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The article provides an overview of common mistakes and lessons learned in orthodontic treatment. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the anatomy of the mouth to prevent complications. The use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is highlighted as a tool that allows orthodontists to better visualize anatomical variations and create more accurate treatment plans. The article also discusses specific topics such as managing proximal contacts during digital planning, controlling root movement of lower incisors, and preventing posterior open bites. Regular monitoring, attention to detail, and the use of progress photographs are emphasized as important aspects of successful orthodontic treatment. The article provides valuable insights for orthodontic practitioners and patients alike. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Malocclusion is one of the major oral health problems among children and young adults which lead to social stigma and psychological disorders. Several orthodontic problems can be treated at an earlier age so that it benefits the growing children. Aim: The main aim of the study is to assess the knowledge and awareness of early age orthodontic interventions among interns, general dentists and dental practitioners. Materials and method: This study is conducted by circulating a questionnaire consisting of 20 questions through the web. A total of 500 participants which includes 100 of interns, 100 of general dentists, 100 of Pedodontists, 100 of Non orthodontic postgraduates and 100 of Non orthodontic specialists. Results: As per the results, Pedodontists shows the higher mean knowledge of 24.59 compared to other populations. It showed the statistically significant knowledge and attitude difference between the groups. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of providing knowledge to general dentists, Non orthodontic PG's and Non orthodontic specialists on earlier orthodontic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Our aim is to determine the applicability of other analyses and develop a new formula appropriate for the Vietnamese population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive analysis was conducted on a total of 120 dental arch samples (18–25 years old, 60 males, and 60 females) with <5 mm of tooth crowding, complete teeth on the dental arch, no missing teeth, and no fillings on the mesial or distal sides. Each study sample will be imprinted and measured using conventional as well as digital methods. Result: There was a significant discrepancy between the overall mesiodistal width from canine to second premolar in the maxilla and mandibular measured with electronic calipers on the cast model and the values calculated by the Moyer, Tanaka - Johnston, Gross - Hasund formulae in the mandibular, and measured by digital scanning and results calculated by the Gross-Hasund formula for maxilla and mandibular and the Moyers, Tanaka-Johnston formula for mandibular. The values obtained were compared with those calculated using the Moyers, Tanaka–Johnston, and Gross–Hasund formulae for the mandibular. Additionally, measurements were taken by digital scanning, and the results were calculated using the Gross–Hasund formula for both the maxilla and mandibular, and the Moyers and Tanaka–Johnston formulae for the mandibular. When used to estimate space analysis in the Vietnamese population, the estimation formula for each gender had greater accuracy and reliability than other widely used methods. Conclusions: As the central incisor and first molar are the first permanent teeth to erupt, the mesiodistal width may be readily measured. This new formula may be used to predict the width in the early stages of the mixed dentition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Following the fourth to second digit ratios being used as a marker of sexual dimorphism and the embryogenetic hormonal origin in common with the permanent dentition, the aim of this study was to determine if a homologous ratio existed for the central and lateral incisors which correlated with the digit ratios. Materials and Methods: Bilateral linear lengths in millimeters of fourth and second digits (reversed for clearer analysis) were obtained using vernier calipers from standardized photocopies of the ventral palmar surfaces of 61 male and 51 female (n = 112) volunteer dental students, the ratios of which were correlated with the ratios of the linear measures (mm) of the inciso-cervical (IC) and mesiodistal (MD) measurements of their central to lateral incisors. Results: Dimorphic digit ratios were comparable with those of other investigators, with male digits and incisors significantly larger than females (p < .001). Although both male maxillary incisors, IC and MD, were significantly larger than females, the ratios unexpectedly were not, with only a limited number of low but significant correlations with the digit ratios. Conclusions: While there were only a limited number of significant sexually dimorphic correlations between the digit and incisor ratios for non-White participants, the results obtained suggest further investigation of possible relationships between the sexually dimorphic digit ratios and odontometric ratios other than central to lateral incisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Median maxillary labial frenum (MMLF) is one of the oral freni, found on the inner side of the centre of the upper lip. Maxillary midline diastema (MMD) is commonly associated with highly attached frenum, and frenectomy during early mixed dentition is controversial. A 6-year-old boy came with a chief complaint of unpleasant spacing between the two upper front teeth. A median maxillary high attached labial frenum with midline spacing of 5 mm was diagnosed. A consensus was made with the child's father to remove the frenum by laser. Diode laser frenectomy was done, and subsequent follow-up for 12 years revealed no relapse and complete closure of the diastema. Frenectomy during early mixed dentition could be a suitable option for the closure of midline diastema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a late Swedish Viking Age population dating from around 10th-12th century AD, the prevalence, distribution and location of dental caries were studied. Tooth wear, other dental pathology and anatomical variations were identified and recorded clinically and radiographically. A total of 3293 teeth were analyzed from 171 individuals with complete and partial dentitions, of which 133 were permanent and 38 deciduous/mixed dentition. The dentitions were studied clinically, using a dental probe under a strong light source, and radiographs were taken for 18 of the individuals to verify and complement the clinical caries registration. Almost half the population, 83 of 171 individuals (49%), had at least one carious lesion. All individuals with deciduous or mixed dentitions were caries-free. The number of teeth affected by caries among adults was 424 (13%) and the surface most susceptible to caries was the root surface. The tooth most commonly affected by caries was the first mandibular molar. Other findings included apical infections, which were detected clinically in 4% of the teeth, and one case of filed front teeth. The findings gave a unique understanding of life and death in this early Christian Viking community and indicated that it was common to suffer from dental caries, tooth loss, infections of dental origin and tooth pain. These Vikings also manipulated their teeth through filing, tooth picking and other occupational behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Clinical Orthodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Evaluate if there is a significant association between the position and inclination of the unerupted maxillary canine measured on a panoramic radiograph, and their relationship to gender, age of the patient and stage of dentition. Methods: 138 panoramic radiographs were examined for this retrospective cross-sectional investigation. Only patients living in Madrid, Spain with mixed dentition were included. These measurements were performed on radiographs, considering the inclination and position of the maxillary canines with regards to the midline, and height with respect to the occlusal plane. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relation among the canine angle and height. p < 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: The prevalence of patients with an altered canine angle was 10%, while 43.5% had an apparently abnormal position (overlapping at least half of the adjacent lateral incisor root). No statistically significant association was found between these two variables. In 5% of the patients, the maxillary canine was with an anomalous angle and position. Significant differences were obtained when comparing canine height between children with ectopic canines and normal canines (p = 0.032). Conclusion: No significant association was found between the position and inclination of the unerupted maxillary canine in our sample. Ectopic maxillary canines had a higher incidence in girls, although we did not find statistically significant differences between genders. We observed a higher prevalence of abnormal position and inclination of the permanent maxillary canine in early mixed dentition. Maxillary canines were significantly elevated, further from the occlusal plane, in children with ectopic canines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This prospective randomized clinical trial aimed at analyzing the skeletal effects of this modified acrylic splint palatal expander (MASPE) used for maxillary transversal deficiency treatment in mixed dentition. Methods: Eligibility criteria included maxillary transverse deficiencies in children between 7 and 10 years of age. Eighteen