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The effect of substitution Pb2O3 by CuO content was studied for 75% Li2B4O7 + (25 − x)Pb2O3 + xCuO glass system where x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt%. The mechanical and radiation shielding properties were evaluated for the investigated glass samples. The mechanical properties included Young's, shear, bulk, longitudinal, Poisson ratio, and micro-hardness were computed theoretically based on the packing factor (Vi) and dissociation energy (Gi) of the metal oxides constituting the existing glass samples using the Makishima–Mackenzie model. The obtained results depicted the insertion of CuO enhances the different mechanical parameters up to 20 mol% of the investigated LBPCu glasses. Furthermore, the radiation shielding properties were studied for the investigated LBPCu glass using the Monte Carlo N-particle transport code (MCNP-5) simulation. MCNP-5 was used to detect the simulated linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) and then mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) and other factors based on various gamma-ray sources with energies of 0.24, 0.66, 1.17, 1.33, and 1.40 MeV. The results showed that LAC's highest value decreased from 0.578 to 0.320 cm−1 for glasses LBPCu0 and LBPCu25, respectively, at low energy of 0.284 MeV. Moreover, the effective and equivalent atomic numbers (Zeff and Zeq), buildup factor (EBF), and absorption buildup factor (EABF) were evaluated for the investigated LBPCu glass using the BXCOM program. The results revealed that the shielding properties of the investigated glasses improved by the insertion of CuO content.

The aim of this work is to study the radiation shielding properties of cement samples with waste glass incortated into its composition. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of the samples were experimentally determined to evaluate their radiation shielding ability. The experimental coefficient was evaluated using NaI detector for gamma energies between 59.53 keV and 1408.01 keV using different radioactive point sources Am-241, Eu-152, Co-60, and Cs-137, and the gamma transmission parameters half-value layer, mean free path, and transmission factor were calculated. The theoretical coefficient of the composites was determined using Geant4 and XCOM software. The results were also compared against Geant4 and XCOM simulations by calculating the relative deviation between the values to determine the accuracy of the results. In addition the mechanical properties (including Compressive and porosity) as well as the thermogravimetric analysis were tested for the present samples. Overall, it was concluded that the cement sample with 50% waste glass has the greatest shielding potential for radiation shielding applications and is a useful way to reuse waste glass.

The effect of the incorporation of the SrO to the Li2O -K2O-B2O3 glasses prepared through melt quenching technique has been studied. The density of the samples increases from 2.2057 to 2.8050 g/cm3. The XRD spectra reveals that the prepared samples are amorphous in nature. The five major bands having various IR peaks around 480 cm−1, 525 cm−1, 700 cm−1, 892 cm−1, 910 cm−1, 1225 cm−1, 1360 cm−1, and 1740 cm−1 are observed in the FTIR spectra. The gamma ray shielding properties have been calculated at several gamma-ray energies between 0.015 and 15 MeV using Phy-X software. LiKBSr20 with highest linear attenuation coefficient and effective atomic number is the best attenuator out of the fabricated LiKBSr-X glasses. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) improves on addition of SrO and the RPE values indicate that these glasses can be developed as shielding glasses for the low-energy photons.

In this paper, the EPICS2017 photoatomic database was used to evaluate the photon mass attenuation coefficients and buildup factors of soils collected at different depths in the Philippine islands. The extraction and interpolation of the library was accomplished at the recommended linear-linear scales to obtain the incoherent and total cross section and mass attenuation coefficient. The buildup factors were evaluated using the G-P fitting method in ANSI/ANS-6.4.3. An agreement was achieved between XCOM, MCNP5, and EPICS2017 for the calculated mass attenuation coefficient values. The buildup factors were reported at several penetration depths within the standard energy grid. The highest values of both buildup factor classifications were found in the energy range between 100 and 400 keV where incoherent scattering interaction probabilities are predominant, and least at the region of predominant photoionization events. The buildup factors were examined as a function of different soil silica contents. The soil samples with larger silica concentrations were found to have higher buildup factor values and hence lower shielding characteristics, while conversely, those with the least silica contents have increased shielding characteristics brought by the increased proportions of the abundant heavier oxides.

