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106. Growth of pentacene on Ag(111) surface: A NEXAFS study

Author

Pedio, M., primary, Doyle, B., additional, Mahne, N., additional, Giglia, A., additional, Borgatti, F., additional, Nannarone, S., additional, Henze, S.K.M., additional, Temirov, R., additional, Tautz, F.S., additional, Casalis, L., additional, Hudej, R., additional, Danisman, M.F., additional, and Nickel, B., additional

Published
2007
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109. Fabrication And Characterization Of Mn-catalyzed GaAs Nanowires

Author

Martelli, F., primary, Rubini, S., additional, Piccin, M., additional, Bais, G., additional, Jabeen, F., additional, De Franceschi, S., additional, Grillo, V., additional, Lazzarino, M., additional, Carlino, E., additional, Mahne, N., additional, Businaro, L., additional, Romanato, F., additional, and Franciosi, A., additional

Published
2007
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112. Annealing Temperature Dependence of C60 on Silicon Surfaces Bond Evolution and Fragmentation as Detected by NEXAFS

Author

Pedio, M., primary, Borgatti, F., additional, Giglia, A., additional, Mahne, N., additional, Nannarone, S., additional, Giovannini, S., additional, Cepek, C., additional, Magnano, E., additional, Bertoni, G., additional, Spiller, E., additional, Sancrotti, M., additional, Giovanelli, L., additional, Floreano, L., additional, Gotter, R., additional, and Morgante, A., additional

Published
2005
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113. C KEdge NEXAFS of 6HSiC and 3CSiC Systems

Author

Pedio, M., primary, Giglia, A., additional, Mahne, N., additional, Nannarone, S., additional, Giovannini, S., additional, Cepek, C., additional, Boscherini, F., additional, Carboni, R., additional, Benfatto, M., additional, and Della Longa, S., additional

Published
2005
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114. Multiple Scattering Analysis of O KEdge NEXAFS in Iron Oxides

Author

Giovannini, S., primary, Boscherini, F., additional, Carboni, R., additional, Signorini, L., additional, Pasquini, L., additional, Mahne, N., additional, Giglia, A., additional, Pedio, M., additional, Nannarone, S., additional, Benfatto, M., additional, and Longa, S. Della, additional

Published
2005
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117. The BEAR Beamline at Elettra.

Author

Nannarone, S., Borgatti, F., DeLuisa, A., Doyle, B. P., Gazzadi, G. C., Giglia, A., Finetti, P., Mahne, N., Pasquali, L., Pedio, M., Selvaggi, G., Naletto, G., Pelizzo, M. G., Tondello, G., and Warwick, T.

Subjects
LIGHT absorption, EMISSION spectroscopy, WIGGLER magnets, LIGHT sources, SPECTRUM analysis, OPTICAL instruments, THEORY of wave motion
Abstract

The BEAR (Bending Magnet for Emission Absorption and Reflectivity) beamline is installed at the right exit of the 8.1 bending magnet at ELETTRA. The beamline — in operation since January 2003 — delivers linear and circularly polarized radiation in the 5 – 1600 eV energy range. The experimental station is composed of a UHV chamber for reflectivity, absorption, fluorescence and angle resolved photoemission measurements and a UHV chamber for in-situ sample preparation. © 2004 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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118. Structural and photoemission studies of SrF2adsorption on Si(001)

Author

Pasquali, L., Suturin, S. M., Balanev, A., Kaveev, A. K., Sokolov, N. S., Doyle, B. P., Borgatti, F., Giglia, A., Mahne, N., Pedio, M., Nannarone, S., Pasquali, L., Suturin, S. M., Balanev, A., Kaveev, A. K., Sokolov, N. S., Doyle, B. P., Borgatti, F., Giglia, A., Mahne, N., Pedio, M., and Nannarone, S.

Abstract

The growth modes of SrF2on Si(001) are investigated by AFM and ultraviolet photoemission. Two growth regimes are identified according to the substrate temperature during deposition, resulting in flat and ordered fluoride layers or in nano-patterned films with characteristic triangular islands. The flat layer growth obtained at high temperature is accompanied by molecular dissociation at the interface.

Published
2006
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121. Investigation of the thermal stability of Mg/Co periodic multilayers for EUV applications.

Author

Hu, M.-H., Guen, K., André, J.-M., Zhou, S., Li, H., Zhu, J., Wang, Z., Meny, C., Mahne, N., Giglia, A., Nannarone, S., Estève, I., Walls, M., and Jonnard, P.

Subjects
THERMAL analysis, STABILITY (Mechanics), MULTILAYERED thin films, ULTRAVIOLET radiation, TEMPERATURE effect, ANNEALING of crystals, NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray spectroscopy
Abstract

We present the results of the characterization of Mg/Co periodic multilayers and their thermal stability for the EUV range. The annealing study is performed up to a temperature of 400C. Images obtained by scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy clearly show a good quality of the multilayer structure. The measurements of the EUV reflectivity around 25 nm (∼49 eV) indicate that the reflectivity decreases when the annealing temperature increases above 300C. X-ray emission spectroscopy is performed to determine the chemical state of the Mg atoms within the Mg/Co multilayer. Nuclear magnetic resonance used to determine the chemical state of the Co atoms and scanning electron microscopy images of cross sections of the Mg/Co multilayers reveal changes in the morphology of the stack from an annealing temperature of 305C. This explains the observed reflectivity loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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123. Polarization measurement of free electron laser pulses in the VUV generated by the variable polarization source FERMI

Author

Hau-Riege, Stefan P., Moeller, Stefan P., Yabashi, Makina, Finetti, P., Allaria, E., Diviacco, B., Callegari, C., Mahieu, B., Viefhaus, J., Zangrando, M., De Ninno, G., Lambert, G., Ferrari, E., Buck, J., Ilchen, M., Vodungbo, B., Mahne, N., Svetina, C., Spezzani, C., Di Mitri, S., Penco, G., Trovò, M., Fawley, W. M., Rebernik, P., Gauthier, D., Grazioli, C., Coreno, M., Ressel, B., Kivimäki, A., Mazza, T., Glaser, L., Scholz, F., Seltmann, J., Gessler, P., Grünert, J., De Fanis, A., Meyer, M., Knie, A., Moeller, S. P., Raimondi, L., Capotondi, F., Pedersoli, E., Plekan, O., Danailov, M., Demidovich, A., Nikolov, I., Abrami, A., Gautier, J., Lüning, J., Zeitoun, P., and Giannessi, L.

