301 results on '"Marangoni, Cintia"'
Search Results
102. Effects of by‐products of fermentation of banana pseudostem on ethanol separation by pervaporation
- Author
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Linzmeyer, Poliana, primary, Ramlow, Heloisa, additional, Souza, Ozair, additional, Sellin, Noeli, additional, and Marangoni, Cintia, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
103. Direct Contact Membrane Distillation Applied to Colored Reactive or Disperse Dye Solutions
- Author
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Ramlow, Heloisa, primary, D'Ávila Kramer Cavalcanti, Carolina, additional, Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, additional, Krause Bierhalz, Andrea Cristiane, additional, and Marangoni, Cintia, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
104. OPTIMIZATION OF PRESSURE-SWING DISTILLATION FOR ANHYDROUS ETHANOL PURIFICATION BY THE SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHM
- Author
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Battisti, Rodrigo, primary, Claumann, Carlos A., additional, Marangoni, Cintia, additional, and Machado, Ricardo A. F., additional
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- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
105. Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by Ralstonia eutropha in whey and inverted sugar with propionic acid feeding
- Author
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Marangoni, Cintia, Furigo, Agenor, Jr., and de Aragão, Gláucia M.F
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
106. Comparative Study of the Separation of a Binary Mixture Ethanol-Water and 2G-Ethanol in a Pilot-Scale Thermosyphon-Assisted Falling Film Distillation Unit.
- Author
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Battisti, Rodrigo, Machado, Ricardo A. F., and Marangoni, Cintia
- Subjects
THERMOSYPHONS ,BINARY mixtures ,COMPARATIVE studies ,FALLING films ,BIOMASS energy - Abstract
Aiming to reduce energy expenditure, our research group recently proposed an innovative technology of falling film distillation assisted by a two-phase closed thermosyphon, patented as Destubcal. Second generation (2G) ethanol, produced from lignocellulosic materials is considered the biofuel with the highest potential to replace fossil derivatives. The objective of this study is to verify the effect of viscous components (such as glycerol and sugars) present in 2G-ethanol on the Destubcal distillation performance, in comparison to ethanol-water binary mixture. Two forms of heat supply in the steam chamber were evaluated: isothermal and temperature-profile, besides evaluating the influence of feed flow rate and evaporator temperature. When the thermosyphon's steam chamber is operating in isothermal mode, temperatures of the bottom and the top of the distillation tube were higher with the 2G-ethanol mixture. This feedstock contains components with higher boiling temperature (as glucose and glycerol), which have influenced the temperature profiles. Unlike distillation with binary ethanol-water, lower evaporator temperatures favor 2G-ethanol distillation when the steam chamber is operating in temperature-profile mode. In all cases, the mass fraction of ethanol was favored in the 2G-ethanol distillation, indicating that the presence of components such as glucose and glycerol allows better recovery of the most volatile components in a falling film distillation process. The separation was similar with ethanol-water and 2G-ethanol mixture. However, the presence of components such as sugars and glycerol allowed better recovery of ethanol in the distillate. The imposition of a temperature-profile condition promoted higher ethanol mass fractions in the distillate, being the more suitable mode of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
107. Modeling and experimental validation of direct contact membrane distillation applied to synthetic dye solutions.
- Author
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Madalosso, Heloísa Bremm, Sousa Silva, Regilene, Merlini, Aline, Battisti, Rodrigo, Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, and Marangoni, Cintia
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MEMBRANE distillation ,DISPERSE dyes ,WATER reuse ,MODEL validation ,REACTIVE dyes ,WASTE heat ,REVERSE osmosis process (Sewage purification) ,SOLAR stills - Abstract
BACKGROUND: In order to protect water resources and reduce the harmful effects of releasing contaminated wastewater to the environment, the textile industry has increasingly demanded improved water reclamation technologies, such as membrane distillation. In this work, theoretical and experimental investigations were carried out to evaluate the behavior of the operational parameters of a direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) setting with a commercial membrane applied to synthetic dye solutions, simulating textile wastewater from the fabric dyeing stage. RESULTS: The analytical model based on heat and mass transfer correlations specific to textile effluents implemented using Matlab®predicted the permeate flux with good agreement, with errors less than 10% when compared with the experimental values. There was a different trend for reactive and disperse dyes when input variables were changed. In general, increasing all variables led to an increase in permeate flux. An increase of 30 °C in the feed temperature increased by 2.0‐ to 2.3‐fold the permeate flux. Moreover, the simulation showed the influence of the permeate temperature and the membrane interface temperature on the permeate flux, which is not commonly achieved experimentally. CONCLUSIONS: The hybrid modeling supported by extensive experimental validation accurately predicted the permeate flux in DCMD to recover water from synthetic dye solutions containing reactive and disperse black dyes. DCMD is a promising technology for recovering textile wastewater containing these dyes, as it can use the waste heat from the hot effluent discharge. Therefore, this work can contribute towards the scaling up of DCMD, aiding in predicting and optimizing the operational variables. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
108. Falling film distillation column with heat transfer by means of a vapor chamber – part I: isothermal operation
- Author
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Marangoni, Cintia, primary, Meneguelo, Ana Paula, additional, Teleken, Joel G., additional, Werle, Leandro O., additional, Milanez, Kenia W., additional, Mantelli, Marcia B. H., additional, Quadri, Marintho B., additional, Bolzan, Ariovaldo, additional, dos Santos, Maurício C., additional, Medina, Lilian C., additional, and Machado, Ricardo A. F., additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
109. Dye synthetic solution treatment by direct contact membrane distillation using commercial membranes
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Ramlow, Heloisa, primary, Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, additional, Bierhalz, Andrea Cristiane Krause, additional, and Marangoni, Cintia, additional
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- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
110. Direct contact membrane distillation applied to wastewaters from different stages of the textile process.
- Author
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Ramlow, Heloisa, Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, Bierhalz, Andrea Cristiane Krause, and Marangoni, Cintia
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MEMBRANE distillation ,WATER reuse ,CHEMICAL cleaning ,WASTEWATER treatment ,NONIONIC surfactants ,CATIONIC surfactants - Abstract
This study investigated the performance of DCMD applied to wastewaters from different stages of the textile process in the same operating system for water reclamation in a single process. High final color rejection (>98.7%) was obtained and water was recovered at the permeate side for polyester dyeing wastewater and textile effluent from the equalization tank (final permeate flux up to 15.8 kg·m
−2 ·h−1 ). The color rejection was maintained possibly due to membrane internal hydrophobicity, which prevented total wetting. The possibility of wastewater treatment by the DCMD process was essentially dependent on textile wastewater composition. During cotton and viscose dyeing wastewater treatment, severe wetting of the membrane was due to the presence of cationic and nonionic surfactants in high concentration, requiring further studies. Different types of membrane fouling with textile wastewaters were observed, which may result in different cleaning procedures. Higher color rejection with textile wastewater, when compared to dye solutions, was due to deposition/adsorption of some elements on the membrane surface, which established a composite layer with higher wetting resistance. DCMD showed to be a promising technology for treating real textile wastewater due to its good performance in color rejection and water recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
111. Dye synthetic solution treatment by direct contact membrane distillation using commercial membranes.
- Author
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Ramlow, Heloisa, Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, Bierhalz, Andrea Cristiane Krause, and Marangoni, Cintia
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MEMBRANE distillation ,WATER reuse ,HEAT ,REACTIVE dyes ,DYES & dyeing ,WATER shortages ,ELECTROSTATIC interaction ,POLYTEF - Abstract
The reuse of treated dyeing wastewater has become a viable option to minimizing water scarcity problems and environmental impacts in the textile industry. The potentiality of commercial flat sheet membranes of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polypropylene (PP) in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) for dye synthetic solution treatment has been explored in this work. DCMD is interesting for the textile industry since a recovery of heat by hot dyeing wastewater for thermal energy is possible. Moreover, DCMD enables water and dye reclamation with possible reuse in the textile process. The commercial availability of membranes may expedite the DCMD commercialization in the textile industry. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory-scale circulating unit with synthetic solutions containing reactive or disperse dye. High mean permeate flux up to 18.8 kg m
−2 h−1 with complete colour rejection was obtained. The dyes tested in this study are not able to completely wet the membranes and the increase of the permeate flux when compared to distilled water is attributed to electrostatic interactions between the dyes and the membranes. Moreover, a partial wetting reduced vapour diffusion path and the permeate flux was increased. PP membrane showed higher performance due to higher porosity when compared to the PTFE membrane. In addition, an influence of dye class on permeability was observed. The results were promising when compared to other studies, which used commercial or lab-scale membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
112. Synthesis and characterization of cellulose acetate from royal palm tree agroindustrial waste
- Author
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Battisti, Rodrigo, primary, Hafemann, Eduardo, additional, Claumann, Carlos Alberto, additional, Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, additional, and Marangoni, Cintia, additional
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- 2018
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113. Falling film distillation column with heat transfer by means of a vapor chamber. Part II: operation with a temperature profile
- Author
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Marangoni, Cintia, primary, Peruzzo, Tiago, additional, Parisotto, Iaçanã G. B., additional, Ricardo, Valdete W., additional, Claumann, Carlos A., additional, Milanez, Kenia W., additional, Mantelli, Marcia B. H., additional, Quadri, Marintho B., additional, Bolzan, Ariovaldo, additional, dos Santos, Maurício C., additional, Medina, Lilian C., additional, and Machado, Ricardo A. F., additional
- Published
- 2018
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114. Polystyrene recycling processes by dissolution in ethyl acetate
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Cella, Rafael Ferraz, primary, Mumbach, Guilherme Davi, additional, Andrade, Karina Luzia, additional, Oliveira, Patricia, additional, Marangoni, Cintia, additional, Bolzan, Ariovaldo, additional, Bernard, Samuel, additional, and Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
115. Characterization and production of banana crop and rice processing waste briquettes
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de Oliveira Maia, Bianca G., primary, de Oliveira, Antonio P. N., additional, de Oliveira, Therezinha M. N., additional, Marangoni, Cintia, additional, Souza, Ozair, additional, and Sellin, Noeli, additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
116. Chemical resistance of core-shell particles (PS/PMMA) polymerized by seeded suspension
- Author
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Ribeiro, Luiz Fernando Belchior, primary, Gonçalves, Odinei Hess, additional, Marangoni, Cintia, additional, Motz, Günter, additional, and Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
117. Direct contact membrane distillation for textile wastewater treatment: a state of the art review
- Author
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Ramlow, Heloisa, primary, Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, primary, and Marangoni, Cintia, primary
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
118. Falling film distillation column with heat transfer by means of a vapor chamber. Part II: operation with a temperature profile.
- Author
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Marangoni, Cintia, Peruzzo, Tiago, Parisotto, Iaçanã G. B., Ricardo, Valdete W., Claumann, Carlos A., Milanez, Kenia W., Mantelli, Marcia B. H., Quadri, Marintho B., Bolzan, Ariovaldo, dos Santos, Maurício C., Medina, Lilian C., and Machado, Ricardo A. F.
