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Abstract Background In the current study, we aimed to investigate the association of dietary inflammation scores (DIS) and lifestyle inflammation scores (LIS) with the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a prospective population-based study. Methods A total of 1625 participants without MetS were recruited from among participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study(2006–2008) and followed a mean of 6.1 years. Dietary data of subjects were collected using a food frequency questionnaire at baseline to determine LIS and DIS. Multivariable logistic regression models, were used to calculate the odds ratio (ORs) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) of MetS across tertiles of DIS and LIS. Results Mean ± SD age of individuals (45.8 % men) was 37.5 ± 13.4 years. Median (25–75 interquartile range) DIS and LIS for all participants was 0.80 (− 2.94, 3.64) and 0.48 (− 0.18, − 0.89), respectively. During the study follow-up, 291 (17.9 %) new cases of MetS were identified. Based on the age and sex-adjusted model, a positive association was found between LIS (OR = 7.56; 95% CI 5.10–11.22, P for trend

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a heterogeneous subtype of diabetes characterized by islet cell destruction mediated by islet autoimmunity and insulin resistance. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a state in which many risk factors for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases accumulate in an individual. Based on clinical data, this review covers the prevalence of MetS in LADA, focusing on the risk associated with and the role of insulin resistance in the development of LADA from the perspective of inflammatory factors, environmental factors, and the gut microbiota, aiming to improve our understanding of this condition.

We examined the association between availability (count), proxy physical activity intensity opportunities from physical activity outlets and obesity prevalence in New Zealand. This cross-sectional study collected data from two urban and 51 rural geographical locations in Waikato and Lakes District (May 2004-March 2006). Physical activity outlets were recorded by referring to online business directory and Waikato and Lakes District Councils database and confirming it with expert Māori community health workers. METs (Metabolic equivalent of task) was used as a proxy indicator to signify the physical activity intensity opportunity offered by physical activity outlets, which was averaged to obtain a unified score for each geographic location. Information regarding median income and type of location was derived from 2006 New Zealand census of Population and Dwelling. Bivariate analysis reported a significant difference in obesity prevalence using Māori BMI cut-offs between clusters with proxy METs < 5.12 (n = 15) and proxy METs ≥5.12 (n = 10), 56.20 ± 0.22 vs 43.30 ± 0.07% obesity prevalence, t(17.77) = 1.45, p = 0.03. This inverse relationship between low physical activity intensity opportunity (proxy METs) and percent obesity prevalence remained significant after controlling for income and type of locality (β = -0.421, p = 0.03). Furthermore, results highlighted that low income (below the median, ≤ NZ $24,400), moderated the inverse relationship between mean METs proxy indicator and obesity prevalence using Māori BMI cut-offs, b = -0.4661, 95% CI (-0.6054, -0.3268, p < 0.001). These findings support the development of physical activity related public health programs in low-income Māori communities in New Zealand to manage obesity prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To evaluate the association between life-course leisure-time physical activity (PA) and prostate cancer (PC) among males living in Mexico City. Materials and methods. Information from 394 incident PC cases and 794 population controls matched by age (± 5 years), was analyzed. Using leisure-time PA information at different life stages, life-course PA patterns were constructed. The association between PA and PC was estimated using an unconditional logistic regression model. Results. Three life-course PA patterns were identified: low PA (71.0%), moderate PA (22.0%), and high PA (7.0%); this last pattern was characterized by higher levels and consistent PA practice. Compared with inactive males, those in the high PA pattern (OR: 0.50; 95%CI: 0.26-0.93) had significantly lower PC odds. Conclusion. Intense and regular PA could reduce the possibility of PC. These results are in accordance with PA World Health Organization recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the ActivPAL's (AcP) ability to estimate METs during walking, running and cycling. Twenty physically active participants performed two submaximal exercises using a treadmill and cycle ergometer. The treadmill session involved varying speeds with a fixed grade and varying grade at fixed walking and running speeds. The cycling session involved fixed power, while cadence was varied and fixed cadence, while power was varied. Four AcPs (two AcP3 & two AcP4) were worn. ActivPAL MET estimations were compared to METS determined via indirect calorimetry. The AcP MET estimations between units and models did not differ. The AcP underestimated (−15% to −61%) METs with increasing speed and was unable to detect an increase in metabolic rate with a change in grade for walking and running. The AcP underestimated (−33% to −60%) METs during cycling and was unable to detect increases in metabolic rate when cadence was fixed, while power increased. The AcP can identify when exercise occurs and provides consistent information across units/models. However, the current AcP algorithm does not provide accurate estimates of METs during walking, running and cycling in a controlled laboratory setting, which would suggest limited accuracy in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors, which is rising in the low and middle income countries (LMICs). There are various studies with inconsistent findings that are inconclusive for policy makers and program planners. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at estimating the pooled prevalence of MetS and its components in LMICs. Methods Electronic searches were conducted in international databases including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE (Elsevier), Scopus, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Science direct (Elsevier), Food Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA), Global Health and Medline, and other sources (World Cat, Google Scholar, and Google). The pooled estimates were computed in the random effect model. The pooled prevalence was computed using the three diagnostic methods (IDF, ATP III and de Ferranti). Publication bias was verified using funnel plot and Egger’s regression test. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis were performed to identify the possible sources of heterogeneity among the included studies. Result In this study, 142,142 children and adolescents from 76 eligible articles were included to compute the pooled prevalence of MetS and its components in LMCIs. MeTs among overweight and obese population was computed from 20 articles with the pooled prevalence of 24.09%, 36.5%, and 56.32% in IDF, ATP III and de Ferranti criteria, respectively. Similarly, a total of 56 articles were eligible to compute the pooled prevalence of MetS in the general population of children and adolescents. Hence, Mets was found in 3.98% (IDF), 6.71% (ATP III) and 8.91% (de Ferranti) of study subjects. Regarding the components of MetS, abdominal obesity was the major component in overweight and obese population and low HDL-C was the most common component in the general population. This study also revealed that males were highly affected by MetS than females. Conclusion This study illustrates that MetS among children and adolescents is an emerging public health challenge in LMICs, where the prevalence of obesity is on the move. Preventive strategies such as community and school based intervention need to be designed. Promoting physical activities and healthy eating behaviors could avert this problem.

