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The control of diseases caused by protozoan parasites is one of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. In recent years much research effort has gone into developing a new generation of live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) against malaria, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. However, there is a bottleneck related to their biosafety, production, and distribution that slows downs further development. The success of irradiated or genetically attenuated sporozoites against malaria, added to the first LAV against leishmaniasis to be evaluated in clinical trials, is indicative that the drawbacks of LAVs are gradually being overcome. However, whether persistence of LAVs is a prerequisite for sustained long-term immunity remains to be clarified, and the procedures necessary for clinical evaluation of vaccine candidates need to be standardized, Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación (MICINN), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), RTI2018-094484-B-I00, and RYC-2016-19463. Parts of the research described in this review were supported by a grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Network of Tropical Diseases Research, RD16/0027/0008)

PurposeSmall- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) mainly rely on their structure and internal networks to achieve their goals and remain competitive. However, their limited internal capabilities and complex environments can hinder their stability. Thus, this study evaluated the relationships among specific factors toward fostering organizational resilience (OR) in tourism SMEs.Design/methodology/approachA multi-methodological approach was adopted to address this research study, including (1) social network analysis (SNA) to formulate the conceptual model and (2) construct validation through partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM).FindingsThe six proposed hypotheses were supported. These results suggest that addressing these variables and relationships after considering management style and people development as critical factors can foster OR in tourism SMEs.Research limitations/implicationsThe ideas that were developed were constrained to the organizational domain. Although the results apply to the Mexican context, this limitation can be offset by extending the proposal to other emergent regions or organizations. This can also increase the generalization of the results and foster improvements in the approaches applied.Practical implicationsAcademics and managers must rethink resilience as the final state generated by multiple factors. This requires reconfiguring inner organizational interactions, providing more autonomy to operative units, reinforcing business intelligence and improving feedback mechanisms.Originality/valueThis research study contrasts previous studies because it proposes that SNA be exploited to avail of the advantages it confers in designing the conceptual model. In this regard, we present new relationships to promote OR and provide new avenues in order to improve the analysis of adaptation processes.

The present research aims to provide evidence that the risks to which individuals are exposed when living in a given city are negatively associated with subjective well-being. The literature is systematically reviewed to highlight factors that affect both positively and negatively subjective well-being. It is noted that there are no studies that address how the risks of living in a city influence the happiness of its inhabitants. Several ordinary least squares models were carried out looking for the best fit that fulfilled the assumptions of normality, correct specification, homoscedasticity and non-multicollinearity. Data from 186 cities around the world were used, although the models incorporated from 120 to 125 due to the availability of information on the variables. These models show that there is a significant negative relationship between urban risks and subjective well-being. Evidence is also generated that social support, income and access to drinking water (public services) have a significant positive influence on subjective well-being. It is concluded that helping citizens mitigate risks in the face of possible threats can improve their self-perception of happiness. It is suggested to have a preventive rather than reactive approach to the possible problems faced by the population.

This study developed a model oriented to organisational integrity in service in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). A systemic approach was adopted to articulate methodologies as follows: A) the soft systems methodology was used to frame the problem and formulate a conceptual model (supported by 140 participants). B) Partial least squares path modelling was applied statistically to validate the construct. C) Through the viable system model, interactions within SMEs were realigned to foster organisational integrity. Results suggest that the relationships proposed in the construct may promote organisational integrity. The ideas developed are restricted to the organisational domain, and although the results apply to the Mexican context, this possible constraint was overcome through the adopted multi-methodological perspective. This study provides an opportunity to discuss methods for improving and viewpoints for rethinking viability in these organisations and provides tools to support academics and managers for addressing the issues identified.

The increase in the cost of fertilizers and their low efficiency has led, through nanotechnology, to the generation of new innovative products that are sustainable and improve the productivity of crops. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a molybdenum nanofertilizer compared to two conventional fertilizers (chelate and sodium molybdate) applied via foliar combined with soil fertilization of NH4NO3 in relation to the Nitrogen Use Efficiency, growth and yield in green bean cv. Strike. Green bean plants cv. Strike were cultivated under controlled conditions in an experimental greenhouse and irrigated with nutrient solution. The treatments consisted of the foliar application of three Mo sources (Nano fertilizer, Mo Chelate and Sodium Molybdate) in four doses 0, 5, 10 and 20 ppm Mo, complemented with the edaphic application of four doses of NH4NO3 (0, 3, 6 and 12 mM of N). The results obtained indicate that the highest accumulation of biomass and yield were obtained with the application of NanoMo, with increases in biomass of 24.31% and 36.47% more in yield with respect to Chelate and Molybdate. Finally, it is concluded that the application of NanoMo improves the assimilation and efficiency of nitrogen use, reducing excessive applications of nitrogenous fertilizers without affecting the yield of the green bean crop.