- Subjects
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FALLING films , *HEAT transfer , *DISTILLATION , *GASES , *ATMOSPHERIC pressure , *TEMPERATURE - Abstract
Based on previous results and a new proposal for the configuration of falling film distillation columns heated by a vapor chamber operating at atmospheric pressure, the present study analyzed a different application for heat transfer by means of an the axial temperature profile in the same vapor chamber, generated by the presence of non-condensable gases. Experimental tests were performed with an ethanol–water mixture by varying the feed flow rate and vapor chamber temperature. This new heat transfer proposal allowed the formation of a temperature gradient inside the distillation tube (similarly to the isothermal proposal previously reported), thus indicating that this heat transfer method is feasible for a distillation unit. The results demonstrated that higher flow rates are suitable for the distillation of ethanol and water in this new proposal; the temperature profile operation shows the feasibility of this new heat transfer proposal in falling film distillation columns and encourages further studies on the optimization of the process and the evaluation of the energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
119. Reduction of dross in galvanized sheets through automatic control of snout positioning in continuous operation
- Author
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Felix, Glaudistoni S., primary, Sellin, Noeli, additional, and Marangoni, Cintia, additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
120. Characterization and production of banana crop and rice processing waste briquettes.
- Author
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de Oliveira Maia, Bianca G., de Oliveira, Antonio P. N., de Oliveira, Therezinha M. N., Marangoni, Cintia, Souza, Ozair, and Sellin, Noeli
- Subjects
AGRICULTURAL wastes ,RICE hulls ,COMPRESSIVE strength ,DIFFERENTIAL scanning calorimetry ,THERMOGRAVIMETRY - Abstract
With the purpose of adding value to the waste of banana crop and rice processing, banana leaves and pseudostem, and rice husk were prepared and characterized through proximate and ultimate chemical analyses, high heating value (HHV), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The prepared waste was then compacted into briquettes in a hydraulic press at 18 MPa for 1 s. The resulting briquettes were characterized through the same analyses used in waste and through mechanical compressive strength. The waste moisture content, between 8 and 15%, were adequate for briquetting and combustion. The briquettes exhibited the maximum energy release under combustion at temperatures that were lower than the waste's. The rice husk and its briquettes had a lower energy release in comparison with the other waste. The HHV of the waste ranged from 15 to 18 MJ/kg. The compaction of the waste resulted in an increase of the HHV for the rice husk and the briquettes presented the highest compressive strength: 19 MPa. From these three waste samples that were studied, the banana leaves presented the best features, properties, and potential for generating energy as briquettes. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1266–1273, 2018 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
121. Reducción del Tiempo de Ciclo de Inyección de Termoplásticos con el uso de Moldes con Tratamiento Superficial por Nitruración
- Author
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Corazza, Emerson J, Sacchelli, Carlos M, and Marangoni, Cintia
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molde ,cycle time ,tratamiento superficial ,injection ,cooling ,mold ,inyección ,surface treatment ,tiempo de ciclo ,enfriamiento - Abstract
Se presenta un estudio sobre la transferencia de calor en un molde, comparando los ensayos de inyección utilizando moldes con y sin tratamiento superficial de nitruración. Simulaciones del proceso se realizaron con el uso de Asistencia Computacional a Ingeniería (CAE) para determinar los parámetros iniciales que se aplicaron en los ensayos reales en moldes instrumentados de acero P20 (con y sin tratamientos), inyectados con el polímero poliestireno cristal. Los resultados indicaron una reducción del tiempo de enfriamiento y del tiempo de proceso en el molde con el tratamiento, debido a una mejora en la conductividad térmica. A study on the heat transfer in a mold, comparing experimental injection tests using a mold with and without surface treatment (nitriding) is presented. Process simulations were carried out using Computer Aided Engineering tools (CAE) for the estimation of the initial parameters to be applied in the tests in instrumented P20 steel injection molds with the polymer crystal polystyrene. Results indicated a reduction of cooling time and of the time of the process in the mold with treatment, due to an increase of the thermal conductivity.
- Published
- 2012
122. OBTENÇÃO DE DIFERENTES MOSTOS DE CASCAS DE BANANA E SUA INFLUÊNCIA SOBRE A PRODUÇÃO DE ETANOL
- Author
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Souza, Ozair, primary, Hopfner, Simone, additional, Sellin, Noeli, additional, Marangoni, Cintia, additional, and Gern, Regina Maria Miranda, additional
- Published
- 2015
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123. Dynamic Study of Distillation Column Operated with Tray Heat Source Combined with Reboiler
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Marangoni, Cintia, primary, Mello, Geysa N., additional, Bolzan, Ariovaldo, additional, and Machado, Ricardo A. F., additional
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- 2015
- Full Text
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124. The Influence of Different Strategies for the Saccharification of the Banana Plant Pseudostem and the Detoxification of Concentrated Broth on Bioethanol Production.
- Author
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Souza, Elias, Sellin, Noeli, Marangoni, Cintia, and Souza, Ozair
- Abstract
Pseudostem of the Musa cavendishii banana plant was submitted to chemical pretreatments with acid (HSO 2%, 120 °C, 15 min) and with alkali (NaOH 3%, 120 °C, 15 min), saccharified by commercial enzymes Novozymes® (Cellic CTec2 and HTec2). The influences of the pretreatments on the degradation of the lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, porosity of the surface, particle crystallinity, and yield in reducing sugars after saccharification ( Y ), were established. Different concentrations of biomass (70 and 100 g/L in dry matter (dm)), with different physical differences (dry granulated, crushed wet bagasse, and whole pseudostem), were used. The broth with the highest Y among the different strategies tested was evaporated until the concentration of reducing sugars (RS) was to the order of 100 g/L and fermented, with and without prior detoxification with active carbon. Fermentation was carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks, at 30 °C, initial pH 5.0, and 120 rpm. In comparison to the biomass without chemical pretreatment and to the biomass pretreated with NaOH, the acid pretreatment of 70 g/L of dry granulated biomass enabled greater digestion of hemicellulose, lower index of cellulose crystallinity, and higher Y (45.8 ± 0.7%). The RS increase in fermentation broth to 100 g/L, with posterior detoxification, presented higher productivity ethanol ( Q = 1.44 ± 0.02 g/L/h) with ethanol yield ( Y ) of 0.41 ± 0.02 g/g. The value of Q was to the order of 75% higher than Q obtained with the same broth without prior detoxification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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125. Implementação de uma estratégia de controle com ação distribuída em uma coluna de destilação
- Author
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Marangoni, Cintia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Bolzan, Ariovaldo, and Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco
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Colunas ,Engenharia quimica ,Destilacao - Abstract
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química. Colunas de destilação necessitam de sistemas de controle capazes de rejeitar flutuações que ocorrem com freqüência, mesmo quando o processo está operando em regime permanente. O comportamento não-linear, associado ao acoplamento das variáveis, restrições na operação, constantes de tempo elevadas e a presença de atraso na resposta geram transientes elevados quando o processo é perturbado. Uma vez que o controle destas unidades é normalmente realizado centralizado na base e no topo propôs-se uma mudança nesta configuração: a introdução de pontos de aquecimento nos pratos ao longo da coluna. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi implementar uma estratégia de controle com ação distribuída para minimizar os transientes de operação de colunas de destilação. O desenvolvimento do trabalho partiu da concepção, projeto e construção de uma unidade experimental instrumentada com protocolo de comunicação digital fieldbus até o estudo e validação da estratégia proposta com testes realizados com uma mistura de etanol-água. Estudou-se a partida da coluna e definiu-se uma rotina adequada às características da unidade construída. Da mesma forma, avaliou-se o comportamento em estado estacionário para a definição dos pontos de operação. Em relação à implementação da proposta de controle distribuído, preliminarmente foi estudada a dinâmica da unidade e determinaram-se os tempos de resposta e atrasos presentes no comportamento do processo. Observou-se, por exemplo, que para uma perturbação na composição da alimentação, o novo estado estacionário (em malha aberta) foi obtido com um tempo de transição de cerca de uma hora e meia. Foi realizada a análise de sensibilidade em conjunto com testes na planta para definir os pratos a serem utilizados para o aquecimento distribuído. Obteve-se como resultado a indicação dos pratos 2 e 3 para o estudo da estratégia com ação distribuída. Em seguida, foram ajustados controladores PID para as malhas da temperatura da base e do último prato, caracterizando o controle convencional. A dinâmica deste foi comparada com a abordagem distribuída (controle na base, no topo e nos pratos da coluna). Quando avaliada a abordagem convencional e a distribuída para uma perturbação na temperatura de alimentação verificou-se a redução no tempo de transição da coluna e das oscilações na variável controlada quando utilizada a abordagem proposta. Para uma perturbação na composição da alimentação foi observado que a ação distribuída reduziu o transiente em cerca de 1h. Assim, a introdução de aquecimento distribuído ao longo da coluna mostrou-se como uma opção válida para a redução de transientes, possibilitando uma dinâmica mais rápida e menores volumes processados fora dos parâmetros de qualidade pré-definido.
- Published
- 2005
126. Estudo de estratégias de produção de poli(3-hidroxibutirato-co-3-hidroxivalerato) por ralstonia eutropha utilizando substratos de baixo custo e ácido propiônico
- Author
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Marangoni, Cintia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Aragão, Gláucia Maria Falcão de, and Furigo Junior, Agenor
- Subjects
Acido propionico ,Soro do leite - Abstract
Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. O desenvolvimento de estratégias de produção de poli(3-hidroxibutirato-co-3-hidroxivalerato) a partir de substratos de baixo custo buscando melhorar a incorporação de unidades de 3-hidroxivalerato ao polímero através de diferentes estratégias de alimentação de ácido propiônico foi estudado. Visando testar substratos alternativos que diminuíssem o custo de produção, foram realizados testes em frascos agitados, estudando-se o crescimento de R. eutropha em diferentes fontes de carbono. Em substituição à fonte de nitrogênio normalmente utilizada (sulfato de amônio), utilizou-se a milhocina, resíduo da maceração do milho. Experimentos em regime descontínuo alimentado foram realizados em biorreator, estudando-se a alimentação ou carência de fósforo (elemento limitante). Com o objetivo de melhorar a incorporação de unidades de 3HV ao P(3HB-co-3HV) foram aplicadas três estratégias de alimentação de ácido propiônico (regulação de pH, pulsos e alimentação contínua) em culturas conduzidas com açúcar invertido e soro de leite. Estudou-se a utilização de ácido oleico como suplemento nutricional na cultura com alimentação contínua e obtiveram-se melhores resultados de produtividade e de acúmulo de polímero, porém com menor quantidade de 3HV incorporada, em relação à cultura não suplementada. As características térmicas do polímero obtido foram comparadas ao polímero comercial e apresentaram-se muito próximas.
- Published
- 2000
127. Dynamic Study of Distillation Column Operated with Tray Heat Source Combined with Reboiler.
- Author
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Marangoni, Cintia, Mello, Geysa N., Bolzan, Ariovaldo, and Machado, Ricardo A. F.
- Subjects
- *
DYNAMICAL systems , *SPECTRAL energy distribution , *MOLECULAR distillation , *PID controllers , *HYDRAULIC control systems - Abstract
This work reports experimental tests using the distribution of energy in distillation by applying internal heat sources combined with a reboiler in order to reduce the transition time when the process is disturbed. In this way, a dynamic study was undertaken in a pilot column with ethanol and water, comparing the effects of a step disturbance in the reboiler and the same heat quantity in the intermediate tray of the column. The results showed that the use of the combined heat supply reduced the hydraulic delay in the distillation column and, consequently, the transition time. In this way, this study suggests that it is possible to use the heat distribution to control a distillation column using classical strategies and simple controllers, such as proportional-integral-derivatives (PID), and with this obtain faster responses. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
128. Dynamics of a distillation column with distributed and conventional approach using multivariable control with adjustment based on multiple errors
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Marangoni, Cintia, primary, Teleken, Joel G., additional, Parisotto, Iacana G. B., additional, Werle, Leandro O., additional, Bolzan, Ariovaldo, additional, and Machado, Ricardo A. F., additional
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
129. Corrosion and heat-resistant SiCN/C as lightweight fibers for microwave absorption and electromagnetic field shielding in Ku-band.
