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This volume sees us reaching the third anniversary of the publication of JOTSE.JOTSE was not created as a commercial venture but with the single purpose of disseminating, sharing and exchanging the innovative experiences of those academics involved in advancing the teaching of science and technology.

Analysis of the office of the adelantados mayores in the kingdom of Murcia from its creation in 1258 to the beginning of the 16th century. The Christian phase of the Middle Ages in Murcia began with the introduction of the adelantado, a político-territorial authority that, by royal delegation, assumed full powers over government in an area affected both by struggles among nobles for control of the post and by their military activity provoked by the Muslim frontier nearby. The succession of seventeen adelantados in this post in Murcia gave the government of the territory a personal, authoritarian and family character, a real basic of power at a time of difficult relations between the various noble forces and the kings of Castile. Analyse de la dynamique du poste du gouverneur général (adelantado) dans le royaume de Murcie, depuis sa création en 1258 jusqu’aux débuts du XVIe siècle. L’étape chrétienne du Bas Moyen Åge murcien commençait par la genèse parallèle de l'implantation du gouverneur, pouvoir politique et territorial qui, par délégation du monarque, assuma les pleines compétences du gouvernement dans un territoire conditionné doublement par les luttes internobiliaires pour le contrôle de ce poste et son affrontement au gouvernement du conseil, et par les avatars militaires provenants de la voisine frontière musulmane. La succession de 17 gouverneurs en tète de l'institution dans le royaume de Murcie ratifient l'exercice du gouvernement territorial à caractère personaliste, autoritaire et aux tendances à l'adscription à une lignée, une authentique plate-forme du pouvoir dans l'équilibre difficile des rapports politiques établis entre les différentes forces nobiliaires et les monarques castillans.

The Journal of Technology and Science Education (JOTSE) has been created as a contribution to the development and improvement of scientific and technological education by constituting a common space to share experiences to all those who, somehow, are involved in the teaching and learning processes of engineering studies, in all its modalities.

Resum.La acelerada y masiva implementación de las TIC en las sociedades contemporáneas pone de manifiesto el papel cada vez más relevante que éstas están tomando, no sólo como medio de acceso a la información, sino especialmente como forma de integración y participación ciudadana en un mundo de carácter glocal. De ahí que los espacios de acceso público a las TIC (cibercafés, bibliotecas, telecentros o locutorios) aparezcan como enclaves esenciales en los que indagar el impacto social que producen las nuevas tecnologías en sujetos y colectivos, así como para analizar las apropiaciones que sus usuarios/as hacen de las TIC, especialmente aquellas dirigidas a generar y consolidar redes sociales. En este artículo, tras revisar la literatura científico-social de los principales lugares de acceso público a TIC, nos acercaremos concretamente a los espacios denominados locutorios, tratando sus características y las formas específicas de vinculación y relación que sus usuarios/as más frecuentes, la población migrante, establece en ellos. De esta forma, el locutorio es tratado como un lugar-metáfora de los procesos migratorios en un mundo globalizado. En la discusión defenderemos el concepto de estación de asociaciones como útil antropológico para caracterizarlos It's clear that the accelerated and massive implementation in contemporary societies of ICTs makes their role ever more relevant, not just as means of information access but especially insofar as the role they play in forming citizen integration and participation modes that have a glocal character. Hence, public ICT access spaces (cybercafés, libraries, telecenters, or public call centers (locutorios)) appear to be essential enclaves where one can investigate the social impact produced by these new technologies on subjects and collectives, as well as to analyze how users put them to use, particularly those ICTs aimed at the promotion and consolidation of social networks. This article first offers a review of the scientific-social literature focused on the principal public ICT access spaces. It treats the specific characteristics and means of the links and relationships frequent users, the immigrant population, establish in the public call center. As such, it is treated as a place-metaphor for migratory processes in a globalized world. The discussion defends the concept of association stations as an anthropological tool to help elucidate the characteristics of this spaces

Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II (CDDP)-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. tert-Butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) is a compound widely used as food antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of tBHQ to prevent the nephrotoxic effect of CDDP in rats as well as the mechanisms involved. Thirty-six Wistar rats divided in the following groups were used: control, tBHQ (12.5mg/kg), CDDP (7.5mg/kg) and tBHQ+CDDP. Twenty-four h urine was collected at the beginning and at the end of the experiment and the rats were sacrificed 72h after CDDP-administration. Histological studies were performed and markers of renal function and oxidative/nitrosative stress were measured. In addition, the activity of the following antioxidant enzymes was measured: glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). CDDP-induced renal dysfunction, structural damage and oxidative/nitrosative were prevented by tBHQ. In addition, tBHQ completely prevented the CDDP-induced fall in GPx and GST activities. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the antioxidant activity of tBHQ is associated with its nephroprotective effect against CDDP-induced acute kidney injury in rats.

Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II, CDDP) is a chemotherapeutic agent that induces nephrotoxicity associated with oxidative/nitrosative stress. Sulforaphane (SFN) is an isothiocyanate produced by the enzymatic action of myrosinase on glucorophanin, a glucosinolate contained in cruciferous vegetables. SFN is able to induce cytoprotective enzymes through the transcription factor Nrf2. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether SFN induces a cytoprotective effect on the CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity. Preincubation of LLC-PK1 cells with 0.5-5 microM SFN by 24 h was able to prevent, in a concentration-dependent way, CDDP-induced cell death. Immunofluorescent staining confirmed the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 after treatment with SFN. In the in vivo studies, CDDP was given to Wistar rats as a sole i.p. injection at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg. SFN (500 microg/kg i.v.) was given two times (24 h before and 24 after CDDP-injection). Animals were killed three days after CDDP-injection. SFN attenuated CDDP-induced renal dysfunction, structural damage, oxidative/nitrosative stress, glutathione depletion, enhanced urinary hydrogen peroxide excretion and the decrease in antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase). The renoprotective effect of SFN on CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity was associated with the attenuation in oxidative/nitrosative stress and the preservation of antioxidant enzymes.

We evaluated whether the blockade of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB would modify the oxidative stress, inflammation, and structural and hemodynamic alterations found in the kidney as a result of massive proteinuria. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 2 g of BSA intraperitoneally daily for 2 wk. Ten of them received in addition the inhibitor of NF-κB activation pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC; 200 mg·kg−1·day−1sc) and the rest received vehicle. Seven rats that received intraperitoneal saline were used as controls. Glomerular hemodynamics were studied after 14 days. Markers of oxidative stress (NF-κB subunit p65+ cells, 3-nitrotyrosine, and 4-hydroxynonenal), inflammation (cortical CD68+ cells and NOS-II), and afferent arteriole damage were assessed by immunohistochemistry and morphometry. Activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase was evaluated in renal cortex and medulla. Albumin overload induced massive proteinuria, oxidative stress with reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes, NF-κB activation, inflammatory cell infiltration, a significant presence of proteinaceous casts, systemic and glomerular hypertension, as well as arteriolar remodeling. Treatment with PDTC prevented or improved all of these findings. In this model of nephrotic syndrome, we demonstrate a key role for oxidative stress and inflammation in causing systemic and glomerular hypertension and proteinuria. Oxidative stress and inflammation may have a key role in accelerating renal injury associated with intense proteinuria.

The effect of the garlic-derived antioxidant S-allylcysteine (SAC) on renal injury and oxidative stress induced by ischemia and reperfusion (IR) was studied in this work. Rats were anesthetized and subjected to right nephrectomy; 15 min later ischemia was induced for a period of 40 min and then the rats were subjected to a reperfusion period of 6 h after which they were killed to obtain blood and the left kidney. SAC was given at a dose of 100 mg/kg 30 min before nephrectomy, 15 min before ischemia, immediately before reperfusion and 2 h after reperfusion. IR-induced renal injury was evident by the increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine as well as by the renal structural damage which was assessed by histological analysis. IR-induced oxidative stress was evident by the increase in immunostaining with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE). SAC treatment was able to ameliorate the increase in BUN and serum creatinine and to decrease the structural damage. This protective effect was associated with a decrease in the immunostaining for 4-HNE. It is concluded that the antioxidant properties of SAC are involved in its protective effect on renal ischemia and reperfusion injury.

Larrea tridentata also known as Creosote bush, Larrea, chaparral, greasewood or gobernadora has been used in the folk medicine for the treatment of several illnesses. The primary product that is present at high concentrations in the leaves from this plant is nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) which is a powerful antioxidant. On the other hand, potassium dichromate (K 2 Cr 2 O 7 )-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with oxidative stress. The aim of this work was to study the effect of NDGA on K 2 Cr 2 O 7 -induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress. Nephrotoxicity was induced by a single injection of K 2 Cr 2 O 7 (15 mg/Kg). A group of K 2 Cr 2 O 7 -treated rats was administered NDGA by mini osmotic pumps (17 mg/Kg/day). The results show that NDGA was able to ameliorate the structural and functional renal damage evaluated by histopathological analysis and by measuring proteinuria, urinary excretion of N -acetyl-β- d -glucosaminidase, serum creatinine, and serum glutathione peroxidase activity. In addition, immunostaining of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 3-nitrotyrosine, markers of oxidative and nitrosative stress, respectively, was ameliorated by the NDGA treatment. These data strongly suggest that the antioxidant properties of NDGA are involved in its renoprotective effect in K 2 Cr 2 O 7 -treated rats.

