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127 results on '"M. Borghini"'

101. Spin-temperature model of nuclear dynamic polarization using free radicals

Author

M. Borghini

Subjects
Nuclear magnetic resonance, Spin polarization, Condensed matter physics, Radical, General Physics and Astronomy, Electronic spin, Anisotropy, Polarization (waves), Hyperfine structure, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We present a spin-temperature model, valid at low temperature, of nuclear dynamic polarization using electronic spin systems with $g$-factor anisotropy and hyperfine structure. Predictions for the maximum polarization corresponding to some free radicals are compared with experiment.

Published
1968

102. Sizeable pure tensor polarization of deuterons in a solid

Author

K. Morimoto, T.O. Niinikosko, F. Udo, M. Borghini, and W. De Boer

Subjects
Larmor precession, Physics, Condensed matter physics, Deuterium, General Physics and Astronomy, Atomic physics, Polarization (waves), Nuclear orientation, Rf field, Magnetic field
Abstract

A new effect of dynamic nuclear orientation has been observed in deuterated 1, 2-ethanediol, (CD 2 OH) 2 , at 0.12 K in a magnetic field of 25 kG: a strong RF field applied at a frequency slightly different from the proton Larmor frequency changes the deuteron tensor polarization. Mechanisms for this effect are proposed.

Published
1973

103. The central calorimeter of the UA2 experiment at the CERN p collider

Author

John H. L. Hansen, G. Critin, J.-M. Chapuis, V. Hungerbühler, O. Gildemeister, G. Schuler, L. Di Lella, Allan G Clark, P. Wicht, A. Beer, L. Bonnefoy, K. Zankel, A. F. Rothenberg, P. Darriulat, J. Ringel, Livio Mapelli, A. Sigrist, H. Pflumm, M. Borghini, Y. Cholley, A. Corre, J. L. Siegrist, P. A. Dorsaz, T. Himel, J. P. Marcelin, F. Bourgeois, Franco Bonaudi, G. Gurrieri, and Peter Jenni

Subjects
Physics, Particle physics, Large Hadron Collider, Calorimeter (particle physics), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, General Engineering, Hadron calorimeter, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, Mechanical design, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Collider
Abstract

The highly segmented electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeter of the UA2 experiment has been successfully operated at the CERN p p Collider for more than 3 years. The mechanical design and construction technique of the calorimeter as well as its performance and stability in test beams and at the p p Collider are described in detail.

Published
1984

104. Dynamic polarization of 13C nuclei in 1-Butanol

Author

M. Borghini and F. Udo

Subjects
Physics, chemistry.chemical_compound, Polarization rotator, Nuclear magnetic resonance, chemistry, Butanol, Nuclear Theory, General Physics and Astronomy, Insensitive nuclei enhanced by polarization transfer, Nuclear Experiment, Polarization (waves), Molecular physics
Abstract

Dynamic polarization of 13 C nuclei of 21.0±1.7% has been obtained in 1-butanol. Correlation between 13 C and proton polarization values shows that these two kinds of nuclei are given a single spin temperature for the dynamic polarization mechanisms.

Published
1973

106. Dynamic polarization of deuterons in frozen alcohol-water mixtures

Author

M. Borghini and K. Scheffler

Subjects
Physics, Heavy water, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Porphyrexide, Ethanol, chemistry, Spins, Deuterium, Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Alcohol, Polarization (waves)
Abstract

We have obtained a polarization of 6.5% of the deuterons spins of a mixture of 92% perdeuterated ethanol and 8% heavy water, saturated with porphyrexide, at 1°K and 25 kG.

Published
1970

107. Dynamic polarization by 'effet solide' with phonon bottle-neck

Author

M. Borghini

Subjects
Physics, Condensed matter physics, Phonon, General Physics and Astronomy, Condensed Matter::Strongly Correlated Electrons, Polarization (waves), Saturation (magnetic), Bottle neck
Abstract

Phonon bottle-neck is introduced in spin-temperature theories of saturation and polarization of spin systems in solids by strong radio-frequency fields.

Published
1966

108. Organic polarized proton target, using a continuous flow 3He cryostat

Author

H. Glättli, P. Roubeau, J. Vermeulen, J. Ezratty, and M. Borghini

Subjects
Cryostat, chemistry.chemical_compound, Materials science, Nuclear magnetic resonance, chemistry, Proton, Continuous flow, Butanol, Cooling power, Microwave power, General Medicine, Atomic physics, Polarization (waves)
Abstract

We have constructed a continuous flow 3 He cryostat with a cooling power up to 65 mW. We have achieved 65–70% proton polarization in butanol or glycol samples of 6 cm 3 at 0.55 K with 12 mW microwave power.