individuals who met the inclusion criteria and reached the end of treatment were evaluated (mean age of 8.66 years old) and randomly assigned to be submitted to rapid maxillary expansion with either the MASPE experimental device or a well-known tooth-borne expander (control group). CBCT scans taken before expansion and at the end of the retention period were evaluated. The palatal area was calculated, and the length of expansion was measured. Treatment changes were analyzed using paired t-tests, whereas independent t-tests were used to compare the two groups. Results: There were statistically significant (p<0.05) increases in maxillary width at the suture level in both groups, with a substantial increase in the palatal area. The group differences were not significant. Conclusions: MASPE showed good efficiency and skeletal effects but no superiority over the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of mandibular second premolar (MnP2) distoangulation among orthodontic patients and the angular changes after a longitudinal follow-up. Methods The sample was collected from the orthodontic records of 865 patients. The distoangulation group was composed of 42 patients (mean age 9.29 ± 1.24 years, 16 male, 26 female) with distoangulation of MnP2. The control group was composed of 32 patients (mean age 9.38 ± 1.10 years, 15 male, and 17 female) without distoangulation of MnP2. Panoramic radiographs taken in the mixed (T1) and the early permanent dentition (T2) were analyzed in both groups. Longitudinal angular changes (distal angle θ and premolar-molar angle γ), degree of root formation, second premolar depth, and prevalence of associated dental anomalies were analyzed. Intergroup comparison was performed with Mann–Whitney, t-tests, and chi-square tests (P  < 0.05). Results The prevalence of MnP2 distoangulation in the mixed dentition was 4.85%. The distoangulation group showed a smaller initial distal angle (59.34o ± 8.41) when compared to control group (79.88o ± 7.60). The spontaneous eruption of the MnP2 with distoangulation was observed in 76.57% of the sample. MnP2 distoangulation was significantly associated with agenesis of its antimere, small maxillary lateral incisors, and deciduous molar infraocclusion. Limitations Severe cases of MnP2 distoangulation were absent in this study. Conclusions The frequency of MnP2 distoangulation among orthodontic patients was 4.85%. Mild to moderate distoangulated Mnp2 spontaneously uprighted from the mixed to the permanent dentition. Small lateral incisors, second premolar agenesis, and infraocclusion of deciduous molar were frequently found in cases with MnP2 distoangulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To compare the long-term skeletal effects of tooth-borne (TB) and tooth - bone-borne (TBB) rapid maxillary expansion in growing children, using 3D imaging. Materials and methods In total, 52 consecutive patients who met the eligibility criteria were recruited and allocated to either the TB group, mean age 9.3 years (SD 1.3), or the TBB group, mean age 9.5 years (SD 1.2). Cone-beam computed tomography records and plaster models were taken before (T0), directly after (T1), 1 year after (T2), and 5 years after expansion (T3). Randomization Participants were randomly allocated in blocks of different sizes, using the concealed allocation principle in a 1:1 ratio. The randomization list was also stratified by sex to ensure homogeneity between groups. Blinding Due to clinical limitations, only the outcome assessors were blinded to the groups to which the patients were allocated. Results At T1, the midpalatal suture at its anterior part showed a statistically significant difference between the groups with a mean of 0.6 mm (CI 0.2–1.1) more expansion in the TBB group (P < 0.01). This difference was also more evident in boys at T1 with a mean of 0.8 mm (CI 0.2–1.4) (P < 0.01). These differences, however, blotted out at T2 and T3. The nasal width also showed similar differences between the groups, with a significantly larger expansion in the TBB group by a mean of 0.7 mm (CI 0.1–1.4) (P = 0.03). This group difference in favour of the TBB group was maintained at T2 (1.6 mm) and T3 (2.1 mm) (P < 0.01 T2 and T3, respectively). Conclusions Skeletal expansion in the midpalatal suture was significantly higher in the TBB group; however, the magnitude of this expansion was around 0.6 mm more and may not be clinically significant. Skeletal expansion at the level of the nasal cavity was significantly higher in the TBB group. There were no differences between boys and girls with regard to skeletal expansion. Trial registration This trial was not registered on any external sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The concept that posterior crossbite is not self-correcting has been controversial in the literature. Objective To evaluate the incidence of self-correction of crossbite in different stages of dentition in childhood. Search methods and selection criteria A bibliographic search using the acronym PECOS was performed in five databases and in partial grey literature. Studies evaluating children with posterior crossbite in the deciduous or mixed dentition at initial examination and followed for at least 3 years were included. Data collection and analysis The data extraction of the studies included presents information on authorship, clinical characteristics, main results, and conclusions. The risk of bias in the studies was evaluated through the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE tool. Results Among the 3045 references identified, seven cohort studies met the eligibility criteria. The studies evaluated patients in transition from deciduous to mixed, mixed to permanent, and deciduous to mixed dentition. Two studies had a low risk of bias, three had a moderate risk, and two had a high risk of bias. The results showed posterior crossbite self-correction frequencies ranging from 12.2 to 77.1% during the transition from primary to mixed dentition, approximately 16% from mixed to permanent dentition, and a range from 20 to 82.8% from deciduous to permanent dentition. The level of certainty of the evidence generated ranged from very low to moderate. Limitations The observational design of the studies, without adequate control for confounding factors, and non-classification of the samples considering the types or the severity of the posterior crossbite. Conclusion The self-correction of posterior crossbite in childhood is possible. However, the results of this research do not allow to affirm how often the self-correction of posterior crossbite can occur. New studies that assess factors associated with the occurrence of self-correction of this malocclusion, including oral habits, may increase the certainty of the evidence. Registration PROSPERO CRD42022311935 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of this scoping review was to investigate the applicability and performance of various convolutional neural network (CNN) models in tooth numbering on panoramic radiographs, achieved through classification, detection, and segmentation tasks. Materials and Methods: An online search was performed of the PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus databases. Based on the selection process, 12 studies were included in this review. Results: Eleven studies utilized a CNN model for detection tasks, 5 for classification tasks, and 3 for segmentation tasks in the context of tooth numbering on panoramic radiographs. Most of these studies revealed high performance of various CNN models in automating tooth numbering. However, several studies also highlighted limitations of CNNs, such as the presence of false positives and false negatives in identifying decayed teeth, teeth with crown prosthetics, teeth adjacent to edentulous areas, dental implants, root remnants, wisdom teeth, and root canal-treated teeth. These limitations can be overcome by ensuring both the quality and quantity of datasets, as well as optimizing the CNN architecture. Conclusion: CNNs have demonstrated high performance in automated tooth numbering on panoramic radiographs. Future development of CNN-based models for this purpose should also consider different stages of dentition, such as the primary and mixed dentition stages, as well as the presence of various tooth conditions. Ultimately, an optimized CNN architecture can serve as the foundation for an automated tooth numbering system and for further artificial intelligence research on panoramic radiographs for a variety of purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the radiological features of the permanent canines and the treatment carried out to ensure their eruption relative to certain features involved in Dental Anomaly Patterns (DAP). Material and Methods: The cross-sectional part of this retrospective register­-based study focused on 1,315 dental panoramic tomographs (DPTs) of children aged 8.5–10.5 years, while the longitudinal part involved information on the treatment provided for 1,269 canines after the DPTs and on their eruption into the oral cavity. Results: The canines of the DAP children more often showed evidence of early treatment (p = 0.014), with girls having more frequently interceptive treatment (p = 0.004) and boys early headgear (p = 0.022). Delayed dental age was associated with early treatment (OR 3.29, 95% CI 1.08–9.99). Either no or clear overlapping of a canine with the lateral incisor occurred more often in the DAP children, whereas canine inclination did not differ between the groups. The root development stage of the canine was more often either beginning or well advanced in the DAP children. Conclusions: The children with dental developmental abnormalities more often showed evidence of early treatment for the canines. Monitoring of the erupting canines after the first mixed stage is important to enable timely early treatment.