- Author
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Ramlow, Heloisa, Silva, Liangrid Lutiani, Marangoni, Cintia, Baldan, Maurício Ribeiro, and Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco
- Subjects
- *
ELECTROMAGNETIC shielding , *ELECTROMAGNETIC fields , *LIGHTWEIGHT materials , *FIBERS , *MAGNETIC flux leakage , *HEAT resistant alloys - Abstract
SiCN fibers are usually combined with metals to increase the magnetic loss in electromagnetic field (EMF) shielding, but this results in high weight density, easy corrosion, difficult treatment, and high cost of the material. This study proposes the manufacturing of corrosion and heat-resistant ceramic lightweight fibers containing in-situ synthesized carbon nanostructures (SiCN/C) with excellent EMF shielding in K u -band (12.4–18 GHz). The samples showed differential trends of EMF shielding effectiveness in terms of reflectance, transmittance, and absorption behavior. Compared to SiCN fibers, the EMF absorption was two times greater when carbon was added to the SiCN matrix. A minimum reflection coefficient (S 11) of −12 dB was observed for SiCN/C fibers, meaning a high shielding efficiency with >90 % of the EMF energy shielded. On the other hand, SiCN fibers showed a minimum S 11 of −7 dB, resulting in a protection of 80 % against EMF energy. Computational simulations clarified the better features of SiCN/C in electromagnetic shielding compared to SiCN, which was ascribed to enhanced conduction loss derived from conductive free carbon, and dipole and interfacial polarization loss generated by defects. The fibers were resistant to acidic and basic environments and oxidation of up to 600 °C. Moreover, the addition of carbon precursor represented a weight decrease of 17 % for SiCN/C compared to SiCN fibers. This research will afford an alternative solution for the manufacturing of SiCN/C fibers with EMF absorption properties that can be used as lightweight materials in harsh environments. [Display omitted] • Carbon as a polarization center increased EMF absorption of SiCN/C fibers. • Dipole and interfacial polarization, conduction and multiple reflection loss • Numerical simulation study showed the scattering of EMF on the SiCN/C material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
130. Insights into the startup operation of a thermally efficient multi-tube falling-film distillation column.
- Author
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Alves, José Luiz Francisco, Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, and Marangoni, Cintia
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DISTILLATION , *FALLING films , *HEAT transfer , *ELECTRICAL energy , *NEW business enterprises , *TUBES - Abstract
• First study charactering startup phases of a multi-tube type thermally efficient falling film distillation column for sanitizer-grade ethanol production. • Startup operation was evaluated based on two potential heating arrangements: isothermal and non-isothermal. • Isothermal heating favors faster startup in multi-tube type thermally efficient falling film distillation column. • Thermally efficient falling film distillation requires 51% less startup time compared to traditional tray distillation. • Thermally efficient falling film distillation requires 72% less electrical energy compared to traditional tray distillation. The motivation for this study is to contribute to the implementation of an innovative and thermally efficient distillation concept, which involves integrating a multi-tube type falling-film distillation column with a biphasic thermosyphon. This study concentrated on examining a startup operation with pilot-scale experiments at a feeding capacity of 250 kg h−1; while examining two possible thermal energy transfer arrangements from the steam chamber to the distillation tubes (isothermal and non-isothermal). The dynamic behavior of the startup operation was analyzed, revealing three distinct phases - discontinuous, semi-continuous, and continuous - each characterized by their respective time requirements and energy consumption. Using non-isothermal heating, the multi-tube falling-film distillation column required 11.2 kW for the startup operation, 17% less than isothermal heating. Operating under both heating configurations, the multi-tube falling-film distillation column achieved a 70 vol% ethanol concentration. Multi-tube falling-film distillation requires 51.0% less time and 72.1% less electrical energy during startup operation than traditional tray distillation. The knowledge obtained from this study can improve the efficiency of falling-film distillation columns, ensuring optimal industrial-level operation, and can contribute to the recognition of this recently developed technology in comparison to established conventional tray columns. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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131. Improvement of membrane hydrophobicity by one-step electrospraying for water recovery from textile dye solutions by membrane distillation.
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Madalosso, Heloísa Bremm, Santos, Bianca de Castro, Ribeiro, Luiz Fernando Belchior, Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, and Marangoni, Cintia
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MEMBRANE distillation , *INDUSTRIAL wastes , *CONTACT angle , *POLYVINYLIDENE fluoride , *DYES & dyeing , *SALINE water conversion , *TEXTILE dyeing , *WATER reuse - Abstract
Membrane distillation is an upcoming technology for water recovery from industrial effluents. However, inherent operational phenomena, such as membrane wetting, compromise its functioning with complex solutions. Membrane modification can be a key to mitigating membrane gaps. Herein, a polypropylene membrane was physically modified via one-step electrospraying using a polymeric blend of polydimethylsiloxane and polyvinylidene fluoride. The main goal was to improve membrane hydrophobicity and enhance DCMD performance with four dye classes (Reactive, Disperse, Direct, and Acid). Polymer reticulation and polymer concentration in dope solution were studied, affecting membrane hydrophobicity. The modification improved the water contact angle by 20% after 90 min under the spray containing 2% PVDF and 6% PDMS-cured. The modified PP membrane reached contact angles of 148.38 ± 2.36° and 151.5 ± 6.18° for direct and acid dyes, respectively. The modified layer increased the membrane thickness by 3 µm without significant porosity alterations, amplifying the pH range where membranes assume negative charges. Stable permeate fluxes on a DCMD operation were reached, varying between 29.7 and 44.85 L m−2 h−1, and the rejection rate increased to 6%. The modification enhanced the membrane performance with textile dye solutions, enabling MD operation to water reclamation from textile effluents. [Display omitted] • PDMS and PVDF electrosprayed on a PP membrane improved hydrophobicity by a thin modified layer with high porosity. • A superhydrophobic behavior was obtained for the modified membrane with direct and acid dyes; • The reticulation of PDMS in dope solution enhanced membrane hydrophobicity. • Membrane modification amplified the pH range used in DCMD, enabling the operation with acid dyes or acidic textile additives. • PP-Sylgard had an enhanced performance in MD improving rejection rate against different textile dye classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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132. Enhancing flux rates and energy efficiency in membrane distillation through stearic acid-electrosprayed membranes.
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Silva, Angelo O., Paulazzi, Alessandro R., Machado, Ricardo A.F., Marangoni, Cintia, and Hotza, Dachamir
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MEMBRANE distillation , *HEAT flux , *CONTACT angle , *HEAT transfer , *CARBON nanotubes - Abstract
[Display omitted] • Stearic acid electrospray crystallization applied to commercial PTFE, PVDF, and PA membranes. • Significant increase in water-permeated flux for PTFE and PVDF membranes. • Enhanced thermal performance for PTFE, moderate improvement for PVDF, reduced efficiency for PA. • Lower energy demand in the rate-limiting step, improving overall energy efficiency. This study investigates the effects of stearic acid-electrosprayed coatings on commercial PTFE, PVDF, and PA membrane substrates for membrane distillation (MD). Drawing inspiration from prior research involving carbon nanotube modifications, stearic acid was selected for its ability to increase hydrophobicity and reduce heat transfer resistance. The stearic acid was electrosprayed from an ethanol solution onto the substrates, which were subsequently characterized by contact angle, liquid entry pressure, and thickness measurements. The results showed a notable flux increase of 131 % for PTFE and 17 % for PVDF, but a decrease of 56 % for PA. A heat transfer model suggests that stearic acid improves flux by lowering heat transfer resistance in PTFE and PVDF substrates. This study highlights the potential of stearic acid coatings to enhance MD performance, providing valuable insights into improving flux and energy efficiency in MD applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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133. Electrospray crystallization: A review on submicrometric and nanosized crystal synthesis.
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Silva, Angelo Oliveira, Paulazzi, Alessandro Rogério, Andrade, Karina Luzia, Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, Marangoni, Cintia, and Hotza, Dachamir
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NANOCRYSTALS , *EVIDENCE gaps , *NANOSTRUCTURED materials , *ENERGY storage , *CRYSTALLIZATION - Abstract
• A comprehensive exploration of fundamental principles and operational parameters of electrospray crystallization was described. • Requirements to ensure proper electrospray crystallization were summarized. • Applications, publications, and geographic interest for research in electrospray crystallization were identified. • Trends and gaps in this research field were proposed. This review presents a comprehensive discussion of the electrospray crystallization process, which represents a combination of electrospraying and crystallization through solvent evaporation, offering an efficient and cost-effective approach for the synthesis of submicrometric and nanosized crystals. Electrospray crystallization has demonstrated a multitude of advantages, including the generation of smaller crystals, enhanced dispersion, and the creation of diverse product morphologies, such as planar and cubic tetragonal structures. These benefits surpass those of conventional electrospraying methods and traditional crystallization mechanisms. This review also provides a historical context of works and highlights the wide array of potential applications. It explores the mechanisms and fundamental concepts related to both electrospraying and crystallization processes. Moreover, it presents an experimental process development proposal, with the aim of charting a course for future applications of advanced crystals, including drug delivery, catalysis, and energy storage. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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134. Investigation on prospective bioenergy from pyrolysis of butia seed waste using TGA-FTIR: Assessment of kinetic triplet, thermodynamic parameters and evolved volatiles.
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Mumbach, Guilherme Davi, Alves, José Luiz Francisco, da Silva, Jean Constantino Gomes, Domenico, Michele Di, Marangoni, Cintia, Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, and Bolzan, Ariovaldo
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ATMOSPHERIC nitrogen , *PYROLYSIS , *ACTIVATION energy , *KETONES , *SEEDS , *BIOMASS energy - Abstract
The pyrolysis of butia seed waste (BSW) was investigated under a thermogravimetric scale at multiples heating rates (5–40 °C min−1) in a nitrogen atmosphere. First, the pyrolysis behavior of BSW was deconvoluted into four independent reactions using the Asym2Sig fitting function. The kinetic triplets (activation energies, pre-exponential factors, and reaction models) were acquired using four isoconversional methods, the compensation effect method and the master plot method. The kinetic parameters estimated were in the range of 111.5–190.9 kJ mol−1 for the average activation energy and 1.55 × 1010–2.89 × 1014 min−1 for the pre-exponential factor. According to the master plot method, the pyrolysis of BSW is described by the summative effect of geometrical contraction and n -order reaction mechanisms. A multi-component kinetic approach was suitable for capturing the complexity involved in the pyrolysis of BSW, with a coefficient of determination (R 2 ) > 0.95 and quality of fit (QOF) > 93%. Pyrolytic conversion of BSW into biofuels is characterized by an endothermic nature (ΔH > 0) and low reactivity (ΔS < 0). The volatile products evolved from the pyrolytic decomposition of BSW were characterized using the integrated TGA-FTIR system, which confirmed the presence of high-energy compounds (aromatics) and useful chemicals (aldehyde, ketone, esters, ether, and alcohols). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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135. Prospection of catole coconut (Syagrus cearensis) as a new bioenergy feedstock: Insights from physicochemical characterization, pyrolysis kinetics, and thermodynamics parameters.
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Alves, José Luiz Francisco, da Silva, Jean Constantino Gomes, Mumbach, Guilherme Davi, de Sena, Rennio Felix, Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, and Marangoni, Cintia
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PYROLYSIS kinetics , *COCONUT , *FEEDSTOCK , *GAUSSIAN function , *ACTIVATION energy , *ATMOSPHERIC nitrogen - Abstract
Catole coconut (Syagrus cearensis) is produced in abundance in the Northeastern region of Brazil, but still remains relatively unexploited for bioenergy purposes because of the little relevant scientific information available. In this context, this study aims to investigate the kinetics and thermodynamics that describe the pyrolysis of catole coconut through a multi-component approach, aiming to highlight its bioenergy potential. Thermogravimetric analysis of catole coconut was performed in an inert atmosphere with different heating programs (10, 20 and 30 °C min−1) to establish its pyrolysis behavior. The resulting pyrolysis behavior was subjected to deconvolution by the symmetrical Gaussian function to specify three independent components: pseudo-hemicellulose, pseudo-cellulose, and pseudo-lignin. By using four isoconversional methods, the average activation energy estimated is in the range of 124.2–133.5 kJ mol−1 for pseudo−hemicellulose, 159.7–170.1 kJ mol−1 for pseudo−cellulose, and 151.5–162.8 kJ mol−1 for pseudo−lignin. Based on the kinetic compensation effect, the pre-exponential factors were determined to be in the range of 3.5 × 1011–5.4 × 1014 min−1. Statistical results (R 2 >0.954 and Fit >0.944) indicate that the proposed summative kinetic expression proved to be valuable in reproducing the experimental pyrolysis behavior. The promising findings acquired from this study justify the interest in exploring catole coconut as a new bioenergy feedstock. [Display omitted] - First study presenting catole coconut as a low-value, suitable feedstock for pyrolysis. - Three independent parallel reactions were assumed: pseudo-hemicellulose (P-HC), pseudocellulose (P-CL) and pseudo-lignin (P-LG). - Average Ea = 124.2 to 133.5 kJ mol−1 for P-HC, 159.7 to 170.1 kJ mol−1 for P-CL and 151.5 to 162.8 kJ mol−1 for P-LG. - Pre-exponential factor > 109 min−1 suggested simpler chemistry reactions. - Thermodynamic parameters: ΔH = 120.4 to 155.3 kJ mol−1, ΔG = 153.0 to 177.0 kJ mol−1, and ΔS = −71.8 to −9.0 J mol−1 K−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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136. Valorization of royal palm tree agroindustrial waste via pyrolysis with a focus on physicochemical properties, kinetic triplet, thermodynamic parameters, and volatile products.