In this work, series of novel metatitanate ceramics mixed with SnO2 (BTO, STO, BTO@SnO2, STO@SnO2) have been successfully prepared via the solid-state reaction route. The XRD patterns indicate that the BTO, BTO@SnO2 crystallized into the tetragonal structure, where a cubic structure was obtained for STO and STO@SnO2 ceramics. The refinement of the data revealed a variation in lattice parameters of the ceramics. The optical properties were analyzed by using an ultra–visible spectrophotometer. The results showed that values of optical band gap Eg are in the range of 3.0–3.3 eV for all ceramics. Moreover, the radiation shielding factors were reported and the results demonstrated that there is a decreasing tendency in the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) as the energy changes from 0.2234 to 2.506 MeV. From the LAC results, the BaTiO3 ceramic is the most influential at blocking radiation. The half-value layer (HVL) was examined and we found a notable difference between the HVL of the four prepared ceramics. BTO has the least HVL and takes the range 0.725–4.53 cm between 0.2234 and 2.506 MeV. HVL minimum value is obtained at 0.2234 MeV for all compositions and equals 0.725, 0.895, 1.559, and 1.265 cm for BaTiO3, BTO@SnO2, STO, and STO@SnO2 respectively. The change in the transmission factor (TF) of the fabricated ceramics against the energy and the thickness is discussed, and we found that the four ceramics have the minimum TF at 0.2234 MeV and the greatest at 2.506 MeV. The TF for BTO is 56.31% at 0.2234 MeV, 73.76% at 0.356 MeV, 80.25% at 0.511 MeV and 91.3% at 2.506 MeV. The TF results suggest that the fabricated ceramics are good attenuators at low energies. The radiation shielding results confirmed that the prepared ceramics can be exploited as good candidates for radiation shielding applications.

In the present work, an experimental study is performed to study the radiation shielding characteristics of SrTiO3 (STO) perovskite ceramic added with different amounts (x = 0, 2, 5, and 10%) of tungsten trioxide nanoparticles (WO3 NPs). The four ceramic samples were prepared using the solid-state reaction method. The structural properties were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The analysis showed the successful formation of WO3- doped STO samples. The crystallite size, estimated using the Scherrer equation, was found in the range of 50.86–41.17 nm. The effect of WO3 NPs on the radiation shielding performance of these ceramics was studied. Different parameters, such as linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) and other related factors, were experimentally determined. The linear attenuation coefficient results demonstrated that the additional amount of WO3 in the ceramics correlates with an improvement in their shielding abilities. The half-value layer (HVL) values for the ceramics with 2% WO3 nanoparticles are equal to 0.071, 1.760, 2.407, and 2.564 cm at 0.060, 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333 MeV, respectively. As the energy increases, more radiation can pass through the material; therefore, a larger thickness is required to absorb half of the total photons, leading to a greater HVL. The tenth value results reaffirmed that increasing the WO3 content in the STO ceramics improves their shielding efficiency. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) of the four prepared STO ceramics was reported. From the RPE, we found that more photons can be attenuated at lower energies.

The purpose of this study is to examine the clinical radiation effects on patients with various stents. Several previous researches focused on the mechanical and physical features of the stents, but there have been few studies that focus on the interaction with radiological and clinical radiation. For stent material analysis, the ANSYS package program was employed. These materials and models are often built in three dimensions for three different types of stents made of three various materials. Estimates of blood pressure and thermal radiation were explored, as were the effects of non-ionizing radiation. Furthermore, the radiation attenuation characteristics of stent samples are investigated. The mass attenuation coefficient values are computed using MATLAB code over a large energy range of 0.015-15 MeV, and the findings are validated using theoretical WinXCom results. To determine the gamma-ray attenuation performances of the studied stent samples, variables such as the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number (Z

We investigate the radiation shielding properties for four Te-based alloys. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed pure phases in all studied samples; however, a secondary phase is detected in the CrTe sample in good agreement with the literature. All samples’ densities were measured using the Archimedes principle. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) was calculated using Geant4 MC Toolkit and then compared with the XCOM data. Many photon-shielding properties were computed for all investigated samples based on the MAC. The Phy-X and SRIM were used to determine the fast neutron removal cross-section (ΣR) and projected range, respectively. As a result, PbTe shows superior shielding features compared to the rest of the investigated samples to use this sample in different shielding applications.