Published
2014
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127. Thermal properties, optical and interface characterization of Mg/Co multilayers for the EUV range

Author

Hu, M.-H., Le Guen, K., André, J.-M., Jonnard, P., Zhou, S. K., Li, H. Ch., Zhu, J. T., Wang, Z. S., Mahne, N., Giglia, A., and Nannarone, S.

Abstract

We present the results of the thermal stability of Mg/Co multilayers in the EUV range. The annealing study is performed up to a temperature of 400°C. The X-ray reflectivity at 0.154 nm is used in order to determine the structural parameters (thickness, roughness and density) of the layers. The measurements of the EUV reflectivity around 25 nm show that the reflectivity decreases when the annealing temperature increases above 300°C. X-ray emission spectroscopy is performed to determine the chemical state of the Mg atoms within the Mg/Co multilayer. The results show a small oxidation after annealing at 305°C, which increases greatly at 400°C. Scanning electron microscopy images of cross sections of the multilayer show a change of the surface morphology above 305°C. This large change of morphology and the oxidation explain the large reflectivity loss.

Published
2010
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128. Polarization and higher-order content measurement of a soft-x-ray monochromatized beam with Mo-Si multilayers

Author

Pelizzo, Maria-Guglielmina, Frassetto, F., Nicolosi, P., Giglia, A., Mahne, N., and Nannarone, S.

Abstract

A Mo-Si multilayer mirror has been used for determination of the ellipticity and higher-order content of a synchrotron beam. The method is based on the angular measure of multilayer reflectivity in the region of Bragg first- and second-order reflections. Beam parameters were derived by a fitting procedure.

Published
2006

129. Structural and photoemission studies of SrF2 adsorption on Si(001)

Author

Pasquali, L., Suturin, S., Balanev, A., Kaveev, A., Sokolov, N., Doyle, B., Borgatti, F., Giglia, A., Mahne, N., Pedio, M., and Nannarone, S.

Abstract

The growth modes of SrF2 on Si(001) are investigated by AFM and ultraviolet photoemission. Two growth regimes are identified according to the substrate temperature during deposition, resulting in flat and ordered fluoride layers or in nano-patterned films with characteristic triangular islands. The flat layer growth obtained at high temperature is accompanied by molecular dissociation at the interface.

Published
2006

130. Fermi@elettra status report

Author

Allaria, E., Bencivenga, F., Callegari, C., Capotondi, F., Castronovo, D., Cinquegrana, P., Cudin, I., Dal Forno, M., Danailov, M. B., D Auria, G., Monte, R., Ninno, G., Demidovich, A., Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fabris, A., Fabris, R., Fawley, W. M., Ferianis, M., Ferrari, E., Froehlich, L., Furlan Radivo, P., Gaio, G., Giannessi, L., Kiskinova, M., Lonza, M., Mahieu, B., Mahne, N., Masciovecchio, C., Fulvio Parmigiani, Penco, G., Predonzani, M., Principi, E., Raimondi, L., Rossi, F., Rumiz, L., Scafuri, C., Serpico, C., Sigalotti, P., Spampinati, S., Spezzani, C., Svandrlik, M., Svetina, C., Trovo, M., Vascotto, A., Veronese, M., Visintini, R., Zangrando, D., Zangrando, M., and Craievich, P.

131. First lasing of FERMI FEL-2 (1° STAGE) and FERMI FEL-1 recent results

Author

Giannessi, L., Allaria, E., Badano, L., Castronovo, D., Cinquegrana, P., Craievich, P., Danailov, M. B., D Auria, G., Demidovitch, A., Ninno, G., Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fawley, W. M., Ferrari, E., Froehlich, L., Gaio, G., Ivanov, R., Karantzoulis, E., Mahieu, B., Mahne, N., Nikolov, I., Fulvio Parmigiani, Penco, G., Raimondi, L., Serpico, C., Sigalotti, P., Spampinati, S., Spezzani, C., Svandrlik, M., Svetina, C., Trovò, M., Veronese, M., Zangrando, D., and Zangrando, M.

132. Fermi seeded FEL progress report

Author

Svandrlik, M., Allaria, E., Bencivenga, F., Callegari, C., Capotondi, F., Castronovo, D., Cinquegrana, P., Cudin, I., Dal Forno, M., Danailov, M. B., D Auria, G., Monte, R., Ninno, G., Demidovich, A., Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fabris, A., Fabris, R., Fawley, W. M., Ferianis, M., Ferrari, E., Finetti, P., Froehlich, L., Radivo, P. F., Gaio, G., Luca Giannessi, Kiskinova, M., Loda, G., Lonza, M., Mahne, N., Masciovecchio, C., Parmigiani, F., Penco, G., Plekan, O., Predonzani, M., Principi, E., Raimondi, L., Rossi, F., Rumiz, L., Scafuri, C., Serpico, C., Sigalotti, P., Spampinati, S., Spezzani, C., Sturari, L., Svetina, C., Trovo, M., Vascotto, A., Veronese, M., Visintini, R., Zangrando, D., Zangrando, M., Mahieu, B., Craievich, P., IPAC 2013, M., Svandrlik, E., Allaria, F., Bencivenga, C., Callegari, F., Capotondi, D., Castronovo, P., Cinquegrana, P., Craievich, I., Cudin, G., D'Auria, DAL FORNO, Massimo, M. B., Danailov, R., De Monte, G., De Ninno, A. A., Demidovich, S., Di Mitri, B., Diviacco, A., Fabri, R., Fabri, W. M., Fawley, M., Feriani, Ferrari, Eugenio, P., Finetti, L., Fröhlich, P., Furlan Radivo, G., Gaio, L., Giannessi, M., Kiskinova, G. L., Loda, M., Lonza, B., Mahieu, N., Mahne, C., Masciovecchio, Parmigiani, Fulvio, G., Penco, O., Plekan, M., Predonzani, E., Principi, L., Raimondi, F., Rossi, L., Rumiz, C., Scafuri, C., Serpico, P., Sigalotti, S., Spampinati, C., Spezzani, L., Sturari, C., Svetina, M., Trovò, A., Vascotto, M., Veronese, R., Visintini, D., Zangrando, and M., Zangrando

