológico, para la pronta incorporación en el mercado. Esta herramienta está dirigida principalmente a aquellas Oficinas de Transferencia de Tecnología que gestionan las patentes de las universidades y centros de investigación. El método se desarrolló en conjunto con la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla y la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, utilizando las patentes publicadas de ambas universidades en el periodo establecido del 2011 al 2015 y fue pivoteado con ocho tecnologías. Existen diversas herramientas convencionales para evaluar el impacto del mercado tecnológico de las invenciones; sin embargo, estas herramientas requieren una gran inversión económica, recursos humanos y tiempo. La Oficina de Transferencia de Tecnología de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla evalúa alrededor de treinta patentes por año, y por consecuencia se buscó diseñar de una herramienta inteligente para evaluar de forma más rápida y objetiva las tecnologías protegidas mediante patentes. En la presente investigación se identificaron las capacidades inventivas con 140 solicitudes de patentes de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla y las 21 solicitudes de patentes la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos en un periodo establecido de cinco años (2011 – 2015). Así mismo, se creó un modelo para la evaluación tecnológica y comercial de patentes, reduciendo el tiempo y III mejorando la objetividad de los resultados para la toma de decisiones: Este modelo consiste de tres segmentos de evaluación: 1. Intensidad y oportunidad de mercado tecnológico, 2. Comportamiento en la clasificación internacional de patentes por segmento tecnológico y 3. Maduración del mercado tecnológico. Por último, se diseñó la puntuación porcentual de la evaluación tecnológica y comercial. Para el desarrollo del método y el logro de los objetivos se utilizaron como referencia artículos científicos de la Organización Mundial de Propiedad Industrial en temas de clasificación de códigos internacionales de patente, Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico en temas de análisis económico y división de estadística, Oficina de Patentes de Japón Centro de Propiedad Industrial de AsiaPacífico, en temas de análisis de mapas de patentes. En conclusión, ambas Universidades presentan patentes en los sectores dominantes de alta y mediana-alta tecnologías en periodo citado. Particularmente, la BUAP presenta una mayor incidencia en las industrias de mediana-alta tecnología, mientras que la UAEM, aunque con un menor número de patentes en lo general, presenta una predominancia en patentes de alta tecnología. La presente herramienta de evaluación tecnológica y comercial de patentes muestra una ventaja en reducción del tiempo e inversión económica, mejorando así la objetividad y certidumbre de los resultados para la toma de decisiones relativas al escalamiento industrial y comercial eliminando de las invenciones patentadas. Los resultados obtenidos con el método de evaluación de patentes son de suma importancia para la incorporación de nuevas herramientas para los gestores de la innovación dentro de las Oficinas de Transferencia de Tecnología del país, coadyuvando a la generación de conocimiento para la competitividad de las universidades del país. ABSTRACT The research project was developed at the Research Center in Applied Sciences in the Master in Commercialization of Innovative Knowledge, called "Design of Technological and Commercial Patent Evaluation Method" seeks to implement an alternative tool to detect technology-based projects with high technological and commercial impact, in order to improve the selection processes and invest wisely in the technological scaling for the early incorporation into the market. This tool is mainly aimed at Technology Transfer Offices that are managing the patents of universities and research centers. The method was developed in conjunction with the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla and the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, using the patents published in a period established from 2011 up to 2015 by both universities and it was pivoted with eight technologies. In the literature there are methods to detect areas of opportunity through market studies, technological monitoring, and consumer monitoring or comparative technological studies, among others. The problems of the conventional technological tools to evaluate the impact of the technological market are their requirements of a great economic investment, human resources and time. The Office of Technology Transfer of the Benemerita Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, evaluates about three patents per year, therefore the design of an intelligent tool was sought to evaluate the technologies more quickly and objectively. In the present research, the inventive capacities were identified with the 140 patent applications of the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla and the 21 patent applications of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos of the established period of five years (2011 - 2015), as well as, a model for the V technological and commercial evaluation of patents was created, reducing time and improving the objectivity of the results for decision making, which consists of three evaluation segments: 1. Intensity and technological market opportunity, 2. Behavior in the international classification of patents by technological segment and 3. Maturation of the technological market. Finally, the percentage score of the technological and the commercial evaluation was designed. For the development of the method and the achievement of the objectives, scientific papers of the World Organization of Industrial Property were used as reference in topics of classification of international codes of patent, Organization for the Economic Co-operation and Development in subjects of economic analysis and division of Statistics, Japan Patent Office Asia-Pacific Industrial Property Center, on issues of patent map analysis. In conclusion, both high and medium-high technologies in the patents reported in the period 2011-2015 were found in both Universities. In the BUAP, a higher incidence can be observed in medium-high technology industries, while in the UAEM, although patents are lower in general, patents related to high technology predominate. The alternative technological and commercial patent evaluation tool for technology transfer offices shows an advantage in the reduction of time and economic investment, improving the objectivity of the results for the decision making, mainly removing the uncertainty about which technologies require money investment and resources for its industrial scaling for its incorporation in the market. At the end of this research project, the proposed objectives were satisfactorily fulfilled, the results related to the method of patent evaluation are of great importance for the incorporation of new tools for innovation managers within the country's Technology Transfer Offices, contributing to the generation of knowledge for the competitiveness of the universities of the country.