Zirconium–Titanium–Thallium Ternary Oxide Ceramic (0.5ZrO2-(0.5-x)TiO2-xTl2O3 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25 mol %) was synthesized via solid-state reaction. Advanced analytical technique like Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study the microstructure and the solubility of thallium oxide in the ZrO2/TiO2 mixture. The diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence techniques were employed to investigate the optical properties of the prepared alloys for various Tl2O3 mol% concentrations. In addition, the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) for the synthesized ceramic samples was measured experimentally and compared with XCOM data. Our experimental values were in good agreement with XCOM data. Various shielding parameters for gamma-rays, neutron, proton, and alpha particles were evaluated using XCOM, Phy-X, and SRIM programs. The Tl2O3 content linearly affects the gamma-rays shielding parameters, while the Tl2O3 content has an inverse relationship with neutron and charged particle shielding parameters. This study proved that our Zirconium–Titanium–Thallium Ternary Oxide Ceramic samples can be applied as ionizing radiation shielding material very well.

In this paper, the investigation of the Electron–Photon Interaction Cross Sections 2017 (EPICS2017) library on the shielding characteristics of several glasses under various chemical systems is presented. The EPICS2017 library of ENDF/B-VIII was interpolated to calculate the mass attenuation coefficients (MACs) of selected glass systems. Results from EPICS2017 have been compared with values from experimental and theoretical methods used to evaluate the photon shielding properties. The EPICS2017 estimations strongly agreed with experimental MAC results. The MAC values from several Monte Carlo codes (Geant4, MCNP4C, MCNP5, and FLUKA) based on EPDL97 or EPDL89 strongly agreed with EPICS2017-based interpolation, within reasonable deviations. The obtained results indicate that EPICS2017 can be used to evaluate the MACs for any glass system in which there are no experimental values available at various photon energies. It was demonstrated that the linear EPICS2017 library can be a considerable tool in future photon shielding research and developments of glass systems, as a recent alternative to the widely used XCOM by NIST.

Recently, the use of ionizing radiation in various fields leads to an increased demand for shielding materials. This work aims to study the structural and radiation shielding properties of two groups of perovskite ceramics. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction were utilized to investigate current samples’ structure, and various radiation shielding parameters were determined to explore the current samples’ ability to absorb radiation within an energy range from 0.284 to 2.506 MeV using the Phy-X program. The Fourier transform infrared results revealed one vibration band for BaTiO3–ZrO2 located at 507 cm−1, two bands centered at 835 and 520 cm−1 for the BaTiO3-Mo sample, and five bands located at 435, 520, 539, 615, and 775 cm−1 for SrMnO3–ZnO and SrMnO3–TeO2. Simultaneously, the X-ray diffraction displays the hexagonal phase for SrMnO3 and the tetragonal phase for BaTiO3 samples. The BaTiO3-Mo sample has the highest density, packing density, and Poisson’s ratio compares with other samples. According to gamma shielding results, the SrMnO3–ZnO and BaTiO3–ZrO2 samples appear the lowest and highest absorption ability, respectively. On another side, the SrMnO3–TeO2 sample has the highest removal cross-section for fast neutrons. From obtained results, it can be concluded that the BaTiO3–ZrO2 sample has an excellent capacity to stop gamma-ray, while SrMnO3–TeO2 can be used to prevent neutrons.

