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Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a clonally propagated bulbous crop and can be infected by several viruses under field conditions. A virus complex reduces garlic yield and deteriorates the quality of the produce. In the present study, we aimed to eliminate Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), Garlic common latent virus (GCLV), Shallot latent virus (SLV), and Allexiviruses from the infected crop using combination of meristem culture, thermotherapy, and chemotherapy. In this study, seven different treatments, namely shoot meristem culture, thermotherapy direct culture, chemotherapy direct culture, chemotherapy + meristem culture, thermotherapy + meristem culture, thermotherapy + chemotherapy direct culture, and thermotherapy + chemotherapy + meristem culture (TCMC), were used. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect virus elimination, which revealed the percentage of virus-free plants was between 65 and 100%, 55 and 100%, and 13 and 100% in the case of GCLV, SLV, and OYDV, respectively. The in vitro regeneration efficiency was between 66.06 and 98.98%. However, the elimination of Allexiviruses could not be achieved. TCMC was the most effective treatment for eliminating GCLV, SLV, and OYDV from garlic, with 66.06% plant regeneration efficiency. The viral titre of the Allexivirus under all the treatments was monitored using real-time PCR, and the lowest viral load was observed in the TCMC treatment. The present study is the first to report the complete removal of GCLV, SLV, and OYDV from Indian red garlic with the application of thermotherapy coupled with chemotherapy and shoot meristem culture.

Onion is the most important crop challenged by a diverse group of insect pests in the agricultural ecosystem. The green semilooper (Chrysodeixis acuta Walker), a widespread tomato and soybean pest, has lately been described as an emergent onion crop pest in India. C. acuta whole mitochondrial genome was sequenced in this work. The circular genome of C. acuta measured 15,743 base pairs (bp) in length. Thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and one control region were found in the 37 sequence elements. With an average 395 bp gene length, the maximum and minimum gene length observed was 1749 bp and 63 bp of nad5 and trnR, respectively. Nine of the thirteen PCGs have (ATN) as a stop codon, while the other four have a single (T) as a stop codon. Except for trnS1, all of the tRNAs were capable of producing a conventional clover leaf structure. Conserved ATAGA motif sequences and poly-T stretch were identified at the start of the control region. Six overlapping areas and 18 intergenic spacer regions were found, with sizes ranged from 1 to 20 bp and 1 to 111 bp correspondingly. Phylogenetically, C. acuta belongs to the Plusiinae subfamily of the Noctuidae superfamily, and is closely linked to Trichoplusia ni species from the same subfamily. In the present study, the emerging onion pest C. acuta has its complete mitochondrial genome sequenced for the first time.

Onion production is severely affected by waterlogging conditions, which are created due to heavy rainfall. Hence, the identification of waterlogging-tolerant onion genotypes is crucial for increasing onion production. In the present study, 100 distinct onion genotypes were screened for waterlogging tolerance under artificial conditions by using the phenotypic approach in the monsoon season of 2017. Based on plant survival and recovery and changes in bulb weight, we identified 19 tolerant, 27 intermediate tolerant, and 54 highly sensitive onion genotypes. The tolerant genotypes exhibited higher plant survival and better recovery and bulb size, whereas sensitive genotypes exhibited higher plant mortality, poor recovery, and small bulb size under waterlogging conditions. Furthermore, a subset of 12 contrasting genotypes was selected for field trials during monsoon seasons 2018 and 2019. Results revealed that considerable variation in the morphological, physiological, and yield characteristics were observed across the genotypes under stress conditions. Waterlogging-tolerant genotypes, namely, Acc. 1666, Acc. 1622, W-355, W-208, KH-M-2, and RGP-5, exhibited higher plant height, leaf number, leaf area, leaf length, chlorophyll content, membrane stability index (MSI), pyruvic acid, antioxidant content, and bulb yield than sensitive genotypes under stress conditions. Furthermore, the principal component analysis biplot revealed a strong association of leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, MSI, and bulb yield with tolerant genotypes under stress conditions. The study indicates that the waterlogging-tolerant onion genotypes with promising stress-adaptive traits can be used in plant breeding programs for developing waterlogging-tolerant onion varieties.