META-R (multi-environment trial analysis in R) is a suite of R scripts linked by a graphical user interface (GUI) designed in Java language. The objective of META-R is to accurately analyze multi-environment plant breeding trials (METs) by fitting mixed and fixed linear models from experimental designs such as the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and the alpha-lattice/lattice designs. META-R simultaneously estimates the best linear and unbiased estimators (BLUEs) and the best linear and unbiased predictors (BLUPs). Additionally, it computes the variance-covariance parameters, as well as some statistical and genetic parameters such as the least significant difference (LSD) at 5% significance, the coefficient of variation in percentage (CV), the genetic variance, and the broad-sense heritability. These parameters are very important in the selection of top performing genotypes in plant breeding. META-R also computes the phenotypic and genetic correlations among environments and between traits, as well as their statistical significance. The genetic correlations between environments or traits can be visualized in a biplot graph or a tree diagram (dendrogram). Genetic correlations are very important for identifying environments with similar behavior or making indirect selection and identifying the most highly associated traits. META-R performs multi-environment analyses by using the residual maximum likelihood (REML) method; these analyses can be done by environment, across environments by grouping factors (stress conditions, nitrogen content, etc.) and across environments; the analyses across environments can be done with a pre-defined degree of heritability.

Osama Aljuhani,1 Shaea Alkahtani,2 Maha Alhussain,3 Lee Smith,4 Syed Shahid Habib5 1Department of Physical Education, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh 4545, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh 4545, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 4The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK; 5Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Osama AljuhaniCollege of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, P.O. Box-1949, Riyadh 11441, Saudi ArabiaTel +966-556363500Email oaljuhani@ksu.edu.saPurpose: The association between objectively measured sedentary behavior and physical activity with metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been rarely investigated in Saudi Arabia. The purpose of the current study was to examine the association of objectively measured sedentary, light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with MetS among Saudi adult males.Materials and Methods: The study participants were 103 males from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (mean age = 54.9 ± 10.6 years). Metabolic syndrome was defined based on having three or more of cardiometabolic risk factors. Triaxial accelerometers were used to measure the time spent on sedentary and physical activities across 7 days. A minimum four days with ≥ 10 hours of wearing time per day were considered a valid data. Binary logistics regression models were performed to examine the association of sedentary and physical activity levels with MetS vs no MetS. Model 1 was unadjusted, models 2, 3, and 4 were mutually controlled for sedentary, light, and MVPA intensities.Results: About 38% of males in the present study were classified as having MetS as demonstrated by a significant (p< 0.05) decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and a significant (p< 0.05) increase in body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure, glucose, and triglycerides compared to those without MetS. In addition, low levels of LPA (less than 6.3 hours per day) were significantly associated with the risk of having MetS, independent of sedentary and MVPA (odds ratio (OR) 4.26– 6.96). The results showed that the associations between sedentary tertiles and MetS were not statistically significant. Levels of MVPA were also not significantly associated with an increased risk of developing MetS in all models.Conclusion: This study showed that low levels of LPA were significantly associated with the risk of having MetS in Saudi males from Riyadh city, independent of MVPA and sedentary time. The results suggest that future intervention studies should assess the positive effect of increasing levels of LPA in reducing the risk of developing MetS in males.Keywords: accelerometer, MetS, sedentary time, MVPA, light activity

Abstract Background We reported a relatively high rate of MetS in rural Northeast residents in 2012–2013. Many strategies like health knowledge propagation and lifestyle modification have been taken to help rural residents decrease metabolic disorders. Hence, we held the present follow-up study in order to figure the changes of metabolic parameters and the possible reasons together with the evaluation of MetS incidence and associated risk factors. Methods A population-based sample of 8147 rural Northeast Chinese residents aged ≥ 35 years at baseline were followed up from 2012–2013 to 2015–2017. MetS was diagnosed following the unify criteria in 2009 using the Asian specific criteria. Results Among residents with MetS at baseline, value of systolic, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL-C decreased while waist circumference increased in both genders in follow-up. Discrepancy of trend in body mass index, LDL-C and estimated GFR existed between male and female. Besides, triglyceride increased, and fast glucose decreased in female only. The alterations of dietary pattern might be accountable for those changes. Among residents without MetS at baseline, the cumulative incidence of newly diagnosed MetS was 24.0% (25.8% for male; 22.3% for female). As the number of metabolic disorders increased at baseline, the incidence of MetS also increased (zero metabolic disorder: 8.3%; one metabolic disorder: 17.1%; two metabolic disorders: 35.4%). In male residents, bad living habits like smoking and drinking were associated with increasing risk of Mets while in female, higher risk of MetS was more likely relevant to dietary pattern. Conclusion Metabolic parameters changes during the past years and seem to be associated with alteration of diet pattern. Incidence of MetS still high among rural Northeast Chinese. The risk factors of higher incidence of MetS show gender discrepancy which make the prophylaxis and control of MetS more effective and directive in rural residents.

Background. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MetS), but its influence on the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is not fully clarifed at present. The obesity growth in all economically developed countries is connected with NAFLD, which is found in 20-40% of adults and is also associated with increasing CVD risk. The objective is to study the pathophysiological mechanism of NAFLD in connection with increased CVD risk and intensity of the liver fbrosis. Material and methods. A total of 129 patients with obesity and MetS aged from 27 to 59 years old were investigated and the correlation of fbrosis intensity (according to the METAVIR scoring system) with glucose metabolism parameters and pro-inflammatory cytokines in plasma was estimated. Results. It has been found a positive correlation between the intensity of liver fbrosis and concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines in plasma. The levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and PAI-1 in plasma of patients with F3-4 were signifcantly higher not only compared to F0– patients (p

Abstract Background The present study aimed to assess the cumulative incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) among rural Chinese residents. Furthermore, we intended to estimate whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) was associated with MDD by both cross-sectional and prospective analysis. Method Data of 11,675 residents (46.3% men) was used for cross-sectional analysis. The residents were followed up with median 4.66 years. MDD was diagnosed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The data of 2796 individuals without any depressive symptoms was used for prospective analysis. Result With median of 4.66 years follow-up, the cumulative incidence of MDD among rural residents was 3.9%. Women had significantly higher cumulative incidence of MDD than men (5.3% for women and 2.9% for men, P

There is compelling evidence that a hypercaloric, high-fructose diet can cause metabolic syndrome (MetS) and a whole range of other metabolic changes. In the context of androgen deficiency, MetS in boys merits special attention, but the effects of fructose-rich diet in youth on future male reproductive function are still poorly evidenced. The aim of this study was to address this issue and analyse the effects of high-fructose intake starting from weaning to puberty (postnatal day 23 up to 83) on the reproductive function of male rats. For this purpose juvenile male Wistar rats were divided in two groups: control and the group receiving 10 % fructose solution instead of drinking water. Reproductive function was evaluated in terms of fertility, sperm count, testes/epididymis morphology, and serum sex hormones. The fructose-treated group showed a decrease in testosterone and twofold increase in luteinising and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in the serum. This was accompanied with lower testis/epididymis weights, sperm count, and changed testis/epididymis morphology. Their fertility remained unchanged, but the fertility of females mating with these males diminished. In addition, pre-implantation and post-implantation embryonic death rate rose in these females. Our results have confirmed that high fructose consumption from early age until puberty can impair the reproductive function of male rats, and call for further animal and epidemiological investigation.