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of Bi2O3 concentration and particle size on Bi2O3 glass. The tested glasses had the composition of SiO2–Bi2O3–CaO–MgO–B2O3–K2O–Na2O–ZnO. Ordinary glass was compared with glasses with 10% Bulk Bi2O3, 10% Bi2O3 Nanoparticles (NPs), 20% Bulk Bi2O3, and 20% Bi2O3 nanoparticles. The mass attenuation coefficients (MACs) of all the investigated glasses were determined between 0.0595 MeV and 1.41 MeV. The results demonstrated that increasing the Bi2O3 content in the glass matrix improved their shielding capability, as well as showing that the NPs provided greater attenuation than the bulk Bi2O3 at the same concentration. The percent increase in the MAC between the bulk and nano Bi2O3 was also calculated and analyzed. From the MAC values, the LAC of the glass was determined and similar results were found compared to the MAC figure. The HVL and MFP of the glass were then analyzed and the results demonstrated that the glass with Bi2O3 NPs attenuated the same amount of photons at a smaller thickness, making the NP shield more effective. The heaviness of the samples illustrated that all the tested samples have a smaller weight than pure lead, making them more desirable. The attenuation factor of the glass (Att. Factor %) showed that increasing the Bi2O3 content in the samples and increasing the thickness of the shields both improve the shielding capability of the glass. Lastly, the dlead of the glasses was determined, indicating that the greatest reduction in thickness occurs near the K-absorption edge of bismuth. Overall, the glass with 20% Bi2O3 NPs demonstrated to have the greatest potential for radiation shielding applications.

Evaluation of the mechanical and shielding features is performed for glasses with the composition xBi2O3-(80-x) TeO2-10GeO2-10B2O3 with different concentrations x = 40, 50, 60, and 65 mol%. The mechanical parameters are summarized utilizing the Makishima-Mackenzie model. The elastic moduli such as Young, bulk, shear, and longitudinal are computed. The obtained results depict the elastic moduli affected by the replacement TeO2 with Bi2O3 content. The maximum values of elastic moduli are 61.822, 40.706, 24.790, and 73.761 for Young, bulk, shear, and longitudinal, respectively, of the inspected glasses utilizing the Monte Carlo simulation code (MCNP-5). The mass attenuation coefficient (μρ) and the half-value thickness (HVT) were also calculated. The shielding ability is tested by comparing the mean free path of the studied glasses with the commercial glasses. Likewise, the accumulation of photons inside the glass’s material is determined using the BXCOM program. Finally, it can deduce the discussed fabricated glasses are suitable to apply in diverse applications of radiation protection.

Tri-positive lanthanide ion (Eu3+) activated glasses doped with different concentrations of silver (Ag0) nanoparticles obtained using thermal reducing agent were fabricated by applying the method of melt quench. The formation of Ag0 nanoparticles in glasses was revealed by the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak in the absorption spectra. Transmission electron microscopic measurements confirmed the presence of spherically shaped Ag0 nanoparticles of different size distribution. The absorption spectra showed a red–shift of the SPR peak with an increase in AgNO3 concentration occurring through Ostwald's ripening process because of the growth of particle size (as evidenced from microscope images). The non-linear optical (NLO) and optical limiting measurements were performed in the near infrared spectral region and femtosecond pulse excitation. The non-linear parameters were found to increase as the AgNO3 concentration increased to 0.6 mol %, however, the parameters subsequently decreased at higher doping level. The optical limiting threshold values demonstrated a reverse trend. The increase in non-linear optical properties regarding Ag nanoparticles concentration attributed to the enhancement of polarizabilities of glasses that occurred through local field stimulated by SPR of Ag nanoparticles when exposed to laser radiation of high energy. The increase in NLO coefficients (particularly the non-linear absorption coefficient) and the decrease in optical limiting threshold values with AgNO3 concentration (up to 0.6 mol %) indicated that these glasses containing 0.6 mol % AgNO3 are useful for the construction of the power optical limiters that function at the infrared region in the femtosecond pulse regime.