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Tomato production is severely affected by abiotic stresses (drought, flood, heat, and salt) and causes approximately 70% loss in yield depending on severity and duration of the stress. Drought is the most destructive abiotic stress and tomato is very sensitive to the drought stress, as cultivated tomato lack novel gene(s) for drought stress tolerance. Only 20% of agricultural land worldwide is irrigated, and only 14.51% of that is well-irrigated, while the rest is rain fed. This scenario makes drought very frequent, which restricts the genetically predetermined yield. Primarily, drought disturbs tomato plant physiology by altering plant–water relation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Many wild tomato species have drought tolerance gene(s); however, their exploitation is very difficult because of high genetic distance and pre- and post-transcriptional barriers for embryo development. To overcome these issues, biotechnological methods, including transgenic technology and CRISPR-Cas, are used to enhance drought tolerance in tomato. Transgenic technology permitted the exploitation of non-host gene/s. On the other hand, CRISPR-Cas9 technology facilitated the editing of host tomato gene(s) for drought stress tolerance. The present review provides updated information on biotechnological intervention in tomato for drought stress management and sustainable agriculture.

The onion (Allium cepa L.) is a lucrative and high-value vegetable–spice crop in India, but it is sensitive to several of diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, of which a fungal disease, anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is a major issue for both onion producers and researchers since it severely affects the bulb production. Twister disease is currently one of the most common problems in onion production, particularly in humid regions, and it reduces productivity while also lowering the value and profitability. Twister disease is visualised by white or pale-yellow water-soaked oval depressed lesions on leaf blades, which are the first symptoms. Lesions expand as the disease advances, and numerous black-coloured, slightly elevated structures/fruiting bodies appear in the middle area, arranged in concentric rings. Curling, twisting, chlorosis of the leaves, and aberrant extension of the neck or pseudo-stem occurs, followed by rotting of the bulb. In an unmanaged crop, an excess gibberellin production by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Gibberella moniliformis is suspected to induce twisting and aberrant neck elongation, which will ruin onion productivity. It is difficult and environmentally unfriendly to control these infections. Since, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first review on onion anthracnose, we tried to consolidate information. This review updates our knowledge of the pathogen, including the disease cycle, infection pathways, and disease management techniques. As a result, growers will be benefit from the application of cultural, biological, and chemical measures and the use of resistant varieties.

Most of the hybrid seed in chilli are produced manually, but the use of male sterility ( MS) can reduce the cost of hybrid seed production. MS-12, a nuclear male-sterile ( NMS) line developed at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (India), has been utilized to develop commercial F1 hybrids. A recessive gene, designated as ms10, governs MS in MS-12. Due to recessive gene control, development of new NMS lines incorporating ms10 gene is tedious and time-consuming. We identified SSR markers AVRDC- PP12 and AVRDC_ MD997* linked to the ms10 gene. A total of 558 primer pairs were screened following bulked segregant analysis ( BSA). Linkage analysis in 210 F2 plants indicated that the two SSR markers were linked to the ms10 gene and the marker AVRDC- PP12 was closest to the gene at 7.2 cM distance. The marker was mapped to chromosome 1 at genome position 175 694 513 to 175 694 644. Until more closely linked markers are developed, the marker AVRDC- PP12 would facilitate transfer of ms10 gene through marker-assisted selection ( MAS). Fine mapping would lead to cloning of the ms10 gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This age period after 12 years is characterized by an increase in all dimensions of all the anatomical structures of the individuals, under the influence of new factors that interfere with the general tonus of the body. Purpose. Thus, in this paper, we approached certain aspects of both theoretical and practical that may occur in the formation and development of dento-maxillary system in the age period of 12 years (after some authors, up to the age of 21 years). Material and method. The study was conducted between May 12 and June 25 2018 with the help of 55 dental practitioners. Results and discussions. The analysis of the answers provided by the participants in the study was performed by means of specific research methods. The results are eloquent and provide an overview of how dental practitioners manage the eruption of the wisdom tooth in the developmental processes of the dento-maxillary system. Conclusions. The eruption of the wisdom tooth is a certain element of growth, which must be taken into account in the future therapeutic approach of the morpho-functional imbalances of the dento-maxillary system.