Objectives: There has been discussion over the association between vitamin C intake and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study examined the relationship between dietary vitamin C intake and the risk of MetS in a sizable adult American population. Methods: We examined the relationship between dietary vitamin C intake and the risk of MetS in 12,943 persons from the 2007 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). This association was then evaluated using logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models. Sex and age-based subgroup analyses were carried out. Results: According to the results of the multiple regression model, the risk of MetS was inversely correlated with dietary vitamin C intake, vitamin C intake derived from fruits and vegetables. The adjusted results (odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals) for the highest versus lowest tertile were 0.80 (0.68-0.93), 0.86 (0.75-0.98), and 0.80 (0.69-0.93). Subgroup analyses further showed that the negative correlation of dietary vitamin C intake with the risk of MetS was particularly pronounced among females, those in the 20-39 age group, and those in the ≥60 age group. The dose-response relationship's findings indicated that vitamin C from diet and fruits had a nonlinear correlation with the risk of MetS, whereas vitamin C from vegetables had a linear correlation. Conclusions: The risk of MetS in adult Americans was found to be negatively correlated with dietary vitamin C intake, particularly from fruits and vegetables.

[Purpose] This study aimed to examine the characteristics of preoperative physical activity and its impact on the postoperative period in patients who underwent surgery for esophageal cancer. [Participants and Methods] The participants were 30 patients who were diagnosed with esophageal cancer, underwent surgery, and fulfilled their conditions. Preoperative physical activity was measured using the step count, and metabolic equivalents as the amount of physical activity. We examined the relationships between preoperative step count and METs, patient demographics, treatment-related factors, preoperative physical function, and activities of daily living. Moreover, we examined the relationships of preoperative step count and METs with postoperative mobilization, physical activity, physical function, and activities of daily living. [Results] Preoperative step count was related to age, Glasgow prognostic score, and preoperative functional independence and associated with step count on postoperative days 7-13, METs on postoperative days 7-9, 6-min walking distance, and functional independence measures at discharge. [Conclusion] Improving the nutritional status and increasing preoperative physical activity by walking for esophageal cancer may help improve physical activity after postoperative day 7, exercise tolerance, and activities of daily after discharge., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest to disclose., (2024©by the Society of Physical Therapy Science. Published by IPEC Inc.)

Background: The aim of this study is to establish the energy expenditure (EE) of a range of child-relevant activities and to compare different methods of estimating activity MET. Methods: 27 children (17 boys) aged 9 to 11 years participated. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 routines of 6 activities ranging from sedentary to vigorous intensity. Indirect calorimetry was used to estimate resting and physical activity EE. Activity metabolic equivalent (MET) was determined using individual resting metabolic rate (RMR), the Harrell-MET and the Schofield equation. Results: Activity EE ranges from 123.7± 35.7 J/ min/Kg (playing cards) to 823.1 ± 177.8 J/min/kg (basketball). Individual RMR, the Harrell-MET and the Schofield equation MET prediction were relatively similar at light and moderate but not at vigorous intensity. Schofield equation provided a better comparison with the Compendium of Energy Expenditure for Youth. Conclusion: This information might be advantageous to support the development of a new Compendium of Energy Expenditure for Youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meals high in SFA, particularly palmitate, are associated with postprandial inflammation and insulin resistance. Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) has anti-inflammatory properties that may attenuate the negative effects of SFA-rich meals. Our objective was to examine the postprandial metabolic and inflammatory response to a high-fat meal composed of palm oil (PO) compared with PO with an added dairy fraction rich in MFGM (PO+MFGM) in overweight and obese men and women (n 36) in a randomised, double-blinded, cross-over trial. Participants consumed two isoenergetic high-fat meals composed of a smoothie enriched with PO with v. without a cream-derived complex milk lipid fraction ( dairy fraction rich in MFGM) separated by a washout of 1-2 weeks. Serum cytokines, adhesion molecules, cortisol and markers of inflammation were measured at fasting, and at 1, 3 and 6 h postprandially. Glucose, insulin and lipid profiles were analysed in plasma. Consumption of the PO + MFGM v. PO meal resulted in lower total cholesterol (P = 0·021), LDL-cholesterol (P = 0·046), soluble intracellular adhesion molecule (P = 0·005) and insulin (P = 0·005) incremental AUC, and increased IL-10 (P = 0·013). Individuals with high baseline C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (≥3 mg/l, n 17) had higher (P = 0·030) insulin at 1 h after the PO meal than individuals with CRP concentrations

