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Background and Aim: Spinal cord injury (SCI) patients have an increased risk of developing urinary tract infections. The method of bladder drainage influences the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI), and most persons with SCI on per urethral continuous catheterization (CC) or clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) develop urinary tract infection. Identification and treatment of severe UTI with appropriate antibiotics as early as possible is associated with better outcomes in SCI patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and causative organisms of symptomatic urinary tract infection in spinal cord injury patients with different bladder management methods. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 patients with SCI were followed up at a rehabilitation centre from Jan 2020 to Dec 2021 in a prospective descriptive study. The demographic status, clinical and laboratory findings of the patients with SCI were studied and the prevalence and causative organisms of symptomatic UTI in these patients with different bladder management methods were analysed. Results: The commonest organisms isolated were E. coli (31%), Pseudomonas (29%) and Klebsiella (21%). The organisms isolated in the UTI were most sensitive to colistin (82%), followed by 59% being sensitive to both imipenem and tigecycline. Least sensitivity was seen to Piperacillin, Ceftriaxone and Levofloxacin. Maximum UTI episodes were seen in cases with CC followed by CIC. Least UTI episodes were seen in cases where supra-pubic cystostomy was done followed by patients who were self-urinating. Conclusion: Symptomatic UTI in SCI patients is more prevalent in patients with CC and CIC. Such patients should be started as early as possible on antibiotics depending on the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the organisms isolated.

In order to optimally manage the pressure and reduce the non-revenue water as much as possible, taking into account the costs of each activity, it is necessary to examine the priority of each solution by scientific methods and considering the costs, efficiency and duration of implementation. Therefore, in order to avoid cost wastage and efficient use of financial resources, it is necessary to use a comprehensive and systematic approach to identify different strategies that can be used to manage urban water pressure, the benefits and Compare their disadvantages. In the statistical population of this research, the knowledge and experience of 35 experts in the water and wastewater industry were used. Also in order to prioritize the proposed operations with the aim of reducing non-revenue water based on three criteria: the impact of the project, the duration of the project and the cost of the project, the integrated TOPSIS-VIKOR method has been used. Findings indicate that in the first priority, the installation of online data loggers pressure gauges, the second priority is the continuous updating of water maps and GIS network mapping, and in the third priority the completion of its information layers including pipe life, material and diameter, were located.

Abstract Sustainable land management encompasses a range of activity that balance land use requirements with wider conservation and ecosystem impact considerations. Perennial invasive alien plants (IAPs), such as Japanese knotweed, cause severe ecological and socio-economic impacts, and methods to control their spread also come at a cost. Synthetic herbicides are generally viewed as less sustainable and more ecologically damaging than alternative approaches. Here we used a comparative Life Cycle Assessment to evaluate the sustainability of herbicide-based management approaches and physical alternatives, using a large-scale Japanese knotweed field study as a model IAP system. Glyphosate-based methods elicited the lowest environmental impacts and economic costs during production. Geomembrane covering and integrated physiochemical methods were the costliest and imposed the greatest impacts. We discuss the costs and benefits of chemical and physical approaches for the sustainable management of invaded land and question how sustainable environmental stewardship is defined for the control of IAPs.

Due to the ever-changing work environment in the age of digital transformation, project managers need to adapt to an environment which is volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA). Many organizations adopt management methods based on strict project management planning , assuming that they are the best way to succeed in any situation. However, projects may depend on flexibility to achieve success. This study aims to analyze the impact of adverse project environments on project success and the effect of the management method choice. A PLS-SEM model is tested on a survey of 332 project professionals. Findings showed that choosing a method that best fits the project's environment can help catch up on project success only when it undergoes frequent changes throughout its life cycle.

The Daqing oilfield was put into development in 1960. At present, it is in the late stage of ultra-high water cut period. Various displacement modes coexist, and the reservoir development and management is complex and difficult. In order to control the decline of production, the number of new drilling wells increases year by year, the surface and underground conditions are complex, and the management is difficult. The drilling shut in affects the production year by year. The formation pressure decreases greatly during the drilling shut in process, which affects the development situation. In order to reduce the impact of drilling shut in on production, control the decline of formation pressure, and explore the management methods and methods of drilling shut in. In order to reduce the impact of drilling shut in on production and control the decline of formation pressure, we explore the management methods of drilling shut in.