Worker safety awareness on construction sites is a major concern due to the hazardous work conditions. Additionally, globalization is increasing the cultural diversity of the workforce and this influences workers' attitudes, beliefs and behaviour. The growing number of migrant workers in this sector has become a distinctive feature of the industry's labour market. The objective of this article is to analyse occupational accidents that occurred on Spanish construction sites while taking into consideration the nationality of the workers. Due to the large number of accidents and attributes associated with them, the use of association rules is proposed. Overall, results evince similar behaviour, although interesting differences can be observed regarding the occupation of workers. In addition, the results are in accordance with previous studies carried out in other countries. The analysis of these accidents will serve to establish initiatives that provide safer work environments.

This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of GIS and Remote Sensing for Sustainable Development [Abstract] The objective of the present study was to quantify, geo-locate, model, and characterize domestic used cooking oil (dUCO) generation for the city of Guayaquil. For this reason, and as a prerequisite for the proper planning of municipal cooking oil waste management in the city, we carried out 14-day fieldwork involving 532 households from different parishes of Guayaquil, combined with a survey to acquire data on their demographic and socioeconomic statistics. The artisanal characterization was further executed to 40 subsamples of dUCO to determine the density, moisture, solids content, and the volatile-matter characteristics present. Additionally, the Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to map the used cooking oil generation hotspots for the city, adding the Geographical Position System (GPS) of each participating household during the data acquisition. Finally, a multiple-regression model was proposed to establish correlations between the dUCO generated and five independent variables, such as household size, socioeconomic group, tenure status, education level, and income. Results showed that the per capita daily dUCO-generation rate was found to be 4.30 g/day/c or 4.99 mL/day/c, with a density of 0.86 g/mL. Filterable solids represented 0.37% for the entire dUCO collected sample, while separable water and grease represented 1.58% and 0.014%, respectively. In addition, the percentage of the volatile matter was found to be 7.7% ± 2.1% of the filtered dUCO. Using GIS mapping, we found that the areas near tourism sites have a higher dUCO generation value, considering the household survey. Following the developed multiple-regression model developed, it was found that household size and the socioeconomic group have the maximum effect on generating used cooking oil.

En la elección presidencial del 2018 en México llegó al poder, por primera vez desde el inicio de la transición democrática, un partido de izquierda con el triunfo del candidato por la coalición electoral Juntos Haremos Historia Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO). El presidente nombró su proyecto político de izquierda, el cual está actualmente en proceso, la Cuarta Transformación. En este contexto, el objetivo del presente artículo es describir los discursos coyunturales de la Cuarta Transformación bajo las categorías gramscianas de lo nacional-popular, el Príncipe moderno, guerras de posición y hegemonía. En esta línea argumentativa, se describe el itinerario político-partidario de AMLO, la relevancia política de su partido político MORENA, el discurso anti populista de los intelectuales de oposición, así como los discursos alineados a lo nacional-popular en materia de política exterior y de lo estatal. Para llevar a cabo esta visión de conjunto que dé cuenta de lo nacional-popular de la Cuarta Transformación, se empleó una metodología cualitativa que consiste en interpretar el significado de los discursos presidenciales, libros publicados por el presidente Andrés Manuel López Obrador, documentos de partido, plataformas electorales y notas periodísticas. Concluimos que la matriz discursiva de la Cuarta Transformación establece condiciones de posibilidad para la constitución de un proyecto político hegemónico nacional-popular en México. Nas eleições presidenciais de 2018 no México, pela primeira vez desde o início da transição democrática, um partido de esquerda chegou ao poder com a vitória do candidato da coligação eleitoral Juntos Haremos Historia, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO). O presidente nomeou o seu projecto político de esquerda, que está actualmente em curso, a Quarta Transformação. Neste contexto, o objectivo deste artigo é descrever os discursos conjunturais da Quarta Transformação sob as categorias gramscianas do nacional-popular, do príncipe moderno, das guerras de oposição e da hegemonia. Nesta linha de argumentação, descrevemos o itinerário político-partidário do AMLO, a relevância política do seu partido político MORENA, o discurso anti-populista dos intelectuais da oposição, bem como os discursos alinhados com o nacional-popular em termos de política externa e do Estado. A fim de realizar esta panorâmica do aspecto nacional-popular da Quarta Transformação, foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa para interpretar o significado dos discursos presidenciais, livros publicados pelo Presidente Andrés Manuel López Obrador, documentos partidários, plataformas eleitorais e notas jornalísticas. Concluímos que a matriz discursiva da Quarta Transformação estabelece condições de possibilidade para a constituição de um projecto político nacional-popular hegemónico no México. In the 2018 presidential election in Mexico, a left-wing party came to power for the first time since the beginning of the democratic transition, with the victory of the candidate of the electoral coalition Together We Will Make History, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO). The president named his leftist political project, which is currently in the works, the Fourth Transformation. In this context, this article aims to describe the eventual discourses of the Fourth Transformation under the Gramscian categories of the national-popular, the modern Prince, wars of position, and hegemony. In this argumentative line, AMLO's political-partisan itinerary is described, the political relevance of his MORENA political party, the anti-populist discourse of opposition intellectuals, and the discourses aligned with the national-popular in terms of foreign policy and the state thing. Carrying out this overview that accounts for the national-popular aspect of the Fourth Transformation, a qualitative methodology was used to interpret the meaning of presidential speeches, books published by President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, party's documents, electoral platforms, and journalistic notes. We conclude that the discursive matrix of the Fourth Transformation establishes conditions of possibility for the constitution of a national-popular hegemonic political project in Mexico.