Sexual health impairment is one of the most important issues worldwide, with an increasing number of men and women affected. Specifically in male sexual dysfunction (SD), several risk factors were established such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking or obesity. The co-presence of more than one of risk factors identifies a condition, defined as the metabolic syndrome (MetS), related directly to the SD. However, not all the physicians involved in the MetS management routinely discussed the sexual impairment, increasing the bothering feelings of patients. Furthermore, the lack of knowledge, insufficient time, lack of attention, ambiguities about responsibility, insufficient training and experience, shared among physicians, regarding the communication and treatment of sexual dysfunction, are all reported factors involved in undervaluation of SD. The current paper represents a warning to the experts, with the aim of increasing the awareness of SD among clinicians and to promote the education, training and collaboration with sex therapists, through a multidisciplinary team, that can lead to a holistic approach in SD assessment and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AimsTo estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its associated risk factors among the United Arab Emirates (UAE) residents.MethodsA cross-sectional population-based study was conducted among adults living in Sharjah and Northern Emirates using the UAE National Diabetes and Lifestyle Study (UAEDIAB) data. Anthropometric measurements and fasting blood samples were obtained. The National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) guidelines were used to define metabolic syndrome (MetS).ResultsA total of 3,212 subjects (74.1% men, 25.9% women, mean age 39 ± 11.3 years old) were included in this study. The overall prevalence of MetS was 37.4% (32.7% in women and 39% in men). The prevalence was 33.6% in the Emirati population (38.7% in women and 28.8% in men), 34.5% in the Arab non-Emirati population (29.8% in women and 36.3% in men) and 40.7% in the Asian non-Arab population (25.8% in women and 43.1% in men). Age, gender, ethnicity, educational level, marital status and body mass index were positively associated with MetS.ConclusionsThis study indicates a high burden of MetS in the UAE, particularly among Emirati women and Asian non-Arab men. The young adult population in the UAE has a high prevalence of MetS compared to global estimates in the same age group. Aggressive intervention strategies targeting the whole population as well as individuals at a high risk are recommended to prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) or clustering of different cardiac and metabolic risk factors is an emerging problem affecting the young adults worldwide. Various haematological indices have been identified recently to have important predictive values on components of MetS. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the association between components of cardio-metabolic risk and haematological parameters in young adults of Tripura. Methods: The assessment was done on 347 randomly selected young adults (age 18-25 years) belonging to mixed Indian population residing in Tripura, a North-eastern state of India. National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria was followed to evaluate the cardio-metabolic risk of the subject. Haematological parameters were recorded by using an automated haematological analyser. Result: Most of the anthropometric, cardio-metabolic and haematological parameters differ significantly between subjects with and without profound cardio metabolic risk except blood pressure in females and fasting blood sugar in males. Haematological parameters like RBC count, PLT count, Hb content showed lower values and WBC showed significantly higher values in subjects with MetS. In both male and female, the haemoglobin content significantly negatively correlated with BMI, waist circumference and triglyceride level whereas only in females it also varied significantly positively with HDL-C level. There was over all impairment of the haematological status in subjects with profound cardio-metabolic risk. Conclusion: The presence of risk factors for metabolic syndrome at the young age have an impact on haematological status of young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP) is a damage-associated molecular pattern promoting inflammation and tissue injury. During bacterial or viral infection, macrophages release DNA decorated with nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins known as macrophage extracellular traps (METs). Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is a pore-forming protein that has been involved in extracellular trap formation in neutrophils. We hypothesized that eCIRP induces MET formation by activating GSDMD. Human monocytic cell line THP-1 cells were differentiated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and treated with recombinant murine (rm) CIRP. The MET formation was detected by three methods: time-lapse fluorescence microscopy (video imaging), colorimetry, and ELISA. Cleaved forms of GSDMD, and caspase-1 were detected by Western blotting. Treatment of THP-1 cells with rmCIRP increased MET formation as revealed by SYTOX Orange Staining assay in a time- and dose-dependent manner. METs formed by rmCIRP stimulation were further confirmed by extracellular DNA, citrullinated histone H3, and myeloperoxidase. Treatment of THP-1 cells with rmCIRP significantly increased the cleaved forms of caspase-1 and GSDMD compared to PBS-treated cells. Treatment of macrophages with caspase-1, and GSDMD inhibitors z-VAD-fmk, and disulfiram, separately, significantly decreased rmCIRP-induced MET formation. We also confirmed rmCIRP-induced MET formation using primary cells murine peritoneal macrophages. These data clearly show that eCIRP serves as a novel inducer of MET formation through the activation of GSDMD and caspase-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protozoan parasite infection causes severe diseases in humans and animals, leading to tremendous economic and medical pressure. Natural immunity is the first line of defence against parasitic infection. Currently, the role of natural host immunity in combatting parasitic infection is unclear, so further research on natural host immunity against parasites will provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of related parasitic diseases. Extracellular traps (ETs) are an important natural mechanism of immunity involving resistance to pathogens. When immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages are stimulated by external pathogens, they release a fibrous network structure, consisting mainly of DNA and protein, that can capture and kill a variety of extracellular pathogenic microorganisms. In this review, we discuss the relevant recently reported data on ET formation induced by protozoan parasite infection, including the molecular mechanisms involved, and discuss the role of ETs in the occurrence and development of parasitic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is widespread across the world. Gene targeted therapy and risk management are promising approaches for MetS intervention. SUMO4 gene rs237025 polymorphism is related to an increased risk of diabetes, therefore, it is considered a target for the gene polymorphism research of MetS. Methods: A case-control study was performed to study the interaction of rs237025 with MetS and the components of MetS. A 5-years follow-up survey was carried out to elucidate the crosstalk between rs237025 and weight management, and the synergistic effect on MetS. Results: A total of 1,008 MetS patients and 1,047 controls were recruited in this research. By cross-section study, we find that rs237025 is an independent risk factor for increased Waist Circumference (WC), elevated Triglyceride (TG), elevated Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), and MetS. Cross-over analysis identifies the interaction of rs237025 and weight management as a risk factor for MetS, the synergistic effects of rs237025 and weight management are negative to WC, TG, and High-density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c). Conclusion: SUMO4 gene rs237025 is related to increased risk of MetS, weight management is essential to MetS intervention, especially for patients with rs237025 polymorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Menopausal hormonal changes have been associated with the emergence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its consequences such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The common gene signature and the associated signaling pathways of MetS, T2D, CVD and menopause status have not been widely studied. We analyzed a total of 314 women aged between 35 and 75 years. The sample was divided into two groups: Group I, including women in the premenopausal period and Group II, comprising women in the post-menopausal period. The presence of MetS and its components were evaluated, as well as occurrence of T2D and CVD in both groups. We also exploited the translational bioinformatics approach to choose the common gene signatures for MetS, T2D, CVD and the menopause status. The frequency of the MetS was significantly higher in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal ones (67.1 vs. 27.2%, p < 0.001). Gene mining analysis revealed that a total of 47 genes were commonly associated with MetS, T2D, CVD and the menopausal changes. The gene enrichment analysis showed that these genes were markedly enriched in biological processes, including positive regulation of binding, positive regulation of leukocyte cell–cell adhesion, regulation of lipid localization. Furthermore, P53 signaling pathway, prolactin signaling pathway, parathyroid hormone synthesis, secretion and action were the top enriched pathways. Additionally, network analysis revealed TGFB1, SPP1, MMP2, MMP9, CCL2, IGF1, EGFR, ICAM1, TNF and IL6 as important hub genes with significant interacting partners. These hub genes identified in our study may play key role in menopausal changes and influence the risks of MetS, T2D and CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: NAFLD is highly prevalent in the global population and is underdiagnosed in current practice. The lack of standardized screening protocols, increasing risk factors for NAFLD, and limited treatment options contribute to the late identification of disease often in advanced forms. The purpose of this review is to discuss the trajectory of current screening strategies. Recent Findings: Predictive scoring tools and imaging can aid in leading to a diagnosis of NAFLD. These complementary modalities can be used to avoid liver biopsy. These may have a greater role in the future for NAFLD screening. Summary: The risk of delayed diagnosis of NAFLD is the progression to advanced forms of the disease. NAFLD can cause end-stage liver disease leading to diminished quality of life for affected patients and increasing health care costs. Standardized NAFLD screening might lead to earlier identification of disease, when modifiable risk factors can be addressed and disease progression can be halted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple activity monitors are utilized for the estimation of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity in youth. Due to differing methodological approaches, results are not comparable when developing thresholds for the determination of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity. This study aimed to develop and validate count-to-activity thresholds for 1.5, 3, and 6 metabolic equivalents of task in five of the most commonly used activity monitors in adolescent research. Methods: Fifty-two participants (mean age = 16.1 [0.78] years) selected and performed activities of daily living while wearing a COSMED K4b2 and five activity monitors; ActiGraph GT1M, ActiGraph wGT3X-BT, activPAL3 micro, activPAL, and GENEActiv. Receiver-operating-characteristic analysis was used to examine the area under the curve and to define count-to-activity thresholds for the vertical axis (all monitors) and the sum of the vector magnitude (ActiGraph wGT3X-BT and activPAL3 micro) for 15 s (all monitors) and 60 s (ActiGraph monitors) epochs. Results: All developed count-to-activity thresholds demonstrated high levels of sensitivity and specificity. When cross-validated in an independent group (N = 20), high levels of sensitivity and specificity generally remained (≥73.1%, intensity and monitor dependent). Conclusions: This study provides researchers with the opportunity to analyze and cross-compare data from different studies that have not employed the same motion sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous animal studies have revealed that CTRP7 is related to energy metabolism. However, little is known regarding the relationship between CTRP7 and metabolic diseases in humans. Hence, this study was designed to explore the association between CTRP7 and MetS through a cross-sectional study and multiple intervention studies. Methods: A total of 624 individuals were enrolled in this study. The levels of CTRP7 and APN were determined by ELISA kit. HEC, OGTT and lipid infusion were performed in heathy individuals to investigate the association of CTRP7 and glucose, insulin and FFA. Bioinformatics analysis was then undertaken to identify genes and signaling pathways associated with CTRP7. The relationship between CTRP7 with MetS components was also evaluated. Results: In MetS patients, serum CTRP7 concentrations were significantly higher than in healthy controls, and was positively correlated with WC, BP, FBG, 2h-BG and TG, but negatively correlated with HDL-C and APN. Multivariate logistic regression analysis uncovered that CTRP7 was strongly correlated with the occurrence of MetS. In addition, circulating levels of CTRP7 in patients with two or more MetS components were higher than those with one MetS component. In the intervention studies, OGTTs resulted in a significant reduction in serum CTRP7 concentration. However, the increase in insulin levels caused by EHC and the increase of FFA caused by lipid-infusion led to the significant increase of serum CTRP7 concentration. Meanwhile, bioinformatics analysis revealed that CTRP7 was strongly associated with metabolism-related genes and signal pathways, which further illustrate the association of CTRP7 with whole-body metabolism. Conclusions: Serum CTRP7 is increased in MetS patients, which may be a biomarker related to metabolic diseases. Clinical Trial Registration Number: ChiCTR2000032878 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protozoan parasite infection causes severe diseases in humans and animals, leading to tremendous economic and medical pressure. Natural immunity is the first line of defence against parasitic infection. Currently, the role of natural host immunity in combatting parasitic infection is unclear, so further research on natural host immunity against parasites will provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of related parasitic diseases. Extracellular traps (ETs) are an important natural mechanism of immunity involving resistance to pathogens. When immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages are stimulated by external pathogens, they release a fibrous network structure, consisting mainly of DNA and protein, that can capture and kill a variety of extracellular pathogenic microorganisms. In this review, we discuss the relevant recently reported data on ET formation induced by protozoan parasite infection, including the molecular mechanisms involved, and discuss the role of ETs in the occurrence and development of parasitic diseases.

Extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP) is a damage-associated molecular pattern promoting inflammation and tissue injury. During bacterial or viral infection, macrophages release DNA decorated with nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins known as macrophage extracellular traps (METs). Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is a pore-forming protein that has been involved in extracellular trap formation in neutrophils. We hypothesized that eCIRP induces MET formation by activating GSDMD. Human monocytic cell line THP-1 cells were differentiated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and treated with recombinant murine (rm) CIRP. The MET formation was detected by three methods: time-lapse fluorescence microscopy (video imaging), colorimetry, and ELISA. Cleaved forms of GSDMD, and caspase-1 were detected by Western blotting. Treatment of THP-1 cells with rmCIRP increased MET formation as revealed by SYTOX Orange Staining assay in a time- and dose-dependent manner. METs formed by rmCIRP stimulation were further confirmed by extracellular DNA, citrullinated histone H3, and myeloperoxidase. Treatment of THP-1 cells with rmCIRP significantly increased the cleaved forms of caspase-1 and GSDMD compared to PBS-treated cells. Treatment of macrophages with caspase-1, and GSDMD inhibitors z-VAD-fmk, and disulfiram, separately, significantly decreased rmCIRP-induced MET formation. We also confirmed rmCIRP-induced MET formation using primary cells murine peritoneal macrophages. These data clearly show that eCIRP serves as a novel inducer of MET formation through the activation of GSDMD and caspase-1.

Aim: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is widespread across the world. Gene targeted therapy and risk management are promising approaches for MetS intervention. SUMO4 gene rs237025 polymorphism is related to an increased risk of diabetes, therefore, it is considered a target for the gene polymorphism research of MetS.Methods: A case-control study was performed to study the interaction of rs237025 with MetS and the components of MetS. A 5-years follow-up survey was carried out to elucidate the crosstalk between rs237025 and weight management, and the synergistic effect on MetS.Results: A total of 1,008 MetS patients and 1,047 controls were recruited in this research. By cross-section study, we find that rs237025 is an independent risk factor for increased Waist Circumference (WC), elevated Triglyceride (TG), elevated Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), and MetS. Cross-over analysis identifies the interaction of rs237025 and weight management as a risk factor for MetS, the synergistic effects of rs237025 and weight management are negative to WC, TG, and High-density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c).Conclusion:SUMO4 gene rs237025 is related to increased risk of MetS, weight management is essential to MetS intervention, especially for patients with rs237025 polymorphism.

