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Reports on foreign currency holdings of large foreign exchange market participants as of September 30, 1999. German mark positions; Positions in derivative instruments; Foreign exchange futures and options; Major market participants; Large market participants; Japanese yen positions; Sterling position; Euro position; United States dollar position.

The article focuses on the dispute concerning the adoption of a common European currency. For nearly 50 years, Europe has been on a course of ever-widening and deepening integration. For just as long, Germany has been building a reputation as the global champion of hard money to which the Deutsche Mark stands as its monument. The proposed monetary union to create a common currency in Europe joins these two strands: Europe gets German monetary integrity, and Germany blends into Europe. The Maastricht Treaty, concluded in December 1991, is the prenuptial agreement for this marriage. However, on the way to union doubts loom larger than joy. Still in question are the benefits to be derived, the suitability of the partners, and relations with outside parties. These questions are particularly acrimonious because the tight timetable for converting to a common currency destroys illusions, as does Europe's poor economic performance. Europe has 18 million unemployed, and no one knows what to do with them.

Reports on the adoption of the deutsche mark as the currency of the unfed Germany. Exchange rate with the ostmark, the East German currency; Features which brought East Germany to the changeover on July 1, 1990; Effects of communist rule and central planning; Shortcomings of transportation and telecommunication infrastructure.

The article discusses parity-based valuation of foreign exchange options. It explores the put-call-spot and the put-call-forward parity relationships and the forward-spot relationship as they apply to foreign exchange markets. Four currencies were used, the Japanese Yen, the West German Deutsche Mark, the Swiss Franc and the English Pound. Based on data gathered from the period April 1, 1984 through June 30, 1984, models were tested that assumed perfect market conditions and European options. These parity models adjust for the mismatch between option and forward expiration dates. Results show a very close yet imperfect relationship between perfect market models and the actual market itself. This is partially explained by the lack of synchronous data among markets involved as well as other mechanical market and model shortcomings. Finally, while the analysis has provided evidence of statistical inefficiency, the question of whether the option markets are economically inefficient is not researched.

Presents an article on living in an apartment house in Berlin, Germany. Effect of inflation on the lives of the people who are living in the house; Value of a dollar compared to German marks in March 1923; Information on the first encounter with a dollar.

The era of floating exchange rates, which began in 1973, increased uncertainty about future spot foreign currency rates and stimulated interest in the use of forward and futures markets in foreign currency to reduce the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. While considerable analysis exists on the hedging and pricing efficiency of the forward exchange market, little work has been done on the use of the futures markets to test theories of exchange rate determination or to hedge spot exchange rate movements. In this paper the relative effectiveness of the futures and forward currency markets in forecasting future spot rates and the relative hedging effectiveness of the forward and futures markets are analyzed for Germany and Great Britain. In terms of hedging and price forecasting the forward and futures markets show no significant differences. Results also indicate the benefit of futures contracts with shorter term to delivery for hedging or forecasting spot rates. The forward and futures currency markets for the British pound and German mark both provide similar risk reduction opportunity despite structural differences in the forward and future currency markets. Market participants are either acting on similar information or acting in both markets such that prices are equated. Future analysis is needed to determine what is the basis for these similar results given the separate economic functions the alternative markets perform.

Presents information on the socio-political condition in East Germany and West Germany. Discussion of differences between the government of Chancellor Helmut Schmidt in Bonn and the East German communist regime; Reference to the increase by East Germany in the number of deutsche marks that each West German visitor has to exchange daily for East German marks as a condition of entry; Argument by East Germany that Polish experiment in free trade unions must be eradicated; Information regarding the economic considerations of both East and West Germany; Comments on Schmidt's relationship with France.

The article offers information on the national currency of Switzerland, the Swiss franc. Its value against several currencies are presented including the dollars, the British pound and Italian lira, and the West German mark. It discusses the high value of the franc to be contributed by the country's social and political social stability, the success of its economy and its reputation for having abundant funds. It features the country's output of goods and services, gross national product, and unemployment rates. It also cites the country's efforts to keep their economy going by concentrating the layoffs on the migrant workers and keeping their citizens employed.