It has been suggested that oxidative stress is involved in d -serine-induced nephrotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to assess if oxidative stress is involved in this experimental model using several approaches including (a) the determination of several markers of oxidative stress and the activity of some antioxidant enzymes in kidney and (b) the use of compounds with antioxidant or prooxidant effects. Rats were sacrificed at several periods of time (from 3 to 24 h) after a single i.p. injection of d -serine (400 mg/kg). Control rats were injected with l -serine (400 mg/kg) and sacrificed 24 h after. The following markers were used to assess the temporal aspects of renal damage: (a) urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine in blood serum, (b) kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) mRNA levels, and (c) tubular necrotic damage. In addition, creatinine clearance, proteinuria, and urinary excretion of N-acetyl-β- d -glucosaminidase (NAG) were measured 24 h after d -serine injection. Protein carbonyl content, malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), fluorescent products of lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) content, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression were measured as markers of oxidative stress in the kidney. Additional experiments were performed using the following compounds with antioxidant or pro-oxidant effects before d -serine injection: (a) α-phenyl-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN), a spin trapping agent; (b) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrinato iron(III) (FeTPPS), a soluble complex able to metabolize peroxynitrite; (c) aminotriazole (ATZ), a catalase (CAT) inhibitor; (d) stannous chloride (SnCl2), an HO-1 inductor; (e) tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP), an HO inhibitor. In the time-course study, serum creatinine and BUN increased significantly on 15–24 and 20–24 h, respectively, and KIM-1 mRNA levels increased significantly on 6–24 h. Histological analyses revealed tubular necrosis at 12 h. The activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase remained unchanged at all times studied. Protein carbonyl content, MDA, 4-HNE, and ROS remained unchanged at all time-points studied. GSH content decreased transiently on 9 and 12 h. Interestingly, fluorescent products of lipid peroxidation decreased significantly on 3–24 h. HO-1 expression was undetectable by Western blot and the immunohistochemistry studies revealed that the intensity of HO-1 staining was weak. The administration of PBN, FeTPPS, ATZ, SnCl2, and SnMP did not prevent or enhance renal damage induced by d -serine. Our data taken as a whole suggest that oxidative stress is not involved in the early phase of the nephrotoxicity induced by d -serine.

Este trabajo se enmarca en el espacio de la ‘Psicología social de la ciencia’. La Psicología social contribuye a los estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnología con el estudio de las interacciones y factores sociales que se dan en el marco de la producción científica y específicamente, promoviendo la idea de que el conocimiento es el resultado de un trabajo conjunto. El presente trabajo considera a la propia Psicología social como objeto de análisis. Específicamente pretende fijar una historiografía de la Psicología social en España, analizar sus características, identificar su dinámica y describir sus prácticas. Para ello, manteniendo las características propias presentes en la corta tradición de la Psicología social de la ciencia, utiliza tanto el Análisis de Redes Sociales por su reconocida eficacia en el estudio de comunidades científicas, como la Bibliometría, por su capacidad para analizar la estructura de la producción y la comunicación. En la investigación se analizan las comunicaciones presentadas en los 8 Congresos españoles de Psicología social, celebrados entre 1982 y 2000., This study forms part of a ‘social psychology of science”. Social psychology’s contribution to the social understanding of science and technology is in its study of the interactional and social factors involved in the production of scientific knowledge, exploring the idea that knowledge is the product of joint endeavour. In the work reported here we take Social Psychology itself as the object of study. Specifically, we subject Social Psychology in Spain to a historical analysis, analysing its characteristics, identifying its development and describing its practices. To do so, we follow practices established in the short legacy social psychology of science. We use both social network analysis (SNA), for its acknowledged utility in the study of scientific communities, and bibliometrics, for what it tells us about the structure of scientific publication. We present an analysis of the papers presented at the eight Social Psychology conferences held in Spain between 1982 and 2000.