Subjects
FEL
Abstract

FERMI, the seeded Free Electron Laser (FEL) located at the Elettra laboratory in Trieste, Italy, welcomed in December 2012 the first external users on the FEL-1 line. This line is based on a single stage of High Gain Harmonic Generation (HGHG), seeded by a UV laser, and covers wavelengths between 80 and 20 nm. The photon energy reached more than 300 J. The second FEL line, FEL-2, covering the lower wavelength range between 20 and 4 nm thanks to a double stage cascaded HGHG scheme, has generated its first coherent photons in October 2012. The latter is the first experimental demonstration of a seeded free electron laser configured as a two-stage cascade operating in the "fresh bunch injection” mode, where the second stage is seeded by the light produced by the first stage. This paper describes the status of the operation and user experiments with FEL-1 and reports about the progress in the commissioning of FEL-2.

134. Double stage seeded fel with fresh bunch injection technique at fermi@elettra

Author

Di Mitri, S., Allaria, E., Castronovo, D., Cinquegrana, P., Craievich, P., Danailov, M. B., D Auria, G., Ninno, G., Demidovich, A., Diviacco, B., Fawley, W. M., Ferianis, M., Ferrari, E., Froehlich, L., Gauthier, D., Gaio, G., Giannessi, L., Ivanov, R., Mahieu, B., Mahne, N., Nikolov, I., Parmigiani, F., Giuseppe Penco, Raimondi, L., Serpico, C., Sigalotti, P., Spampinati, S., Spezzani, C., Svandrlik, M., Svetina, C., Trovo, M., Vascotto, A., Veronese, M., Zangrando, D., and Zangrando, M.

135. Double stage seeded fel with fresh bunch injection technique at fermi

Author

Allaria, E., Castronovo, D., Cinquegrana, P., Danailov, M. B., D Auria, G., Demidovich, A., Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fawley, W. M., Ferianis, M., Froehlich, L., Gaio, G., Ivanov, R., Mahne, N., Nikolov, I., Giuseppe Penco, Raimondi, L., Serpico, C., Sigalotti, P., Spezzani, C., Svandrlik, M., Svetina, C., Trovo, M., Veronese, M., Zangrando, D., Mahieu, B., Dal Forno, M., Giannessi, L., Zangrando, M., Ninno, G., Ferrari, E., Parmigiani, F., and Gauthier, D.

136. Jitter-free time resolved resonant cdi experiments using two-color fel pulses generated by the same electron bunch

Author

Zangrando, M., Giannessi, L., Allaria, E., Bencivenga, F., Capotondi, F., Castronovo, D., Cinquegrana, P., Danailov, M. B., Demidovich, A., Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fawley, W. M., Ferrari, E., Froehlich, L., Ivanov, R., Kiskinova, M., Mahieu, B., Mahne, N., Masciovecchio, C., Nikolov, I., Pedersoli, E., Penco, G., Raimondi, L., Serpico, C., Sigalotti, P., Spampinati, S., Spezzani, C., Svetina, C., Trovo, M., Gauthier, D., Ninno, G., and Daniele Fausti

137. The Low Density Matter (LDM) beamline of FERMI: optical layout and first commissioning

Author

Svetina, C., Grazioli, C., Alagia, M., Avaldi, L., Cautero, G., de Simone, M., Devetta, M., Di Fraia, M., Drabbels, Marcel, Fava, C., Feyer, V., Finetti, P., Gerusina, S., Katzy, R., Kivimaki, A., Lyamayev, V., Mahne, N., Mazza, T., Moises, A., Moller, T., O'Keeffe, P., Ovcharenko, Y., Piseri, P., Plekan, O., Prince, K., Raimondi, L., Sergo, R., Stienkemeier, F., Stranges, S., Zangro, M, Coreno, M., and Callegari, C.

Subjects
beam line, metrology, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Accelerator Physics, free electron laser, low density matter, photon transport
Abstract

The Low Density Matter (LDM) beamline has been built as part of the FERMI free-electron laser (FEL) facility to serve the atomic, molecular and cluster physics community. After the commissioning phase, it received the first external users at the end of 2012. The design and characterization of the LDM photon transport system is described, detailing the optical components of the beamline.

139. Optical, chemical, depth and magnetic characterization of Mg/Co-based nanometric periodic multilayers

Author

Jonnard, P., Le Guen, K., Hu, M.-H., André, J.-M., Zhou, S. K., Li, H. Ch., Zhu, J. T., Wang, Z. S., Mahne, N., Giglia, A., Nannarone, S., Verna, A., Meny, C., Galtayries, A., Estève, I., and Walls, M.