BackgroundPrevious animal studies have revealed that CTRP7 is related to energy metabolism. However, little is known regarding the relationship between CTRP7 and metabolic diseases in humans. Hence, this study was designed to explore the association between CTRP7 and MetS through a cross-sectional study and multiple intervention studies.MethodsA total of 624 individuals were enrolled in this study. The levels of CTRP7 and APN were determined by ELISA kit. HEC, OGTT and lipid infusion were performed in heathy individuals to investigate the association of CTRP7 and glucose, insulin and FFA. Bioinformatics analysis was then undertaken to identify genes and signaling pathways associated with CTRP7. The relationship between CTRP7 with MetS components was also evaluated.ResultsIn MetS patients, serum CTRP7 concentrations were significantly higher than in healthy controls, and was positively correlated with WC, BP, FBG, 2h-BG and TG, but negatively correlated with HDL-C and APN. Multivariate logistic regression analysis uncovered that CTRP7 was strongly correlated with the occurrence of MetS. In addition, circulating levels of CTRP7 in patients with two or more MetS components were higher than those with one MetS component. In the intervention studies, OGTTs resulted in a significant reduction in serum CTRP7 concentration. However, the increase in insulin levels caused by EHC and the increase of FFA caused by lipid-infusion led to the significant increase of serum CTRP7 concentration. Meanwhile, bioinformatics analysis revealed that CTRP7 was strongly associated with metabolism-related genes and signal pathways, which further illustrate the association of CTRP7 with whole-body metabolism.ConclusionsSerum CTRP7 is increased in MetS patients, which may be a biomarker related to metabolic diseases.Clinical Trial Registration NumberChiCTR2000032878

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the common cause of death in men. The pathophysiological factors contributing to PCa are not well known. PCa cells gain a protective mechanism via abnormal lipid signaling and metabolism. PCa cells modify their metabolism in response to an excessive intake of nutrients to facilitate advancement. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is inextricably linked to the carcinogenic progression of PCa, which heightens the severity of the disease. It is hypothesized that changes in the metabolism of the mitochondria contribute to the onset of PCa. The studies of particular alterations in the progress of PCa are best accomplished by examining the metabolome of prostate tissue. Due to the inconsistent findings written initially, additional epidemiological research is required to identify whether or not MetS is an aspect of PCa. There is a correlation between several risk factors and the progression of PCa, one of which is MetS. The metabolic symbiosis between PCa cells and the tumor milieu and how this type of crosstalk may aid in the development of PCa is portrayed in this work. This review focuses on in-depth analysis and evaluation of the metabolic changes that occur within PCa, and also aims to assess the effect of metabolic abnormalities on the aggressiveness status and metabolism of PCa.