El nogal pecanero (Carya illinoinensis Koch) es una especie hortofrutícola de rentabilidad alta, por lo que en México ha aumentado el área dedicada a este frutal. Dentro de los métodos nuevos utilizados para mejorar cultivos está la incorporación de organismos seleccionados por sus beneficios en el metabolismo vegetal, aplicados al sistema de la planta receptora como productos biológicos. Entre estos productos biológicos están los microorganismos promotores del crecimiento vegetal. Con la hipótesis de que al menos uno de estos productos biológicos favorecería el cultivo y rendimiento del nogal, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto de la aplicación de microorganismos promotores de crecimiento para mejorar la productividad y calidad del nogal pecanero. La aplicación se realizó durante tres ciclos de 2017 a 2019; se utilizaron Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomona fluorescens y Trichoderma harzianum, en una concentración de 108 UFC mL-1 m-2. El diseño fue en bloques al azar, con dos tratamientos; y se utilizó ANDEVA para la comparación de datos. Un conteo microbiológico en suelo se realizó y se evaluaron el rendimiento y la calidad del nogal. El conteo microbiológico dio como resultado de 105 a 107 poblaciones en el suelo inoculado. Los tratamientos mostraron diferencias significativas (p≤0.05) e incrementaron la productividad del nogal un 27.7% al utilizar el consorcio microbiano en el ciclo 2019, y además una calidad mejor se obtuvo en la nuez durante los tres ciclos consecutivos.

The aim of this research was to study the influence of the bed media configuration and particle size on the treatment efficiency of subsurface vertical flow (VF) constructed wetlands (CWs) treating municipal wastewater. Two outdoor pilot units (VF1 and VF2, planted with Phragmites australis) with the configuration C1 were operated in parallel for 2 years at similar surface loading rates of 9.7 ± 3.2 (VF1) and 10.1 ± 3.3 (VF2) g biological oxygen demand (BOD5)/m2·day (19.5 ± 6.4 (VF1) and 20.4 ± 6.2 (VF2) g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/m2·day). A different configuration C2 was used during the third year at 16.9 ± 4.6 (VF1) and 18.2 ± 3.0 (VF2) g BOD5/m2·day and 26.0 ± 7.2 (VF1) and 28.0 ± 4.7 (VF2) g COD/m2·day. Two different filtering materials (1–3-mm sand for VF1 and 2–6-mm fine gravel for VF2) were used for configuration C1. The same units were modified after 2 years of operation by adding a 10-cm layer of fine sand (0–2 mm) on the top (configuration C2). In C1 conditions, the unit with the coarse material VF2 showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower removal efficiencies of total suspended solids (TSS) and BOD5 than VF1, and both units failed to meet the BOD5 discharge limit. In C2 conditions, removal efficiencies reached 82% TSS, 97% BOD5, 76–81% ammonia, and 60–66% TN, without significant differences between VF1 and VF2 units. Removal efficiencies were significantly higher for configuration C2 than that for C1, due to the positive effect of the upper fine sand layer. The presence of this fine sand layer doubled the water retention time and increased the removal rates, while the infiltration rates were high enough for an operation free of clogging.

Background Fondaparinux is thought to have the most favorable risk–benefit profile among all anticoagulants in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). However, conflicting findings exist whether this holds true in current clinical practice. We aimed to assess the net clinical benefit of fondaparinux versus enoxaparin in the contemporary management of NSTE-ACS. Methods Analysis of prospective multicenter registry data of NSTE-ACS patients who received fondaparinux or enoxaparin from February 2015, through December 2017. Survival models within a competing risks framework including site-specific random effects, were used to assess the composite of clinically relevant bleedings and major adverse cardiovascular events at 30 days. Results Of 2094 patients, 1724 (82%) received enoxaparin and 370 (18%) fondaparinux. Both groups were comparable except for a lower prevalence of diabetes and renal impairment, and greater use of transradial approach in the fondaparinux group. Multivariate analysis revealed a net clinical benefit in favour of fondaparinux versus enoxaparin (Subhazard Ratio [SHR] 0.59; 95%CI 0.37–0.92), mainly driven by a reduction in bleeding (SHR 0.57; 95%CI 0.37–0.89). Exploratory analysis suggested greater reductions in bleeding with fondaparinux among patients undergoing transradial approach, revealing a significant interaction between treatment and vascular access on the multiplicative scale (Pinteraction = 0.0056), but not on an additive scale (P = 0.457). Propensity-score-matching analysis yielded similar results. Conclusions In contemporary management of NSTE-ACS, fondaparinux seems to provide a favorable net clinical benefit compared with enoxaparin, primarily driven by a bleeding reduction. Effect modification on the safety profile of fondaparinux by the vascular access approach warrants further investigation.