IntroductionDirect seeding of rice is one of the most common farming methods in the world. Economic efficiency, faster and easier cultivation, reduction of growth period and earlier maturity (7-10 days), needing to less labour, higher water efficiency, more mechanization and reduction of rice vulnerability due to end-of-season drought are some benefit of direct rice cultivation; while, the most important problem in this planting system is weed control, and if weeds are controlled properly; the yield of rice in direct seeding will be almost equal to that of transplanting system. So, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of weed management methods on different cultivars of rice in direct seeding system.Materials and MethodsThis research was performed as a factorial in randomized complete block design in three replications at Rice Research Institute, Amol in 2018. Treatments include three different rice cultivars of Tarom Hashemi, Shiroodi and Neda under six weed management methods (no weeding, twice weeding (40 days after emergence and in the earing stage), using rice husk mulch (0.5 kg m-2 after sowing), application of triafamone+ethoxysulfuron herbicide (30 g ai ha-1 in 5 days after emergence in two-leaf stage), application of triafamone+ethoxysulfuron herbicide (30 g ai ha-1 in 5 days after emergence in two-leaf stage) + weeding (40 days after emergence) and complete weeding (all weeds are removed during the growing season) were considered. The studied traits included: plant height, tiller number, panicle length, 1000-grain weight, filled grain number, empty grain number, panicle number per square meter, grain yield, biological yield and total weed density and dry weight.Results and DiscussionThe results showed the highest plant height (137.7 cm) and number of tillers (24.7) was obtained in Tarom Hashemi and Shiroodi cultivars under complete weeding, respectively. The results of mean comparison of the main effects of the experimental treatments indicate that the filled grain number in Tarom Hashemi, Neda and Shiroodi cultivars were 67.6, 69.3 and 90.1 per ear and 1000-seed weight in these cultivars, was 19.9, 18.6 and 21.1 g, respectively. When Shiroodi cultivar had more seeds per ear and 1000 seeds weight. Also, the maximum filled grain number (94.9) and the highest 1000-seed weight with 22.7 g was observed in the complete weed control treatment. The highest panicle number per square meter (316.7) was related to Shiroodi cultivar and complete weed control, which had no significant different with herbicide + weeding and twice weeding in the same cultivar, as well as complete weeding in Neda cultivar. The highest grain yield (8192.5 kg ha-1) was observed in Shiroodi cultivar + complete weeding, which had no significant different with Neda + complete weeding and Shiroodi + herbicide + weeding. Lack of weed control in Tarom Hashemi, Neda and Shiroodi cultivars reduced 38.2, 63.3 and 61.7% of grain yield compared to complete weed control, respectively. The results showed that at all three stages of sampling, the lowest weed density and dry weight in all three sampling stages was related to herbicide + weeding treatment in Shiroodi cultivar which had good control over weed and was able to reduce weed density and its dry weight.ConclusionIn general, it can be concluded that although the yield of rice in the direct planting system was the highest in the absence of weed contamination; however, since the application of triafamone+ethoxysulfuron herbicide along with weeding caused reduction the density and dry weight of weeds, and also, improved the yield and yield components of all three rice cultivars, so this management method can be used to control weeds more effectively and achieve proper yield in this system.

Many factors influence the design and manufacturing of products from polymer composite materials. The expert assessment method was applied in the article for the corresponding analysis. A cause-and-effect diagram was built as a result of a preliminary analysis of the influence of factors on the primary indicator of product quality indicators (e.g., wear resistance). Based on the expert assessment results and quality function deployment analysis, the most critical factors affecting wear resistance were obtained: polymer brand, filler shape and size, technological parameters of mixing, pressing, sintering, and mechanical processing. Their impact was studied to establish quantitative dependencies. A stable value of the wear resistance of the product in the manufacturing process can be ensured by timely adjustment of the mixing, pressing, and sintering modes. As a result of the structural analysis of the process of developing materials with predetermined properties at the enterprise according to the IDEF0 methodology, the importance of assessing the risks associated with the process of multi-criteria optimization of their main quality indicators was confirmed.