In this article we approach the analysis and reconstruction of the Puxmarin lineage, which originated in Barcelona and settled in Murcia in the 14 th Century. This lineage is notorious for the high socio-economic status of its members-linked to the urban oligarchy-and specially of Pedro Puxmarin, who in 1504 was in charge of financing the tuiton at the Estudio de Lerida (Lerida University), the institution in which the chaplain-to-be of his private chapel were educated.Análisis y reconstrucción del linaje de los Puxmarín, procedente de Barcelona y asentado en Murcia en el siglo XIV. Destaca el ascenso socioeconómico de sus miembros, vinculados a la oligarquía urbana, y sobre todo de Pedro de Puxmarín, quien financiaba en 1504 la enseñanza en el Estudio de Lleida a los futuros capellanes de su capilla privada.

Análisis del trabajo de la piel y del cueroen la Murcia bajomedieval, que trata: La organización del espacio urbano y periurbano para dichas actividades, además de la identidad dex los artesanos; la evolución y desarrollo corporativos de los oficios de la industria del cuero y sus efectos sociales y medioambientales; y, finalmente, los usos de la piel y el cuero en la indumentaria, representativa de estructura social.

Analisis alimentario de la sociedad murciana durante el siglo XV, que confirma el contraste entre la opulenta alimentacion de la elite y la precariedad de la del comun. Los alimentos responden a una jerarquia de valores y significados ideologicos y materiales que ejemplifican la expresion de poder ostentado por una minoria de linajes familiares sobre la mayoria social. El regimen alimentario se estudia como factor que cohesiona y refuerza la identidad sociocultural de los grupos y matiza sus niveles economicos internos

Using thin-layer Chromatographic and spectroscopic (UV) methods two Psilocybe species from the Venezuelan Andes were analysed for the hallucinogens psilocybin and psilocin. These species are: P. montana (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm. and P. pseudobullacea (Petch) Pegler. Both hallucinogens were found in P. pseudobullacea, white P. montana was found to be exempt of these compounds.

Le raffermissement du pouvoir monarchique dans la Castille du Bas Moyen Age est lié à l'ostentation de la richesse royale, laquelle se manifeste par l'acquisition de nombreux et somptueux vêtements par la maison Transtamare de Jean 1er en l'an 1380. Représentant du plus haut pouvoir politico-économique de la société féodale castillane, le souverain exalte la fonction et la dignité royales en revêtant des fourrures, de riches tissus importés, de superbes vêtements musulmans, des parures d'or et de soie, etc. Tous ces objets sont identifiés et décrits dans cette étude. La terminologie contemporaine y est transcrite telle qu'on la trouve dans les sources documentaires. Outre la dépense extraordinaire motivée par l'intronisation et le couronnement du roi en 1379, ce qui apparaît ici est l'empreinte culturelle et esthétique du monde musulman à la frontière des deux civilisations. Ceci est en outre une contribution à l'étude sémantique du vocabulaire médiéval., El robustecimiento del poder monárquico en la Castilla bajomedieval se materializaba paralelamente en la suntuosidad y el boato externo de la figura del rey, ejemplarmente expresada en las cuantiosas y valiosas compras de indumentaria que la casa Trastámara de Juan I llevó a cabo durante el año 1380. Máximo exponente del poder político-económico de la sociedad feudal castellana, el monarca exaltaba su función y dignidad regias mediante la utilización de pieles nobles, caros tejidos de importación europea, vistosas y originales prendas musulmanas, adornos y accesorios de seda y oro, etc., que son desglosados y descritos en este trabajo desde la terminología coetánea registrada en las fuentes documentales. Este hecho, además de constituir un ingente gasto extraordinario, relacionado con el acontecimiento de la entronización y coronación del rey en 1379, revela el contacto cultural-estético existente entre la frontera cristiano- musulmana hispánica, contribuyendo su análisis a fijar el contenido semántico y material del vocabulario medieval., Martínez Martínez María. La imagen del rey a través de la indumentaria : el ejemplo de Juan I de Castilla. In: Bulletin Hispanique, tome 96, n°2, 1994. pp. 277-287.

En este articulo intento, en ejercicio libre y sin ataduras disciplinares, abordar, explorar y desplegar una concepcion de ?sentido? que no lo reduzca a mera enunciacion linguistica o a significacion semantica. Por ello, argumentare que la pregunta por el sentido cobra su poder precisamente al hacerse presente tambien desde la confusion, la desorientacion o la ambiguedad. Ademas de tratar someramente su funcion orientativa, su caracter dialogico y su relacion con el ser, sostendre que el sentido es a la vez acto de apertura y situacion ante lo ?real?, ante el mundo, por lo cual no debe querer limitar, sino mas bien al contrario, debe gestarse y ponerse en marcha para avanzar sobre limites. De este modo, el sentido quedara expuesto como una busqueda de inteligibilidad en accion, como pensamiento critico.