En la actualidad, la tecnología ha alcanzado un alto grado de desarrollo, que ha permitido que muchos aspectos de nuestra vida se vean favorecidos e incluso simplificados. Un claro ejemplo de este impacto favorable, puede observarse con la aparición (2007) y desarrollo de los dispositivos móviles. Entre estos sistemas, se hallan los Smartphone o Teléfonos Inteligentes, los cuales tienen una gran variedad de funciones, así como aplicaciones móviles, que van desde aplicaciones tan sencillas como por ejemplo una calculadora hasta aquellas más complejas como los videojuegos. Para la creación de las aplicaciones móviles hay software, que va desde programación a través de los lenguajes C# o Java, así como la programación por bloques, en la cual, se reduce la complejidad de la programación para realizar una aplicación móvil. Este trabajo se basó en la colaboración entre la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, la UAEM y el Museo del Ferrocarril de la Ciudad de Cuernavaca, con la finalidad de complementar capacidades con la Facultad de Artes y CIICAp, integrando así una serie de herramientas que permita hacer más llamativo y funcional a este museo, dirigido en particular a jóvenes y niños. Cabe señalar que, la zona en que se encuentra este museo es caracterizada por altos niveles de delincuencia. Para este fin, se desarrolla una plataforma tecnológica para integrarla en la operación del museo. Este trabajo se centra en el diseño de esta aplicación, que cuenta con módulos personalizados, adecuados tanto a la visita del museo como a los requisitos de su administración, orientados a la planificación basada en el análisis de los resultados, considerando como determinante, el tiempo que los visitantes se tomar al observar los elementos de las exposiciones durante su visita. Pues esta variable permitirá determinar la pertinencia de las salas o, incluso de cada pieza de arte. At present, technology has reached a high level of development, which has allowed many aspects of our life to be favored and even simplified. A clear example of this favorable impact can be observed with the appearance (2007) and development of mobile devices. Among these systems, there are Smartphones or Smartphones, which have a wide variety of functions, as well as mobile applications, ranging from simple applications such as a calculator to more complex ones such as video games. For the creation of mobile applications there is software, which goes from programming through the C # or Java languages, as well as the programming by blocks, in which, the complexity of the programming to make a mobile application is reduced. This work was based on the collaboration between the Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, the UAEM and the Railway Museum of the City of Cuernavaca, with the purpose of complementing capacities with the Faculty of Arts and CIICAp, integrating a series of tools that allow to make this museum more attractive and functional, aimed in particular at young people and children. It should be noted that, the area in which this museum is located is characterized by high levels of crime. For this purpose, a technological platform is developed to integrate it into the operation of the Museum. This work focuses on the design of this application, which has customized modules, suitable both for the visit of the museum and the requirements of its administration, oriented to planning based on the analysis of the results, considering as determinant, the time that visitors will be taken when observing the elements of the exhibitions during their visit. Because this variable will allow to determine the pertinence of the rooms or, even of each piece of art.

Resumen La asesoría inmobiliaria en México enfrenta diversas problemáticas, tales como: una lenta actualización con respecto a tecnologías, un modelo de negocios estático y un bajo porcentaje de profesionales inmobiliarios certificados. Estos factores son considerados en la búsqueda de una solución, que genere una mayor certidumbre, transparencia y rapidez de respuesta en la actividad inmobiliaria. Por tal motivo surge el interés de estudiar el diseño de modelos de negocios a través de una plataforma tecnológica. La integración entre el sector inmobiliario, la innovación en su modelo de negocios y las plataformas tecnológicas, es una opción que puede dar origen a un servicio híbrido “online y offline” que permita que el mercado de compra y venta de inmuebles fluya de forma transparente, ágil y con mayor seguridad. La metodología empleada es una combinación de las propuestas de Eric Ries, Lean Start Up y de Steve Blank, desarrollo de clientes, así como una vigilancia tecnológica que permita una constante revisión de los aspectos legales, técnicos y comerciales del sector, entre otros. El objetivo es diseñar y validar un modelo de negocios para la empresa comercial Sistrategia que permita aumentar la productividad y certidumbre del servicio inmobiliario en principio en, Cuernavaca Morelos, para agentes y usuarios de la plataforma tecnológica ANDAPASA. Abstract Real estate counseling in Mexico is facing several challenges, challenges such as: a slow update in regards technologies, a static business model and a low percentage of certified real estate professionals. These factors are been considered in the research for a solution, which generates greater sense of certainty, transparency and speed of response in the real estate activity. For this reason is arise the interest to study the design of business models through a technological platform. The integration between the real estate, innovation in its business model and technology platforms, is an option that can give rise to a hybrid service "online and offline" that allows the market of buying and selling properties to flow transparently, agile and with greater security. The methodology used is a combination of the proposals of Eric Ries, Lean Start Up and Steve Blank, customer development, as well as a technology surveillance that allows a constantly review of the legal, technical and commercial aspects of the sector, among others. The objective is to design and validate a business model for the commercial company Sistrategia that allows to increase the productivity and certainty of the real estate service for agents in Cuernavaca Morelos, in first place and then users of the technological platform ANDAPASA.