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Alves, José Luiz Francisco, da Silva, Jean Constantino Gomes, Mumbach, Guilherme Davi, Arias, Santiago, Pacheco, José Geraldo A., Di Domenico, Michele, and Marangoni, Cintia
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PALMS , *PYROLYSIS , *GAS chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) , *ACTIVATION energy , *ALIPHATIC hydrocarbons , *HEMICELLULOSE - Abstract
This work reports experimental findings for pyrolysis of the royal palm tree (RPT) waste, particularly emphasizing the kinetic triplet, thermodynamic parameters, and characterization of volatile products. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a thermogravimetric analyzer and an analytical pyrolyzer coupled with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py–GC/MS). First, pyrolysis of RPT waste was considered to proceed in four independent devolatilization reactions linked to extractives, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. The fractional contributions for these pseudo-components were determined as follows: 0.0600 for extractives, 0.3140 for hemicellulose, 0.2667 for cellulose, and 0.3196 for lignin. The following standard procedure for determining the kinetic triplet was adopted: four isoconversional methods (Friedman, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, and Starink), Kissinger's method, and integral master plots. The mean overall activation energy and the pre-exponential factor for the four independent devolatilization reactions are 78.3 kJ mol−1 and 9.5 × 107 min−1, 107.2 kJ mol−1 and 5.7 × 109 min−1, 130.6 kJ mol−1 and 7.0 × 1010 min−1, and 153.6 kJ mol−1 and 1.2 × 1013 min−1, respectively. The most suitable reaction models for the pyrolysis of RPT waste belong to the nucleation-growth and n- order reaction mechanisms. The resulting values of the thermodynamic parameters ΔH , ΔG , and ΔS were respectively within 71.8–144.3 kJ mol−1, 138.0–173.2 kJ mol−1, and −138.4–(−43.7) J mol−1 K−1. Numerical simulations were performed to verify the kinetic triplets' results in one overall pyrolysis rate expression. The simulated and experimental kinetic curves exhibited a strong agreement, indicating a high level of consistency between them. The findings from this work suggest the suitability of royal palm waste as a promising raw material for producing bioenergy and renewable chemicals, in addition to being valuable for designing large-scale pyrolyzers for this type of waste. [Display omitted] • Kinetics, thermodynamics, and volatiles for pyrolysis of royal palm tree waste. • Pyrolysis of royal palm tree waste involved four independent parallel reactions. • The Asymmetric Double Sigmoidal function deconvoluted decomposition peaks. • Nucleation-growth and n -order reaction mechanisms were suitable for pyrolysis. • Aliphatic hydrocarbons dominate as condensable volatiles in pyrolysis at 650 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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137. Physicochemical properties, pyrolysis kinetics, thermodynamic parameters of activation, and evolved volatiles of mango seed waste as a bioenergy feedstock: A potential exploration.
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Alves, José Luiz Francisco, da Silva, Jean Constantino Gomes, Mumbach, Guilherme Davi, Alves, Ricardo Francisco, Di Domenico, Michele, and Marangoni, Cintia
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PYROLYSIS kinetics , *LIGNOCELLULOSE , *MANGO , *HEMICELLULOSE , *CHEMICAL reactions , *PROPIONIC acid , *SEEDS - Abstract
• Mango seed waste pyrolysis was assumed as a sum of four parallel reactions. • Kinetic triplet and thermodynamic parameters characterized the biomass pyrolysis. • Pre-exponential factors from Kissinger's method indicate simple chemistry reactions. • TGA/FTIR analysis suggests the existence of value-added oxygenated compounds. • Mango seed waste is attractive for producing bioenergy and bio-based chemicals. An investigation was conducted to elucidate the bioenergy potential of mango seed waste through pyrolysis kinetics, thermodynamics parameters of activation, and analysis of evolved volatiles. Experiments were performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) coupled with a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The pyrolysis behavior was assumed to be the sum of four independent parallel reactions corresponding to the devolatilization of extractives, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. The four applied isoconversional methods could determine the average activation energies in the ranges of 113.7 − 120.3, 150.0 − 159.9, 190.0 − 201.1, and 172.6 − 184.8 kJ mol−1 for the decomposition of these components, respectively. The pre-exponential factors obtained by Kissinger's method fell between 3.7 × 1011 and 2.6 × 1015 min−1, with A > 109 min−1, indicating that only simple chemistry reactions occurred. The master plot method assigned F-type reaction models to the devolatilization of pseudo-extractives, pseudo-hemicellulose, and pseudo-lignin. Yet, an A-type model matched well with the devolatilization of pseudo-cellulose. From the verification step of the overall kinetic expression, it was found that the simulated pyrolysis progress profiles match with an excellent agreement with the experimental data with a minimum quality of fit of 92.9%. Thermodynamic parameters of activation were determined within the range of 109.3 − 183.3 kJ mol−1 for Δ H≠ , 141.7 − 191.2 kJ mol−1 for Δ G≠ , and (−71.3)−3.1 J mol−1 K −1 for Δ S≠. TGA–FTIR analysis indicated that most volatile species, comprising propanoic acid, methanol, acetaldehyde, dimethyl ether, and ethanol, are released below 650 K. The results of this study are important for using mango seed waste as a low-priced material for pyrolysis, with the potential of producing bioenergy and bio-based chemicals. This approach aligns with the valorization principle of utilizing lignocellulosic residues. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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138. Assessing the potential of the invasive grass Cenchrus echinatus for bioenergy production: A study of its physicochemical properties, pyrolysis kinetics and thermodynamics.
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Alves, José Luiz Francisco, da Silva, Jean Constantino Gomes, Mumbach, Guilherme Davi, Di Domenico, Michele, and Marangoni, Cintia
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PYROLYSIS kinetics , *ACTIVATION energy , *CHEMICAL reactions , *GRASSES , *THERMODYNAMICS , *HEMICELLULOSE - Abstract
• Invasive grass cenchrus echinatus shows promise as bioenergy feedstock. • A pseudo-mechanistic model successfully modeled the C. echinatus pyrolysis behavior. • Chemical reactions with simpler nature are predominant for bioenergy generation. • Thermodynamic analysis revealed endothermic and nonspontaneous pyrolysis process. • Producing bioenergy can mitigate the harmful effects of this invasive grass. The current study aims to investigate the physicochemical properties and pyrolysis characteristics (kinetic triplet and thermodynamic parameters) of the invasive grass Cenchrus echinatus to assess its bioenergy potential. A thermogravimetric analyzer was employed to obtain the pyrolysis behavior of the grass under slow non-isothermal conditions. First, a multi-component deconvolution analysis of differential thermogravimetry (DTG) curves using the Fraser–Suzuki function was performed, aiming to quantify the individual devolatilization reactions of hemicellulose (P–HC), cellulose (P–CL), and lignin (P–LG). The survey of the activation energy employing four isoconversional methods (Friedman, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, and Starink) indicated the following devolatilization order: P–LG (329.9 − 376.7 kJ mol−1) > P – CL (178.4 − 188.2 kJ mol−1) > P – HC (157.8 − 161.2 kJ mol−1). With values of pre-exponential factors from 1.1 × 1015 to 1.4 × 1031 min−1, as estimated from the kinetic compensation effect, it was deduced that the chemical reactions with simpler nature are predominant. With the method of integral master plot, a geometrical contraction mechanism matched the devolatilization of P–CL, and an n th-order-based reaction model matched the devolatilizations of P–HC and P–LG. Besides, the thermodynamic study suggested that the conversion process is endothermic (ΔH ≠ = 153.4 to 245.2 kJ mol−1) and nonspontaneous (ΔG ≠ = 146.8 to 174.4 kJ mol−1). With the three kinetic triplets, one overall rate expression for the pyrolysis of invasive grass C. echinatus was established. The simulation results were then compared to experimental kinetic curves, and the agreement was deemed satisfactory. The outcomes from this research recommend the C. echinatus as a promising feedstock for bioenergy production and are decisive for scheming large-scale pyrolysis reactors for this invasive grass. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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139. Falling film distillation assisted by a two-phase closed thermosyphon: contributions to modeling, control, optimization, and technoeconomic assessment of the pilot-scale unit
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Battisti, Rodrigo, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Marangoni, Cintia, and Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco
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Engenharia química ,Destilação ,Termossífões - Abstract
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2021. Introdução: Preocupações globais com as crescentes demandas energéticas resultaram na emergência de processos químicos intensificados e mais sustentáveis. Na vanguarda deste compromisso está a destilação, uma vez que esta operação é reconhecidamente intensiva no consumo de energia, podendo ser responsável por mais de 40% do gasto total de uma planta industrial (MELLO et al., 2020). É consenso que a intensificação de processos compreende modificações com intuito de reduzir o tamanho dos equipamentos, aumentar o seu desempenho, diminuir o uso de utilidades e matérias-primas, e aumentar a eficiência dos processos (PONCE-ORTEGA; AL-THUBAITI; EL-HALWAGI, 2012). Comprometido com essas diretrizes, nosso grupo de pesquisa vem desenvolvendo uma unidade de destilação por filme líquido descendente, assistida energeticamente por um termossifão, denominada tecnologia Destubcal. Este aparato incorpora a destilação por filme líquido descendente, tecnologia já consolidada e estudada há décadas, com o fornecimento de calor por meio de um termossifão bifásico. Enquanto uma configuração de destilação convencional fornece calor apenas no refervedor e retira o calor no condensador de topo, a abordagem Destubcal possui uma distribuição uniforme de energia ao longo de todo o comprimento do tubo de destilação, sendo assim um equipamento mais compacto, seguro e eficiente termicamente (BATTISTI; MACHADO; MARANGONI, 2020). Estudos experimentais consolidados apontam que essa tecnologia é eficaz na separação e purificação de diversas misturas, com menor consumo de energia em relação à destilação convencional, tais como etanol-água (MARANGONI et al., 2019b, 2019a), mistura aromática de tolueno, para-xileno, meta-xileno, orto-xileno e etilbenzeno (SILVA FILHO et al., 2018), monoetilenoglicol-água (PIRES et al., 2020), e nafta petroquímica sintética (QUERINO; MACHADO; MARANGONI, 2019). Estes trabalhos apontam que a unidade Destubcal é uma opção tecnológica promissora, o que motiva a continuidade e aprofundamento dos estudos em direção a consolidar esta tecnologia como um processo de destilação avançada viável economicamente. Para isso, há uma demanda crucial em entender o comportamento dinâmico desse aparato a fim de avançar nas estratégias de controle, visando minimizar custos e maximizar a produtividade. A compreensão do comportamento da influência e interação das variáveis operacionais e, consequentemente, a otimização desses parâmetros também se mostra necessária para viabilizar futuras aplicações. Além disso, o conhecimento dos custos de capital e operação tonam-se imprescindíveis para análise da viabilidade econômica do processo e sua consolidação estratégica. Objetivo: O escopo norteador deste trabalho é oferecer contribuições científicas no campo da modelagem, do controle, da otimização e da avaliação técnico-econômica de uma unidade de destilação por filme líquido descendente em escala piloto assistida por um termossifão bifásico fechado, visando consolidar e difundir esta tecnologia como um processo viável de destilação intensificada energeticamente. Metodologia: Este estudo está dividido em capítulos, sendo que cada capítulo representa uma das contribuições propostas nos tópicos abordados. Em cada um dos capítulos utiliza-se uma metodologia particular, a fim de atingir os objetivos previamente delineados. A parte comum a todos os capítulos é execução experimental na unidade em escala piloto, que foi utilizada para realização dos ensaios experimentais, coleta de dados e validação dos modelos matemáticos desenvolvidos. O capítulo de revisão da literatura traz uma perspectiva histórica dos fundamentos conceituais, dos tipos de processos e das diferentes formas de operação já utilizadas, além dos avanços tecnológicos produzidos ao longo dos anos a respeito dos múltiplos e complexos fatores que influenciam a eficiência da destilação por filme líquido descendente. Para isso foi realizado um amplo levantamento nas bases bibliográficas Scopus e Google Scholar de trabalhos publicados e patentes depositadas relacionadas aos tópicos \"colunas de filme líquido descendente\" e/ou \"colunas de parede molhada\" desde meados do início do século XX, mais especificadamente no ano de 1942, até os dias atuais, no ano de 2020. Em seguida, para elucidar o comportamento dinâmico do aparato, uma modelagem transiente baseada em rede térmica com extensa validação experimental foi proposta. Após o modelo estar validado experimentalmente, o projeto de um controlador PID foi executado, e o modelo simulado em ambiente Simulink® a fim de avaliar o sistema de controle feedback da temperatura do termossifão atuando na potência das resistências elétricas. Posteriormente, com o intuito de avaliar o desempenho da unidade, um modelo preditivo de aprendizado de máquina baseado em redes neurais foi implementado para separação da mistura etanol-água. A temperatura de alimentação, a temperatura do evaporador e a vazão de alimentação foram as três variáveis de entrada do modelo, enquanto a fração mássica de etanol no destilado, a vazão mássica de destilado, o fator de recuperação e o fator de separação foram os quatro indicadores de desempenho avaliados. Uma vez que a topologia ideal do modelo de redes neurais foi estabelecida, uma otimização baseada em algoritmo genético foi realizada utilizando-se a modelagem de aprendizado de máquina, a fim de otimizar as variáveis operacionais do processo. Por fim, uma avaliação técnico-econômica e energética da unidade Destubcal em escala piloto foi realizada, aplicada à recuperação de etanol em grau desinfetante de 70 vol% em álcool. Essa análise foi motivada pelo aumento dramático da demanda por sanitizantes à base de etanol devido à emergência da pandemia de COVID-19, que chegou a levar à escassez em muitas cidades do Brasil. A performance da unidade foi avaliada experimentalmente com base em 64 corridas na unidade piloto, e a avaliação de custos de capital e custos operacionais foi realizada a fim de verificar a viabilidade técnica e econômica da planta como uma alternativa frente à destilação convencional de etanol. Resultados e discussão: A revisão da literatura demostrou que as colunas de filme líquido descendente representam cerca de 10,9% do total de trabalhos publicados nos últimos 80 anos. Estas colunas têm sido predominantemente usadas para pesquisas fundamentais de transferência de calor e massa. Apesar desta configuração não estar entre as maiores demandas de aplicação, ao longo dos anos vários dispositivos de película líquida descendente foram projetados, aprimorados e patenteados, tais como colunas monotubulares, colunas multitubulares, colunas verticais de placas planas, e colunas integradas energeticamente. No entanto, no que diz respeito à aplicação industrial, os conceitos de destilação de filme descendente ainda são relativamente pouco utilizados. Estudos em estado estacionário de eficiência de separação já estão bem consolidados, sendo que a maioria dos trabalhos publicados confirma a minimização do consumo de energia quando comparados às colunas de destilação convencionais. Ficou evidenciado que há lacunas de conhecimento no que tange o comportamento dinâmico destes processos de destilação. Desta forma, os desafios daqui a diante devem ser focalizados em esclarecer a dinâmica do processo, para que se avance no sentido de melhorar as estratégias de controle e otimização. Isso permitirá avançar nas melhorias operacionais da coluna para elevar essa tecnologia a um nível mais alto de viabilidade econômica. Considerando a complexidade do processo e a quantidade de variáveis que podem sofrer distúrbios ao longo do tempo, além da sensibilidade do filme descendente, o modelo transiente proposto baseado em rede térmica foi capaz de descrever o comportamento dinâmico da temperatura do termossifão com boa precisão. Os coeficientes de transferência de calor experimental e predito mostraram concordância satisfatória dentro da faixa de desvio de ± 25%, considerada admissível segundo a literatura. O controlador PID com parâmetros de sintonia ajustados pelo método Ziegler-Nichols mostrou-se mais eficiente em atingir o setpoint de temperatura desejado mais rapidamente, com menor overshoot e menor oscilação na variável manipulada, consequentemente, reduzindo o consumo de energia elétrica da unidade em 3,1%. O modelo de aprendizado de máquina baseado em redes neurais foi capaz de prever com precisão os quatro principais parâmetros de desempenho da unidade, com um coeficiente de correlação geral satisfatório de 0,95 para todos os dados. A topologia ideal do modelo de redes neurais feed-forward foi alcançada com um arranjo de 10 neurônios dentro de uma camada oculta (3:10:4). De acordo com os gráficos de generalização, as variáveis operacionais influenciaram de forma individual e sinérgica as respostas analisadas. Há uma relação de compromisso com a pureza do produto de topo, representada pela fração mássica do etanol no destilado, e a produtividade, representada pela vazão mássica do destilado. Geralmente, alta pureza é alcançada com vazões de destilado mais baixas, e alta produtividade leva à redução da pureza. Buscando extrair o máximo desempenho da unidade frente a todas as respostas simultaneamente, a otimização baseada em algoritmo genético levou a uma fração mássica de 50,6% de etanol no destilado, 4,91 kg/h de destilado, com um fator de recuperação de 84,9%, e um fator de separação de 57,4. Com relação à avaliação técnico-econômica, a análise de desempenho mostrou que sob uma vazão de alimentação de 14 L/h, uma temperatura de alimentação de 80 °C e uma temperatura de evaporador de 93 °C a unidade atinge o consumo específico mínimo de energia de 571,12 W·h/kg, com uma recuperação máxima de etanol de 40,66%. O impacto dos elementos na parcela do custo de capital mostrou que a instrumentação e controle (27,8%) e tubulação e equipamentos auxiliares (27,6%) são os custos predominantes, enquanto que o custo dos principais equipamentos de processo representa apenas 6,2%, revelando-se uma tecnologia de baixo custo e de fácil implementação. O maior gerador de custos operacionais foi a mão de obra (51,3%), visto que a unidade em escala piloto tem capacidade inferior às plantas industriais. No entanto, a unidade Destubcal gasta com utilidades cerca de 31,6 $/m3alimentado, o que representa uma economia total de 43,8% em comparação com as destilarias convencionais. Além disso, a unidade Destubcal economiza cerca de 1,78 MJ/kg (46,4%), aliada a uma redução de 59,2% na altura da coluna em comparação a uma coluna convencional, sendo considerada economicamente viável para a recuperação de etanol em grau sanitizante. Considerações finais: A integração das técnicas de destilação por filme descendente com fornecimento de calor por meio de um termossifão bifásico, que resultou na tecnologia Destubcal, representa melhorias notáveis para o campo das separações térmicas, uma vez que a combinação dessas duas tecnologias bem estabelecidas deu origem a um novo aparato de destilação, mais compacto, mais seguro e mais econômico. Como consequência dos desafios e perspectivas identificados foi possível planejar estratégias para preencher as lacunas encontradas na tecnologia Destubcal, e avançar na consolidação deste processo de destilação intensificada. O modelo baseado em rede térmica conseguiu descrever com boa precisão a dinâmica do fornecimento de calor e pode ser aplicado para o projeto de equipamentos futuros com maior capacidade de processamento e diferentes fins de separação. A modelagem de aprendizado de máquina baseada em redes neurais foi aplicada com sucesso mostrando boa capacidade preditiva, e a técnica de otimização via algoritmo genético conseguiu extrair um desempenho satisfatório da unidade em escala piloto. Por fim, a análise técnico-econômica indicou que a unidade Destubcal em escala piloto tem potencial para ser uma alternativa viável na recuperação de etanol em grau desinfetante, 70 vol% em álcool, e pode ajudar a evitar escassez deste produto causada pela pandemia atual e futuros eventos. Abstract: Worldwide efforts in process intensification led to innovative designs for distillation, notably known as an energy-intensive process. Engaged in the global trend towards more energy-efficient and sustainable technologies, our research team has been developing a novel thermosyphon-assisted falling film distillation technology, patented as Destubcal. This apparatus combines the falling film distillation, a well-consolidated technology, with the innovative supply of heat through a two-phase closed thermosyphon. Previous experimental studies by the research group pointed out that the Destubcal unit is a promising technology in separating different mixtures with energy gains, motivating the continuity towards consolidating this technology as an economically-feasible advanced distillation process. A broad and deep survey in bibliographical bases of published works and deposited patents from the beginning of the 20th Century until nowadays was realized and pointed out knowledge gaps that still limit the popularization of this technology, which must be elucidated. Based on this, the guiding goal of this work is to offer scientific contributions on modeling, control, optimization, and techno-economic evaluation of the pilot-scale thermosyphon-assisted falling film distillation unit to move forward in operational and design improvements, aiming to raise this technology to a higher level of feasibility for chemical separations. The thermal network-based dynamic modeling proposed and validated by dedicated experimental campaigns with the pilot-scale unit accurately predicted the transient behavior and steady-state temperature of the two-phase closed thermosyphon. The experimental and predicted heat transfer coefficients showed reasonable agreement within the ± 25% deviation band. A feedback control of the thermosyphon's evaporator temperature was performed in Simulink® to manage the steam chamber temperature. PID technique was adopted to achieve faster and smoother the control target, with the secondary effect to reduce mechanical stresses, increasing life cycle, and reducing energy consumption by 3.1%. From a total dataset of 64 experimental runs carried out in the pilot-scale unit, a machine learning predictive model based on artificial neural networks was developed for ethanol-water separation. Despite the high non-linearity, the machine learning approach was capable of modeling the process accurately. The optimal topology was achieved with a network arrangement of 10 neurons within one hidden layer (3:10:4), with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.95 for all data. The optimal operating conditions achieved by the genetic algorithm technique were a feed temperature of 90.6 °C, an evaporator temperature of 109.6 °C, and a feed flow rate of 26.3 L/h. The cost impact of the components associated with the construction and installation of the Destubcal unit revealed that instrumentation and control, and piping and auxiliary equipment are the predominant cost elements (more than 55%) of the capital cost, while major process equipment represent a small portion (6.2%), indicating a low capital investment cost when compared to other unconventional distillation devices. The major operating cost-driver is the labor (51.3%) since the pilot-scale unit has a lower capacity than industrial plants. However, the Destubcal unit spends on utility costs about 31.6 $/m3feed, which represents a total saving of 43.8% compared to conventional distilleries. Furthermore, the Destubcal unit saves about 1.78 MJ/kg (46.4%), with 59.2% less column height than a conventional column, being considered techno-economically feasible for sanitizer-grade ethanol (70 vol%) recovery.