Background: The mixed dentition stage in children is a critical period for orthodontic assessment and intervention. This study investigates the effects of interceptive orthodontics on dental and skeletal development in children with mixed dentition, aiming to evaluate the potential benefits of early orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of 150 children with mixed dentition (aged 7–11 years), who received interceptive orthodontic treatment. Dental and skeletal records, including cephalometric radiographs and dental cast models, were collected before and after treatment. A control group of 150 untreated children with mixed dentition was also assessed for comparison. Various dental and skeletal parameters, such as dental alignment, overjet (OJ), overbite (OB), and cephalometric measurements, were recorded and analyzed. Results: The results of this study indicate significant improvements in dental alignment and occlusion in the group of children who received interceptive orthodontic treatment. The average reduction in OJ was 3.5 mm, and the OB correction averaged 2.1 mm. Cephalometric analysis showed positive changes in skeletal relationships, with a mean reduction in the angle formed by point A, nasion (N) and point B. (ANB) angle of 2.8 degrees. These improvements were statistically significant compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Early orthodontic intervention, such as interceptive orthodontics, has a positive impact on dental and skeletal development in children with mixed dentition.

Background: Class II malocclusions are a common orthodontic problem, often requiring comprehensive treatment to achieve proper occlusion and facial harmony. Early orthodontic intervention in the mixed dentition phase has been advocated to address these issues. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of 150 patients with class II malocclusions who underwent early orthodontic treatment between the ages of 7 and 10 years. The treatment included fixed or removable appliances, headgear, and functional appliances, depending on individual needs. Records of their initial malocclusion severity, treatment modalities, and long-term follow-up data (mean follow-up duration of 10 years) were collected and analyzed. Stability was assessed by evaluating overjet and overbite changes from post-treatment to the long-term follow-up. Results: The initial mean overjet and overbite values were 8.5 mm and 4.0 mm, respectively. Following early orthodontic intervention, these values were significantly reduced to 3.0 mm and 1.5 mm, respectively (P < 0.001). At the long-term follow-up, the mean overjet and overbite remained stable at 3.2 mm and 1.6 mm, respectively. Analysis revealed that 85% of patients maintained their corrected class II occlusion within clinically acceptable limits, while 15% experienced minor relapse requiring minimal additional treatment. Conclusion: Early orthodontic treatment in class II malocclusions can lead to significant improvements in overjet and overbite, and these corrections tend to remain stable over the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastodontics is an interceptive orthodontic therapy that uses light and biological elastic forces through preformed or custom-made removable orthodontic appliances. This study aims to evaluate the effects of elastodontic devices on correcting sagittal discrepancies in growing subjects with mixed dentition. Electronic research was conducted on four databases: PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Data were extracted based on the first author, year of publication, setting and country, study design, sample characteristics, sample size calculation, type of malocclusion, intervention, control group type, compliance, follow-up, and cephalometric measurements. Sixteen studies were included in the final review. Most studies observed a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) in SNB and ANB angles. Ten studies reported a reduction in overjet, while eight studies found no change in facial divergence. Comparisons with conventional functional devices revealed no consensus on the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects. Elastodontic appliances significantly improve cephalometric and dentoalveolar parameters, potentially correcting skeletal and dental relationships. However, result variability and unclear advantages over traditional appliances highlight the need for further research.

Abstract Background Invisalign First System (First) is a new type of orthodontic appliance for maxillary arch expansion in mixed dentition children. Till now, few studies have evaluated the expansion effects of First versus other appliances. What’s more, most studies of arch expansion did not include a natural group to rule out growth effects. This prospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the dental and dentoalveolar effects using First or acrylic splint rapid maxillary expander (RME) in adolescents excluding growth factors. Materials and methods After screening by strict inclusion criteria and propensity score matching (PSM), fifty-one patients were included: First group (n = 17), RME group (n = 17), and natural growth (NG) group (n = 17). Nine indicators including dental arch width, dentoalveolar arch width, and inclination of the molars were measured on digital dental casts at baseline (T0) and six-month follow-up (T1). Paired t-tests were used for intra-group results, and two-sample independent t-tests were used for inter-group comparisons. Results There was no significant increase in all indicators within six months in the NG group (p > 0.05). In the First group and RME group, all width indicators were significantly increased after treatment (p

Backgroud/purpose: The prevalence of carious lesions and traumatic injury in individuals between ages 6 and 12 is high. This study aimed to characterize pediatric patients aged 6–12 treated in the endodontic clinic and investigate the prevalence and patterns of their provided endodontic treatments. Materials and methods: Clinical and radiographic records of patients (ages 6–12) referred to the postgraduate Endodontics clinic from June 2017 to June 2020 were reviewed. Demographics, pre-and post-operative conditions, type of endodontic treatment, and behavioral management were collected. Results: A total of 6350 teeth from 6089 patients were treated in this period, and 425 teeth (6.7%) from 405 patients were included. Ages 9–11 were the most commonly treated age group. Significantly more lower molars (41.9%) and upper anterior teeth (36.7%) were treated (P

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of established mathematical regression models for estimating the age of Egyptian children, develop new models that would better match this population and to evaluate the validity and reliability of these new models. Results One thousand one hundred fifteen children ranging in age between 6–14 years participated in the study. Group I consisted of 1000 children; 513 (51.3%) children were of the age group 6–

IntroductionMalocclusion, a common oral health problem in children, is associated with several contributing factors. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of mixed dentition stage malocclusion and its contributing factors in Chinese Zhuang children aged 7–8 years.MethodsOverall, 2,281 Zhuang children, about 7–8 years old, were randomly selected using a stratified whole-cluster sampling method from schools in counties in Northwestern Guangxi, China. The children were examined on-site for malocclusion and caries by trained dentists, and basic data on the children were collected using questionnaires, including age, sex, parental education, parental accompaniment, and children's knowledge of malocclusion and treatment needs. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe total prevalence of malocclusion in Zhuang children aged 7–8 years was 58.5%, with the highest prevalence of anterior crossbite tendency, and the prevalence of anterior crossbite and anterior edge-to-edge occlusion was 15.1% and 7.7%, respectively. This was followed by an anterior increased overjet of 13.3% and an inter-incisor spacing of 10.3%. The lowest prevalence was 2.7% for anterior open bite. Sex, parental accompaniment, parental education, and decayed, missing, and filled teeth of the first primary molar were factors that contributed to malocclusion in Zhuang children.ConclusionMalocclusion is a common oral problem among Zhuang children. Therefore, more attention must be paid to the intervention and prevention of malocclusion. The impact factors should be controlled as early as possible.

OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency and pattern of anterior crossbite with primary and mixed dentition in School Children. METHODOLOGY A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore. This study included 296 participants having either deciduous or mixed dentition, no history of orthodontic treatment, aged between 3-11 years, both genders and Pakistani nationals. Participants with a history of trauma, cleft lip/palate, or any craniofacial syndrome and systemic disease were excluded. Participant’s age, gender, skeletal class, and anterior crossbite (ACB) were recorded. The Chi-square/Fisher exact test was run to compare ACB and their pattern among gender, age group, and skeletal class. RESULTS There is a relatively high rate of anterior crossbite in this population, which is about 10%. The females were 169(57.09%) and males were 127(42.91%). The mean age was 6.92 ± 1.68 years. Overall, the ACB was present in 31(10.47%). The most common pattern of ACB was single incisor involvement (n=11, 35.48%) followed by two incisors (n=9, 29.03%), and the least was four incisors (n=5, 16.13%). The difference for ACB was statistically significant among skeletal classes (p

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that there are significant differences in occlusal and maxillofacial changes in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion of different ages after maxillary protraction treatment. However, the difference of temporomandibular joint changes in patients with different ages remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of age on the changes of the temporomandibular joint after maxillary protraction treatment of skeletal class III malocclusion. METHODS: Fifty-eight children with skeletal class III malocclusion aged 8-14 years were divided into two groups. Twenty-nine children aged 8-11 years were diagnosed with late mixed dentitions. Twenty-nine children aged 12-14 years were diagnosed with early permanent dentitions. X-ray lateral cephalograms were taken pre- and post-treatment, and cephalometric analysis of occlusal and maxillofacial regions and quantitative analysis of temporomandibular joint position in the coordinate system were carried out. Paired t-test was used for intragroup comparison. Independent t-test was used for intergroup comparison. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between occlusal and maxillofacial changes and temporomandibular joint changes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The occlusal and maxillofacial structure and the temporomandibular joint changed significantly in the two groups after treatment. In the sagittal direction of the occlusal and maxillofacial structure, subspinale-nasion-supramental angle (ANB) in the 8-11-year-old group increased by 4.76°, and nasion-subspinale line and pogonion-subspinale line angle (NA-PA) increased by 9.02°, which was significantly larger than those in the 12-14-year-old group (3.97° and 6.88°) (P < 0.05). In the vertical direction, the mandible plane and sella-nasion line angle (MP-SN) and Frankle plane and sella-nasion line angle (FH-MP) in the 8-11-year-old group increased by 1.92° and 3.02° respectively, which was significantly higher than those in the 12-14-year-old group (1.02° and 0.78°) (P < 0.05). There were significant changes in the temporomandibular joint between the two age groups. Fossa summit on the X axis (S-Fsx) in the 8-11-year-old group moved backward more significantly than that in the 12-14-year-old group. Fossa posterior on the X axis (S-Fpx) in the 8-11-year-old group moved backward, while that in the 12-14-year-old group moved forward. Condyle anterior (S-Cix) and condyle tangent on the X axis (S-T4x) in the two groups both moved backward, which were more significant in the 8-11-year-old group than the 12-14-year-old group. The changes of the temporomandibular joint were correlated with the changes of the occlusal and maxillofacial structure. In the 8-11-year-old group, there was a negative correlation between S-Fpx and sella-nasion-supramental angle (SNB), nasion-pogonion line and Frankle plane angle (NP-FH) (P < 0.05, r=-0.489; P < 0.05, r=-0.424). In the 12-14-year-old group, S-Fpx was positively correlated with the distance from the upper incisor to the nasion-subspinale line (U1-NAmm) (P < 0.01, r=0.439). In the 8-11-year-old group, S-Cix, S-T4x and the condyle superior on the X axis (S-Cox) were negatively correlated with SNB, NP-FH and MP-SN. To conclude, age has obvious effects on the changes of the temporomandibular joint in skeletal class III malocclusion following maxillary protraction. In the 8-11-year-old group, articular fossa and condyle moved backward obviously, fossa anterior moved up, and the posterior joint space increased. In the 12-14-year-old group, the fossa posterior moved forward and the condyle anterior moved down, but the joint space did not change. There are different occlusal and maxillofacial factors affecting temporomandibular joint changes at different ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe the prevalence of the developmental abnormalities involved in Dental Anomaly Patterns (DAP) and investigate their co-occurrence in an age cohort of children with late mixed dentition. Retrospective, register-based study focused on 1315 panoramic radiographs of children aged 8.5-10.5 years. The features examined were absent teeth, peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisor, delayed dental age, infraocclusion of primary molars, transposition and distal angulation of unerupted mandibular second premolar. Feature involved in DAP was detected in 29.8% of the children, most common being infraocclusion of primary molars (17.5%), followed by absent teeth (8.4%), delayed dental age (7.6%), distal angulation of unerupted mandibular second premolar (7.3%), peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisor (2.4%) and transposition (0.5%). Two DAP features occurred together in 4.7% of children, while three occurred in 0.7%. Infraocclusion (p=.040) and absent teeth (p=.001) occurred more commonly in girls. Phenotypic variations in maxillary lateral incisor more often occurred together (p=.004). Absent teeth, peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisor and delayed dental age more often occurred together (p<.01) as did transposition and absent teeth (p=.016). Almost third of the children had dental developmental abnormalities involved in DAP. Absent teeth, peg-shaped lateral incisors and delayed dental age more often occurred together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evaluates mandibular alveolar bone thickness in untreated Class I subjects with different vertical skeletal patterns, emphasizing the importance of limiting buccal-lingual movement, especially in high-angle patients, to avoid periodontal complications. Topics include 3D imaging analysis, correlations between sella-nasion–mandibular plane angle and alveolar thickness, and implications for orthodontic treatment planning.

