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Nowadays, many researches are interested in finding natural and antiradical substances because, in addition to their nutritional values, they could also help to balance the anti-protection systems of antioxidant and to protect against oxidative stress-related diseases, particular cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and cancer. Thus, the use of medicinal and aromatic plants for their therapeutic effects, prompted us to perform investigations on the antiradical activity of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum, species used, in particularly, folk medicine in Comoros. The antioxidant activity was demonstrated by the spectrophotometric method of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The result showed that the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum has an anti-radical effect compared to BHT (Butylhydroxytoluene) as antioxidant reference. Concentration value of IC50 is 7.75 mg/mL. The major component of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum was methyl chavicol (estragole) with a rate of 80.04%.

Air pollution reaching hazardous levels in many Chinese cities has been a major concern in China over the past decades. New policies have been applied to regulate anthropogenic pollutant emissions, leading to changes in atmospheric composition and in particulate matter (PM) production. Increasing levels of atmospheric ammonia columns have been observed by satellite during recent years. In particular, observations from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) reveal an increase of these columns by 15 % and 65 % from 2011 to 2013 and 2015, respectively, over eastern China. In this paper we performed model simulations for 2011, 2013 and 2015 in order to understand the origin of this increase and to quantify the link between ammonia and the inorganic components of particles: NH4(p)+/SO4(p)2-/NO3(p)-. Interannual change of meteorology can be excluded as a reason: year 2015 meteorology leads to enhanced sulfate production over eastern China, which increases the ammonium and decreases the ammonia content, which is contrary to satellite observations. Reductions in SO2 and NOx emissions from 2011 to 2015 of 37.5 % and 21 % respectively, as constrained from satellite data, lead to decreased inorganic matter (by 14 % for NH4(p)++SO4(p)2-+NO3(p)-). This in turn leads to increased gaseous NH3(g) tropospheric columns by as much as 24 % and 49 % (sampled corresponding to IASI data availability) from 2011 to 2013 and 2015 respectively and thus can explain most of the observed increase.

Consumers’ demand of leaner meat products is a challenge. Although betaine and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) have the potential to decrease porcine adipose tissue, their mode of action is poorly understood. The aim of the study was to determine the lipolytic effect of betaine and CLA in the adipose tissue of Iberian pigs. Adipose tissue explants from five pigs (38 kg BW) were prepared from dorsal subcutaneous adipose tissue samples and cultivated for 2 h (acute experiments) or 72 h (chronic experiments). Treatments included 100 µM linoleic acid (control), 100 µM trans-10, cis-12 CLA, 100 µM linoleic acid + 1 mM betaine and 100 µM trans-10, cis-12 CLA + 1 mM betaine (CLABET). To examine the ability of betaine or CLA to inhibit insulin’s suppression of isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis, test medium was amended with 1 µM isoproterenol ±10 nM insulin. Media glycerol was measured at the end of the incubations. Acute lipolysis (2 h) was increased by CLA and CLABET (85% to 121%; P < 0.05) under basal conditions. When lipolysis was stimulated with isoproterenol (1090%), acute exposure to betaine tended to increase (13%; P = 0.071), while CLA and CLABET increased (14% to 18%; P < 0.05) isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis compared with control. When insulin was added to isoproterenol-stimulated explants, lipolytic rate was decreased by 50% (P < 0.001). However, supplementation of betaine to the insulin + isoproterenol-containing medium tended to increase (P = 0.07), while CLABET increased (45%; P < 0.05) lipolysis, partly counteracting insulin inhibition. When culture was extended for 72 h, CLA decreased lipolysis under basal conditions (18%; P < 0.05) with no effect of betaine and CLABET (P > 0.10). When lipolysis was stimulated by isoproterenol (125% increase in rate compared with basal), CLA and CLABET decreased glycerol release (27%; P < 0.001) compared with control (isoproterenol alone). When insulin was added to isoproterenol-stimulated explants, isoproterenol stimulation of lipolysis was completely blunted and neither betaine nor CLA altered the inhibitory effect of insulin on lipolysis. Isoproterenol, and especially isoproterenol + insulin, stimulated leptin secretion compared with basal conditions (68% and 464%, respectively; P < 0.001), with no effect of CLA or betaine (P > 0.10). CLA decreased leptin release (25%; P < 0.001) when insulin was present in the media, partially inhibiting insulin stimulation of leptin release. In conclusion, betaine and CLA produced a biphasic response regarding lipolysis so that glycerol release was increased in acute conditions, while CLA decreased glycerol release and betaine had no effect in chronic conditions. Furthermore, CLA and CLABET indirectly increased lipolysis by reducing insulin-mediated inhibition of lipolysis during acute conditions.