Abstract

We have developed and elaborated a series of Mg/Co-based periodic multilayers to build efficient mirrors for the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) range. For s-polarized light and at 45° of grazing incidence, the reflectivity of as-deposited Mg/Co is 42.6% at 25.1 nm. X-ray emission spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements do not indicate any noticeable interdiffusion at the interfaces between layers. Scanning transmission electronic microscopy images attest the high structural quality of the stack. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) curves in the hard x-ray and EUV domains confirm this description and estimate a weak interfacial roughness (~ 0.5 nm). Taking advantage of the magnetic character of Co, we have performed resonant magnetic reflectivity measurements by scanning the photon energy around the Co L absorption edge for opposite circular polarizations. The magnetization profile of the Co layers within Co/Mg determined with an expected depth resolution of one monolayer confirms the interface abruptness. Scanning electron microscopy images and XRR curves give evidence of the thermal stability of Mg/Co up to 300 °C. From that value, a strong change in the sample morphology due to the delamination of the multilayer from the substrate occurs. This should account for the drastic reflectivity drop observed above this temperature. Starting from Mg/Co, we have inserted a Zr layer at one or at the other interface or at both interfaces to estimate the effect of the introduction of a third material within the period. We have found that Mg/Co/Zr is more efficient (50% of reflectivity) than Mg/Zr/Co and Mg/Zr/Co/Zr (~ 40%). Through time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling and NMR measurements, we have assigned this difference to an intermixing process when Co layers are deposited onto Zr layers.

Published
2011
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140. FEL multilayer optics damaged by multiple shot laser beam: experimental results and discussion

Author

Giglia, A., Mahne, N., Bianco, A., Svetina, C., Cucini, R., Vysin, L., Burian, T., Juha, L., and Nannarone, S.

Abstract

The irradiation effects of multiple ultrafast shots of laser beams with estimated fluences of some tens of mJ/cm2on a EUV Mo/Si multilayer have been studied. Irradiation damage has been induced by multiple shots of two different lasers (100 fs 400 nm the first, 1.5 ns 46.9 nm the second). The study has been motivated by the need of multilayer Mo/Si optics for the delay lines of the FEL source FERMI@Elettra, where these mirrors will be used to reflect 100 fs pulses at 13 nm with a fluence of some mJ/cm2. The analysis has been performed by means of different techniques as EUV and soft X-ray reflectivity, XPS, and Standing wave enhanced XPS. Simulations have been carried on by means of an indigenously developed software OPAL (Optical Properties of Anisotropic Layers) for the calculation of the absorbed energy by the stratified medium. AFM and SEM surface images have been also acquired. In the irradiation at 400 nm, we observed a significant change in the multilayer performance at fluences of 100 mJ/cm2and above with a significant reduction of reflectivity. Spectroscopic analysis allowed to correlate the decrease of reflectivity with the degradation of the multilayer stacking, ascribed to Mo-Si intermixing at the Mo/Si interfaces of the first few layers, close to the surface of the mirror. Preliminary tests have been also performed on the sample irradiated at 46.9 nm.

Published
2011
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141. Analysis of Resonant Soft X-ray Reflectivity of Anisotropic Layered Materials

Author

Angelo Giglia, Raffaella Capelli, Matteo Bonfatti, Lorenzo Sponza, Emanuele Galligani, Adriano Verna, Luca Pasquali, Nicola Mahne, Stefano Nannarone, Francesco Mezzadri, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), CNR Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), University of Johannesburg (UJ), Università degli Studi Roma Tre, LEM, UMR 104, CNRS-ONERA, Université Paris-Saclay (Laboratoire d'étude des microstructures), ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pasquali, L, Mahne, N, Giglia, A, Verna, A, Sponza, L, Capelli, R, Bonfatti, M, Mezzadri, F, Galligani, E, and Nannarone, S

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Physics, QC1-999, organic thin films, Electronic structure, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Reflectivity, anisotropic optical propertie, soft X-ray reflectivity, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Orientation (geometry), 0103 physical sciences, anisotropic optical properties, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Molecule, Specular reflection, Thin film, 010306 general physics, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Anisotropy, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We present here a method for the quantitative prediction of the spectroscopic specular reflectivity line-shape in anisotropic layered media. The method is based on a 4 &times, 4 matrix formalism and on the simulation from the first principles (through density functional theory&mdash, DFT) of the anisotropic absorption cross-section. The approach was used to simulate the reflectivity at the oxygen K-edge of a 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) thin film on Au(111). The effect of film thickness, orientation of the molecules, and grazing incidence angle were considered. The simulation results were compared to the experiment, permitting us to derive information on the film geometry, thickness, and morphology, as well as the electronic structure.