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- 2021
140. Modification of commercial polymeric membranes via electrospraying for membrane distillation applications aiming to water recovery from textile wastewater
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Madalosso, Heloísa Bremm, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Marangoni, Cintia, and Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco
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Resíduos industriais ,Engenharia química ,Destilação ,Indústria têxtil ,Efluentes - Abstract
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2021. A complexidade do efluente têxtil, relacionada a grande quantidade de solutos em sua composição, faz com que processos convencionais de tratamento não apresentem completa degradação e gerem um volume crítico de lama, além de baixa qualidade da água resultante. O processo de Destilação por Membranas (DM) apresenta-se como uma alternativa promissora para a recuperação e reinserção da água deste efluente no processo, visto que possibilita a utilização de calor residual do processo de tingimento, resultando em um permeado de alta qualidade. Entretanto, alguns desafios para a consolidação desta tecnologia persistem, relacionados a fenômenos do processo, como a incrustação e o molhamento. A baixa resistência ao molhamento das membranas comerciais faz com que a DM ainda não seja capaz de ser aplicada à totalidade de componentes dos efluentes têxteis, como algumas classes de corantes e aditivos utilizados, como surfactantes. Neste contexto, este trabalho visou a modificação de membranas comerciais de poliamida (PA) e polipropileno (PP) utilizando a técnica de electrospraying, com blendas poliméricas contendo PVDF, PDMS com ou sem agente de cura e nanopartículas de sílica, em solução de THF:DMF 1:1, com o intuito de aumentar a hidrofobicidade e a resistência ao molhamento. A influência da concentração de polímero, cura do polímero, tempo de exposição sob o spray e concentração de nanopartículas de sílica na hidrofobicidade das membranas foram avaliadas. Ângulos de contato de 167,13º e 144,07º foram obtidos para as membranas de PA e PP, respectivamente, e estas foram caracterizadas em termos de estrutura morfológica e química (FTIR, MEV, EDX), estudo térmico (DSC), espessura, porosidade, ângulo de contato com diferentes soluções e Potencial Zeta. O potencial de remoção das membranas modificadas foi avaliado em operações de Destilação por Membranas por Contato Direto (DCDM), durante 4 h, em condições operacionais fixas. A membrana modificada de PP com a solução de porcentagem mássica 2% PVDF e 6% Sylgard (PDMS curado) foi testada com quatro diferentes classes de corantes utilizados industrialmente (reativo, disperso, direto e ácido), e apresentou fluxos de 29,7, 44,85, 29,79 e 35,41 kg m-2 h-1, respectivamente, com redução máxima de 11,6% em relação ao fluxo da membrana de PP pura. As taxas de rejeição obtidas para a membrana modificada foram maiores que 95%, e maiores que as taxas de rejeição da membrana pura com as diferentes classes de corantes. A cura do polímero PDMS, combinada com a estrutura rugosa obtida através do electrospraying, diminuiu o potencial zeta da membrana modificada na faixa de pH das soluções testadas, contribuindo para uma maior resistência ao molhamento e maior potencial de remoção de corantes. A membrana modificada de PA com a solução de porcentagem mássica 2% PVDF, 10% PDMS e 20% de nanopartículas de sílica apresentou fluxos mais baixos devido sua estrutura densa. Foi testada com os componentes do banho de tingimento de algodão (corante preto reativo e surfactante), resultando em fluxo de 0,6 e 0,39 kg m-2 h-1, respectivamente, e em taxas de rejeição superiores ao da PA pura. Este aspecto foi observado principalmente com a solução de surfactante, onde o início do molhamento foi evidenciado na membrana de PA pura. A membrana modificada de PA apresentou uma propriedade anti-incrustante mediante à deposição de corante em sua superfície. A modificação de membranas comerciais visando a criação de estruturas mais hidrofóbicas viabilizou a operação DCMD com diferentes classes de corantes e soluções de baixa tensão superficial (surfactante), com maior resistência ao molhamento e maior potencial de remoção de corante, sem comprometer a estrutura química e morfológica das membranas. Neste trabalho, a modificação das membranas comprovou a potencialidade do processo DCMD para recuperação de água de soluções contendo solutos do efluente têxtil. Abstract: The conventional processes of textile wastewater treatment show a not-completely effluent degradation and generates high sludge-volume, due to the high complexity of this effluent, related to the great number of solutes in its composition. The process of Membrane Distillation (MD) consists of a promisor alternative to water recuperation from textile wastewater and its reinsertion in the process. It enables the utilization of waste heat from the dyeing process and results in a high-quality permeate. However, some challenges to the consolidation of this technique persist, related to the fouling and wetting phenomena. The low wetting resistance of the commercial membranes makes the DM process not applicable to the whole textile effluents compounds, such as some classes of dyes and additives employed in the process, i.e., surfactants. In this context, this work aimed at the membrane modification of polyamide (PA) and polypropylene (PP) membranes, using electrospraying technique through the incorporation of polymeric blends on the membrane surface, with PVDF, cured or not-cured PDMS, and silica nanoparticles (Si NPs) in THF: DMF (1:1) solutions. The main goal of modifications was the hydrophobicity improvement and achievement of anti-wetting property. The influence of polymer and Si NPs concentration, polymer curing, and time under the spray were evaluated. Water contact angles of 167.13º and 144.07º were obtained to PA and PP membranes, respectively. These membranes were characterized in chemical and morphological structures (FTIR, SEM, and EDX), thermal analysis (DSC), membrane thickness and porosity, contact angle against different solutions, and Zeta Potential. The removal potential of modified membranes was evaluated in a Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) operation, during four hours, in a fixed operational condition. The modified PP membrane using 2% PVDF and 6% Sylgard (cured PDMS) was tested with four different industrial dye classes (Reactive, Disperse, Direct, and Acid) and presented permeate fluxes of 29.7, 44.85, 29.79 e 35.41 kg m-2 h-1, respectively. The flux was reduced at most 11.9% comparing to the pristine PP membrane. The rejection rates reached more than 95%, and they were higher than the rejection rates of pristine PP against the different classes of dyes. The polymer curing, combined with the high roughness and hydrophobic structure obtained through electrospraying, decreased the zeta potential of the modified membrane in the pH range of dye solutions, contributing to a high wetting resistance and high rejection rates without loses in membrane porosity. The PA modified membrane using 2% PVDF, 10% PDMS, and 20% Si NPs showed lower permeate fluxes due to its dense structure. It was tested with a cotton dyeing bath compounds (reactive black dye and surfactant), resulting in permeate fluxes of 0.6 and 0.39 kg m-2 h-1. Higher rejection rates than the pristine PA membrane were achieved, mainly dealing with the surfactant solution, where the PA membrane has been beginning wetted. The PA modified membrane achieved an antifouling property against the deposition of dye particles. The modification of commercial membranes aiming to create more hydrophobic structures enabled the DCMD operation with different dye classes and low surface tension solutions (detergent), with higher wetting resistance and higher removal potential, without compromising the chemical and morphological structure of the membranes. In this work, the membrane modification proved the DCMD process?s potentiality in water recuperation from solutions containing textile wastewater solutes.
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- 2021
141. Configurações multiestágio de destilação por membrana de contato direto para recuperação de água residual de tingimento têxtil
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Santos, Bianca de Castro, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, and Marangoni, Cintia
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Resíduos industriais ,Engenharia química ,Indústria têxtil ,Corantes e tingimento ,Membranas (Tecnologia) ,Águas residuais - Abstract
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2021. No presente trabalho foram estudadas configurações da destilação por membrana de contato direto multiestágio utilizando soluções de quatro classes de corante têxtil (preto reativo, preto disperso, preto direto e preto ácido) e membranas comerciais de PVDF. Foram conduzidos experimentos com as configurações em série, paralelo contracorrente e paralelo concorrente, utilizando as mesmas variáveis operacionais (Talimentação = 60ºC, Tpermeado = 20ºC, Qalimentação = 1,5L/min, Qpermeado = 0,7L/min e tempo de experimento = 4h). Foram avaliados produção de permeado e três critérios energéticos (eficiência térmica, consumo específico de energia e GOR). Os melhores resultados de vazão mássica de produto obtidos foram para o corante preto reativo na configuração em série (?=62,37 g.h-1 ) e para o corante preto direto na configuração em paralelo concorrente (?=53,22 g.h-1 ). A análise energética demonstrou que a configuração em série se mostrou melhor. Visando a proposição de estratégias para incremento do fluxo de permeado, a configuração em série foi estudada com o uso de diferentes membranas (PVDF e PP). Esta proposta se mostrou mais eficiente quando comparada com apenas PVDF, sendo que o melhor resultado foi para o corante preto ácido (39,2% a mais de produto para a unidade com apenas PVDF). Também, foi avaliada a inserção de uma terceira unidade na configuração em série, cujos testes foram realizados com as soluções de corantes preto reativo e preto direto. Observou-se um acréscimo pequeno na quantidade de permeado de 5,7% para o corante preto reativo e de 8,5% para o direto, fato atribuído à elevação da temperatura do permeado e consequente redução da força motriz da operação. Posteriormente, foi avaliado a variação da condição operacional de vazão de permeado (1,5 L/min e 2,0 L/min) na configuração em série, com a solução de corante preto reativo. As variações de vazão se mostraram eficientes pois apresentaram aumentos de 18,3% e 26%, respectivamente. Por fim, foi também avaliada a adição de uma terceira unidade na configuração em paralelo concorrente usando o corante preto reativo, obtendo-se um valor 72,7% de vazão mássica de permeado maior que obtido para a mesma solução com duas unidades. Uma vez que todas as propostas e unidades multiestágio demonstraram ganhos de produtividade, ficou evidente que a contribuição desse trabalho para a DM aplicada à efluentes têxteis está baseada no aumento de produto final e em um melhor aproveitamento energético que a DMCD-MS proporciona. Abstract: In the present work, configurations of multistage direct contact membrane distillation (MSDCMD) were studied, using solutions of four classes of textile dye (reactive black, dispersed black, direct black, and acid black) and commercial PVDF membranes. Experiments were carried out with the configurations in series, parallel countercurrent, and parallel concurrent, using the same operational variables (Tfeed = 60ºC, Tpermeate = 20ºC, Qfeed = 1,5L/min, Qpermeate = 0,7L/min and experiment time = 4h. Permeate production and three energy criteria (thermal efficiency, specific energy consumption and GOR) were evaluated. The best permeate flux was obtained for the reactive black solution in the series configuration (?=62.37 g.h-1 ) and the direct black in the concurrent parallel configuration (?=53.22 g.h-1 ). In the energetic analysis, the series configuration was better. Aiming at proposing strategies to increase the permeate flux, the series configuration was studied using different membranes (PVDF and PP). This proposal was more efficient when compared with only PVDF, and the best result was for the acid black solution (with 39.2% more product for the same dye with only PVDF), due to the better characteristics than the PP membrane has. Also, the addition of a third unit in the series configuration was evaluated, whose tests were carried out with the solutions of reactive black and direct black. There was an increase in the amount of permeate was low: 5.7% for the reactive black and 8.5% for the direct black, a fact attributed to the rise in the temperature of the permeate and the consequent reduction in the driving force of the operation. Later, the variation of the permeate flow operating condition (1.5 L / min and 2.0 L / min) in the series configuration was evaluated with the reactive black solution. Flow variations become efficient as the compaction is 18.3% and 26% respectively. Finally, the addition of a third unit in the parallel configuration was also evaluated using the reactive black dye, obtaining a value of 72.7% of the same permeate mass flow rate greater than the compound for the solution with two units. Since all proposals and multistage units demonstrated productivity gains, it was evident that the contribution of this work to the DM applied to textile effluents is based on the increase of the final product and on better energy use that the DMCD-MS offers.
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- 2021
142. Dinâmica de colunas de destilação de película descendente assistidas por termossifão
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Alves, José Luiz Francisco, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Marangoni, Cintia, and Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco
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Engenharia química ,Destilação ,Termossífões ,Separação (Tecnologia) - Abstract
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2021. A recente evolução no campo dos equipamentos de destilação levou ao desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias termodinamicamente mais eficientes. Destaca-se as colunas de destilação de filme descendente energeticamente intensificadas da Tecnologia Destubcal, que combinam as funcionalidades de uma coluna de destilação de filme descendente e um termossifão bifásico em uma única unidade compacta. Apesar do recente progresso tecnológico em busca da consolidação destas unidades na área de separação de misturas, a falta de conhecimento sobre o comportamento dinâmico destas colunas de destilação limita a progressão industrial desta tecnologia. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é investigar experimentalmente o comportamento dinâmico do processo de separação de uma mistura binária de etanol e água nas duas unidades de destilação Destubcal (Unitubular e Multitubular), confrontando-se as duas configurações de aquecimento possíveis (isotérmico e com perfil axial de temperatura). Primeiramente, identificou-se as etapas do procedimento de partida das unidades piloto de destilação de película descendente aquecidas por termossifão bifásico, que foi caracterizada como tendo três fases distintas: (1) etapa descontínua; (2) etapa semicontínua; e (3) etapa contínua. Confrontando-se as unidades de destilação Unitubular e Multitubular frente à operação da partida, não se mostraram diferenças relevantes entre estas quanto ao tempo requerido para estabelecimento de cada etapa. Comparando-se as configurações de aquecimento isotérmico e com perfil axial de temperatura, foi evidenciado uma ligeira tendência a se obter dinâmicas de inicialização mais rápidas para a configuração de aquecimento isotérmico. Do ponto de vista energético, o procedimento de partida com a câmara de vapor operando sob a configuração de aquecimento com perfil axial de temperatura, quando comparada com a configuração de aquecimento isotérmico, propiciou uma redução na demanda energética em 30,3% para a unidade de destilação Unitubular e de 17,0% para a unidade de destilação Multitubular. Quando comparada com uma coluna de destilação convencional (dados da literatura), a destilação de filme descendente intensificada se apresenta como uma opção promissora para o enriquecimento de etanol, em que obteve-se uma economia de energia de 15,06% e redução de 62,96% na altura do equipamento de destilação. Além disso, o uso desta nova proposta tecnológica favoreceu uma dinâmica de inicialização mais rápida em relação a coluna de destilação convencional. Em segunda instância, as respostas dinâmicas das duas unidades de destilação Destubcal frente a perturbações nas principais variáveis de entrada do processo também foram investigadas. As respostas transientes obtidas permitem concluir que a câmara de vapor operando sob a configuração de aquecimento isotérmico apresentou dinâmicas mais rápidas, em ambas as unidades de destilação Destubcal. Quando se compara a mesma configuração de aquecimento, ambas as unidades de destilação Destubcal apresentaram respostas relativamente próximas. Por fim, o comportamento transiente da unidade de destilação Multitubular frente às perturbações, quando comparada com o comportamento de uma unidade de destilação convencional (dados da literatura), apresentou tendência positiva à obtenção de respostas mais rápidas frente a possíveis perturbações, evidenciando o grande potencial da tecnologia de destilação por filme descendente intensificada energeticamente para substituir as colunas de destilação convencionais. Abstract: Recent developments in equipment for the distillation field have led to the creation of new energy-efficient distillation technologies, with emphasis on thermosyphon-assisted falling film distillation columns (Destubcal Technology), which combine the functionality of a falling film distillation column and a biphasic thermosiphon device in a single apparatus. Despite the recent technological progress in the search for the consolidation of falling film distillation columns coupled to a biphasic thermosiphon device in the area of separation of mixtures, the lack of knowledge about the dynamic behavior of thermosyphon-assisted falling film distillation columns limits the industrial progression of this emerging technology. In this sense, the objective of this work is to experimentally investigate the dynamic behavior of the two Destubcal distillation columns (Single-tube and Multi-tube), applied to ethanol-water separation, confronting the two possible heating configurations (isothermal and with axial temperature profile). Firstly, the stages from the starting procedure of the falling film distillation columns heated by a two-phase thermosiphon were identified, which was characterized as having three distinct phases: (1) discontinuous step; (2) semi-continuous step; and (3) continuous step. Comparing the Single-tube and Multi-tube distillation columns with respect to the startup procedure, there were no relevant differences between them in terms of the time required to establish each stage. There is a slight tendency to obtain faster initialization dynamics for the isothermal heating configuration when compared to the heating configuration with the axial temperature profile. From the energetic point of view, the startup procedure with the steam chamber operating under the heating configuration with the axial temperature profile, when compared with the isothermal heating configuration, providing a reduction in energy demand by 30.3% for the Single-tube distillation column and 17.0% for the Multi-tube distillation column. When compared to a conventional distillation column (data from the literature), energy-intensified falling film distillation can be regarded as a promising option for ethanol enrichment, resulting in an energy saving of 15.06% and a reduction of 62.96% in distillation column height. Also, the use of this new technological proposal favored a faster startup concerning the conventional distillation column. In the second place, open-loop transient response was evaluated from the effects of disturbances on operating parameters. From obtained transient responses it was concluded that that the steam chamber operating under the isothermal heating configuration presented faster dynamics, in both Destubcal distillation columns. When comparing the same heating configuration, both Destubcal distillation columns showed relatively close responses. Finally, the transient behavior of the Multi-tube falling film distillation column in the face of disturbances, when compared to the behavior of a conventional distillation column (data from the literature), showed a positive tendency to obtain faster responses in the face of possible disturbances, showing the great potential of energy-intensified falling film distillation technology to replace conventional distillation columns.