The article reports on the devaluation of the U.S. dollar, against other currencies, including the Deutsche mark, French franc, Italian lira and the British pound. Several reasons are given to explain the setback of the currency, which has lost 9 percent of its value as of October 1973. Effects of the dollar devaluation include the increase in the prices of imports and the decline in the prices for American products abroad. It also details the triumph of the German economy whose trade surplus amounts to 1.9 billion dollars in March 1974 alone. Various examples of government control of national currencies are also given, including that of French franc and Italian lira but a particular focus is given on the British sterling, the main choice of currency in purchasing oil from the Middle East.

The article discusses the trends of international shopping in London, Great Britain, as of July 1, 1976, with attention paid to the exchange rates of currencies such as German marks, French francs, and British pounds. According to the author, European visitors to London buy mainly furniture and stereos, while Arabs purchase cosmetics. Particular focus is given to the fact that the prices of clothes in London are lower then the prices in France and Germany.

Discusses increased activities in the purchase of dollar-denominated stocks, bonds and other assets in May 1989. Value of the U.S. dollar against the West German mark; Level of demand for the dollar; Factors driving the rise in the value of the dollar.

The article focuses on the increase in the value of American dollar. The value of dollar is up by 6% against Japanese yen and German mark since June 1, 1988. Analysts feel that the moderate economic growth and a brightening trade picture had helped the dollar to gain strength. The value of dollar may not slow the U.S. export surge for months which would raise the deficit to 12%. The rise in dollar had brought out a confidence into the U.S. markets as it will slow the price of imported goods.

The article reports that central banks' concerted effort to weaken the foreign exchange rate of the American dollar has resulted in an increase in the value of the Japanese yen and German mark as well as an increase in interest rates in West Germany and Japan. The interest rate changes had an effect on international capital, bond, and foreign exchange markets.

In the article, the author discusses how the dollar will perform in 1979. Based on the trading at the forward foreign exchange markets, forecasters are claiming that the dollar will decline by up to 12% against the Swiss franc, 10% against the Japanese yen and 8% against the German mark sometime in July 1979. The reasons for such a forecast include the convergence of the U.S. and foreign growth rates. The other factors that will affect the performance of the dollar include the price of oil and the volatile foreign currencies.

The article discusses the move of finance ministers in Europe to stabilize the international monetary system through a joint float of currencies. It notes that the exchange rate of the Deutschemark has to be raised in relation to the currencies of Holland, Belgium, Norway, and Denmark on condition that France would rejoin the group. It adds that German chancellor Helmut Schmidt is determined to rebuild Common Market cooperation with France.

The article presents the economic outlook for several international markets in 1984. A stronger yen in Japan will take some of the shine off export stocks during the period and will boost other stocks such as Nippon Thompson Co. and Daicel Chemical Industries Ltd. Deutschemark, the basic money in Germany, has strengthened a bit against the dollar. The government in Scandinavia is planning to equalize the tax treatment on stocks and bonds so that equity will end with less relative appeal.

The article focuses on the impact of the revaluation of the German mark by 2% within the European Monetary System (EMS) on Europe's ability to insulate itself from the force of the U.S. dollar. Investors began to turn to the other international reserve currency, the mark, as the dollar weakened. Germany is being pressured to share in the world's high inflation as its price for greater economic growth. A German interest rate increase always followed the move by the U.S. to raise rates and attract foreign capital.

The article reports on the weakness of the U.S. dollar abroad in 1979 as it fell 3 percent against the German mark and 2 percent against the Swiss franc. In response to the decline of the dollar against the European currencies, the Federal Reserve was forced into the currency markets to purchase dollars. The article also discusses how the dollar is suffering from a decline in the interest rate differential between the U.S. and Europe.

The article compares inflation in Germany with inflation in the U.S. as of March 30, 1981 and discusses each country's use of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The author describes American use of the CPI as an economic indicator while Germany uses it as a government policy tool. Topics mentioned include a comparison of employee fringe benefits, disparities in the published inflation rates, and the values of the U.S. dollar and the German mark.