Published
2021

142. Coherent Soft X-Ray pulses from an Echo-Enabled Harmonic Generation Free-Electron Laser

Author

Eugenio Ferrari, Marco Veronese, Ivan Cudin, C. Scafuri, Emiliano Principi, Roberto Sauro, Lorenzo Raimondi, Davide Vivoda, Mauro Trovò, Paolo Sigalotti, M. Zaccaria, M. Svandrlik, Mihai Pop, D. Zangrando, Paolo Cinquegrana, Flavio Capotondi, Giulio Gaio, Carlo Spezzani, Bruno Diviacco, Giuseppe Penco, G. Kurdi, Simone Spampinati, Amin Ghaith, W. M. Fawley, Claudio Masciovecchio, Marcello Coreno, Marco Cautero, L. Badano, David Garzella, Fatma Iazzourene, Nicola Mahne, Eléonore Roussel, Vanessa Grattoni, Giovanni De Ninno, L. Sturari, F. Giacuzzo, Laura Foglia, Niky Bruchon, Dao Xiang, Ivaylo Nikolov, T. Tanikawa, Marie Emmanuelle Couprie, Primož Rebernik Ribič, S. Grulja, Miltcho B. Danailov, Chao Feng, Luca Giannessi, D. Castronovo, Mario Ferianis, Enrico Allaria, Marco Zangrando, Alexander Demidovich, A. Abrami, M. Bossi, Najmeh Mirian, Paolo Miotti, Gregory Penn, Fabio Frassetto, Eduard Prat, Michele Manfredda, Marco Malvestuto, Luca Poletto, Marco Lonza, Erik Hemsing, Hans-Heinrich Braun, Simone Di Mitri, Sven Reiche, Rebernik Ribic, P., Abrami, A., Badano, L., Bossi, M., Braun, H. -H., Bruchon, N., Capotondi, F., Castronovo, D., Cautero, M., Cinquegrana, P., Coreno, M., Couprie, M. E., Cudin, I., Boyanov Danailov, M., De Ninno, G., Demidovich, A., Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fawley, W. M., Feng, C., Ferianis, M., Ferrari, E., Foglia, L., Frassetto, F., Gaio, G., Garzella, D., Ghaith, A., Giacuzzo, F., Giannessi, L., Grattoni, V., Grulja, S., Hemsing, E., Iazzourene, F., Kurdi, G., Lonza, M., Mahne, N., Malvestuto, M., Manfredda, M., Masciovecchio, C., Miotti, P., Mirian, N. S., Petrov Nikolov, I., Penco, G. M., Penn, G., Poletto, L., Pop, M., Prat, E., Principi, E., Raimondi, L., Reiche, S., Roussel, E., Sauro, R., Scafuri, C., Sigalotti, P., Spampinati, S., Spezzani, C., Sturari, L., Svandrlik, M., Tanikawa, T., Trovo, M., Veronese, M., Vivoda, D., Xiang, D., Zaccaria, M., Zangrando, D., Zangrando, M., Allaria, E. M., Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (ex SPAM) (LIDyl), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules - UMR 8523 (PhLAM), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
echo-enabled harmonic generation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Physics::Optics, free-electron laser, X-ray, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Mathematical Sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Relativistic electron beam, High harmonic generation, ddc:530, free-electron-laser, Physics, business.industry, Free-electron laser, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Optoelectronics & Photonics, Atomic electron transition, Physical Sciences, Harmonic, Cathode ray, Physics::Accelerator Physics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Lasing threshold
Abstract

X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs), which amplify light emitted by a relativistic electron beam, are extending nonlinear optical techniques to shorter wavelengths, adding element specificity by exciting and probing electronic transitions from core levels. These techniques would benefit tremendously from having a stable FEL source, generating spectrally pure and wavelength-tunable pulses. We show that such requirements can be met by operating the FEL in the so-called echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) configuration. Here, two external conventional lasers are used to precisely tailor the longitudinal phase space of the electron beam before emission of X-rays. We demonstrate high-gain EEHG lasing producing stable, intense, nearly fully coherent pulses at wavelengths as short as 5.9 nm (~211 eV) at the FERMI FEL user facility. Low sensitivity to electron-beam imperfections and observation of stable, narrow-band, coherent emission down to 2.6 nm (~474 eV) make the technique a prime candidate for generating laser-like pulses in the X-ray spectral region, opening the door to multidimensional coherent spectroscopies at short wavelengths. Echo-enabled harmonic generation in a free-electron laser enables 45th harmonic pulses from a 264 nm wavelength seed, yielding 5.9 nm wavelength coherent output.

Published
2019

143. Erratum: "Nonlinear XUV-optical transient grating spectroscopy at the Si L2,3-edge" [Appl. Phys. Lett. 114, 181101 (2019)].

Author

Bohinc, R., Pamfilidis, G., Rehault, J., Radi, P., Milne, C., Szlachetko, J., Bencivenga, F., Capotondi, F., Cucini, R., Foglia, L., Masciovecchio, C., Mincigrucci, R., Pedersoli, E., Simoncig, A., Mahne, N., Cannizzo, A., Frey, H. M., Ollmann, Z., Feurer, T., and Maznev, A. A.

Subjects
*SPECTROMETRY, *NONLINEAR optical spectroscopy, *ENGINEERING contracts, *MATERIALS science, *PUBLISHED articles
Abstract

In the original published article,[1] the following sentence was omitted from the acknowledgments: the participation of the MIT group, A.A.M. and K.N., was supported by the Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering under Contract No. DE-SC0019126. A.C., H.M.F., Z.O., and T.F. acknowledge funding by the NCCR MUST research instrument of the Swiss National Science Foundation. The participation of the MIT group, A.A.M. and K.N., was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering under Contract No. DE-SC0019126. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2021
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144. Extreme ultraviolet resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at a seeded free-electron laser

Author

Roberto Borghes, A. Simoncig, Wilfried Wurth, Claudio Masciovecchio, J. Ratanapreechachai, Cristian Svetina, Federico Cilento, Filippo Glerean, Giulio Gaio, Marco Malvestuto, Yi-De Chuang, F. Hieke, G. Kourousias, Alexandra M. Kalashnikova, Lorenzo Raimondi, Roman V. Pisarev, Fulvio Parmigiani, I. V. Kozhevnikov, Martin Scarcia, Luca Giannessi, Antonio Caretta, Nicola Mahne, Marco Zangrando, R. Mincigrucci, Saša Bajt, Barbara Casarin, L. Sturari, Emiliano Principi, Giulia Manzoni, Milan Prica, Roberto Passuello, Martina Dell'Angela, Dell'Angela, Martina, Hieke, F., Malvestuto, Marco, Sturari, L., Bajt, S., Kozhevnikov, I. V., Ratanapreechachai, J., Caretta, Antonio, Casarin, Barbara, Glerean, Filippo, Kalashnikova, A. M., Pisarev, R. V., Chuang, Y. D., Manzoni, Giulia, Cilento, F., Mincigrucci, R., Simoncig, Alberto, Principi, E., Masciovecchio, C., Raimondi, L., Mahne, N., Svetina, C., Zangrando, M., Passuello, R., Gaio, G., Prica, Milan, Scarcia, M., Kourousias, G., Borghes, R., Giannessi, L., Wurth, W., and Parmigiani, Fulvio

Subjects
fel, Materials science, RIXS, FEL, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Article, law.invention, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, X-ray spectroscopy, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Scattering, scattering, Free-electron laser, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Synchrotron, Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering, Other Physical Sciences, Beamline, Extreme ultraviolet, ddc:000, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, rixs, 0210 nano-technology, business, Storage ring
Abstract