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- 2021
143. Triethylene glycol recovery by an energetically intensified thermosyphon-assisted falling film distillation unit: Experimental assessment on a pilot-scale unit and in-silico comparison with a conventional column from natural gas processing.
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Peruzzo, Tiago, Battisti, Rodrigo, Alves, José Luiz Francisco, Manenti, Flavio, Marangoni, Cintia, and Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco
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FALLING films , *DRYING agents , *DISTILLATION , *NATURAL gas , *GLYCOLS - Abstract
• A novel thermosyphon-assisted distillation process for TEG recovery is proposed. • The innovative heat supply ensures a uniform energy distribution along the column. • Destubcal unit saves about 38.4% in energy compared to a conventional column. • The pilot-scale unit has compact dimensions with a 49% of column size-reduction. • Destubcal is a feasible alternative for TEG regeneration in natural gas processing. Facing the emerging needs for energy-enhanced separation units, this work evaluated the triethylene glycol (TEG) regeneration, used as a dehydrating agent of natural gas from wells, by a novel thermosyphon-assisted falling film distillation technology, called Destubcal. The pilot-scale device has an innovative heat supply through a two-phase closed thermosyphon, which ensures a uniform energy distribution along the entire distillation tube. Based on current operating data from industrial water-rich TEG streams, different operating conditions were performed in the pilot-scale unit. The best recovery ratio (99.0%) was obtained with an evaporator temperature of 180 °C and a feed flow rate of 15 L/h. However, in order to maximize the bottom TEG composition, the best experimental condition achieved was 17 L/h and bottom temperature of 152.07 °C, due to an evaporator temperature of 170 °C. As a result, the Destubcal unit saved around 38.4% in energy requirement and reduced 49% the column height when compared to a conventional distillation column for the same recovery degree. Therefore, the proposed Destubcal technology can be considered a feasible alternative as recovery column for TEG regeneration in natural gas beneficiation units, with advantages of reduced dimensions and energy-saving operation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
- Full Text
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144. Evaluating the bioenergy potential of cupuassu shell through pyrolysis kinetics, thermodynamic parameters of activation, and evolved gas analysis with TG/FTIR technique.
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Alves, José Luiz Francisco, da Silva, Jean Constantino Gomes, Mumbach, Guilherme Davi, Domenico, Michele Di, Bolzan, Ariovaldo, Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, and Marangoni, Cintia
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ATMOSPHERIC nitrogen , *PYROLYSIS kinetics , *GAS analysis , *ACTIVATION energy , *DATA conversion , *ALIPHATIC hydrocarbons - Abstract
• Pyrolysis characteristics of cupuassu shell were accessed using TGA-FTIR technique. • Cupuassu shell pyrolysis follows a devolatilization process of two steps. • Activation energy and pre-exponential factor for the 1st stage were lower than those of the 2nd stage. • Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the cupuassu shell pyrolysis is endothermic and non-spontaneous in nature. • Cupuassu shell can be considered an attractive feedstock for bioenergy and bio-based chemicals. This research aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties and the pyrolysis performance of cupuassu shell (Theobroma grandiflorum) under a thermogravimetric scale. The pyrolysis experiments were carried out using a pure nitrogen atmosphere and at five heating rates (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 K min−1). The pyrolysis kinetic triplet was calculated from the DTG thermograms using the isoconversional methods of Friedman, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, and Starink combined with the compensation effect and master plots methods. TGA analyses revealed that cupuassu shell pyrolysis follows a devolatilization process of two steps: (1) represented by the two-dimensional diffusion-reaction model (D2), with average activation energies within 102.9–107.5 kJ mol−1, and (2) represented by the fourth-order reaction model (F4) with average activation energies within 176.7–243.0 kJ mol−1. Still, the pre-exponential factor value for the first kinetic stage (1.64×108 min−1) was lower than that of the second kinetic stage (3.19×1010 min−1). As verified, the kinetic triplets efficiently derived the global kinetic expression of cupuassu shell pyrolysis, reproducing reliable data on conversion rates. The evaluation of thermodynamic parameters of activation showed that cupuassu shell is viable biomass for pyrolysis applications, with values of Δ H≠ > 0, Δ G≠ > 0, and Δ S≠ < 0. The TGA-FTIR analysis showed that the evolved pyrolysis products were dominated by alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, organic acids, and aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbons, supporting the utility of cupuassu shell as a potential source for bio-based chemicals production. In summary, the insights of this study validate the cupuassu shell as a prospective feedstock for producing bioenergy and bio-based chemicals, also bringing useful information for engineering purposes in the design or simulation of large-scale pyrolysis reactors. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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145. Potential of macauba endocarp (Acrocomia aculeate) for bioenergy production: Multi-component kinetic study and estimation of thermodynamic parameters of activation.
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Alves, José Luiz Francisco, da Silva, Jean Constantino Gomes, Mumbach, Guilherme Davi, Alves, Ricardo Francisco, de Sena, Rennio Felix, Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, and Marangoni, Cintia
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ENDOTHERMIC reactions , *PYROLYSIS kinetics , *PARAMETER estimation , *CHEMICAL reactions , *ACTIVATION energy , *LIGNIN structure - Abstract
• First study about the bioenergy valorization of the macauba endocarp via pyrolysis. • Average E a estimated from isoconversional kinetic analysis is within the range of 90.2 − 167.3 kJ mol−1. • The value of the pre-exponential factor varies from 5.8 × 107 to 2.3 × 1013 min−1. • Pseudo-hemicellulose and pseudo-cellulose followed R-type models, while pseudo-lignin followed an F-type model. • ΔH ≠ and ΔG ≠ > 0: endothermic and nonspontaneous reaction, ΔS ≠ < 0 : more ordered system after reaction. This work provides the first insights on the bioenergy potential of macauba endocarp (Acrocomia aculeate) based on the pyrolysis kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of activation. The kinetic triplet was obtained from non-isothermal thermogravimetric data by using four isoconversional methods, kinetic compensation effect, and master-plots method. The pyrolysis behavior of macauba endocarp was modeled with three independent parallel reactions, describing the devolatilization of pseudo-hemicellulose, pseudo-cellulose and pseudo-lignin, with average activation energies of 90.2 − 99.5, 113.6 − 123.9 and 153.0 − 167.3 kJ mol−1, respectively. Based on the pre-exponential factors, the devolatilization of both pseudo-hemicellulose and pseudo-cellulose occurred through surface reactions (≤ 109 min−1), while pseudo-lignin devolatilized through a simpler chemistry reaction (> 109 min−1). The master-plots method results showed that the devolatilization of pseudo-hemicellulose and pseudo-cellulose followed R-type models, while the devolatilization of pseudo-lignin followed an F-type model. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that macauba endocarp is a viable feedstock for bioenergy production. The summative kinetic expression proposed from the kinetic results was able to reproduce and predict with excellence the experimental behavior of macauba endocarp pyrolysis (R2 > 0.99 and Fit > 95.50%). This work's insights provide a new reference for future applications of macauba endocarp as an attractive and environmentally friendly alternative for bioenergy production. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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146. Prospecting pecan nutshell pyrolysis as a source of bioenergy and bio-based chemicals using multicomponent kinetic modeling, thermodynamic parameters estimation, and Py-GC/MS analysis.
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Mumbach, Guilherme Davi, Alves, José Luiz Francisco, da Silva, Jean Constantino Gomes, Domenico, Michele Di, Arias, Santiago, Pacheco, Jose Geraldo A., Marangoni, Cintia, Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco, and Bolzan, Ariovaldo
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PARAMETER estimation , *PECAN , *PYROLYSIS , *HEMICELLULOSE , *PYROLYTIC graphite , *ATMOSPHERIC nitrogen , *ACTIVATION energy , *PROSPECTING - Abstract
This work reports the first detailed investigation of the physicochemical properties of the pecan nutshell waste (PNS) and its suitability for pyrolytic conversion into bioenergy and bio-based chemicals based on the kinetic triplet, thermodynamic parameters, and Py-GC/MS analysis. The pyrolysis behavior of PNS was assessed using a thermogravimetric analyzer at five heating rate programs under an oxygen-free atmosphere. The Asym2Sig deconvolution function showed that pyrolysis of PNS might be successfully modeled as three parallel devolatilization events (R2 > 99%), which are categorized as the devolatilization of hemicellulose (DE-HC), devolatilization of cellulose (DE-CL), and devolatilization of lignin (DE-LG). The activation energy was obtained for each devolatilization event by concurrent use of four isoconversional methods (Friedman, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, and Starink), with average values in the range of 100.3–109.0 kJ mol−1 for DE-HC, 124.3–135.3 kJ mol−1 for DE-CL, and 357.1–398.9 kJ mol−1 for DE-LG. Calculations using the compensation effect method indicated pre-exponential factor values of 5.50 × 108 min−1 for DE-HC, 1.32 × 109 min−1 for DE-CL, and 4.86 × 1018 min−1 for DE-LG. It is inferred that the DE-CL corresponds to a geometrical contraction reaction model while the DE-HC and DE-LG follow order-based reaction models. Finally, the summative kinetic interpretation was successfully obtained based on multiple kinetic triplets, providing a useful mathematical tool able to describe the pyrolysis behavior of PNS. From the thermodynamic viewpoint, PNS has significant potential for application as raw material for bioenergy production. Also, the condensable fraction of the volatile products derived from pecan nutshell pyrolysis is a potential source of valuable bio-based chemicals. [Display omitted] • First detailed investigation on pecan nutshell (PNS) bioenergy from pyrolysis. • Pyrolytic behavior of PNS proceeds via three parallel independent reactions. • Characterization of pyrolysis volatile products using Py-GC/MS analysis. • A summative kinetic expression reproduces the PNS pyrolysis concerning temperature. • PNS is an attractive feedstock for bioenergy and bio-based chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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147. Ethanol from residual biomass of banana harvest and commercialization: A three-waste simultaneous fermentation approach and a logistic-economic assessment of the process scaling-up towards a sustainable biorefinery in Brazil.