Carwash wastewater (CWW) is an important source of environmental pollution. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of CWW and technical comparison of its treatment methods. For this purpose, a systematic search was conducted and after three stages of screening the found articles, finally 30 articles were selected for this review. The results showed that due to the differences in the type of washing, the geological condition, the type of car, and the climatic conditions, the CWWs have temporal and spatial variation in the concentration of pollutants. However, the most important pollutants of CWW include oil, suspended solids, detergents, and organic compounds. The most widely used methods in CWW treatment in the main stages included chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation, which reduce turbidity by more than 90% and COD by more than 50% in the best efficiency. Also, membrane technology was a common method in CWW treatment systems to achieve proper effluent quality. COD reduction by ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, microfiltration, and reverse osmosis was 95-77%, more than 90%, 81-73%, and 87%, respectively. The efficiency of membrane technologies in reducing turbidity was often more than 90% and in few cases more than 50%. Sludge production in the coagulation process, energy consumption in electrochemical processes, and the low water recovery rate in membrane processes are important challenges in CWW treatment that must be managed by modifying the process or using combined methods.

Weeds compete with crops for water and nutrients and can adversely affect crop growth and yield, so it is important to research effective weed control methods. This paper provides an overview of the impact of weeds on crop yield and describes the current state of research on weed management in field herbaceous crops. Physical weed control mainly refers to thermal technologies represented by flame weed control and laser weed control, which can efficiently and accurately remove weeds. Mechanical weed control requires a combination of sensor technologies, machine vision technology, and high-precision navigation to improve weed control accuracy. Biological weed control relies heavily on plant extracts and pathogens to create herbicides, but it is costly, and some can be toxic to mammals. Chemical weed control is a common method, resulting in environmental pollution and weed resistance. To reduce the use of chemical herbicides, scholars have proposed integrated weed management strategies, which combine biological control, control of the seed bank, and improve crop competitiveness. Integrated weed management strategies are considered to be the future direction of weed management. In conclusion, physical, mechanical, biological, and chemical weed control methods are commonly used in weed management. Each method has its applicable scenarios, and the implementation of integrated weed management strategies can lead to better weed control, improving crop yield and quality. The main objective of this review is to organize the research progress on weed management methods for herbaceous crops in the field and to provide a reference for the agricultural sector to develop weed control strategies. Specifically, this paper categorizes weed management methods into four groups, discusses and presents the advantages and disadvantages of the aforementioned weed control methods, and discusses future research directions.

With the continuous development of global financial markets and rapid technological advances, a growing number of innovative products and services in the financial sector have emerged, providing new impetus to economic growth but at the same time bringing new risks. We study financial innovation and risk management methods from an accounting perspective, examining how accounting plays a key role in ensuring financial stability and transparency. First, this paper summarizes the definition and classification of financial innovation and analyzes its positive and negative effects on economic development. Second, our main focus is on the fundamental roles of accounting in risk management, which involve supplying financial data for decision-making, overseeing financial innovation and operational risks, and evaluating the efficiency of risk management actions. In addition, this paper discusses the risk management methods from the accounting perspective, such as improving the accuracy and transparency of financial reports, selecting and adjusting prudent accounting policies, strengthening internal control and external audit mechanisms, and improving the accuracy of asset and liability assessment. Enhancing accounting standards and regulatory frameworks to better align with the evolving trends in financial markets is recommended. Furthermore, we will strengthen the professional training of accounting personnel, improve the risk management capabilities of financial institutions, and promote the integration of accounting innovation and financial innovation.