Betaine is an osmolyte with the potential to increase volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production and hence improve intestinal health.The present study investigated how betaine affects portal and arterial concentrations and net portal absorption (NPA) of VFA in growing Iberian pigs. Eight 30 kg BW Iberian growing barrows with indwelling catheters in portal vein, ileal vein and carotid artery were randomly assigned to a control diet or a diet supplemented with 0.5% betaine. Para-aminohippuric acid was infused into the ileal vein as a marker to determine portal blood flow using the dilution method. Blood samples were simultaneously taken from the carotid artery and portal vein at −60, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min after feeding 1 200 g of the diet. The NPA of VFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, isobutyrate and caproate) was determined by multiplying the porto-arterial plasma concentration differences by portal plasma flow. Betaine increased NPA of acetate (1.44 fold; P

Immunocastration (IC, vaccination against gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)) is one alternative to surgical castration (SC) for preventing sexual development and boar taint in male pigs. A temporal increase in performance has been described for IC pigs before the second vaccination against GnRH. The objective of this work was to assess the effects of IC on Iberian male and female pigs (fed diets of increasing CP content) on performance, nitrogen retention (NR) and digestibility, and carcass traits. Fifty-four pure Iberian pigs individually housed were allocated to a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with three sex groups (IC males, IC females and SC males), three diets (153, 137 and 119 g CP/kg DM; 14 MJ metabolisable energy/kg DM) and six pigs per treatment combination. Pigs were vaccinated at 18 weeks of age (40 kg BW) and seven weeks later (70–80 kg BW) and fed at 0.9 × ad libitum on BW basis. Two digestibility and nitrogen balance assays were performed before and after the second vaccination, respectively. Pigs were slaughtered at 105 kg BW. Before the second vaccination, Iberian IC males showed higher growth rate (g/day), feed efficiency, NR (g/day) and efficiency of NR than the other groups (P 0.05). Growth rate and feed efficiency were higher in IC males than in the other groups for the whole experimental period (from the first vaccination to slaughter; P 0.05). NR efficiency was 0.177 on average. No significant effects of dietary CP were detected on performance. The NR was greater in pigs fed the 153 CP diet (17 to 37%; P > 0.05). Lean components of carcass (sirloin, loin and butt lean) were greater in IC males than in the other groups (0.001

China is a highly polluted region, particularly the North China Plain (NCP). However, emission reductions have been occurring in China for about the last 10 years; these reduction measures have been in effect since 2006 for SO2 emissions and since 2010 for NOx emissions. Recent studies have shown a decrease in the NO2 tropospheric column since 2013 that has been attributed to the reduction in NOx emissions. Quantifying how these emission reductions translate regarding ozone concentrations remains unclear due to apparent inconsistencies between surface and satellite observations. In this study, we use the lower tropospheric (LT) columns (surface – 6 km a.s.l. – above sea level) derived from the IASI-A satellite instrument to describe the variability and trend in LT ozone over the NCP for the 2008–2016 period. First, we investigate the IASI retrieval stability and robustness based on the influence of atmospheric conditions (thermal conditions and aerosol loading) and retrieval sensitivity changes. We compare IASI-A observations with the independent IASI-B instrument aboard the Metop-B satellite as well as comparing them with surface and ozonesonde measurements. The conclusion from this evaluation is that the LT ozone columns retrieved from IASI-A are reliable for deriving a trend representative of the lower/free troposphere (3–5 km). Deseasonalized monthly time series of LT ozone show two distinct periods: the first period (2008–2012) with no significant trend (< − 0.1 % yr−1) and a second period (2013–2016) with a highly significant negative trend of −1.2 % yr−1, which leads to an overall significant trend of −0.77 % yr−1 for the 2008–2016 period. We explore the dynamical and chemical factors that could explain these negative trends using a multivariate linear regression model and chemistry transport model simulations to evaluate the sensitivity of ozone to the reduction in NOx emissions. The results show that the negative trend observed from IASI for the 2013–2016 period is almost equally attributed to large-scale dynamical processes and emissions reduction, with the large El Niño event in 2015–2016 and the reduction of NOx emissions being the main contributors. For the entire 2008–2016 period, large-scale dynamical processes explain more than half of the observed trend, with a possible reduction of the stratosphere–troposphere exchanges being the main contributor. Large-scale transport and advection, evaluated using CO as a proxy, only contributes to a small part of the trends ( ∼ 10 %). However, a residual significant negative trend remains; this shows the limitation of linear regression models regarding their ability to account for nonlinear processes such as ozone chemistry and stresses the need for a detailed evaluation of changes in chemical regimes with the altitude.