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Background and Aims: Gene polymorphisms are responsible for at least part of the variation in caries susceptibility despite similar environmental factors. Genes involved in enamel formation like matrix metalloproteinase‐13 (MMP‐13) may participate in caries process. The aim was to investigate the association between MMP‐13 rs478927 polymorphism and caries susceptibility in 6‐years‐old children from Birjand, Iran. Methods: Six‐years old children from Birjand, Iran, participated in this study. The total decayed, missing, and filled teeth were calculated and defined as caries index (CI). Based on this CI, two groups of high‐caries (case) and low‐caries (control) were taken into account. Saliva samples were collected and DNA was extracted. The allele and genotypes of MMP‐13 rs478927 polymorphism were determined by tetra‐primer amplification refractory mutation system‐polymerase chain reaction (T‐ARMS‐PCR) method. p Value was significant if p < 0.05. Results: Three hundred sixty‐seven children consisted of 186 low‐caries children and 181 high‐caries children were included in this study. The mean CI was 6.02 ± 0.81. There was no significant association between high and low‐caries groups based on socioeconomic status, eating sweet snacks, parents' susceptibility to dental caries, duration of breastfeeding, and the brushing habit (p > 0.05). There wasn't any significant association between genotype distribution of MMP‐13 rs478927 polymorphism and CI groups (p = 0.924). This polymorphism was associated with increased caries susceptibility under all genetic models but this effect was not significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The MMP‐13 rs478927 gene polymorphism was not significantly associated with dental caries susceptibility in Birjandi children with mixed dentition. It is recommended to conduct studies on children of different dentitions to better understand the role of this polymorphism on caries susceptibility in primary and permanent teeth of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study aimed to compare severe crowding treatment's skeletal and dental effects by serial extractions or maxillary expansion and serial extractions in the mixed dentition phase. Setting and Sample Population: The retrospective controlled study included lateral cephalograms of 78 subjects aged 8.5 ± 1.4 years, 52 consecutively treated because of severe crowding, and 26 untreated controls matched for baseline age and observational period. Methods: Subjects were clustered according to the treatment modality, either serial extraction (EX) or expansion and extraction (EXP‐EX) group. Sagittal and vertical skeletal as well as dental cephalometric parameters were assessed at baseline and after the eruption of all permanent posterior teeth, and group comparisons were performed. Results: Both treatment modalities significantly affected the vertical skeletal parameters in terms of decreasing the mandibular and occlusal plane inclination and increasing the facial height index. A distinct treatment effect on the gonial angle was observed, with a significant decrease in its superior part observed in both extraction groups. The annualized changes in the superior part of the gonial angle significantly differ (P =.036) between the Control (−0.04 ± 0.6), EX (−0.44 ± 0.6) and EXP‐EX (−0.34 ± 0.5) groups. Upper and lower incisor inclination did not change significantly in any of the groups; however, the interincisal angle at follow‐up was significantly smaller in the Control compared with both treated groups. Conclusions: Serial extractions and a combination of maxillary expansion and serial extractions have similar significant skeletal effects, mainly affecting vertical cephalometric parameters if performed during the pre‐pubertal growth phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Orthodontics is a field that has seen significant advancements in recent years, with technology playing a crucial role in improving diagnosis and treatment planning. The study aimed to implement artificial intelligence to predict the arch width as a preventive measure to avoid future crowding in growing patients or even in adult patients seeking orthodontic treatment as a tool for orthodontic diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and fifty intraoral scan (IOS) images were selected from orthodontic patients seeking treatment in private orthodontic centers. Real inter-canine, inter-premolar, and inter-molar widths were measured digitally. Two of the main machine learning models were used: the Python programming language and machine learning algorithms, implementing the data on k-nearest neighbor and linear regression. Results: After the dataset had been implemented on the two ML algorithms, linear regression and k-nearest neighbor, the evaluation metric shows that KNN gives better prediction accuracy than LR does. The resulting accuracy was around 99%. Conclusions: it is possible to leverage machine learning to enhance orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning by predicting linear dental arch measurements and preventing anterior segment malocclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental midline shifting in a group of children with mixed dentition aged 7–15 years in Babylon/Iraq and assess the association between different variables including gender, age stages, residency, and Angle’s classes of malocclusions with midline shifting. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A total of 300 dentate children aged 7–15 years (119 males and 131 females) were randomly chosen from children who visited the Department of Orthodontics, Pedodontics, and Prevention at the College of Dentistry/University of Babylon. The participants were from various environmental areas (162 urban and 88 rural area subjects). The dental midline shifting evaluation includes verifying the maxillary and mandibular dental midline positions with respect to the facial midline, taking philtrum as a guide. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for Windows was used for data analyses using Pearson’s Chi‑square tests. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: More than half of the total sample had dental midline shifting (55.66%), which was relatively more prevalent in the mandible than in the maxilla. The prevalence of dental midline shifting was more common in females (31.3%), subjects over the age of 12 years (20%), and subjects from urban areas (37%). The midline deviation was more frequent in Angle’s class I (34%) and class II (13%) malocclusion than in Angle’s class III malocclusion (9%) with statistically significant differences (P = 0.028). 63.47% of the sample had midline shifts of 2 mm or more. CONCLUSIONS: About half of the studied sample showed a maxillary–mandibular dental midline shift. The dental midline shift is more commonly noticed in females and children over 12 years old. A statistically significant difference was found between the shift of the dental midline and Angle’s classes of malocclusions, with class I having the greatest midline shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the long-term marginal bone level (MBL) of implants supporting fixed full-arch restoration in patients who had previously lost their dentition due to severe periodontitis. This retrospective study included 35 patients in whom 342 implants with internal tapered conical connections were placed. MBL was analyzed radiographically over time and a long-term estimation of MBL was calculated. A mixed linear model with abutment height, graft, diameter and location (maxilla/mandible) as factors and gender, age, implant length and prosthetic variables as covariates was used to evaluate the influence on MBL. MBL in these patients showed an estimator of predictions at 4108 days after loading of −0.307 mm, SE = 0.042. Only 0.15% of implants were radiographically affected with MBL of 3 mm or more. The mixed linear model results showed a main effect of the type of opposing dentition, gender, implant diameter, and abutment height. Particularly, an abutment height of 1 mm had associated larger MBL than the remaining heights. Thus, it can be concluded that dental implants restored with fixed segmented full-arch rehabilitation in patients with a history of severe periodontal disease do not suffer important marginal bone loss if some specific factors are considered, mainly the use of long transmucosal abutments (≥2 mm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The survival rate, marginal bone loss and soft tissue health of the Ankylos implants and the balanced base abutments in all‐on‐four or six implant restoration of edentulous or terminal dentition patients has not been reported in the clinical research. Purpose: This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the Ankylos implants and the balanced base abutments in all‐on‐four or six implant restoration of edentulous or terminal dentition patients after 1–8 years of follow‐up. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted based on the medical records of 33 patients who received all‐on‐four or six treatments from April 2014 to May 2020. Four radiographic examinations [immediate postoperative (T0), definitive restorations (T1), 1–3 years after prosthetic restorations (T2), and more than 3 years after prosthetic restorations (T3)] were obtained to evaluate vertical bone height (VBH). We also calculated the survival rate and examined the condition of soft tissue with this implant system in edentulous or terminal dentition patients. Three‐level linear model analyses were used to explore potential risk factors for VBH changes on the mesial and distal sides. The generalized linear model was used to analyze the influencing factors of BOP and plaque. Results: A total of 218 implants were included in this study. The cumulative survival rate of the implants was 97.25% before the definitive prosthesis, 96.33% within 3 years of follow‐up and 95.32% after more than 3 years of follow‐up. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) bone losses of the VBH were 0.27 ± 0.05 mm (T1‐T3) on the mesial side and 0.49 ± 0.06 mm (T1‐T3) on the distal side. During 1–8 years of follow‐up, the height and angle of the abutment (p < 0.001), the mandible implant site (p < 0.001), the length of the implant (p = 0.014 < 0.05) and age (p = 0.029 < 0.05) showed statistically significant effects on vertical mesial bone height (VMBH) and vertical distal bone height (VDBH). The risk of BOP among participants who brushed three times a day was lower than those who brushed less than three times. The plaque risk of short abutment height was higher than the long abutment. Conclusion: The current study showed that the Ankylos implants with the balanced base abutments in all‐on‐four or six implants treatment is a viable and predictable option with a high survival rate and low marginal bone loss in edentulous or terminal dentition patients. VBH around the implants was strongly associated with the mandible implant site, abutment height and angle, the length of the implant and age. Moreover, teeth‐brushing times and abutment height significantly affect soft tissue health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lower incisors are the first teeth to erupt, their sizes are reliable and little changes occur on the lower arch during mixed dentition. These teeth can be used to predict the size of remaining unerupted teeth. Tanaka Johnston's analysis is the most widely used method of mixed dentition analysis worldwide. The aim of the study was to assess the accuracy of Tanaka-Johnston's methods of mixed dentition analysis among orthodontic patients in Tanzania. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was carried out at MUHAS dental clinic involving models from orthodontic patients. Data collection involved actual teeth size measurement and prediction using Tanaka-Johnston's method. Comparison between the actual measurements and the predicted measurements was assessed using students' paired t-tests. Prediction equations for the present study were generated using a simple linear regression analysis. Results: Tanaka Johnston's method significantly overestimated the combined width of upper canines and premolars in the female group (p=0.000). However, the method underestimated the lower jaw measurements in both sexes (p<0.05). New prediction equations for the present study were generated for each sex and arch separately. For the upper jaw, it was Y=11.97+ 0.56X for males and Y = 10.97+0.49X for females. While for the lower jaw, it was Y= 10.8 +0.51X for males and Y=11.39+0.47X for females. Conclusion: Tanaka-Johnston's methods of mixed dentition analysis was found to be inaccurate in estimating the size of unerupted canines and premolars in the study sample. Therefore, new prediction formulas were generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maxillary central incisors are critical to occlusal function, smile esthetics, and even one's self-image. Furthermore, their impaction at an early age could have harmful psychological consequences on the individual. Maxillary central incisors can be impacted due to early dentoalveolar trauma to the upper anterior region that displaces the incisor in formation and, in rare instances, tooth germs are deformed. The aftermath of trauma during primary dentition is seen later during mixed dentition. Other causes are either an impediment in the eruption pathway of the maxillary central incisor due to the presence of odontomas or supernumerary teeth, an insufficient eruption space, or, very rarely, syndromic and/or other general medical conditions. Diagnosis is completed through a detailed medical/dental history, clinical evaluation, and appropriate imaging. Arch width increase, space opening, removal of obstructions if present, suitable soft-tissue management, well-designed orthodontic traction mechanics, and long-term periodontal follow-up are all essential elements in resolving cases of impacted maxillary central incisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of the primary canine in mixed dentition is an interceptive procedure to reduce the incidence of palatally displaced canines. The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive factors and the ideal timing for spontaneous eruption of the palatally displaced canine after primary canine extraction. The literature search was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus databases. The PICOS criteria were used to select studies. To ensure the effectiveness of primary canine extraction in promoting the spontaneous eruption of the permanent canine, the following factors should be considered: biological variables (with higher probability of success if extraction is performed between 10 and 11 years old), radiological parameters (a angle between 20° and 30° and sectors 2 and 3 concerning the segmentation method of Ericson and Kurol; stage of dental development: before complete eruption of mandibular canine of same side as maxillary canine and primary canine root resorption more than half or oblique) and clinical parameters (crowding reduces spontaneous eruption of maxillary canine). The extraction of the primary canine is an effective interceptive measure for facilitating the eruption of palatally impacted canines. Ideal timing and favorable predictive factors can influence the success of this interceptive treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extra-oral bitewing is becoming increasingly popular among clinicians to help overcome some of the challenges posed when taking intra-oral radiographs for paediatric patients. When combined with clinical examination, this radiographic view provides important diagnostic information in the management of caries in the posterior dentition. In this article, the use of extra-oral bitewings will be explored. The introduction of a decision tree provides the dental practitioner working in either a primary or secondary care setting, a pathway to assist with deciding the optimal radiographic prescription. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Extra-oral bitewings can be a useful radiographic tool for dental caries diagnosis in the mixed dentition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World Health Organization (WHO) oral health survey manual is the main guideline for most oral health surveys worldwide. It has been updated several times since 1971; however, using papers and pens for data recording remains unchanged. This study aimed to develop the Vietnam Oral Survey Electronics Recorder (VOSER) to record dental caries data based on the WHO 2013 criteria and assess its reliability and efficiency. VOSER was developed and tested for reliability and efficiency by performing clinical examinations on 365 school children in three key indicator age groups: 120 5-year-old students with primary dentition, 123 8-year-old students with mixed dentition, and 122 12-year-old students with permanent dentition. One gold standard examiner and two trained clerks examined these children using either WHO's paper survey form or VOSER's digital form for dental caries. Recording time, spreadsheet time, DMFT/S, and dmft/s were analyzed to compare the efficiency of VOSER to the paper form. Cohen's Kappa, intraclass correlation coefficient, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were adopted in the data analyses. Median time of using VOSER was significantly shorter than the standard time in all three dentitions (P < 0.001). Cohen's Kappa values between data collected by VOSER and paper form showed almost perfect agreements (0.927–0.958). DMFT/S and dmft/s values calculated from data collected by both methods had good to excellent reliabilities (0.791–0.997). VOSER is efficient and reliable for conducting dental caries surveys according to the WHO 2013 criteria and should be utilized in the era of digital technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Introduction: Correct development and growth of the dental arches and occlusion in the deciduous dentition is crucial for physiological occlusion in the permanent dentition. The present study evaluates the evolution of the terminal plane and canine occlusion class in the same children from deciduous to mixed dentition. (2) Materials and methods: The study included 257 children (164 girls and 93 boys) aged 3–5 years in the first phase and 8–10 years in the second