Weeds compete with crops for water and nutrients and can adversely affect crop growth and yield, so it is important to research effective weed control methods. This paper provides an overview of the impact of weeds on crop yield and describes the current state of research on weed management in field herbaceous crops. Physical weed control mainly refers to thermal technologies represented by flame weed control and laser weed control, which can efficiently and accurately remove weeds. Mechanical weed control requires a combination of sensor technologies, machine vision technology, and high-precision navigation to improve weed control accuracy. Biological weed control relies heavily on plant extracts and pathogens to create herbicides, but it is costly, and some can be toxic to mammals. Chemical weed control is a common method, resulting in environmental pollution and weed resistance. To reduce the use of chemical herbicides, scholars have proposed integrated weed management strategies, which combine biological control, control of the seed bank, and improve crop competitiveness. Integrated weed management strategies are considered to be the future direction of weed management. In conclusion, physical, mechanical, biological, and chemical weed control methods are commonly used in weed management. Each method has its applicable scenarios, and the implementation of integrated weed management strategies can lead to better weed control, improving crop yield and quality. The main objective of this review is to organize the research progress on weed management methods for herbaceous crops in the field and to provide a reference for the agricultural sector to develop weed control strategies. Specifically, this paper categorizes weed management methods into four groups, discusses and presents the advantages and disadvantages of the aforementioned weed control methods, and discusses future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to identify the most feasible pressure management (PM) method financially among four available PM methods [i.e., Fixed Outlet (FO), Time Modulated (TM), Flow Modulated (FM), and Remote Node Modulated (RNM) PM] recently introduced to EPANET source code by our previous study. For that, the four PM methods are tested in 18 different water distribution systems (WDSs), which differ in size, demand pattern, and amount of leakage. PM is inevitable for WDSs; if not applied, leakage flow rate, pipe bursts, active leakage control (ALC) efforts, and indirect water and energy losses increase abundantly. This circumstance increases expenditures due to augmentations in the amount of water entering the network and allocations from the municipal budget for pipe bursts, ALC activities, and energy consumption. Equipment and construction costs must be considered when PM is planned. However, leakage flows, pipe bursts, ALC activity efforts, and indirect water and energy losses are reduced with PM application, generating economic benefits. Four PM methods bring different levels of economic benefits. The cost-benefit analysis of each method has been performed, and the method that brings the maximum benefit (maximum cost reduction) has been determined. It has been revealed that the most applicable PM method, according to the cost-benefit analysis, varies according to the unit water cost. The RNM PM method is found to be the most appropriate when the unit water cost is high. As the unit water cost decreases, FO PM or TM PM becomes the most appropriate PM method instead of RNM PM. However, when the demand pattern of the network is smooth, the most feasible method becomes FO PM, and when the demand pattern is peaked while the unit water cost is relatively low, TM PM becomes the most applicable method. It is known that four pressure management methods can be applied in water distribution systems. These are Fixed Outlet, Time Modulated, Flow Modulated, and Remote Node Modulated Pressure Management methods. Although applying pressure management generally brings economic benefits, knowing which of the four pressure management methods is the most economically advantageous to implement in a water distribution system is essential. Water distribution systems can exhibit different characteristics in terms of size, water consumption patterns, and leakage rates. The main objective of this study is to hydraulically model pressure management methods in water distribution systems with such different characteristics and to determine which of these methods is the most cost-effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improvement, development and proper exploitation of current rangelands conditions and selecting a range management method (balanced, natural and, artificial) to be implemented in the form of a range management plan (RMP). Data was collected from the rangelands of Haraz River watershed. Information including the total percentage of vegetation and each of the increasing species, rangeland condition and production were studied in 2016. To determine the best range management method, the analysis of variance was used. To compare the quantitative characteristics measured before and after the implementation, a two-sample independent t-test was used. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare qualitative characteristics. Results showed that the vegetation percentage of palatable species composition did not increase, the balanced and natural methods were the best methods in good and fair rangeland condition. The reason for the lack of increase in the number of palatable species was the unsuccessful implementation of planned programs in RMPs. The artificial method was performed in the RMPs with poor vegetation types, the implementation of these plans had no significant effect on the rangeland condition of the study rangelands due to the high livestock population. Rangeland plans will be more effective when there is a balance between grazing capacity and livestock population.