Stable isotope records from speleothems provide information on past climate changes, most particularly information that can be used to reconstruct past changes in precipitation and atmospheric circulation. These records are increasingly being used to provide out-of-sample evaluations of isotope-enabled climate models. SISAL (Speleothem Isotope Synthesis and Analysis) is an international working group of the Past Global Changes (PAGES) project. The working group aims to provide a comprehensive compilation of speleothem isotope records for climate reconstruction and model evaluation. The SISAL database contains data for individual speleothems, grouped by cave system. Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon (δ18O, δ13C) measurements are referenced by distance from the top or bottom of the speleothem. Additional tables provide information on dating, including information on the dates used to construct the original age model and sufficient information to assess the quality of each data set and to erect a standardized chronology across different speleothems. The metadata table provides location information, information on the full range of measurements carried out on each speleothem and information on the cave system that is relevant to the interpretation of the records, as well as citations for both publications and archived data. The compiled data are available at https://doi.org/10.17864/1947.147.

In nutrition studies, para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) is a marker frequently used to measure blood flow in pigs, which is essential for estimating portal-drained viscera (PDV) flux of nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the PAH analytical method by means of qualimetric statistical procedures to estimate the matrix effect and the accuracy and limits of quantitation of the method. Net PDV flux of nutrients was determined in five multi-catheterized pigs using water, plasma or commercial serum as standard matrix. A proportional systematic error due to matrix effect was found for plasma and serum. Mean recovery was 99.4%, and intra- and inter-day precision of the method was 2.4% and 3.8% relative standard deviation, respectively. The limit of quantification was 0.22 mg PAH/l. Use of water for the PAH standard curves underestimated portal blood flow compared with PAH standards prepared with plasma or commercial serum (706, 954 and 927 ml/min; P

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to make an ecological analysis of the floristic composition in the protected area 'Chinarite' Rodopi municipality, Bulgaria in terms of its biological spectrum, biological types and phytogeographic elements and an assessment of the anthropogenic effect on it. In studied protected area were identified 147 species of vascular plants, of them 8 species included in the Red List of Threatened Species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 73 medicinal species, 55 nectariferous plants and 10 tertiary relicts were recorded. The anthropogenic impact on the protected area is obvious and it has affected to the greatest degree the species composition of vascular plants, which encompasses a large number of weeds - 28 species, ruderals - 29 species, alien - 5 species and invasive - 6 species.

Abstract. Study on the species composition of vascular plants in 'Chinarite' protected area in Belashtitsa village, Rodopi Municipality, Bulgaria was conducted using the floristic analysis method. A total of 147 species of vascular plants were identified, belonging to 124 genera and 51 families. The families Poaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Rosaceae and Fabaceae are the most highly represented. The comparative analysis shows that the angiosperm taxa are dominating in the studied area. Dicotyledonous plants are prevailing among them, while monocotyledonous are significantly less in number. Molinia caerulea species, identified in the present study, has not been reported to have been found so far in the Thracian lowland floristic region.