phase. The chi-square test was used for the comparison of qualitative variables, while analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the Mann–Whitney U-test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Wilcoxon test were used in the case of quantitative variables, as applicable. Statistical significance was considered for p < 0.05. (3) Results: The most common terminal plane in the first phase of the study was a bilateral flush plane (70%), followed by distal and mesial, with few differences between them. In the second phase, the most common terminal plane was mesial, followed by bilateral flush and distal. There were no statistically significant differences according to gender. Canine occlusion in the first phase was predominantly bilateral class I, followed by class II and class III. Similar results were recorded in the permanent dentition, except for a lesser percentage of children with canine class II. Molar occlusion in the second phase was predominantly class I, followed by half cusp class II and full cusp class II and class III. (4) Conclusions: The present study shows that knowing the age range in which maximum dental development and growth in both arches occurs may contribute to avoiding malocclusions and the possible need for orthodontic-orthopedic treatment, resulting in improved outcomes and greater stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Verify the effectiveness of surgical repositioning of the premaxilla and its stabilization methods in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate during mixed dentition. Design: Systematic review. Material and Methods: The search was conducted in 7 databases (eg, Medline via PubMed; Scopus; Central Cochrane; LILACS; Embase, Web of Science; and Sigle via OpenGrey until August 2021), using the descriptors "premaxilla", "cleft Palate", and "bone transplantation". Inclusion criteria: Clinical trials and observational studies that have patients with bilateral cleft who had a need for superior/posterior repositioning of the premaxilla on mixed dentition; Studies in any language was evaluted whitout time restriction of publication. Results: From 5572 records, 6 studies were included in the review with a total sample of 212 patients. Regarding the type of stabilization used in the premaxilla, the hybrid method (rigid and complementary semi-rigid stabilization) predominated, being observed in 184 patients (86.8%). A total of 17 failures were identified related to the surgical repositioning of the premaxilla, corresponding to 8% of the total number of surgeries. A meta-analysis of prevalence was performed, only with the retrospective studies. It was observed that the effectiveness rate of premaxilla repositioning was 92%, with a CI between 0.04 and 0.13, with all included studies showing a similar failure rate (0.08-0.09). The included studies also showed great homogeneity in this analysis (I2 = 0%; P =.75). Conclusion: Although there are several alternatives and techniques for repositioning and stabilizing the premaxilla, the statistical result did not differ between the different techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among developmental odontogenic cysts, the dentigerous type is the second most prevailing one. It is a benign intraosseous lesion commonly affecting the mandibular region. Dentigerous cysts present a high prevalence in children as they can be caused by the eruption of permanent teeth or the infection of deciduous ones. The adopted treatment modalities include enucleation (cystectomy), marsupialization, and decompression. Decompression maintains communication between the cyst and the oral medium through a sutured fixed device, namely an acrylic stent or a pretrimmed disposable suction tube. In the mixed dentition, the extraction of the affected primary teeth and the decompression approach is recommended, especially since children and parents are more tolerant of conservative treatments. We report in this study, a case of a 9-year-old boy complaining of a painful swelling in the left mandibular region. Intraoral and radiological examination revealed an expansion of the buccal and lingual cortical plates associated with teeth #73, #74, and #75 and a well-limited, unilocular radiolucent image extending from the distal aspect of tooth #31 to the mesial aspect of tooth #36 involving the crowns of the unerupted teeth #33, #34, and #35. The preliminary diagnosis was in favor of a dentigerous cyst. The treatment was to extract the deciduous teeth and to use a sterile tube for decompression. The patient was followed up for 5 years, a complete remission of the cyst was observed and the teeth #33, #34, and #35 re-erupted normally on the mandibular arch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gingival phenotype (GP) is determined based on the thickness and width of the gingival tissue. An evaluation of GP is essential for adequate treatment planning and outcome monitoring, including orthodontic treatments in a paediatric population. The present study aimed to compare the reliability of the visual and TRAN methods with that of the ultrasound biometer measurements in the early transitional dentition phase. One hundred ninety three generally healthy, 7-year-old children were examined. An assessment of GP was performed by a paedodontist and a periodontist. The average thickness of the gingiva was 0.76 ± 0.36 mm, which was classified as a thin GP. The agreement between a visual assessment and the biometric ultrasound measurements reached the highest (94%) level when assessing a very thin GP (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient r = 0.37, p < 0.01). Similarly, 99% agreement in the diagnosis of a thin GP was recorded for the TRAN and ultrasound methods (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient r = 0.49, p < 0.001). In total, 86% of cases diagnosed as having a thick GP using the TRAN method turned out to be thin according to the ultrasound measurements. The dentist's specialization and professional experience in the assessment of GP were irrelevant (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient r = 0.49, p < 0.001). All methods tested in the present study were proven to be easy to perform and well accepted by the children. The visual assessment and TRAN methods, despite the fact that they enabled the diagnosis of a thin GP (crucial for treatment planning), cannot be recommended during the teeth replacement period. A misdiagnosis of thick GP may deprive a young at-risk patient of special supervision, which may develop into mucogingival deformities. A biometric ultrasound, although expensive, allows for reliable assessment of the gingiva thickness when needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the congruity of Moyers’ dental analysis in Pakistani individuals and to make tables foreseeing the size of non-erupted permanent premolars and canines in children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Orthodontics Department of Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry (AFID) Rawalpindi, Pakistan. This was conducted from January 2020 to December 2021 and included mixed dentition subjects’ casts. Mesiodistal widths (MDW) of the permanent dentition were estimated and contrasted with the anticipated values that emerged from the Moyer’s mixed dentition examination. Students t-test, simple linearregression and Pearson correlation coefficient examination were utilized for statistical correlation. All data was gathered utilizing an electronic digital caliper and further investigated through IBM SPSS Statistics 24. Results: Dental casts of the 258 subjects, 106 (41%) males and 152 (58.9%) females with the ages ranging 15.825±2.95 years were analyzed. Tooth size contrasts were significant (p <0.05) which was noticed in comparison to Moyer’s predictive table. This demonstrates a bigger tooth size in young men than in young ladies. New probability tables were created through linear regression equations for our population. Conclusion: Moyer’s prediction cannot be applied to the Pakistani population. Mandibular incisors in addition to maxillary first molars are superior in prediction for the size assessment of canines and premolars (cp) that are unerupted in males and upper arch only in females. Another noteworthy conclusion is that in our study sample, in lower arch of females, the width of mandibular molars with mandibular incisors predicts better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the present study was twofold:(1) three-dimensionally evaluate the quantitative skeletal and dentoalveolar changes after Ni–Ti leaf spring expander (leaf expander) and rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in mixed dentition patients;(2) analyze the modifications of the buccal alveolar bone plate of the maxillary first permanent molars. Methods: Patients who underwent CBCT scans before and after maxillary expansion were randomly selected from the records archived at the Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy. Inclusion criteria were the following: no systemic disease or syndromes; maxillary transverse deficiencies (difference between the upper intermolar width and the lower intermolar width of at least 3 