Published
1970

110. Expansion cone for the 3-inch PMTs of the KM3NeT optical modules

Author

Adrian-Martinez, S.as, Ageron, M.i, Aguilar, J.A.p, Aharonian, F.k, Aiello, S.u, Albert, A.m, Alexandri, M.n, Ameli, M.ac, Anassontzis, E.G.d, Anghinolfi, M.w, Anton, G.l, Anvar, S.f, Ardid, M.as, Assis Jesus, A.am, Aubert, J.-J.i, Bakker, R.an, Ball, A.E.ao, Barbarino, G.aa, Barbarito, E.r, Barbato, F.aa, Baret, B.c, De Bel, M.b, Belias, A.nao, Bellou, N.ah, Berbee, E.am, Berkien, Bersani, A.w, Bertin, V.i, Beurthey, S.i, Biagi, S.s, Bigongiari, C.p, Bigourdan, B.q, Billault, De Boer, R.am, Boer Rookhuizen, H.am, Bonori, M.ad, Borghini, M.h, Bou-Cabo, Bouhadef, B.ab, Bourlis, G.o, Bouwhuis, M.am, Bradbury, S.aj, Brown, A.i, Bruni, F.aq, Brunner, J.i, Brunoldi, Busto, Cacopardo, G.x, Caillat, L.i, Calvo Díaz-Aldagalán, D.p, Calzas, Canals, M.e, Capone, A.ad, Carr, Castorina, E.ab, Cecchini, Ceres, A.r, Cereseto, R.w, Chaleil, Th.f, Chateau, F.f, Chiarusi, T.s, Choqueuse, D.q, Christopoulou, P.E.o, Chronis, G.n, Ciaffoni, O.y, Circella, M.r, Cocimano, R.x, Cohen, F.m, Colijn, F.ah, Coniglione, Cordelli, M.y, Cosquer, Costa, M.x, Coyle, P.i, Craig, J.a, Creusot, A.c, Curtil, C.i, D'Amico, A.x, Damy, G.q, De Asmundis, R.z, De Bonis, G.ad, Decock, G.f, Decowski, P.am, Delagnes, E.f, De Rosa, Distefano, C.x, Donzaud, C.cat, Dornic, D.i, Dorosti-Hasankiadeh, Q.ai, Drogou, J.q, Drouhin, D.m, Druillole, Drury, L.k, Durand, D.f, G.A.f, Eberl, T.l, Emanuele, U.p, Enzenhöfer, A.l, Ernenwein, J.-P.i, Escoffier, Espinosa, V.as, Etiope, G.ae, Favali, P.ae, Felea, D.ag, Ferri, Ferry, Flaminio, V.ab, Folger, F.l, Fotiou, A.ao, Fritsch, U.l, Gajanana, D.am, Garaguso, R.ab, Gasparini, G.P.h, Gasparoni, Gautard, V.f, Gensolen, F.i, Geyer, K.l, Giacomelli, G.s, Gialas, I.o, Giordano, V.x, Giraud, J.f, Gizani, N.o, Gleixner, Gojak, Gómez-González, J.P.p, Graf, Grasso, D.ab, Grimaldi, A.u, Groenewegen, Guédé, Z.q, Guillard, G.af, Guilloux, Habel, R.y, Hallewell, G.i, Van Haren, H.an, Van Heerwaarden, J.an, Heijboer, Heine, Hernández-Rey, J.J.p, Herold, B.l, Van De Hoek, Hogenbirk, J.am, Hößl, J.l, Hsu, C.C.am, Imbesi, Jamieson, A.a, Jansweijer, De Jong, Jouvenot, F.ak, Kadler, M.lau, Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N.ai, Kalekin, O.l, Kappes, Karolak, M.f, Katz, U.F.l, Kavatsyuk, O.ai, Keller, Kiskiras, Y.ao, Klein, R.l, Kok, Kontoyiannis, H.n, Kooijman, P.bamar, Koopstra, J.bam, Kopper, C.amav, Korporaal, Koske, P.ah, Kouchner, Koutsoukos, S.d, Kreykenbohm, I.l, Kulikovskiy, V.waw, Laan, M.an, La Fratta, C.ae, Lagier, Lahmann, Lamare, Larosa, G.as, Lattuada, D.x, Leisos, A.o, Lenis, D.o, Leonora, E.u, Le Provost, H.f, Lim, G.b, Llorens, C.D.an, Lloret, Löhner, H.ai, Lo