This paper summarized a comprehensive study on mechanical, optical, and shielding features of the binary lithium-tellurite glasses as a function of doped germanium and lithium oxide content. The Makishima- Makinzie model was applied to compute and estimate the investigated glass samples' mechanical properties. The optical features are studied by determining the optical energy gap (Eg), Urbach energy (Eu) of the TLGe glass system. Both factors vary with the content of dopant germanium and lithium ions in non-linear correlation. Refractive index, molar refraction, electronic polarizability, reflectivity, reflection factor are computed for the studied glasses. The metallization and dielectric constant for the prepared glasses are estimated. The obtained results depict the variation of the optical parameters versus the GeO2 + Li2O content change. The investigated glasses can be suitable for applying in optical devices. The examination showed that the replacement of TeO2 by GeO2 + Li2O enhances the investigated glass samples' shielding properties. The mass attenuation coefficient improved in order 41.79, 42.31, 42.91, and 42.96 cm2/g with substitution

In this paper, the investigation of the Electron-Photon Interaction Cross Sections 2017 (EPICS2017) library on the shielding properties of several ceramics is presented. The EPICS2017 library was used to calculate the mass attenuation coefficients of different ceramic samples. The results from EPICS2017 were compared with values from several experimental and theoretical methods used in characterizing the photon shielding properties. The experimental mass attenuation coefficient values agreed well with the EPICS2017 evaluations, with relative differences ranging from 0.04–6.58%. The mass attenuation coefficient values derived using MCNP5 simulations agreed with EPICS2017 with a reasonable deviation. XCOM values for mass attenuation coefficients strongly agreed with EPICS2017. The obtained results dictate that EPICS2017 can be used to evaluate the MACs for ceramic systems for which no experimental values are available at various energies. From these findings, the EPICS2017 library can be an important alternative for the future photon shielding research and development of ceramic materials.

This study presents the synthesis, physical, structural and gamma-ray shielding characteristics of 40P2O5–20CaO–(30−x)Na2O−10K2O–xPbO (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mol%) glasses. The glass samples coded as PbCKNP1, PbCKNP2, PbCKNP3, PbCKNP4, and PbCKNP5 were prepared using the melt quench method. Na2O substitution by PbO influenced the molar volume and mass density of the glasses. Structural analysis of the glasses using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed amorphous structure. The photon shielding parameters of the glasses examined via the Monte Carlo simulation code (MCNP-5) revealed that the glasses' shielding ability improved as PbO content increased. The highest simulated linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) achieved at 0.015 MeV increased from 21.46 to 159.07 cm−1 as the PbO concentration increased from 0 and 20 mol%. The LAC for all fabricated glass samples showed an exponential reduction trend with gamma photon energy. Based on the simulated LAC values, calculated mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), transmission factor (TF), and radiation shielding capacity (RSC), PbCKNP5 possessed the best gamma-ray protection ability among the investigated glasses. Furthermore, the calculated shielding parameters of the PbCKNP glasses showed that they possess a good potential for radiation shielding applications.

We prepared a series of sodium phosphate glasses by changing WO3/P2O5 content and investigated structure optical and radiation shielding features as a function of the glass composition. The average density ( $$\rho_{{{\text{exp}}}}$$ )was found to increase gradually from 2.49 to 3.07 g/cm3, while the average molar volume values reduced from 47.37 to 44.28 cm3/mol with WO3 addition. Also, the average field strength was also computed and found to increase with increasing WO3. The study of optical absorption spectra reveals that the absorption peaks in the visible region become higher compared to the peaks In the Ultraviolet region. This observation is accompanied by a color transformation of glasses from light to dark blue color, with more WO3 adding. The existence of a pentavalent tungsten state (W5+) is identified by this blue color; with WO3 addition an absorption band at around 350–390 nm is appeared. Moreover, this band is overlapped with the Urbach edge, which regularly produces an artificial edge-like feature at ~ 400 nm. A detailed deconvolution protocol is required for an appropriate understanding of these spectra and unraveling the hidden Urbach edge. Our analysis shows that, with increasing WO3/P2O5 content, the optical band gap decreases. This behavior can be elucidated in terms of a lower band gap of WO3 (2.7 eV) than that of P2O5 (8.5 eV) and the high polarizing power tungsten. Further, the radiation shielding parameters were investigated for the prepared glasses. WO3 addition improves these shielding parameters against radiation. Besides, upon the increase of WO3 concentration, the linear attenuation coefficient of glass material increases, which leads to decrease in have value layer values. Then it is deducible that the amount of WO3 in this glass sample has an important impact on the shielding capability at lower energy values and has a slight impact at higher energy values.