PURPOSE: This prospective study was carried out to find negative predictive value (NPV) of normal myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in diabetic patients with predefined cut-off value of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) < 7.3%. METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted at Karachi Institute of Heart Disease (KIHD) after prior approval from ethical committee. Total 257 diabetic patients who were labeled as normal MPI from June-2011 till March-2012 were included. These patients were followed on telephone for seven years for cardiac events including fatal myocardial infarction (FMI) and nonfatal myocardial infarction (NFMI). Follow up was not available in 33 patients, leaving a cohort of 224 participants. Mean HbA1c was calculated for seven years. Patients were subdivided according to predefined cut-off value of HbA1c 7.3% as determined in previously published study by our group (57 in group A with HbA1c >7.3% and 167 in group B with HbA1c < 7.3%). RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found in age, gender, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidemia, family history, LV function, Bruce and vasodilator stress protocol in both groups except metabolic equivalent of task (METS) was significantly higher in group B (<0.05). Overall mean survival was significantly higher in group B with HbA1c =7.3 (Mean=80 vs. 71; CI=78-83 vs. 64-78 months in Group B and A respectively; log rank value=5.576; p <0.05). Significantly higher fatal and non-fatal cardiac events on seven years follow up were recorded in group A with HbA1c >7.3% with lower METS <7 (3 vs. 0 FMI and 11vs.9NFMI and annualized event rate 0.75% vs. 0% and 2.8% vs. 0.76% group A and Group B respectively; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: We conclude that a negative MPS has a significantly higher NPV and better effort tolerance in diabetics with good glycemic control (mean HbA1c < 7.3%) than diabetics with impaired glycemic control (mean HbA1c >7.3%). Impaired glycemic control is supposed to be associated with impaired endothelial function and demands a correlative study in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prognostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD) and high exercise capacity is still unknown. We sought to determine the MPI additional prognostic value over electrocardiography (ECG) stress testing alone in patients with known CAD who achieved ≥ 10 metabolic equivalents (METs).Methods and Results: We evaluated 926 patients with known CAD referred for MPI with exercise stress. Patients were followed for a mean of 32.4 ± 9.7 months for the occurrence of all-cause death or nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI). Those achieving ≥ 10 METs were younger, predominantly male, and had lower prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. Patients reaching ≥ 10 METs had a lower annualized rate of hard events compared to their counterparts achieving < 10 METs (1.13%/year vs 3.95%/year, P < .001). Patients who achieved ≥ 10 METs with abnormal scans had a higher rate of hard events compared to those with normal scans (3.37%/year vs 0.57%/year, P = .023). Cardiac workload < 10 METs and an abnormal MPI scan were independent predictors of hard events.Conclusions: MPI is able to stratify patients with known CAD achieving ≥ 10 METs for the occurrence of all-cause death and nonfatal MI, with incremental prognostic value over ECG stress test alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy expenditure through metabolic equivalent (MET) prediction during resistance exercises in humans can be modeled by using cardiorespiratory parameters. In this study, we aimed to predict MET during six moderate-intensity resistance training sessions consisting of three different exercises. Eleven participants were recruited into two groups; an untrained (n = 5; with no resistance training experience) and a trained group (n = 6; with 2 months resistance training experience). Each participant completed six training sessions separated with a rest interval of 1–2 days. While wearing a mask for indirect calorimetric measurements using Cortex Metalyzer 3B, each participant performed training sessions consisting of three types of dumbbell exercises: shoulder press, deadlift, and squat. The metabolic equivalents (METs), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), blood lactate (BL), and Borg rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. The MET was predicted using generalized estimating equations (GEE) for repeated measure data collected during exercise and rest periods. It was observed that during exercise period, RER, HR, SBP, and BL for the training group (QIC = 187, 95% CI = −0.012~0.915, p = 0.000*~0.033*) while RER, HR, SBP, DBP, and RPE (QIC = 48, 95% CI = −0.024~0.422, p = 0.000*~0.002*) during resting period for untrained group significantly predicted MET for moderate-intensity interval resistance training. It is concluded that the cardiorespiratory variables are significantly related to MET. During exercise, RER and HR significantly predicted MET for both groups along with additional parameters of SBP and BL for the training group. While during the resting period, RER, HR, SBP, DBP, and RPE related significantly for untrained and BL for training group respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an abnormal physiological condition that has been increasingly identified as a risk factor for complications after orthopedic surgery. Given the lack of information on the effect of MetS in shoulder arthroplasty (SA), this investigation analyzed the rates of postoperative complications and implant survivorship free from reoperation and revision in patients with and without MetS. Between 2007 and 2017, data from 4635 adults who underwent a primary SA were collected and classified based on the presence or absence of MetS. MetS was defined as the existence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and a minimum of 2 of the following diagnoses: hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 within 1 year of surgery. Of the 4635 arthroplasties, 714 were performed in patients with MetS (anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty [aTSA] in 289 and reverse shoulder arthroplasty [RSA] in 425) and 3921 were performed in patients without MetS (aTSA in 1736 and RSA in 2185). Demographic characteristics, complications, reoperations, and revision surgery were compared. At a mean of follow-up of 4.5 ± 2.3 years, 67 MetS patients (9.4%) and 343 non-MetS patients (8.7%) had sustained at least 1 postoperative complication (P =.851). Rotator cuff failure was the most common complication overall, with 84 cases (1.8%) (15 MetS cases [2.1%] and 69 non-MetS cases [1.8%], P =.851), and in both MetS and non-MetS patients, followed by infection, with 68 cases (1.2%) (10 MetS cases [1.4%] and 58 non-MetS cases [1.2%], P =.913). For aTSAs, the most common complication was rotator cuff failure (84 shoulders, 1.8%); for RSAs, the most common complication was periprosthetic fracture (52 shoulders, 1.1%). In RSAs, the rates of deep infection (1.9% vs. 0.7%, P =.04), instability (3.1% vs. 1.5%, P =.04), and deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (0.5% vs. 0.3%, P =.03) were found to be significantly higher in patients with MetS than in those without MetS. Reoperations were observed in 36 MetS patients (5%) and 170 non-MetS patients (4.3%) (P =.4). Revisions were performed in 30 MetS patients (4.2%) and 127 non-MetS patients (3.2%) (P =.19). The Kaplan-Meier 5-year rate of survivorship free from reoperation, revision, and prosthetic joint infection was equal between groups. A preoperative diagnosis of MetS in patients undergoing primary SA did not significantly increase the risk of postoperative complications, infection, reoperation, or revision following primary SA. However, in the RSA subgroup, complications were significantly more common in patients with MetS. Individual risk factors may be more appropriate than the umbrella diagnosis of MetS prior to aTSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise prescription based on exercise test results is complicated by the need to downregulate the absolute training intensity to account for cardiovascular drift in order to achieve a desired internal training load. We tested a recently developed generalized model to perform this downregulation using metabolic equivalents (METs) during exercise testing and training. A total of 20 healthy volunteers performed an exercise test to define the METs at 60, 70, and 80% of the heart rate (HR) reserve and then performed randomly ordered 30 min training bouts at absolute intensities predicted by the model to achieve these levels of training intensity. The training HR at 60 and 70% HR reserve, but not 80%, was significantly less than predicted from the exercise test, although the differences were small. None of the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) values during training were significantly different than predicted. There was a strong overall correlation between predicted and observed HR (r = 0.88) and RPE (r = 0.52), with 92% of HR values within ±10 bpm and 74% of RPE values within ±1 au. We conclude that the generalized functional translation model is generally adequate to allow the generation of early absolute training loads that lead to desired internal training loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity can lead children and adolescents to an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. A diet supplemented with Plantago psyllium has been shown to be effective in reducing LDL-C and IL-6 in adolescents. However, there are no studies that have explored small-dense LDL (sdLDL) or HDL subclasses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a fiber dietary intervention on LDL and HDL subclasses in adolescents with obesity. In this parallel, double blind, randomized clinical trial, the participants were assigned to Plantago psyllium or placebo (10g/day for 7 weeks). We randomized 113 participants, and evaluated and analyzed 100 adolescents (50 in each group), 15 to 19 years with a body mass index of 29–34. We measured biochemical markers LDL and HDL subclasses using the Lipoprint system (Quantimetrix) and IL-6 by ELISA. Post-treatment there was a decrease in sdLDL between the groups 2.0 (0–5.0) vs 1 (0–3.0) mg/dl (p = 0.004), IL-6 median 3.32 (1.24–5.96) vs 1.76 (0.54–3.28) pg/ml, p <0.0001. There were no differences in HDL subclasses and no adverse effects were reported in either group. Conclusions: Small dense LDL and IL-6 reduced in adolescents with obesity when consuming Plantago psyllium. This may be an early good strategy for the reduction of cardiovascular disease risk in this vulnerable population. Trial registration: ISRCTN # 14180431. Date assigned 24/08/2020 What is Known: • Supplementing the diet with Plantago psyllium lowers LDL-C levels. What is New: • First evidence that soluble fiber supplementation like Plantago psyllium decreases small dense LDL particles in association with lowered IL-6, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease in obese adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy expenditure during weight training exercises produces great fitness and health benefits for humans, but few studies have investigated energy expenditure directly during weight training. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine energy costs during three training sessions consisting of three different exercises. Ten participants were randomly allocated into two groups: an untrained (n = 5, with no weight training experience) and a trained group (n = 5, with some weight training experience). Each participant completed three training sessions on separate days. While wearing a mask for indirect calorimetric measurements, each participant participated in training sessions conducted with three dumbbell exercises: the bent-over row, deadlift, and lunge. Metabolic equivalents (METs), energy expenditure (EE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. The total energy cost was calculated from the oxygen consumption (VO2) during each exercise. Our results showed that the METs of a single training session were 3.3 for the untrained group and 3.4 for the trained group, while the sum of the EE was 683–688 and 779–840 kcal, respectively. The physiological parameters, such as heart rate (p = 0.001 *) for the lunge and rate of perceived exertion (p = 0.005 *) for the bent-over row, changed significantly in both groups. It was concluded that the exercise protocol of this study involved a moderate intensity of 2.4–3.9 METs. The energy cost of each training exercise was between 179 and 291 kcal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to find the effect of physical activity on academic performance of physical education. The research method used in this research is quantitative approach, survey method with test and measurement technique. The population of the research was students at a public secondary school in East Jakarta, and 216 students of 6 classes grade eight participating in this research. There is a positive influence of physical activity on student learning outcome of physical education. Physical activity has a direct positive effect on learning outcomes of physical education. This means that increasing physical activity will lead to an increase in physical education learning outcomes. Implication of the present study is that efforts can be made to improve learning outcomes physical education through structured physical activity, by providing physical activities, games and sports chosen to achieve educational goals.