Background: Vascular graft infections (VGI) are difficult to diagnose and treat, and despite redo surgery combined with antimicrobial treatment, outcomes are often poor. VGI diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical, radiological, laboratory and microbiological criteria. However, as many of the VGI patients are already under antimicrobial treatment at the time of redo surgery, microbiological identification is often difficult and bacterial cultures often remain negative rendering targeted treatment impossible. We aimed to assess the benefit of 16S rRNA gene polymerase chain reaction (broad-range PCR) for better microbiological identification in patients with VGI.Methods: We prospectively analyzed the clinical, microbiological, and treatment data of patients enrolled in the observational Vascular Graft Cohort Study (VASGRA), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland. The routine diagnostic work-up involved microbiological cultures of minced tissue samples, and the use of molecular techniques in parallel. Patient-related and microbiological data were assessed in descriptive analyses, and we calculated sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive value for broad-range 16S rRNA gene PCR versus culture (considered as gold standard).Results: We investigated 60 patients (median age 66 years (Interquartile range [IQR] 59–75)) with confirmed VGI between May 2013 and July 2017. The prevalence of antimicrobial pretreatment at the time of sampling was high [91%; median days of antibiotics 7 days (IQR 1–18)]. We investigated 226 microbiological specimens. Thereof, 176 (78%) were culture-negative and 50 (22%) were culture-positive. There was a concordance of 70% (158/226) between conventional culture and broad-range PCR (sensitivity 58% (95% CI 43–72); specificity 74% (67–80%)). Among the group of 176 culture-negative specimens, 46 specimens were broad-range PCR-positive resulting in identification of overall 69 species. Among the culture and/or broad-range PCR-positive specimens (n = 96), 74 (77%) were monomicrobial and 22 (23%) polymicrobial, whereas the rate of polymicrobial samples was higher in broad-range PCR-positive specimens (93%).Conclusions: Combined cultures and broad-range 16S rRNA gene PCR from periprosthetic tissue and/or explanted vascular grafts increased the diagnostic accuracy in VGI, particularly in patients already under antimicrobial treatment at the time of redo surgery. Ideally, antimicrobial treatment should be withheld until surgical sampling in order to optimize microbiological diagnostics.Clinical trials.gov identifier: NCT01821664

This paper presents a manufacturing method, properties and possible use of copper matrix composites reinforced with particles of volcanic tuff. The composites were obtained by powder metallurgy and reinforced with Filipowice tuff mined near Cracow, Poland. The influence of tuff particles content on the properties of the copper matrix composites such as conductivity, durability and microstructure was assessed. Tuff was introduced into a copper matrix in an amount of 5, 15 and 30 % by volume. The composites were used to prepare the nozzle tips of resistance welding electrodes, and initial tests were performed of the behavior and stability of the materials during the welding process of steel sheet.

The aim of the present work was to study the effect of different concentrations of NaCl (0, 50 and 100mM) in two cultivars of maize (Corralejo and Tlaltizapan), on their nutritional and photosynthetic comportment. The measures focused on the physiological parameters (growth weight, hydration and nutritional status of plants) and biochemical (chlorophyll, PEPC activity, activity of some anti-oxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation). Analysis of morphological parameters showed a yellowing of the extremity of leaves, at 100 mM of NaCl. These visual symptoms are associated with a decrease of chlorophyll. A decrease in potential growth was found in two cultivars, but less significant in Corralejo. The best salt tolerance of the latter was due to a better hydration of the leaves, to a lesser accumulation of Na+ and Cl- in its leaves and a better selectivity K/Na. To identify the biochemical characteristics associated with the physiological behavior, we conducted measures activity of PEPC, the protein, catalase and peroxidase on the fourth leaf from the bottom. A negative correlation between the activity of PEPC and Na+ amount was found at 50 mM in the sensitive cultivar and at 100 mM of NaCl in tolerant cultivar Corralejo. Furthermore, the antioxidant response was marked by a greater accumulation of malondialdehyde, in Tlaltizapan at 100 mM of NaCl. At the same concentration, catalase peroxidase and SOD activities weren't decreased in this cultivar. This suggests that salt has created a stress oxidative state only in Tlaltizapan leaves. These results showed a better performance of Corralejo cultivar compared to Tlaltizapan cultivar, at 50 and 100 mM of NaCl.

There are important differences in terms of metabolic activity, energy utilization and capacity of protein and fat deposition when Iberian and modern pigs are compared. Primary culture of hepatocytes was used to evaluate hepatic function and sensitivity to hormones between breeds without the interference of circulating blood factors. Hepatocytes were isolated from pure Iberian (n=10) and Landrace (n=8) pigs of similar BW (24.5±12.1 and 32.9±6.1 kg BW, respectively), by collagenase perfusion. Monolayers were established in medium containing fetal bovine serum for 1 day and switched to serum-free medium for the remainder of the culture period. Hepatocytes were maintained in William’s E supplemented with β-mercaptoethanol (0.1 mM), glutamine (2 mM), antibiotics (gentamicin, penicillin, streptomycin and amphotericin B), dimethyl sulfoxide (1 µg/ml), dexamethasone (10−8 M), insulin (0.173 and 17.3 nM) and glucagon (0.287, 2.87 and 28.7 nM) for 24 to 48 h. Gluconeogenesis (GNG), glycogen degradation, triglycerides (TG) content and esterification, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) synthesis, IGF-1 synthesis, albumin and urea synthesis were determined. Iberian pigs had greater capacity of GNG than Landrace (24%, P0.10). TG content and esterification tended to be lower in hepatocytes from Iberian compared with Landrace pigs (12% and 31%, respectively; 0.100.10). IGF-1 synthesis was diminished in hepatocytes from Iberian compared with Landrace pigs (16%, P