Scientific reports 6, 38796 (2016). doi:10.1038/srep38796, In the past few years, we have been witnessing an increased interest for studying materials properties under non-equilibrium conditions. Several well established spectroscopies for experiments in the energy domain have been successfully adapted to the time domain with sub-picosecond time resolution. Here we show the realization of high resolution resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) with a stable ultrashort X-ray source such as an externally seeded free electron laser (FEL). We have designed and constructed a RIXS experimental endstation that allowed us to successfully measure the d-d excitations in KCoF3 single crystals at the cobalt M$_{2,3}$-edge at FERMI FEL (Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Italy). The FEL-RIXS spectra show an excellent agreement with the ones obtained from the same samples at the MERIXS endstation of the MERLIN beamline at the Advanced Light Source storage ring (Berkeley, USA). We established experimental protocols for performing time resolved RIXS experiments at a FEL source to avoid X ray-induced sample damage, while retaining comparable acquisition time to the synchrotron based measurements. Finally, we measured and modelled the influence of the FEL mixed electromagnetic modes, also present in externally seeded FELs, and the beam transport with ~120 meV experimental resolution achieved in the presented RIXS setup., Published by Nature Publishing Group, London

Published
2016

145. Electronic properties and orbital-filling mechanism in Rb-intercalated copper phthalocyanine

Author

Roberto Gotter, Fabrizio Evangelista, Alessandro Ruocco, Nicola Mahne, Petra Rudolf, Stefano Nannarone, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Surfaces and Thin Films, Evangelista, F, Gotter, R, Mahne, N, Nannarone, S, Ruocco, Alessandro, and Rudolf, P.

Subjects
PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY, SURFACE, Photoemission spectroscopy, Inverse photoemission spectroscopy, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, RAY-ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY, Spectral line, Rubidium, SYNCHROTRON-RADIATION, symbols.namesake, Molecular symmetry, XPS, Molecule, Molecular orbital, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Chemistry, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, Fermi level, surface physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, CO, Crystallography, General Energy, ULTRA-THIN FILMS, STATES, symbols, PHOTOEMISSION-SPECTROSCOPY
Abstract

The evolution of the electronic properties of a thin film of copper phthalocyanine deposited on Al(100) and progressively intercalated with rubidium atoms was followed by photoemission and X-ray absorption spectroscopies. Electron donation from the Rb atoms to the C32H16N8Cu molecules results in the lifting of the degeneracy in the e(g) ligand-derived molecular orbital and the lowering of the molecular symmetry. For Rb similar to 2C32H16N8Cu, spectral evidence indicates that both donated electrons reside in the first split-off e(g)-derived level, thus creating an electronic inequivalence between the C atoms in the benzene rings. For higher Rb concentrations, a reduction of the Cu oxidation state is observed, together with a new Cu-derived state in valence-band photoemission spectra, testifying to the filling of the b(1g) orbital. Thus, even though b(1g) is the lowest unoccupied orbital of the neutral molecule, in the film, the Cu-derived b(1g)-derived states are occupied only after a partial filling of the e.-derived band has taken place. Despite the fact that the eg-derived spectral weight becomes larger as the rubidium content in the RbxC32H16N8Cu compound increases, no spectral density was observed at the Fermi level, showing that the film remains insulating for all of the investigated stoichiometries.

Published
2008

146. Determining the polarization state of an extreme ultraviolet free-electron laser beam using atomic circular dichroism

Author

R. Ivanov, Markus Ilchen, A. J. Rafipoor, Y. Ovcharenko, Oksana Plekan, Frank Stienkemeier, M. Devetta, Carlo Callegari, Andrey K. Kazansky, Miltcho B. Danailov, Alexander Demidovich, Marcello Coreno, Cesare Grazioli, K. Ueda, Tommaso Mazza, Kevin C. Prince, Cristian Svetina, Robert Richter, Paola Bolognesi, Nikolay M. Kabachnik, Lorenzo Avaldi, Patrick O'Keeffe, Paola Finetti, M. Di Fraia, Lorenzo Raimondi, John Costello, V. Lyamayev, Nicola Mahne, T. Möller, G. De Ninno, S. Düsterer, Michael Meyer, Mazza, T., Ilchen, M., Rafipoor, A. J., Callegari, C., Finetti, P., Plekan, O., Prince, K. C., Richter, R., Danailov, M. B., Demidovich, A., De Ninno, G., Grazioli, C., Ivanov, R., Mahne, N., Raimondi, L., Svetina, C., Avaldi, L., Bolognesi, P., Coreno, M., O'Keeffe, P., DI FRAIA, Michele, Devetta, M., Ovcharenko, Y., Möller, T. h., Lyamayev, V., Stienkemeier, F., Düsterer, S., Ueda, K., Costello, J. T., Kazansky, A. K., Kabachnik, N. M., and Meyer, M.

Subjects
electron, Photon, ultrafast phenomena, Physics::Optics, General Physics and Astronomy, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, FERMI, law.invention, Optics, law, Physics, Wavefront, FEL, polarization, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Free-electron laser, General Chemistry, Laser, Polarization (waves), laser, circular dichroism, Extreme ultraviolet, Optoelectronics, business, Ultrashort pulse, Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Abstract

Ultrafast extreme ultraviolet and X-ray free-electron lasers are set to revolutionize many domains such as bio-photonics and materials science, in a manner similar to optical lasers over the past two decades. Although their number will grow steadily over the coming decade, their complete characterization remains an elusive goal. This represents a significant barrier to their wider adoption and hence to the full realization of their potential in modern photon sciences. Although a great deal of progress has been made on temporal characterization and wavefront measurements at ultrahigh extreme ultraviolet and X-ray intensities, only few, if any progress on accurately measuring other key parameters such as the state of polarization has emerged. Here we show that by combining ultra-short extreme ultraviolet free electron laser pulses from FERMI with near-infrared laser pulses, we can accurately measure the polarization state of a free electron laser beam in an elegant, non-invasive and straightforward manner using circular dichroism. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited.