The relationship between ethics and performance has previously been addressed in the literature, although there are still some gaps, for example, the relationship of ethical ideologies to student performance. This work aims to contribute to the literature with a statistical evaluation using partial least squares path modelling (PLS-PM) regarding whether university students’ ethical ideologies and moral meaningfulness influence their level of student performance and academic achievement. Results indicate that the ideologies of justice and deontology increase moral meaningfulness, moral meaningfulness in turn increase student’s citizenship behaviours and student’s in-role performance, and finally, student’s in-role performance positively influences academic achievement. This research provides resources applicable to the fields of pedagogy and ethics to encourage performance during the study and highlight the value of the ideologies of justice and deontology.

Objective The objective of this paper is to discuss the treatment of idiopathic toe-walking utilizing cognitive-motor dual-tasking and primitive reflex integration exercises. Methods An eight-year-old child with the previous diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and idiopathic toe-walking presents for chiropractic care. The patient had previously received eight months of physical therapy in which his results plateaued after three months of care. Results On the initial visit, the child was evaluated for primitive reflexes. The patient retained the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex and palmer grasp. He was prescribed exercises to integrate these reflexes. In the second visit and onwards, the patient was tasked with walking while performing a cognitive or motor task. The patient’s performance of primitive reflex attenuation exercises significantly improved in form and timing, and the patient achieved proper gait mechanics with most interventions used. Conclusion Due to the limited number of visits, the patient was prescribed a cognitive task to help facilitate the retention of proper gait mechanics; however, these findings suggest that chiropractic management may prove useful in children who toe walk and that further investigation into treatment utilizing primitive reflex integration exercises for children with psychomotor delays is warranted. We suggest that the integration of primitive reflex testing for the chiropractor can yield many answers and serve as a valuable rehabilitation approach.

This systematic review aims to synthesise the effects of current shoe models in each shoe category and their specific features on running economy, performance and biomechanics. Electronic databases such as Web of Science, SPORTDiscuss, PubMed and Scopus were used to identify studies from 2015 to date. Due to the existing lack of consensus to define running shoes, only studies that specified the shoe brand and models used to assess their effect over runners with a certain level of fitness and training routine were included. Quality assessment of cross-sectional and intervention studies was conducted by three independent raters using a modified version of the Quality Index and the PEDro scale, respectively. A total of 36 articles were finally included, involving the analysis of 61 different shoe models over 10 different topics (i.e., running economy, running performance, spatiotemporal parameters, ground reaction forces, joint stiffness, achilles tendon, plantar pressure, tibiofemoral load, foot strike pattern and joint coordination). With this review, runners and practitioners in the field that are concerned about selecting a suitable shoe for performance, training, or injury prevention functionality have clear information about the effects of the current shoe models and their specific features.

"Mathematics problem solving is one of the main axes of mathematical activity and is the cornerstone of mathematics education, so it should be the main source and support of learning throughout Primary Education. Caballero et al. (2009, 2016, 2020) y Blanco et al. (2015) presents an Integrated Model of Mathematics Problem Solving (IMMPS) that integrates cognitive and affective aspects. The efficacy of this model has been empirically contrasted in teachers in initial training (Caballero et al., 2011, 2021; Blanco et al., 2013), wondering if it would be equally valid in students with certain learning difficulties. That is why in this proposal we present an intervention carried out around Mathematics Problem Solving with a student in the first year of Primary Education with Autism Spectrum Disorder. In this proposal, the Integrated Model of Mathematics Problem Solving (IMMPS) has been adapted to this type of disorder. IMMPS is composed of five phases in which emotional management techniques and heuristics for Mathematics Problem Solving are integrated. It is a single case study, where the subject of study has been selected through a non-probabilistic discretionary or judgmental sampling. The conclusion is that the student is able to carry out a more elaborate and complete process of Mathematics Problem Solving, using different heuristics. However, they do not put into practice the techniques of emotional control in the face of nerves or blockages arising in the resolution of Mathematics Problem Solving."