mm and/or clinical need based on radiographic evaluation), early mixed dentition with ages between 7 to 10 years old; cervical vertebra maturation stage (CVMS) 1 or 2; no pathologic periodontal status; skeletal class I or II; maxillary expander cemented on the upper second deciduous molars. Exclusion criteria were the following: patients with pubertal or post-pubertal stage of development (CVMS 3–6); late deciduous or late mixed dentition, impossibility to use the second primary molar as anchorage; skeletal class III malocclusion; craniofacial syndromes; patients unable to be followed during the treatment period. Twenty-three patients treated with Leaf Expander, 11 males (mean age 7.8 ± 0.6 years) and 12 females (mean age 8.1 ± 0.8 years), met the inclusion criteria and constituted the case group. Twenty-four (control group) treated with conventional RME, 12 males (mean age 8.4 ± 0.9 years) and 12 females (mean age 8.1 ± 0.7 years). The paired-sample T test was used for intra-group comparison to evaluate the difference between before (T1) and after (T2) maxillary expansion. Independent sample t-test was computed to perform between groups comparison of the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and periodontal changes. Results: The Leaf Expander and RME group showed a significant increase between T1 and T2 for most of the skeletal and dentoalveolar variables. Concerning the skeletal variables only the RME demonstrated a significant increase at the level of the posterior nasal (PNW) and apical base width (PABW) and maxillary mid-alveolar width (MMW). Despite this, when compare with the Leaf Expander, the RME group exhibited a statistically larger width increase for only two skeletal parameters: PNW (p = 0.03) and MMW (p = 0.02). No significant changes at the periodontal level were found in either group. Conclusions: According to the current research, the authors confirm the effectiveness of the Leaf Expander and RME to produce similar skeletal and dentoalveolar effects in mixed dentition subjects. Moreover, the devices anchored to deciduous teeth did not reduce the thickness and height of the buccal bone at the level of the maxillary permanent first molars in either of the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Pedodontists and general practitioners may need support in planning the early orthodontic treatment of patients with mixed dentition, especially in borderline cases. The use of machine learning algorithms is required to be able to consistently make treatment decisions for such cases. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to use machine learning algorithms to facilitate the process of deciding whether to choose serial extraction or expansion of maxillary and mandibular dental arches for early treatment of borderline patients suffering from moderate to severe crowding. METHODS: The dataset of 116 patients who were previously treated by senior orthodontists and divided into two groups according to their treatment modalities were examined. Machine Learning algorithms including Multilayer Perceptron, Linear Logistic Regression, k-nearest Neighbors, Naïve Bayes, and Random Forest were trained on this dataset. Several metrics were used for the evaluation of accuracy, precision, recall, and kappa statistic. RESULTS: The most important 12 features were determined with the feature selection algorithm. While all algorithms achieved over 90% accuracy, Random Forest yielded 95% accuracy, with high reliability values (kappa = 0.90). CONCLUSION: The employment of machine learning methods for the treatment decision with or without extraction in the early treatment of patients in the mixed dentition can be particularly useful for pedodontists and general practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the correlation between hyoid bone (HB) positions and facial growth patterns (facial patterns) in Chinese adults; to identify any significant difference in HB position among subjects with different facial patterns in various dental ages. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 197 Chinese subjects were divided into nine groups based on their dental ages and facial patterns. Seven measurements were used to define HB position. Regression, correlation analyses, and one-way ANOVA were carried out. Significant correlations were found between facial patterns and anteroposterior HB positions. The HB was more anterior in the horizontal group after mixed dentition and further away from the mandibular plane in the vertical group of adults. Vertical HB positions were insignificantly different in any stage. HB position and facial patterns were correlated. There were significantly different HB positions among people with different facial patterns in various dental ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Idiopathic neuropathy is a peripheral nervous system disorder of unknown etiology. Patients with this disorder often suffer from bruxism problems. Bruxism is defined as an oral parafunction characterized by occlusal contacts resulting from non‐physiological, repetitive, and involuntary masticatory motor activities. These events can trigger accentuated wear of the tooth structure leading to sensitivity. Tooth sensitivity is the pain arising from the exposed dentin in response to chemical, thermal, tactile, or osmotic stimuli that cannot be explained as the result of any other dental defect or disease. Sensitivity treatment using adhesive systems has a long‐term or permanent effect. Therefore, this article is aimed at describing the management of dental sensitivity, through dentin sealing and resin coating techniques, during the dental restoration process of a child with idiopathic neuropathy and dental attrition in the anterior sector. All of this, with the consideration of using the minimal intervention philosophy. Case Presentation: A 6‐year‐old male patient diagnosed with idiopathic neuropathy and suffering from multiple dental attritions with dental sensitivity in the upper anterior teeth. With the clinical‐radiographic evaluation, the family history, and the interconsultations with the neuropaediatrics service, the definitive diagnosis of dental sensitivity due to stage‐3 moderate attrition was obtained, for which rehabilitation of the upper anterior sector was planned through the use of immediate dentin sealing (IDS) and resin coating (RC). Conclusion: The use of IDS and RC techniques shows acceptable sensitivity, which is why these techniques are recommended in cases of moderate attrition in early mixed dentition. The immediate rehabilitation along with the stamping technique improved the aesthetic and functional aspects. Therefore, it is advisable to use them immediately after dentin sealing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Dental crowding is the most prevalent malocclusion in the mixed and permanent detitions and can have a major impact on dentofacial esthetics. However, adjustments to the development and growth of the dentition can potentiate self-correction of dental crowding during childhood. Objective To evaluate the physiological behavior of mandibular incisor crowding in the transition from mixed to permanent dentition. Methodology Five electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS and LIVIVO) and part of the gray literature (Proquest and Google Scholar) were investigated, based on the eligibility criteria associated with the acronym PECO, until June 2022. The risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-E tool and the certainty of evidence, the GRADE tool. Results Among the 2.663 studies identified, five were selected for qualitative analysis, of which one have a low risk of bias, and four, a moderate risk. A total of 243 patients were evaluated. Evidence with a high level of certainty was generated indicating a tendency for improvement in mandibular incisor crowding from mixed to permanent dentition, with mandibular incisor crowding decreasing from 0.17 to 4.62 mm on average. The mandibular incisor crowding reduction seems to be associated with the amount of initial crowding and spontaneous dental arch dimensional changes that occur in the mixed dentition and culminate in the increase in arch perimeter, leeway space, incisor protrusion and transverse growth of the maxillary and mandibular arch. Conclusion Based on moderate scientific evidence, spontaneous longitudinal changes in dental arch in the transition from the mixed to the permanent dentition demonstrate a spontaneous improvement in mandibular incisor crowding by up to 4.62 mm. These evidence provide a scientific basis for planning only longitudinal follow-up in patients with mild to borderline moderate mandibular incisor crowding in the mixed dentition avoiding overtreatment.

The article discusses the treatment of mesiodens in different stages of dentition. Topics include the clinical presentation and radiographic features of mesiodens; treatment approaches, including extraction methods using specialized forceps to prevent damage to adjacent permanent tooth germs; and post-extraction management, including follow-up care and the use of removable orthodontic appliances like Hawley's plates for diastema closure and alignment in older children.