Published
2014

147. Two-colour pump–probe experiments with a twin-pulse-seed extreme ultraviolet free-electron laser

Author

Emanuele Pedersoli, Cristian Svetina, Simone Spampinati, Paolo Sigalotti, Roberto Borghes, Paolo Cinquegrana, C. Serpico, Lorenzo Raimondi, David Gauthier, Flavio Capotondi, P. Charalambous, G. Kurdi, L. Froehlich, R. Ivanov, Ivaylo Nikolov, Carlo Spezzani, Filippo Bencivenga, Nicola Mahne, Miltcho B. Danailov, Alexander Demidovich, Benoît Mahieu, Eugenio Ferrari, Giuseppe Penco, Bruno Diviacco, Luca Giannessi, G. De Ninno, Marco Zangrando, Mauro Trovò, Enrico Allaria, Alessandro Gessini, S. Di Mitri, D. Castronovo, W. M. Fawley, Maya Kiskinova, Claudio Masciovecchio, Daniele Fausti, Sincrotrone Trieste, NEST-INFM (INFM), National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), School of Applied Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Techniques of Informatics and Microelectronics for integrated systems Architecture (TIMA), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Italian National agency for new technologies, Energy and sustainable economic development [Frascati] (ENEA), Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Laboratoire d'optique appliquée (LOA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées (ENSTA Paris), CNR Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Techniques de l'Informatique et de la Microélectronique pour l'Architecture des systèmes intégrés (TIMA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées (ENSTA Paris)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Allaria, E., Bencivenga, F., Borghes, R., Capotondi, Flavio, Castronovo, D., Charalambous, P., Cinquegrana, Paolo, Danailov, M. B., DE NINNO, Giovanni, Demidovich, A., Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fausti, Daniele, Fawley, W. M., Ferrari, Eugenio, Froehlich, L., Gauthier, D., Gessini, A., Giannessi, L., Ivanov, R., Kiskinova, Maya, Kurdi, G., Mahieu, B., Mahne, N., Nikolov, I., Masciovecchio, C., Pedersoli, E., Penco, G., Raimondi, L., Serpico, Claudio, Sigalotti, P., Spampinati, S., Spezzani, C., Svetina, Cristian, Trovò, Mauro, and Zangrando, M.

Subjects
Diffraction, Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], General Physics and Astronomy, Nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Physics and Astronomy (all), Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, High harmonic generation, 010306 general physics, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), Multidisciplinary, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATOM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic Physics [physics.atom-ph], business.industry, Chemistry (all), Free-electron laser, Time evolution, General Chemistry, Laser, 3. Good health, Pulse (physics), Extreme ultraviolet, State of matter, business
Abstract

Exploring the dynamics of matter driven to extreme non-equilibrium states by an intense ultrashort X-ray pulse is becoming reality, thanks to the advent of free-electron laser technology that allows development of different schemes for probing the response at variable time delay with a second pulse. Here we report the generation of two-colour extreme ultraviolet pulses of controlled wavelengths, intensity and timing by seeding of high-gain harmonic generation free-electron laser with multiple independent laser pulses. The potential of this new scheme is demonstrated by the time evolution of a titanium-grating diffraction pattern, tuning the two coherent pulses to the titanium M-resonance and varying their intensities. This reveals that an intense pulse induces abrupt pattern changes on a time scale shorter than hydrodynamic expansion and ablation. This result exemplifies the essential capabilities of the jitter-free multiple-colour free-electron laser pulse sequences to study evolving states of matter with element sensitivity., Free-electron lasers are a powerful new tool for studying properties and transient states of matter. Here, the authors use a novel seed scheme for generation of two XUV laser pulses of controlled wavelength and time separation that enables access to ultrafast phenomena with elemental sensitivity.

Published
2013

148. Tunability experiments at the FERMI@Elettra free-electron laser

Author

Roberto Gunnella, Roberto Borghes, Erika Giangrisostomi, Enrico Allaria, Ivaylo Nikolov, Adriano Filipponi, M. Di Fraia, Claudio Masciovecchio, Luca Giannessi, Marco Zangrando, W. M. Fawley, Riccardo Cucini, M. Trovo, Filippo Bencivenga, S. Di Mitri, Flavio Capotondi, Giuseppe Penco, Carlo Spezzani, L. Froehlich, Francesco D'Amico, D. Castronovo, S. Di Fonzo, R. Ivanov, Benoît Mahieu, Cristian Svetina, Carlo Callegari, Miltcho B. Danailov, Alessandro Gessini, Marcello Coreno, Lorenzo Raimondi, G. De Ninno, Dario Giuressi, R. Sergo, A. Di Cicco, Daniele Cocco, Bruno Diviacco, Cesare Grazioli, Andrea Battistoni, Alexander Demidovich, Eugenio Ferrari, Emiliano Principi, Paolo Craievich, Paolo Cinquegrana, G. Passos, Nicola Mahne, Emanuele Pedersoli, Paolo Sigalotti, Allaria, E., Battistoni, Andrea, Bencivenga, F., Borghes, R., Callegari, C., Capotondi, F., Castronovo, D., Cinquegrana, P., Cocco, D., Coreno, M., Craievich, P., Cucini, R., D'Amico, F., Danailov, M. B., Demidovich, A., De Ninno, G., Di Cicco, A., Di Fonzo, S., DI FRAIA, Michele, Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fawley, W. M., Ferrari, Eugenio, Filipponi, A., Froehlich, L., Gessini, A., Giangrisostomi, Erika, Giannessi, L., Giuressi, D., Grazioli, Cesare, Gunnella, R., Ivanov, R., Mahieu, B., Mahne, N., Masciovecchio, C., Nikolov, I. P., Passos, G., Pedersoli, E., Penco, G., Principi, E., Raimondi, L., Sergo, R., Sigalotti, P., Spezzani, C., Svetina, Cristian, Trovò, M., and Zangrando, M.