The main cause of fatal accidents in the construction sector are falls from height (FFH) and the inappropriate use of a harness is commonly associated with these fatalities. Traditional methods, such as onsite inspections, safety communication, or safety training, are not enough to mitigate accidents caused by FFH associated with a poor management in the use of a harness. Although some technological solutions for the automated monitoring of workers could improve safety conditions, their use is not frequent due to the particularities of construction sites: complexity, dynamic environments, outdoor workplaces, etc. Then, the integration of expert knowledge with technology is a key issue. Fuzzy logic systems (FLS) and Internet of Things (IoT) present many potential benefits, such as real-time decisions being made based on FLS and data from sensors. In the current research, the development and test of an IoT system integrated with the Java Fuzzy Markup Language Library for FLS, to support experts’ decision making in FFH, is proposed. The proposal was checked in four construction scenarios based on working conditions with different levels of risk of FFH and obtained promising results., Universidad de Malaga Plan Propio-Universidad de Malaga, Spanish Government, European Commission RTI2018-098371-B-I00

Infection with rhinovirus (RV) is a major risk factor for disease exacerbations in patients with allergic asthma. This study analysed a broad set of cytokines in the noses of children and adults with asthma during RV infection in order to identify immunophenotypes that may link to virus-induced episodes.Nasal wash specimens were analysed in children (n = 279 [healthy, n = 125; stable asthma, n = 64; wheeze, n = 90], ages 2-12) who presented to a hospital emergency department, and in adults (n = 44 [healthy, n = 13; asthma, n = 31], ages 18-38) who were experimentally infected with RV, including a subset who received anti-IgE. Cytokines were measured by multiplex bead assay and data analysed by univariate and multivariate methods to test relationships to viral load, allergic status, airway inflammation, and clinical outcomes.Analysis of a core set of 7 cytokines (IL-6, CXCL8/IL-8, IL-15, EGF, G-CSF, CXCL10/IP-10 and CCL22/MDC) revealed higher levels in children with acute wheeze versus those with stable asthma or controls. Multivariate analysis identified two clusters that were enriched for acutely wheezing children; one displaying high viral load ("RV-high") with robust secretion of CXCL10, and the other displaying high IgE with elevated EGF, CXCL8 and both eosinophil- and neutrophil-derived mediators. Broader assessment of 39 cytokines confirmed that children with acute wheeze were not deficient in type 1 anti-viral responses. Analysis of 18 nasal cytokines in adults with asthma who received RV challenge identified two clusters; one that was "RV-high" and linked to robust induction of anti-viral cytokines and anti-IgE; and the other associated with more severe symptoms and a higher inflammatory state featuring eosinophil and neutrophil factors.The results confirm the presence of different immunophenotypes linked to parameters of airway disease in both children and adults with asthma who are infected with RV. Such discrepancies may reflect the ability to regulate anti-viral responses.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar las aplicaciones de Promesol Calcio para mejorar las propiedades físicas y químicas en un suelo salino, para la obtención de una mejor germinación de semillas de tomate en invernadero. Los métodos consistieron en la combinación de arena y el suelo calichoso, en una proporción de 3:1 con una C.E. igual o mayor a 4 dS m-1. La semilla utilizada para dicha investigación fue de tomate de la variedad Brillante. El diseño experimental utilizado fue en bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones, a su vez cada repetición constó de cuatro macetas, utilizando 16 semillas por cada tratamiento. Los tratamientos fueron: Testigo, Promesol Ca 1.0 ml L-1 agua, Promesol Ca 1.5 ml L-1 agua, Promesol Ca 2 ml L-1 agua. Se realizaron tres aplicaciones de Promesol Ca, la primera aplicación fue los días 30 de junio, 1 y 2 de julio del 2014, la segunda del 5 al 7 de agosto y la tercera del 8 al 10 de septiembre. Los resultados nos indican que hubo un efecto positivo del Promesol calcio sobre las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo, dando como resultado una mayor germinación de las semillas de tomate en suelos salinos.

Purpose The University of A Coruña (UDC) elaborated the SOSTAUGA project, aiming to reach a higher sustainable level of its water management. SOSTAUGA defined four priority points of action: the restoration of the natural courses on the campus; the adoption of an ecological sanitation model; the sustainable management of urban runoff; and the reduction of water consumption in university facilities and activities. This paper aims to present the methodology, the actions and the results related to the reduction of water consumption and the potential for the use of endogenous resources. Design/methodology/approach The agents involved were the senior management of the centres, the committees of the Green Campus, the scholarship students and the Office for the Environment. Several actions have been experienced: audit of water consumption in sanitary services; flow reduction in washbasin taps by means of valve adjustment (and repair of the valves when necessary); replacement of tap aerators with other more eco-efficient ones; replacement of faucets; introduction of dual-flush (DF) in cisterns; and information to users (eco-label). Findings Water audit reached 68% of the total number of washbasins and tanks in the UDC. Efficient aerator installation covered 16% of taps and valve adjustment covered the further 33.5% and provided flow reduction of 42%. Another 20% of valve units required repair. The current situation in toilets combines tankless flush valves and cisterns with single flush mechanisms. The introduction of DF mechanisms was assessed and proposed. The cost of these actions was very low, as evidenced by the investment return period while showing a high potential for user awareness. Originality/value Both from the environmental (water saving) and from the economic and social points of view, this study shows that similar projects aimed at the efficient and rational use of water are applicable to the universities and other public and private schools, with potentially positive results on sustainability and people awareness.