The article discusses changes to the value of the U.S. dollar as of March 1980 with a focus on their economic impact. Topics include the U.S. balance of trade, interest rates, and the political aspects of a stronger U.S. currency. Graphs presenting the U.S. balance of payments as well as the value of the dollar as compared with other currencies such as the Swiss franc, the Yen, and Deutsche marks, arealso presented.

The article discusses the effects of a 1957 decision by the government of Great Britain to maintain the price of the British pound at 2.80 dollars despite pressures from the global financial markets. Measures taken to counter the impact of inflation and the competition of the German deutschmark are explored. Political disputes between the ruling Conservative party and opposition parties are also presented.

The article presents an outlook for political and economic situations around the world. It discusses the U.S. Administration's foreign trade policy, the views of the U.S. Congress on the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, and the International Monetary Fund's plea for the devaluation of European currencies. It also discusses the free trade policies of West Germany, the plan of West Germany to trade with Deutsche Marks, and a master industrialization plan of France for its African colonies.

Examines ways in which the Western Allies exacerbated the Berlin crisis in Germany and played into the hands of the Russians. Russians' cold blockade of the American, British and French sectors of the city; Negative results of the way the introduction of the Deutsche mark was handled; Protest raised by citizens when the western authorities ruled that both the Deutsche mark and the Russian-backed Reichsmark would be accepted at par for certain items and services; Theory that the Russians could interfere with the operations of the westerners' air bridge.

The article reports on the inflation of German mark and Swiss franc against the dollar by 35%. The European monetary officials demand the U.S. Government to intervene to keep the dollar through buying up dollars on foreign money markets. The Federal Reserve agrees to increase the foreign currency by 50% through the swap arrangement for use in buying up surplus dollars abroad. A set of figures on undervalued dollar was put together by the West German government showing that the exchange rate and purchasing power of Swiss francs and French francs against the U.S. dollars. Moreover, the author says that the U.S. is in deep deficit in the payment balance however, the American tourists flock to Europe, sending military personnel overseas, and business are moving capital abroad.

The article focuses on the currency revaluation in the economy of West Germany. It states that the Deutsche mark contributes to the surge in the country's capital which is expected to undergo upward revaluation. It mentions that foreign investors in the country pay their bills with the aim of defeating possible revaluation while sellers expect for revaluation profits. It adds that Great Britain leads the call for German revaluation. Moreover, West Germany is anticipated to revalue the mark.

The article analyzes the question on whether or not two developments in Germany would have an inflationary effect on the country's currency and the position of the Reichbank. The first is the legislation of an economy program which would subsidize industries through the refund of taxes for the purpose of increasing public works, employment and wages. The second is the drastic increase in taxes on German imports, most of which are from the U.S.

The author looks at how the financial community, the security markets and the business world withstood the effects of the global economic, social and environmental crises that happened in 1923. Among the global crises mentioned by the author include the collapse of the German Mark, the demoralization of the U.S. oil industry, and the earthquake in Japan. He also explains the policy that the staff of "Forbes" follows in making stock market forecasts.

The article focuses on the efforts of the Better Business Bureau in San Francisco, California as of May 1921 to prevent fraudulent commercial activities in the city. The public has been protected against fake magazine subscription schemes, since in some instances, the magazines subscribed for are not received and the money is never accounted for. The Bureau was also able to close the offices of a dealer in German marks.

The article reports on the characteristics fluctuations of monetary exchange on Paris, Berlin, Rome and Amsterdam as of April 16, 1921. How far the francs, marks, lire, and guilders are conforming to their usual course is determined. Policies that importers and exporters should follow during the next few months are discussed.

Examines the fluctuations and persistent decline in the value of the German mark. International significance of the functioning of the German economic system; Solutions to the economic problems of Germany; Effects of the economic and financial condition of Germany on Allied countries.

The article reports on the intervention of the U.S. government in the foreign exchange market to support the dollar. It highlights the approach of Treasury Secretary John B. Connally to international currency policy which targets the German currency, mark. It is inferred that the intervention was needed since the price of American exports will decrease if the value of dollar falls.