The primary aim of this investigation is to synthesize a novel glass system with a composition (35+x) PbO-5TeO2-20Bi2O3-(20-x) MgO-20B2O3 (where x=0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol%) by melt quenching method. The confirmation of the amorphous behavior and the presence of the various vibration modes and stretching modes have been analyzed using the XRD and FTIR techniques, respectively. The radiation shielding parameters of these glasses were reported using MCNP5 simulation. The effects of PbO on the MCNP5 parameters were investigated in detail. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) was simulated via MCNP5 code, and it was found that the MAC values from MCNP5 all follow the same trend as the XCOM data. The similarity means that the two simulations strongly agree with each other. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was calculated for all the glasses. The glass sample with 55 mol% of the PbO has the greatest LAC at any energy, such as 0.317 at 10 MeV, the lowest investigated energy. From the LAC values, other parameters such as transmission factor (TF), lead equivalent thickness (dlead), and half-value layer (HVL) were reported. The results for the TF of the glasses revealed that the glass systems become more effective as their thickness increases. Glass sample with 35 mol % of the PbO recorded the highest TF at all energies due to its lack of PbO content, such as 15.533% for a thickness of 1 cm and 6.122% for 1.5-cm thickness at 0.3 MeV. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) was also determined, and we found that the glasses with the greater PbO content and least MgO content have the highest RPE. Therefore, based on the RPE values, glasses with the greater PbO are the most effective radiation shield from the investigated glasses. © 2021, Australian Ceramic Society. This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University through the Fast-Track Research Funding Program.

The present work investigated the 40P2O5−20CaO−(30-x)Na2O−10K2O–xBi2O3 where x: 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 mol% for potential use in radiation shielding applications. For this purpose, the BiCKNP series (1–5) were synthesized by using melt quenching technique. The structural properties were determined by applying X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) while glass density was figured out with the use of Archimede’s principle. Furthermore, the radiation shielding characteristics of the proposed glass systems were computed via the user-friendly Phy-X/PSD and MATLAB® softwares. According to the determinations, we found out that the glass density was increased from 2.3337 to 3.5182 g cm− 3 with the insertion of Bi2O3 from 0 to 10 mol%. From the XRD measurements, it was seen that all the selected samples are glassy materials with evident amorphous structures. In this FTIR spectra, the bands at ~ 520 cm− 1, ~ 710 cm− 1, ~ 880 cm− 1, ~ 1080 cm− 1, ~ 12,100 cm− 1, and ~ 1366 cm− 1 were determined, and the related oxide bands were highlighted. Moreover, the radiation shielding computations revealed that BiCKNP5 has the most linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) out of the BiCKNP glasses. Based upon the LAC determinations, the other essential parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), mean free path (MFP), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), effective atomic number (Zeff), and effective electron density (Neff) were throughly calculated by using MATLAB® software. Additionally, mass stopping power (MSP) and projection range (PR) values were calculated by using SRIM Monte Carlo codes. It was observed that BiCKNP1 glass is greatly effective for protection against H1 and He+ 2, and BiCKNP5 has the largest range of 782.04 × 10− 1 mm, while BiCKNP1 has the lowest range of 689.28 × 10− 1 mm for PR protons (H1) calculated at 10 MeV energy. Lastly, we determined that BiCKNP5 and BiCKNP1 have the lowest and highest values ∑R (0.07886 and 0.09408 cm− 1) respectively.