In this paper we study the problem of color comparison in computers in the setting of fuzzy color spaces. First, we study resemblance relations between precise colors induced by fuzzy colors and fuzzy color spaces. Such resemblance relations are equivalent to fuzzy categorizations of color spaces, that are crucial in order to capture the human's perception of color. Second, we consider the case of color information expressed by means of fuzzy colors used either in a conjunctive or disjunctive way. In order to match pieces of color information we use concepts of resemblance, inclusion, compatibility, and possibility/necessity between the fuzzy colors involved in the definition of different pieces of color information, using well known results from the fuzzy set and possibility theories. Finally, we define inclusion/similarity indexes for comparison of fuzzy colors, including a novel approach to calculate inclusion and overlapping between fuzzy colors on the basis of quantification techniques.

Es de mucha pertinencia y relevancia investigar sobre los conocimientos que vienen adquiriendo los futuros profesores de educación primaria. Esto conlleva a la presente investigación que se centra en el dominio que tiene un grupo de estudiantes para maestro de Educación Primaria sobre el concepto de fracción en Nicaragua y España. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes para maestro de primaria en España tienen un dominio de la fracción como parte-todo, operador, decimal y razón, mostrando limitaciones en la fracción como medida y reparto. Con relación a los estudiantes para maestro de primaria de Nicaragua, mostraron dominio en la fracción como parte-todo, pero no así en las demás categorías de análisis. Además, los estudiantes para maestro mostraron limitaciones al explicar los procesos de solución de los ejercicios.

Backgrounds: Dehydration is a common finding the Emergency Department(ED). The main cause of dehydration in the pediatric population is acute gastroenteritis, but it can be present with other illness such as respiratory infections. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dehydration in patients presenting with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). Methods: Prospective observational study of patients with LRTI admitted in the ED in a period of three-months. Patients with LRTI were included and assessed with the Clinical Dehydration Scale (CDS) to determine clinical dehydration. Patients were weighted on admission and 24-hours after admission to determine weight change after fluid management. Results: 88 patients with LRTI were included. A total of 23(26.1%) patients presented a degree of dehydration according to the CDS scale. Comparing weight changed on admission and 24-hours later 55.6% had an increased weight. When comparing the grade of dehydration with the CDS scale vs increased weight changed at 24-hours after fluid management, it was statically significant for patients 6 months-1 year(23% vs 64%;p value 0.01), 1-2 years(25% vs 50%;p value 0.05) and >2 years(16% vs 50%;p value 0.03). The most common clinical finding was mild dehydration in 22 patients and moderate/severe in only 1 patient. Conclusions: This is one of the few studies of dehydration in illness not related to gastroenteritis. The key finding of this study was that LRTI in some of the patients were associated with certain degree of dehydration. Not all patients with dehydration were detected using clinical findings and this difference was found using weight changed

With the purpose of finding plant compounds with the potential use as herbicides and insecticides, a research was realized with the objective of evaluate the phytotoxic and dissuasive activity of four Chihuahua desert plants. The phytotoxic activity evaluation was tested on Lactuca sativa and Lolium perenne, while the dissuasive activity was realized on three species of phytophagous insects: Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum padi and Spodoptera littoralis. Raw extracts were used, the solvents hexane, methanol and ethanol of different plants’ organs (root, steam, leaf and flower) of four species: Fouquieria splendens (ocotillo), Larrea tridentate (governor), Astragalus mollissimus (wild grass) and Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum (echo), by the establishment of in vitro bioassays at a concentration of 10 mg/ml extract/solvent. In the toxicity bioassay, the percentage of germination, root and leaf length were measured. The results showed that the leaf extract of L. tridentata had phytotoxic activity for L. sativa, while for L. perenne the phytotoxicity was observed within the ocotillo, governor and echo extracts. In the dissuasive bioassay, each treatment had 20 repetitions with 10 adult insects per repetition. The methanolic extracts of F. splendens leaf and root, ethanolic extract of A. mollisimus sheet and the ethanolic extract of P. pecten-aboriginum stems showed moderate dissuasive response of feeding against M. persicae, presenting a settlement inhibition index of 53.53, 54.35, 60.00 and 48.84% respectively. Nevertheless, the results indicated that none of the 10 extracts tested on S. littoralis showed significant dissuasive properties for this Lepidoptera, while for R. padi all the tested extracts presented dissuasive properties. The treatments of the four vegetable species evaluated showed defensive or dissuasive properties of moderate to strong feeding against the insects M. persicae and R. padi, presenting interesting potential for being used as insecticides, while the tested extracts that presented phytotoxicity for both lettuce and ryegrass present possibilities for the realization of herbicides.