The article discusses the economic condition that will greet Germany's next government. It indicates that the floating Deutschemark will bring back stability to the over-all economic situation but Siemens warned that an increase in its value will put a burden on German exports. It cites that German economists' concern that the price inflation may come close to 3.5% while recent wage increases may add more inflationary pressure. It mentions the German voters' preference for moderation as they gave their votes to the Christian Democrats.

The article discusses the initiative of the German coalition to push the German mark for exchange rate flexibility in 1969. It cites how Germany ignores its obligation under the International Monetary Fund (IMF) rules as it allows exchange market pressures to set the mark's value in international dealings until the new government can set an official rate. The floating of the mark is seen as an action planned to open the door for the government to tackle currency problem with complete freedom. It indicates the unwillingness of Germany to devalue the mark. INSET: Keeping cool.

The article focuses on the International Monetary Fund (IMF) meeting which will be opened after the national election in Germany in conjunction with the annual meeting of the World Bank. It notes on the IMF agenda which include voting to create a 9.8 million U.S. dollars of paper gold, explores schemes to add flexibility of fixed exchange rates and start a change in the voting power that some nations have in the IMF. It cites that the fate of the mark, franc and pound will ride on the vote.

The article reports on the valuation of the German mark currency and the French franc currency in Europe. It mentions that the businessmen are convinced that the German mark would be revalued ot the French franc would be devalued. It states that the franc would not look strong even if there were no serious political or social problems in France.

The article discusses how the German mark achieved currency stability in 1968. One of the factors to this currency's stability is the export performance of Germany, which was reportedly selling 24 billion U.S. dollar worth of products abroad. This German's export output was exceeded only by one country, the U.S. It is also reported that the U.S. accounted for 34 per cent of the increase in German exports in 1968, making the U.S. as Germany's biggest trader. Also noted is Germany's secret to export success such as export-mindedness and efficiency.

The article focuses on the depreciation of the German currency. The currency has depreciated over 13 percent in the New York exchange. The gold redemption of the notes issued by the Imperial German Bank has been suspended. The German government has enacted a law that forbids dealing in German gold coin at a premium.

Compares the introduction of the deutsche mark in West Germany in 1948 and East Germany's adoption of it in 1990 as the currency of unification. Benefits of having a sound and credible money; Conversion terms for the new currency; East Germans' spending plan for their deutsche marks; Importance of the right terms for monetary union.

Presents a forecast of the global exchange rates. Risk to the forecasts; Exchange rates forecast of United States dollars; Japanese Yen; German Mark; British Pound; French franc.

Reports on the international bond issued in German marks by the Asian Development Bank launched on October 8, 1997. Rating and amount of offered bonds; Maturity date; Re-offer price; Borrower's comments on the issue's viability.

Presents letters to the editor referencing articles and topics published in the previous issues of the periodical. Reference to the article "The Ballad of Ron and Yasu," on key exchange rates of American dollar as compared to Japanese yen and West German mark, published in the June 15 issue; Discussion on the article "Among the Anti-Semites," on anti-Semitism, published in the June 8 issue; Debate on the selection of books in the article "Bad Ideas," published in the June 22 issue.

The article reports on the condition of the national currency in Germany in 1976. It mentions that the increasing value of German mark has threatened to cut into critically important export sales through putting many German goods at a disadvantage price in world markets. It states that overall imports remain strong but imports were made cheaper by the rising value of the mark. It notes that the government could shrink the value of the mark through using the Bundesbank sell deutsche marks for other currencies but the move is improbable with Chancellor Helmut Schmidt running for re-election in October 1976.

The article reports on the fluctuations in foreign exchange rates in 1973. It discusses why the industrialized world switched to a system of floating-exchange rates and the measures taken by central banks and exchange offices to respond to the economic crisis. It mentions the devaluation of Spanish peseta and the increase in the values of the Swiss franc and the West German mark. It explains why the British pound has declined during the period. It highlights the important role of floating-exchange rates in determining the strength of a nation's economy.

The article reports on the decline in the value of the U.S. dollar in the banking centers of Western Europe. It states that the U.S. dollar has decreased by about 14% against the Swiss franc because of the country's economic problems and the reduction in interest rates. Moreover, it notes that the U.S. dollar has fallen by more than 8% against the West German mark.