The multi-mode communication network provides communication support for the collection, transmission, and processing of energy regulation data and the training of energy regulation models for smart buildings.Digital twin can provide state estimation of computing resources and channel characteristics, assist in the multi-mode communication resource optimization management, and improve the training precision of energy regulation models.However, the digital twin-assisted multi-mode communication resource management of smart buildings still face challenges such as large training error of energy regulation model, coupling of multi-timescale resource allocation, and contradictions between training precision improvement of energy regulation model and energy consumption optimization.Aiming at the above challenges, a multi-timescale communication resource management optimization algorithm based on digital twin and empirical matching learning was proposed.The weighted sum of global model loss function and energy consumption was minimized by jointly optimizing the large-timescale gateway selection and small-timescale channel allocation and power control.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the performance of weighted sum of global model loss function and energy consumption, ensure the precise energy regulation requirement and promote the low-carbon operation of smart buildings.

Abstract Background Labor Pain is “unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, affects parturient and fetuses’. Developed countries regularly use obstetric analgesia but in developing countries, including Ethiopia pain is neglected and most women go through painful labor. The study was conducted in public health institutions of East Gojjam Zone; Amhara region, Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess utilization of labor pain management methods and associated factors among obstetric care givers in the study setting. Method Facility-based cross sectional study design was carried out in public health institutions of East Gojjam Zone from April 15 to May 15, 2020. Semi Structured questionnaires were used and 305 obstetric care givers were participated. Stratified sampling technique was used. Data was entered by Epi- data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20. Descriptive analysis was done and Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression with 95% CI was used to saw the association of dependent and independent variables at p

Introduction: Waste in medical research is a relatively well-known issue. However, only a few initiatives exist to address this issue. Lean Management methods (Lean) were developed in industrial manufacturing and later applied within healthcare improvement. Overall, the results from studies of the application of Lean to healthcare appear to be positive in terms of greater efficiency regarding treatment outcomes and patient care. Nevertheless, the application of Lean to improve research processes is not well studied and, given that research alongside clinical practice and experiential knowledge provides the foundation for the treatment and care of patients, it is paramount to identify approaches and review the degree to which they increase efficiency within research procedures. Therefore, this review will scope the landscape of studies that investigated Lean and how to implement Lean in research processes, particularly regarding healthcare research., Methods and Analysis: Our approach follows the methodological framework of Arksey and O'Malley for conducting scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The search strategy for this scoping review was developed using the PCC model. We will identify the relevant literature by searching four search databases: Scopus, Web of Science, Academic Search Premier and Business Source Complete. Next, we will use citation pearl growing to identify all relevant published literature. The data charting process will follow the PRISMA-ScR checklist and will be organised using NVivo. We will generate qualitative and quantitative assessments of the extracted data by using NVivo, RStudio and Excel. We will follow the PRISMA-ScR guideline when reporting the results., Ethics and Dissemination: The review will comprise existing published studies and no primary data will be collected. Our findings will be shared through open access peer-reviewed journals, national and international conferences and emails to all relevant collaborative relationships. We plan to disseminate our findings via academic social media platforms, newspaper articles and blogposts., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Dams and weirs impede the continuity of rivers and transit of migratory fish. To overcome this obstacle, fishways are installed worldwide; however, management after installation is important. The Miyanaka Intake Dam has three fish ladders with different flow velocities and discharges and has been under adaptive management since 2012. Fish catch surveys, conducted as an adaptive management strategy, place a heavy burden on fish. Furthermore, a large number of investigators must be mobilized during the 30-day investigation period. Thus, a monitoring method using environmental DNA that exerts no burden on fish and requires only a few surveyors (to obtain water samples) and an in-house analyst was devised; however, its implementation in a fishway away from the point of analysis and with limited flow space and its effective water sampling frequency have not been reported. Therefore, in 2019, we started a trial aiming to evaluate the methods and application conditions of environmental DNA surveys for the continuous and long-term monitoring of various fish fauna upstream and downstream of the Miyanaka Intake Dam. To evaluate the fish fauna, the results of an environmental DNA survey (metabarcoding method) for 2019 to 2022 were compared to those of a catch survey in the fishway from 2012 to 2022. The results confirmed the use of environmental DNA surveys in evaluating the contribution of fishways to biodiversity under certain conditions and introduced a novel method for sample collection., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Nakai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Oral behavior management methods include basic behavior management methods and drug behavior management methods. In many cases, dental treatment that cannot be done simply through basic behavior management is not possible. The uncooperative behavior of children with dental fear in oral treatment has increased the demand for medication based behavior management methods. Drug sedation can provide more effective analgesic and anti-anxiety effects, thereby helping to provide comfortable, efficient, and high-quality dental services. This article will review the drug sedation methods selected in clinical treatment of pediatric dental fear in recent years, as well as the safety and effectiveness of commonly used drugs, in order to provide guidance for dental professionals in clinical practice., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinological disorder affecting many adolescents and women of reproductive age worldwide. A diagnosis of PCOS in adolescence relies upon investigating each medical history independently and noting commonly associated symptoms, including obesity, insulin resistance, acne, menstrual abnormalities, and hirsutism. Many researchers are aiming to discover a methodology to help manage the symptoms associated with PCOS, especially in adolescents. This review will investigate management methods possible for adolescents with PCOS. Although the most preferred way to help reduce symptoms is through lifestyle modifications such as vigorous exercise and dietary regimens low in carbohydrates, pharmaceuticals are also offering promising results to adolescents with PCOS. Metformin, oral contraceptives, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists, and other alternatives, including finasteride, eflornithine, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), and vitamin D, are all shown to help improve insulin sensitivity and regulate menstrual cycles and reduce hirsutism. Epilatory and surgical measurements are also available; however, they are reserved for when all other methods fail and once adulthood or an appropriate age is reached. Although there are many pharmaceuticals available, it is necessary to evaluate each adolescent with PCOS uniquely and prescribe the appropriate pharmacotherapy regarding their symptoms., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Vadan et al.)