The pecan nut is produced in 57 countries in the world. Alternate bearing is one of the main biological problems that affect pecan cultivation. Mineral and organic fertilization is a good strategy to maintain and increase pecan nut production. In this study, several mineral and organic doses of fertilization were tested using a factorial arrangement 56 bounded to 25 treatments was used in structure Taguchi L25: nitrogen (N) 0 - 240 kg ha-1, phosphate (P2O5) 0 - 120 kg ha-1, potassium (K2O) 0 - 100 kg ha-1, calcium (CaO) 0 - 400 kg ha-1, liquid humus 0 - 3600 L ha-1 and solid humus 0 - 8000 kg ha-1. The study was carried out in Aldama city, Chihuahua (Mexico). An average yield of 2.4 t ha-1 was obtained, 157 nuts per kilogram and 58.9% of edible nut. The average alternate bearing intensity was 31.58%, and the long-term yield index (IRLP) was 9.59%. It is concluded that the factors whit the greatest impact on the analyzed variables were N and P2O5. In addition, it was found these mineral and organic fertilization systems help to reduce alternate bearing in pecan and simultaneously improve production and long-term productivity index. Optimal fertilization doses were defined: 181.4 kg ha-1 of N, 93.5 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and 3287.2 L ha-1 of liquid humus. Finally, the mineral fertilization complemented with organic fertilization is considered a good fertilization strategy for pecan trees, to increase production and with lower environmental impact.

PurposeIdentify some of the most relevant factors that trigger a private school's workforce to foster a sustainable competitive advantage by reinforcing the intrinsic job satisfaction and the levels of teacher self-efficacy, engagement and job performance.Design/methodology/approachSurveys were applied to private school teachers to assess their perception concerning the studied variables, data were tested at a confirmatory level using the partial least squares path modelling (PLS-PM).FindingsTeachers with a high sense of self-efficacy and possessing elevated intrinsic satisfaction tend to be highly productive and results-oriented. Intrinsic job satisfaction is a key factor that influences more than extrinsic job satisfaction in the previously mentioned relationship.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the obtained results are constrained and apply to the Mexican context, we suggest that virtual limitation can be overcome by extending the study due to the proposed construct that can be applied in other regions or organizations.Practical implicationsPrincipals will need to develop mainly the intrinsic job satisfaction in the teaching staff, to improve the job and organizational performance. This should be accompanied, secondly, by factors that encourage extrinsic satisfaction such as fair pay or recognition.Originality/valueOpen up an alternative explanation, based on the evidence of this study, to the theory of social exchange, since the factor that most influences teacher’s citizenship behaviours is not extrinsic but intrinsic satisfaction. That is, it is not what the employee receives from the institution, but what the employee does or gives to the institution the source of satisfaction that will encourage greater job performance.

El manzano (Malus domestica Borkh) es un frutal de zona templada que requiere la aplicación de promotores de brotación. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar la eficiencia de los compensadores de frio: Erger, nitrato de potasio, Thidiazurón (Revent), BroStart, Tecno Oil 100 EW y peróxido de hidrógeno, en la variedad Golden Glory/MM 111, los árboles fueron plantados en 2009 a 4 m entre calles y 2 m entre árboles, (1 250 árboles ha-1), se utilizó un arreglo factorial 56 acotado a 25 tratamientos con diferentes concentraciones mediante una estructura Taguchi L25 generados mediante el paquete estadístico Minitab 16.1.0.0, en tanto que el análisis estadístico fue mediante superficie de respuesta ponderando el efecto de los factores para seleccionar aquellos con mejor efecto en el conjunto de producción y desarrollo. Las variables evaluadas fueron: crecimiento vegetativo, densidad de nudos, brotación de ramas de uno y dos años y producción. Los resultados obtenidos, indican que los tratamientos con Revent, nitrato de potasio y aceite Tecno Oil 100 EW presentaron un efecto positivo en las variables de crecimiento vegetativo y producción, éste último favoreció el incremento con 90.7%. En densidad de nudos, Erger presentó el mejor efecto y en brotación de ramas de un año fue BroStart en sinergia con Revent y Erger. Finalmente se concluye que los compensadores evaluados mostraron ser una alternativa en rompimiento de dormancia manzana ‘Golden Glory’.

Pomegranate is known for high concentration of antioxidant phenolics contained in its seeds, and peel, and is considered “healthy” due to its nutritional content and biological actions. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional quality, volatile and phenolic antioxidants in the juice, peel and seeds of pomegranate from two different regions of Mexico. The pomegranate variety Wonderful of the 2016 cycle, obtained from the Coyame and Cuauhtémoc regions of the state of Chihuahua, Mexico, were used to characterize the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, nutritional quality and volatile compounds. Significant differences were found in evaluated parameters between the two regions. Pomegranates from Coyame region, had high amounts of antioxidant, phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin and mineral. On the other hand, pomegranates from the Cuauhtémoc region had high amounts of protein, organic elements, and volatile compounds (alcohols, esters and aldehydes). Within these groups, the most abundant compounds were hexanol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, hexanal, 4-Terpineol, α-Terpineol, and 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol. In the peel, high concentration of color, phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants were observed. The extract of pomegranate juice had 59% anthocyanin content. The seeds had the highest mineral content. These results provide relevant information about the chemical properties of the pomegranate.