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Uchôa, Patrícia Zigoski, Porto, Renato César Tobias, Battisti, Rodrigo, Marangoni, Cintia, Sellin, Noeli, and Souza, Ozair
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BANANAS , *FERMENTATION , *BIOMASS , *COMMERCIALIZATION , *ENERGY consumption , *COGENERATION of electric power & heat , *SACCHAROMYCES cerevisiae , *ETHANOL - Abstract
This work performs the ethanol production by a fermentation approach based on three banana residues simultaneously (banana pulp and peels, and banana pseudostem) in the realistic proportion (1:2:10) as generated at harvest and commercialization. A process model was developed using a commercial simulator to assess the energy consumption, inputs, and ethanol production, aiming to carry out a preliminary economic analysis for large-scale production in Brazil. Five scenarios for large and medium-sized plants installed in the state of Santa Catarina were created, seeking the lowest logistic cost. Two types of inoculums were chosen in the fermentations: with a monoculture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and with a coculture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pachysolen tannophilus (ATCC32691). The highest ethanol yield (0.4 g/g), volumetric productivity (1.1 g/L h), and annual production (32.713 m3) with lower energy expenditure (138.4 GJ/m3) were obtained with fermentation by co-culture with wet pseudostem in the composed broth. Massaranduba is considered the most appropriate municipality of Santa Catarina state for the installation of a biorefinery. In an optimistic scenario, where the energy cogeneration would meet the plant's energy demand, the proposed process is economically viable, with the lowest payback time of 12.4 yr. • Ethanol from three banana waste in simultaneous fermentation approach was achieved. • Banana pulp, peel, and pseudostem were used in the realistic proportion (1:2:10). • S. cerevisiae and P. tannophilus co-culture achieved the highest ethanol production. • The scaling-up of the biorefinery process was performed through Hysys® simulator. • The best location for the biorefinery in terms of biomass transport is Massaranduba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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148. Condições ótimas para tratamento de efluente têxtil usando destilação por membrana por contato direto
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Silva, Regilene de Sousa, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Marangoni, Cintia, and Valle, Rita de Cássia Siqueira Curto
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Engenharia química ,Corantes e tingimento ,Corantes - Abstract
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2019 No presente trabalho buscou-se determinar as condições ótimas de um processo de destilação por membrana por contato direto (DMCD) aplicado ao tratamento de águas residuais da indústria têxtil com soluções sintéticas dos corantes preto reativo e preto disperso com a membrana plana comercial poli(tetrafluoretileno) (PTFE). Foi empregado um delineamento composto central rotacional constituído de um fatorial 23, com repetições no ponto central de alguns experimentos, ao nível de 95% de confiança. Vazão de alimentação (Va), Vazão de permeado (Vp) e Temperatura de alimentação (Ta) foram as variáveis independentes, fluxo final e a taxa de rejeição de cor as variáveis dependentes. Definiu-se que a melhor condição operacional aplicada ao tratamento das duas classes de corantes têxteis foi a mesma e igual a: Va= 4 L.min-1, Vp = 1 L.min-1 e Ta= 84 °C. Obteve-se fluxo final máximo de 40,4 kg.m-2.h-1 para o corante reativo, e 47,3 kg.m-2.h-1 para o corante disperso. Taxas de rejeição acima de 99% foram observadas nos dois casos. Os resultados obtidos a partir do planejamento experimental mostraram que quanto maior os valores da temperatura de alimentação e das vazões, maior o fluxo de permeado para ambas as classes de corantes estudadas. Foi observado que a taxa de rejeição de cor não depende das condições operacionais e sim das características das membranas e dos corantes. A caracterização das membranas utilizadas mostrou que não foi observado corantes depositados sobre a superfície e nem alteração dos grupos funcionais da membrana, aspecto importante visto que condições operacionais testadas foram acima das relatadas na literatura para tratamento de efluentes têxteis. Por fim, as condições ótimas determinadas foram aplicadas no tratamento de duas águas residuais têxteis reais: tingimento de algodão com o corante preto reativo e poliéster com o corante preto disperso. A utilização do processo DMCD não foi possível com o efluente do tingimento de algodão, o que foi atribuído à alta concentração de agentes químicos presentes levando a passagem de corante através da membrana. Já para o efluente com o corante disperso foi obtido um fluxo final de 41,9 kg.m- 2.h-1 e uma taxa de rejeição acima de 99%, valores estes próximos do obtido com as soluções sintéticas. Abstract: The objective of the present work was to determine the optimal conditions of Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) process applied to the wastewater treatment of the textile industry with synthetic solutions of the reactive black and disperse black dyes and using a commercial flat poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) membrane. A central rotational compound design was used, consisting of a 2³ factorial, with repetitions at the central point and some experiments at the 95% confidence level. Feed flow, (Va), permeate flow, (Vp) and feed temperature (Ta) were defined as the independent variables, and final permeate flow and the color rejection rate were the dependent variables. It was determined that the best operational condition applied to the usage of the two classes of textile dyes were the same and equal to Va = 4 L.min-1, Vp = 1 L.min-1 and Ta = 84ºC. The maximum permeate flux obtained was of 40.4 kg.m-².h-¹ for the reactive dye, and 47.3 kg.m-².h-¹ for the disperse dye. Rejection rates above 99% were observed in both cases. The results from the experimental design showed that the higher the temperature and flow values, the higher the permeate flux for both classes of dyes studied. It has been observed that the color rejection does not depend on the operating conditions but the characteristics of the membranes and the dyes. The characterization of the membranes used showed that no dyes were deposited on the surface, and no alteration of the functional groups of the membrane was observed - an important aspect since in this study the operating conditions tested were above those reported in the literature for treatment of textile effluents. Finally, the determined optimum conditions were applied in the treatment of two real textile wastewaters: cotton dyeing with the reactive black dye and polyester with the disperse black dye. The use DCMD process was not possible with the cotton dye effluent, which was attributed to the high concentration of chemical agents present leading to the passage of dye through the membrane. For the effluent with the disperse dye, a final flow of 41.9 kg.m-².h-¹ and a rejection rate above 99% were obtained, values close to that obtained with the synthetic solutions.
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- 2019
149. Estudo de cenários de produção do poliestireno expansível utilizando simulador comercial
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Amaral, Jeorge Luís dos Santos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Marangoni, Cintia, and Machado, Ricardo Antonio Francisco
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Poliestireno ,Engenharia química - Abstract
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2018. Ciclos de batelada muito longos são necessários para completar a polimerização e impregnação do Poliestireno Expansível (EPS), se comparado com a maioria dos demais processos de polimerização. A polimerização a temperaturas mais elevadas como meio para aumentar a produtividade não é bem-sucedida devido à menor massa molar média do polímero e à maior coalescência de partículas. Sabe-se que o agente expansor, geralmente o pentano, emborracha a matriz polimérica e influencia a taxa de polimerização e a massa molar média. Uma das necessidades de processo é otimizar o tempo da adição do agente de expansão e a proporção do iniciador necessária para melhorar a produtividade geral, porém a avaliação experimental de tais parâmetros é dispendiosa, pois testes experimentais e unidades piloto demandam tempo e recursos financeiros. Neste trabalho utilizou-se o simulador de processos Aspen Polymers para avaliar diferentes condições operacionais para a produção e impregnação do EPS. Foram implementadas alterações no modelo matemático padrão do software por meio de rotinas de usuário que permitem o estudo de casos específicos possibilitando a incorporação dos efeitos de adição do agente expansor nas simulações. O modelo modificado foi validado a partir de dados experimentais obtidos da literatura e com a reprodução de parte do trabalho de Villalobos et al., (1993). Foi estudado a influência da implementação de rampas de aquecimento e da presença de diferentes teores de agente expansor na cinética da reação e na massa molar média ponderal por meio de diferentes rotas de síntese do EPS. Os principais resultados avaliados foram a conversão em função do tempo, a massa molar média e numérica em função da conversão e a distribuição de massas molares médias ao final da reação, demonstrando que ganhos de processo são possíveis apenas com a manipulação de condições operacionais e que as modificações implementadas são eficientes para o estudo de novos processos para a síntese do EPS. Abstract : Very long batch cycles are required to complete polymerization and impregnation of Expandable Polystyrene (EPS), concerning to most polymerization processes. Polymerization at higher temperature to increase productivity is not successful because of the higher average molecular weight of the polymer and particle coalescence. It is known that the blowing agent, generally pentane, embeds a polymer matrix and influences the rate of polymerization and the average molecular weight. One of the process needs is to optimize the time of addition of the blowing agent and the proportion of the initiator necessary to improve overall productivity, however, an experimental evaluation of such options is expensive, since the tests try variables and require time and financial resources. In this work the Aspen Polymers process simulator was used to evaluate different operational conditions for EPS production and impregnation. Changes were implemented in the standard mathematical model through user routines that allow the study of specific cases, which allowed the incorporation of the effects of addition of the blowing agent in the simulations. The modified model was validated from experimental data of the literature and with the reproduction of part of the work of Villalobos et al., (1993). The influence of the implementation of slope heating curves and the presence of different expander contents in the reaction kinetics and in the average molecular weight were studied through different routes of EPS synthesis. The main results evaluated were the conversion as a function of time, the average and numerical molecular weight as a function of the conversion and the distribution of average molecular weight at the end of the reaction, demonstrating that process gains are possible only with the manipulation of operational conditions and that the implemented modifications are efficient for the study of new processes for the synthesis of EPS.
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- 2018
150. Separação de compostos aromáticos em unidades de destilação por filme descendente
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Silva Filho, Valdemar Francisco da, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Marangoni, Cintia, and Bolzan, Ariovaldo
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Engenharia química ,Destilação ,Compostos aromaticos - Abstract
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2018. A destilação convencional é um processo amplamente utilizado na separação de fluidos nas indústrias. Os principais motivos para implementação de inovações tecnológicas de destilação para grandes indústrias, é a minimização das despesas de capital e os custos operacionais, aumentando a capacidade de produção. Por isso as novas tecnologias de colunas de destilação (destilação não convencional) estão ganhando mais espaço no mercado. O grupo de pesquisa DESTUBCAL apresenta ao longo dos anos estudos envolvendo destilação de filme descendente com diferentes misturas. O presente trabalho estudou experimentalmente o processo de separação de compostos aromáticos em uma unidade de destilação de filme descendente unitubular (um tubo de destilação) e uma unidade de destilação de filme descendente multitubular (nove tubos de destilação), tendo cada unidade 1 m de comprimento e 26 mm de diâmetro com pressão atmosférica assistida por termossifão. A separação de tolueno no destilado na unidade unitubular apresentou teor de 68,24% com produtividade de 2,96 kg · h-1 e consumo energético de 768 W quando a câmara de vapor operou na condição isotérmica. Em relação a coluna convencional, para produzir a mesma quantidade de tolueno no destilado foi preciso um consumo energético praticamente o dobro utilizado na unidade unitubular. O objetivo na multitubular foi aumentar a produtividade da unitubular, assim a separação de tolueno no destilado na unidade multitubular apresentou teor de 66,72% com produtividade de 44,76 kg · h-1 e consumo energético de 8640 W quando a câmara de vapor operou na condição isotérmica. Em relação a coluna convencional, para produzir a mesma quantidade de tolueno no destilado foi preciso um consumo energético de 12286,33 W. Assim, tornando o processo não convencional de destilação mais eficiente em relação ao ponto energético para produzir a mesma quantidade de separação de tolueno no destilado. Abstract : Conventional distillation is widely used in the separation of fluids in industries. The main reasons for implementing technological distillation innovations for large industries is to minimize capital expenditures and operating costs by increasing production capacity. So the new technologies of distillation columns (unconventional distillation) are gaining more space in the market. The research group DESTUBCAL presents over the years studies involving downslope distillation with different mixtures. The present work investigated the process of separation of aromatic compounds in a unitubular descending film distillation unit (a distillation tube) and a multitubular descending film distillation unit (nine distillation tubes), each unit being 1 m in length and 26 mm diameter with thermosyphon assisted atmospheric pressure. The separation of toluene in the distillate in the unitubular unit had a 68.24% yield with a yield of 2.96 kg · h-1 and energy consumption of 768 W when the steam chamber operated in the isothermal condition. In relation to the conventional column, to produce the same amount of toluene in the distillate it was necessary an energy consumption almost double used in the unitubular unit. The objective in the multitubular was to increase the productivity of the unitubular, so the separation of toluene in the distillate in the multitubular unit had 66.72% content with productivity of 44.76 kg · h-1 and energy consumption of 8640 W when the vapor chamber operated in the isothermal condition. In relation to the conventional column, to produce the same amount of toluene in the distillate, an energy consumption of 12286.33 W. was required. Thus, making the unconventional distillation process more efficient in relation to the energy point to produce the same amount of separation of toluene.
- Published
- 2018
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