Haiyun Xu, Xiaoyin ZhuangThe Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of ChinaAbstract: The atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) have been used as first-line drugs in psychiatric practice for a wide range of psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar mania. While effectively exerting therapeutic effects on positive and negative symptoms, as well as cognitive impairments in schizophrenia patients, these drugs are less likely to induce extrapyramidal symptoms compared to typical antipsychotics. However, the increasing application of them has raised questions on their tolerability and adverse effects over the endocrine, metabolic, and cardiovascular axes. Specifically, AAPs are associated to different extents, with weight gain, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This article summarized clinical evidence showing the metabolic side effects of AAPs in patients with schizophrenia, and experimental evidence of AAPs-induced metabolic side effects observed in animals and cell culture studies. In addition, it discussed potential mechanisms involved in the APPs-induced MetS and NAFLD.Keywords: antipsychotics, MetS, NAFLD, schizophrenia

The aim of this study was handling of digitized old Persian periodicals based on METS according to experts’ opinion. The st udy was practical in terms of purpose and descriptive method used for analyzing the data. Data collection was conducted through a survey. The population of study consisted of 26 experts in the field of digital preservation. For validity of tool expert's opinions in the field of digital preservation is used and to evaluate the reliability two methods of bisection and Cronbach's alpha test are used. The results showed METS is suitable standard for handling of digitization of old Persian periodicals and its attributes applicable for preservsetion, transformation and management of these valuable resourses.The results of this research would help to handle digitized old Persian periodicals content and leading to the creation of a national profile for digitized old Persian periodicals in Iran.

Abstract Background Although snoring has been previously reported to be associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), its interaction with body mass index(BMI) on MetS remains unclear. We aimed to examine the individual effects and possible interaction between snoring and BMI on MetS. Methods From July 2013 to December 2013, 3794 employees of coal mining enterprises aged 18 to 65 were recruited from Shanxi province of China. The individual effects were assessed by multivariable logistic regression model. Additive interaction was evaluated by calculating the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) and synergy index(S). Results We found that, after adjusting for potential confounders, odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI for MetS was 1.30 (1.09, 1.56) in occasional snorers and 1.50 (1.24, 1.82) in habitual snorers compared with non-snorers. BMI ≥ 24 was related to high risk of MetS (OR, 3.27; 95% CI, 2.93–3.63). Significant additive interaction between snoring and BMI on MetS was detected. The estimates and 95% CI of the RERI, AP and S were 1.89 (0.67, 3.24), 0.23 (0.08, 0.38), and 1.37 (1.11, 1.75), respectively. However, stratified by workplace, the additive interaction was only significant among underground front-line and ground workers. Conclusions Both Snoring and BMI were related to high risk of Mets. Moreover, there are additive interaction between snoring and BMI. Snorers who worked underground front-line and ground are more susceptible to the negative impact of being overweight on MetS.

Cellular senescence is described as the state where the cell cycle is arrested irreversibly, which occurs in response to various forms of stress factors in cells, leading to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). We can assess the accumulation of senescent cells in tissues or organs through biomarkers of cellular senescence such as p16INK4a, p53, p21, and SA-β-GAL. In recent decades, a large number of studies have reported the biomarkers of increased cell senescence in pathogenic tissues, demonstrating the possible connection between cell senescence and various diseases. Kidney damage often occurs in the pathophysiological process of certain metabolic diseases, resulting in metabolic-associated kidney diseases. For example, hypertension causes systemic arteriosclerosis, and the kidney can be seriously affected by abundant blood vessels, which may lead to a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and proteinuria, resulting in hypertension-related kidney diseases. The accumulation of senescent cells may also be observed in some metabolic-associated kidney diseases (such as obesity-related nephropathy, hypertension-related nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy). In this paper, we review existing knowledge regarding the influence of cellular senescence on metabolic-associated kidney diseases, providing new ideas for future treatment.

La práctica regular de actividad física sugiere un aumento de la condición física y una mejora de la composición corporal; sin embargo, a pesar de que las personas cumplen con las directrices propuestas no logran obtener buenos indicadores de condición física los cuales brindan más información acerca de la salud. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre las capacidades físicas de fuerza prensil, potencia en piernas, consumo máximo de oxígeno, actividad física con la composición corporal en adultos. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo correlacional de corte transversal, se evaluaron 100 adultos, se valoró fuerza prensil con dinamometría, potencia en piernas con tres tipos de saltos, VO2máx, la actividad física por cuestionario IPAQ y la composición corporal con bioimpedancia eléctrica. Resultados: Los varones poseen valores mayores de capacidades físicas, masa magra y actividad física realizada con mayor intensidad en comparación con las mujeres; los resultados muestran una estrecha relación entre la práctica de actividad física realizada con intensidades moderadas y altas en relación a las capacidades físicas de fuerza prensil y potencia en piernas en aquellas personas sin peso bajo u obesidad; Además, en todas éstas, mediante el análisis Post Hoc, se encontró que las diferencias se presentan entre la actividad baja en comparación con la vigorosa y en la moderada con respecto a la vigorosa. Conclusiones: Personas con normo y sobrepeso muestran mejores capacidades físicas, así como valores elevados de actividad física, mientras que altos índices de grasa corporal total y un IMC elevado son un factor determinante para el desarrollo de las mismas. Abstract: The regular practice of physical activity suggests an increase in physical condition and an improvement in body composition, despite the fact that people comply with the proposed guidelines, they are unable to obtain good indicators of physical fitness, which provide more information about the Health. Objective: To analyze the relationship between physical capacities of grip strength, leg power, maximum oxygen consumption, physical activity and body composition in adults. Methodology: Cross-sectional correlational descriptive study, 100 adults were evaluated, grip strength was assessed with dynamometry, leg power with three types of jumps, VO2max, physical activity by IPAQ questionnaire and body composition with electrical bioimpedance. Results: Men have higher values ​​of physical capacities, lean mass and physical activity carried out with greater intensity compared to women; The results show a close relationship between the practice of physical activity carried out with moderate and high intensities in relation to the physical capacities of grip strength and power in the legs in those without underweight or obesity; In addition, in all of these, by means of Post Hoc analysis, it was found that the differences are presented between low activity compared to vigorous activity and moderate activity compared to vigorous activity. Conclusions: Normal and overweight people show better physical capacities as well as high levels of physical activity, while high levels of total body fat and a high BMI are a determining factor for their development.

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Aim: to investigate dietary intake levels of Saudi females with and without polycystic ovary syndrome)PCOS( and to evaluate their diet diversity and its relationship to visceral adiposity. Methods: The present case-control study included 90 PCOS patients and 90 healthy controls whose age and body mass index were matched. Data collected using a structured questionnaire including sociodemographic variables, medical history, food frequency questionnaire, and physical activity records. Anthropometric measures were taken and fasting blood samples were obtained for subsequent metabolic and hormonal assays. Results: Lipid accumulation product and visceral adiposity index were significantly higher among patients with PCOS than their control counterparts (p 0.05). Women with PCOS had significantly higher intake levels of dietary energy, carbohydrates, proteins and total fat than their controls (p