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are geometric and positional isomers of linoleic acid (LA) that promote growth, alter glucose metabolism and decrease body fat in growing animals, although the mechanisms are poorly understood. A study was conducted to elucidate the effects of CLA on glucose metabolism, triglyceride (TG) synthesis and IGF-1 synthesis in primary culture of porcine hepatocytes. In addition, hormonal regulation of TG and IGF-1 synthesis was addressed. Hepatocytes were isolated from piglets (n = 5, 16.0 ± 1.98 kg average body weight) by collagenase perfusion and seeded into collagen-coated T-25 flasks. Hepatocytes were cultured in William's E containing dexamethasone (10−8 and 10−7 M), insulin (10 and 100 ng/ml), glucagon (0 and 100 ng/ml) and CLA (1 : 1 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA, 0.05 and 0.10 mM) or LA (0.05 and 0.10 mM). Addition of CLA decreased gluconeogenesis (P < 0.05), whereas glycogen synthesis and degradation, TG synthesis and IGF-1 synthesis were not affected compared with LA. Increased concentration of fatty acids in the media decreased IGF-1 production (P < 0.001) and glycogen synthesis (P < 0.01), and increased gluconeogenesis (P < 0.001) and TG synthesis (P < 0.001). IGF-1 synthesis increased (P < 0.001) and TG synthesis decreased (P < 0.001) as dexamethasone concentration in the media rose. High insulin/glucagon increased TG synthesis. These results indicate that TG synthesis in porcine hepatocytes is hormonally regulated so that dexamethasone decreases and insulin/glucagon increases it. In addition, CLA decreases hepatic glucose production through decreased gluconeogenesis.

To determine possible mechanisms of action that might explain the nutrient partitioning effect of betaine and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in Iberian pigs and to address potential adverse effects, twenty gilts were restrictively fed from 20 to 50 kg BW Control, 0.5% betaine, 1% CLA or 0.5% betaine + 1% CLA diets. Serum hormones and metabolites profile were determined at 30 kg BW and an oral glucose test was performed before slaughter. Pigs were slaughtered at 50 kg BW and livers were obtained for chemical and histological analysis. Decreased serum urea in pigs fed betaine and betaine + CLA diets (11%; P = 0.0001) indicated a more efficient N utilization. The increase in serum triacylglycerol (58% and 28%, respectively; P = 0.0098) indicated that CLA and betaine + CLA could have reduced adipose tissue triacylglycerol synthesis from preformed fatty acids. Serum glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids were unaffected. CLA and betaine + CLA altered serum lipids profile, although liver of pigs fed CLA diet presented no histopathological changes and triglyceride content was not different from Control pigs. Compared with controls, serum growth hormone decreased (20% to 23%; P = 0.0209) for all treatments. Although serum insulin increased in CLA, and especially in betaine + CLA pigs (28% and 83%; P = 0.0001), indices of insulin resistance were unaffected. In conclusion, CLA, and especially betaine + CLA, induced changes in biochemical parameters and hormones that may partially explain a nutrient partitioning effect in young pigs. Nevertheless, they exhibited weak, although detrimental, effects on blood lipids. Moreover, although livers were chemically and histologically normal, pigs fed CLA diet challenged with a glucose load had higher serum glucose than controls.

Arabidopsis thaliana plants (wild type accessions Col and N1438) were grown in nutrient solution for 34 d with or without 50 mM NaCl. Salt stress inhibited plant growth rate more in Col than in N1438 and a decrease in K+, Ca2+ and nitrogen contents was observed in both accessions. NaCl diminished accumulation of malate, fumarate and citrate only in Col accession. To measure the effect of NaCl on transcript level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoforms and copper chaperone for SOD genes, a semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was developed using cDNA normalized against the EF1a gene in parallel with quantitative real time RT-PCR (Q-PCR) technique. Both methods gave the same results. The abundance of transcripts of the three genes coding for Cu/Zn-SOD responded similarly to NaCl in both accessions: CSD1 gene was overexpressed, and CSD2 and CSD3 genes were repressed. However, the genes coding for Fe-SOD (FSD1), Mn-SOD (MSD1) and Cu-chaperone for SOD (CCS) responded to NaCl differently in Col and N1438: the former gene was overexpressed in Col and repressed in N1438, and the opposite behaviour was observed for the latter two genes.