Subjects
FEL, seeded, tunability, TIMEX, DIPROI, LDM, Fermi, Extreme ultraviolet lithography, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Thermopile, law.invention, symbols.namesake, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Physics, business.industry, Free-electron laser, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Wavelength, Fourier transform, Absorption edge, symbols, RADIATION, 0210 nano-technology, business, Coherence (physics)
Abstract

FERMI@Elettra is a free electron-laser (FEL)-based user facility that, after two years of commissioning, started preliminary users' dedicated runs in 2011. At variance with other FEL user facilities, FERMI@Elettra has been designed to deliver improved spectral stability and longitudinal coherence. The adopted scheme, which uses an external laser to initiate the FEL process, has been demonstrated to be capable of generating FEL pulses close to the Fourier transform limit. We report on the first instance of FEL wavelength tuning, both in a narrow and in a large spectral range (fine- and coarse-tuning). We also report on two different experiments that have been performed exploiting such FEL tuning. We used fine-tuning to scan across the 1s–4p resonance in He atoms, at ≈23.74 eV (52.2 nm), detecting both UV–visible fluorescence (4p–2s, 400 nm) and EUV fluorescence (4p–1s, 52.2 nm). We used coarse-tuning to scan the M4,5 absorption edge of Ge (∼29.5 eV) in the wavelength region 30–60 nm, measured in transmission geometry with a thermopile positioned on the rear side of a Ge thin foil.

Published
2012

149. Soft-X study of buried interfaces in stratified media

Author

Lorenzo Sponza, Adriano Verna, A. Giglia, Nicola Mahne, Stefano Nannarone, CNR Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Università degli studi di Trieste, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), AA. VV., Chu J, Wang Z, Mahne, N., Giglia, A., Sponza, L., Verna, Adriano, and Nannarone, S.

Subjects
Materials science, Field (physics), business.industry, multilayer, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Standing wave, Wavelength, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Optics, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Phenomenological model, Reflection (physics), [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Specular reflection, buried interfaces, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Excitation
Abstract

International audience; The performance of multilayer optics depends on the quality of the buried interfaces between materials, whose intermixing strongly affects their behavior. We present an experimental method to determine, in a non destructively way, the amount of material intermixing at interfaces of multilayer structures. The reflection mechanism is related to the build up in the multilayer of a standing wave field, whose peaks and the valleys move as a function both of wavelength and of incidence angle. Exploiting this fact it is possible to modulate the electric field inside the multilayer in order to have different parts of the multilayer structure excited at a different extent and in particular the buried interfaces regions. The excitation is directly proportional to the intensity of the electric field and to the concentration of a given element in the sample. The excitation can be detected with different techniques, f.i. electron core level photoemission, fluorescence, luminescence, total electron yield. The flexibility of the experimental apparatus of the BEAR beamline (Elettra Trieste, Italy) allowed us to study some important classes of layered structures in the soft X-ray energy range, using the above mentioned techniques together with the determination of the Bragg conditions through the measurement of the specular reflectivity. We demonstrate the possibility of obtaining quantitative information on the width of the intermixing region, strongly related to the interface roughness, through the comparison with a phenomenological model of the intermixing and a numerical simulation of the standing field inside the multilayer.

Published
2011

150. Optical, chemical, depth, and magnetic characterization of Mg/Co-based nanometric periodic multilayers

Author

Imène Esteve, Z. S. Wang, Jingtao Zhu, Christian Meny, S. Nannarone, Nicola Mahne, Adriano Verna, K. Le Guen, Philippe Jonnard, M.-H. Hu, H. Ch. Li, S.-K. Zhou, Michael Walls, Jean-Michel André, Anouk Galtayries, A. Giglia, AA. VV., Lequime M, Macleod H A, Ristau D, Jonnard, P., Le Guen, K., Hu, M. H., André, J. M., Zhou, S. K., Li, H. C. h., Zhu, J. T., Wang, Z. S., Mahne, N., Giglia, A., Nannarone, S., Verna, Adriano, Meny, C., Galtayries, A., Estève, I., and Walls, M.

Subjects
Secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray reflectivity, ultraviolet optical elements, multilayer systems, Magnetization, Materials science, Absorption edge, Scanning electron microscope, Magnetism, Annealing (metallurgy), Analytical chemistry, Emission spectrum
Abstract

We have developed and elaborated a series of Mg/Co-based periodic multilayers to build efficient mirrors for the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) range. For s-polarized light and at 45° of grazing incidence, the reflectivity of as-deposited Mg/Co is 42.6% at 25.1 nm. X-ray emission spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements do not indicate any noticeable interdiffusion at the interfaces between layers. Scanning transmission electronic microscopy images attest the high structural quality of the stack. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) curves in the hard x-ray and EUV domains confirm this description and estimate a weak interfacial roughness (~ 0.5 nm). Taking advantage of the magnetic character of Co, we have performed resonant magnetic reflectivity measurements by scanning the photon energy around the Co L absorption edge for opposite circular polarizations. The magnetization profile of the Co layers within Co/Mg determined with an expected depth resolution of one monolayer confirms the interface abruptness. Scanning electron microscopy images and XRR curves give evidence of the thermal stability of Mg/Co up to 300 °C. From that value, a strong change in the sample morphology due to the delamination of the multilayer from the substrate occurs. This should account for the drastic reflectivity drop observed above this temperature. Starting from Mg/Co, we have inserted a Zr layer at one or at the other interface or at both interfaces to estimate the effect of the introduction of a third material within the period. We have found that Mg/Co/Zr is more efficient (50% of reflectivity) than Mg/Zr/Co and Mg/Zr/Co/Zr (~ 40%). Through time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling and NMR measurements, we have assigned this difference to an intermixing process when Co layers are deposited onto Zr layers.

Published
2011

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