The genus Aeromonas is found worldwide in freshwater and marine environments and has been implicated in the etiology of human and animal diseases. In fish, among Aeromonas species, A. salmonicida causes massive mortality and great economic losses in marine and continental aquaculture species. Currently, several aspects of the clinical signs and pathogenesis of this Gram-negative bacterium have been described; however, determination of an appropriate reference gene is essential to normalize cellular mRNA data remain unknown. Here we evaluate the stability of seven candidate reference genes to be used for data normalization during ex vivo and in vivo experiments conducted in Atlantic cod, Atlantic salmon, and lumpfish. To assess this, raw Ct values obtained were evaluated by using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delta Ct comparison, and the comprehensive ranking, through the bioinformatic open-access portal RefFinder. We determined that fabD and era were most suitable reference genes in Atlantic cod primary macrophages, hfq and era in Atlantic salmon primary macrophages, rpoB and fabD in lumpfish head kidney samples, and hfq and era in lumpfish spleen. Our study demonstrates that use of multiple reference genes and its validation before measurements helps to minimize variability arising in qPCR studies that evaluate A. salmonicida gene expression in fish tissues. Overall, this study provided with an expanded list of reliable reference genes for A. salmonicida gene expression using qPCR during fish infection studies.

Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and usually associated with obesity and diabetes. Our aim is to characterize the pathophysiological mechanism involved in MAFLD development in Black Tan and brachyuric (BTBR) insulin-resistant mice in combination with leptin deficiency (ob/ob). We studied liver morphology and biochemistry on our diabetic and obese mice model (BTBR ob/ob) as well as a diabetic non-obese control (BTBR + streptozotocin) and non-diabetic control mice (BTBR wild type) from 4–22 weeks. Lipid composition was assessed, and lipid related pathways were studied at transcriptional and protein level. Microvesicular steatosis was evident in BTBR ob/ob from week 6, progressing to macrovesicular in the following weeks. At 12th week, inflammatory clusters, activation of STAT3 and Nrf2 signaling pathways, and hepatocellular ballooning. At 22 weeks, the histopathological features previously observed were maintained and no signs of fibrosis were detected. Lipidomic analysis showed profiles associated with de novo lipogenesis (DNL). BTBR ob/ob mice develop MAFLD profile that resemble pathological features observed in humans, with overactivation of inflammatory response, oxidative stress and DNL signaling pathways. Therefore, BTBR ob/ob mouse is an excellent model for the study of the steatosis to steatohepatitis transition.

[Background] Despite major medical advances, Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) patients still have greater morbimortality than the general population. Our aim was to describe our cohort of T1D patients and identify potential risk factors susceptible to prevention strategies., [Methods] Cross-sectional, observational study, including T1D patients treated at our center, from 1 March 2017 to 31 March 2020. Inclusion criteria: T1D, age > 14 years and signed informed consent. Exclusion criteria: diabetes other than T1D, age < 14 years and/or refusal to participate., [Results] Study population n = 2181 (49.8% females, median age at enrollment 41 years, median HbA1c 7.7%; 38.24% had at least one comorbidity). Roughly 7.45% had severe hypoglycemia (SH) within the prior year. Macro/microvascular complications were present in 42.09% (5.83% and 41.14%, respectively). The most frequent microvascular complication was diabetic retinopathy (38.02%), and coronary disease (3.21%) was the most frequent macrovascular complication. The risk of complications was higher in males than in females, mainly macrovascular. Patients with SH had a higher risk of complications (OR 1.42; 1.43 in males versus 1.42 in females)., [Conclusions] Our T1D population is similar to other T1D populations. We should minimize the risk of SH, and male patients should perhaps be treated more aggressively regarding cardiovascular risk factors.

The study of nature as a source of inspiration has resulted in the design of different energy harnessing devices from the sea. This article brings together the marine devices based on biomimicry, focusing on those whose behavior favors the energy capture [1]. Finally, as the skin of sharks is formed by tiny spicules that allow breaking the boundary layer of the fluid and, thus, reducing the resistance to advance of the shark [2], the application under study in wave flume energy absorption systems will be detailed, which are laboratory devices that allow wave generation phenomena to be reproduced at reduced scale.; Natura inspirazio-iturri gisa aztertzeak itsasotik datorren energiaz baliatzeko makinak diseinatzea eragin du. Dokumentu honek biomimesian oinarrituriko itsas gailuak aztertzen ditu, haien portaeraren ondorioz energia bereganatzea errazten duten horietan oinarrituz [1]. Azkenik, marrazoen larruazala jariakinaren muga-geruza apurtzea ahalbidetzen duten espikula txikiz osatuta dagoenez, haren mugimenduarekiko erresistentzia murriztuz [2], eta fenomeno horretan oinarrituz, olatuak sortzeko erabiltzen diren olatu-kanaletan (waveflumes) energia xahutzeko sistemetan aztertzen den aplikazioa zehaztuko da.