Energy management methods (EMMs) utilizing sensing, communication, and networking technologies appear to be one of the most promising directions for energy saving and environmental protection of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). In real-world driving situations, EMMs based on driving cycle information are critical for FCVs and have been extensively studied. The collection and processing of driving cycle information is a fundamental and critical work that cannot be separated from sensors, global positioning system (GPS), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-everything (V2X), intelligent transportation system (ITS) and some processing algorithms. However, no reviews have comprehensively summarized the EMMs for FCVs from the perspective of driving cycle information. Motivated by the literature gap, this paper provides a state-of-the-art understanding of EMMs for FCVs from the perspective of driving cycle information, including a detailed description for driving cycle information analysis, and a comprehensive summary of the latest EMMs for FCVs, with a focus on EMMs based on driving pattern recognition (DPR) and driving characteristic prediction (DCP). Based on the above analysis, an in-depth presentation of the highlights and prospects is provided for the realization of high-performance EMMs for FCVs in real-world driving situations. This paper aims at helping the relevant researchers develop suitable and efficient EMMs for FCVs using driving cycle information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: This study examines the complex field of pain treatment related to lumbar disc disorders in a narrative review. Methods and Materials/Patients: Our search strategy involved utilizing specific terms, including ‘pain management,’ ‘lumbar disc surgery,’ ‘methods,’ and ‘techniques.’ We formulated a search query using Boolean operators: (‘Pain management’ OR ‘analgesia’) AND (‘lumbar disc surgery’ OR ‘spinal surgery’) AND (‘techniques’ OR ‘procedures’ OR ‘approaches’ OR ‘methods’) AND ‘narrative review.’ A systematic search was conducted across reputable medical databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library. Filters were applied to refine search results based on publication type and date, with a focus on material published within the past two decades to ensure the inclusion of current, high-quality literature. Results: This study synthesized information from several sources, demonstrating the changing methods used to address pain in lumbar disc disorders. The article explored the historical background of medical treatments, emphasized both contemporary surgical and non-surgical methods, and investigated the predicted factors that affect the results. The study investigated the range of surgical incidents and examined the clinical factors to be taken into account for treatments. The value of efficient pain treatment in alleviating chronic back pain and maximizing patient results was emphasized. Conclusion: In conclusion, this review underscores the paramount importance of comprehensive management of lumbar disc pain. It stresses that effective pain control not only alleviates immediate suffering but also plays a pivotal role in ensuring positive surgical experiences, enhancing patient outcomes, and promoting long-term well-being.