This review deals with a preparation technique - Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion (MSPD) and its possibilities in the HPLC analysis for contaminants, pesticides, drug residues, and natural compounds in food samples. The main principle of MSPD is explained, the important factors influencing the effectivity and recovery of this technique are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of MSPD and other classical extraction, isolation, and purifica­tion procedures are compared. The present article provides a bibliography of MSPD applications in food sample matrices during last years for various analytes and different sample matrices.

La harina de plumas (HP) es un importante subproducto de origen animal utilizado en alimentación de rumiantes, por tal motivo, se planteó la evaluación de la degradabilidad de este recurso en el rumen de toretes mestizos. Se utilizaron dos toretes de 350 kg promedio, fistulados en el rumen. Muestras de HP (93,37 y 90,30% de MS y MO), harina de maíz (HM; 92,12 y 87,88% MS y MO) y heno de Brachiaria humidicola (HH; 92,86 y 87,63% MS y MO) fueron incubados en el rumen durante 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 y 72 horas y calculadas las degradabilidades de la materia seca (MS) y orgánica (MO). La degradabilidad de la MS de HP a las 72 h fue 43,04 Ó 0,86%, inferior (P < .01) a las de HM y HH (90,70 Ó 3,11% y 63,37 Ó 0,64, respectivamente), comportándose similarmente la degradabilidad de la MO (42,77 Ó 0,86%, 90,38 Ó 3,28% y 62,22 Ó 0,75% para HP, HM y HH, respectivamente). La tasa de degradación ruminal de la MS de HP fue de 0,012 Ó 0,0022, más lenta (P < .05) que las de HM 0,0261 Ó 0,0048 y HH 0,035 Ó 0,012. La degradabilidad ruminal de la MO tuvo comportamiento similar a la de MS (0,0124 Ó 0,003, 0,0320 Ó 0,009 y 0,0349 Ó 0,0117 para HP, HM y HH respectivamente). La degradabilidad ruminal de HP es inferior a la de HM y HH, lo que la constituye en un importante recurso para ser utilizado a nivel intestinal.

BackgroundInclusionary ideals regarding the education of children with disabilities (CWD) are articulated in various international human rights treaties and instruments such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights (2006), the Salamanca Statement (1994), and the 2030 agenda of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the latter, the fourth goal explicitly focuses on the removal of barriers to education and supporting access to quality, equity, and inclusion for people with disabilities. Although data regarding access to education among CWD remains scarce, it is well known that rates of their participation in education remain low, particularly among those in LMICs. The research question of this descriptive review is what are the barriers to and facilitators of education for children with disabilities worldwide aged between 6 and 18 years old?MethodsA descriptive review of literature published in English between 2013 and 2021 was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines for a scoping review using the following databases: EBSCO, SocINDEX with full text (EBSCO), and ERIC (EBSCO). The search resulted in 7,072 titles and abstracts, which were narrowed down to 1,335 papers for full text review. After data extraction, 54 papers were included in the analysis, with 34 being qualitative, 10 quantitative, and 10 mixed-methods studies. The findings on the facilitators and barriers to education for children with disabilities were analyzed using the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) and Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Framework (1979).ResultsOut of the eligible studies included in our research, 40 were conducted in developing countries, while 14 studies conducted on LMICs. Of the five environmental domains in the ICF, the most significant barriers were found to be that of attitudes and services, while technology and effective communication with school staff were found to play a crucial role in facilitating the education process. Applying Bronfenbrenner’s framework, barriers occurred at the micro-system (school level), meso-system (parent and teacher communication), exo-system (services), and macro-system (education policy). Only 3 out of the 54 studies included the voices of CWD.ConclusionDespite documented barriers, facilitators of education for CWD are underexplored, lacking research on their voices. Further investigation is needed.

An attractive conjecture is discounted for the class of normalized univalent functions whose derivatives are also univalent.