Presti, D.v, Lotrus, P.f, Louis, Lucarelli, F.ad, Lykousis, V.n, Malyshev, D.kax, Mangano, S.p, Marcoulaki, E.C.al, Margiotta, A.s, Marinaro, Marinelli, A.ab, Maris, O.ag, Markopoulos, E.ao, Markou, C.al, Martínez-Mora, J.A.as, Martini, A.y, Marvaldi, Masullo, R.ad, Maurin, G.fay, Migliozzi, P.z, Migneco, E.x, Minutoli, S.w, Miraglia, Mollo, C.M.z, Mongelli, Monmarthe, Morganti, M.ab, Mos, S.am, Motz, H.laz, Moudden, Y.f, Mul, G.am, Musico, P.w, Musumeci, Naumann, Ch.fba, Neff, M.l, Nicolaou, C.j, Orlando, Palioselitis, Papageorgiou, K.o, Papaikonomou, A.d, Papaleo, Papazoglou, I.A.al, P?v?las, G.E.ag, Peek, H.Z.am, Perkin, J.ap, Piattelli, P.x, Popa, V.ag, Pradier, T.af, Presani, Priede, I.G.a, Psallidas, Rabouille, C.g, Racca, C.m, Radu, A.ag, Randazzo, N.u, Rapidis P.a.al, Razis, P.j, Real, Reed, C.am, Reito, Resvanis, L.K.dao, Riccobene, Richter, Roensch, Rolin, Rose, J.aj, Roux, Rovelli, Russo, A.aa, G.V.v, Salesa, F.p, Samtleben, Sapienza, Schmelling, J.-W.am, Schmid, Schnabel, Schroeder, K.h, Schuller, J.-P.f, Schussler, Sciliberto, D.u, Sedita, Seitz, Shanidze, Simeone, Siotis, I.al, Sipala, V.t, Sollima, C.ab, Sparnocchia, S.h, Spies, Spurio, M.s, Staller, T.ah, Stavrakakis, Stavropoulos, G.ao, Steijger, Stolarczyk, Stransky, D.l, Taiuti, Taylor, A.k, Thompson, L.ap, Timmer, Tonoiu, Toscano, Touramanis, C.ak, Trasatti, L.y, Traverso, P.h, Trovato, Tsirigotis, Tzamarias, S.o, Tzamariudaki, E.al, Urbano, Vallage, B.f, Van Elewyck, V.c, Vannoni, Vecchi, Vernin, Viola, S.x, Vivolo, D.aa, Wagner, S.l, Werneke, White, R.J.aj, Wijnker, Wilms, De Wolf, E.bam, Yepes, H.p, Zhukov, V.ao, Zonca, Zornoza, J.D.p, Zúñiga, J.p, KM3NeT (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, S., Adrián-Martínez, M., Ageron, Aguilar, J. A., F., Aharonian, S., Aiello, A., Albert, M., Alexandri, F., Ameli, Anassontzis, E. G., M., Anghinolfi, G., Anton, S., Anvar, M., Ardid, A., Assis Jesu, Aubert, J. -J., R., Bakker, Ball, A. E., G., Barbarino, E., Barbarito, F., Barbato, B., Baret, M., de Bel, A., Belia, N., Bellou, E., Berbee, A., Berkien, A., Bersani, V., Bertin, S., Beurthey, S., Biagi, C., Bigongiari, B., Bigourdan, M., Billault, R., de Boer, H., Boer Rookhuizen, M., Bonori, M., Borghini, M., Bou-Cabo, B., Bouhadef, G., Bourli, M., Bouwhui, S., Bradbury, A., Brown, F., Bruni, J., Brunner, M., Brunoldi, J., Busto, G., Cacopardo, L., Caillat, D., Calvo Díaz-Aldagalán, A., Calza, M., Canal, A., Capone, J., Carr, E., Castorina, S., Cecchini, A., Cere, R., Cereseto, Th., Chaleil, F., Chateau, T., Chiarusi, D., Choqueuse, Christopoulou, P. E., G., Chroni, O., Ciaffoni, M., Circella, R., Cocimano, F., Cohen, F., Colijn, R., Coniglione, M., Cordelli, A., Cosquer, M., Costa, P., Coyle, J., Craig, A., Creusot, C., Curtil, A., D’Amico, G., Damy, R., De Asmundi, G., De Boni, G., Decock, P., Decowski, E., Delagne, G., De Rosa, C., Distefano, C., Donzaud, D., Dornic, Q., Dorosti-Hasankiadeh, J., Drogou, D., Drouhin, F., Druillole, L., Drury, D., Durand, Durand, G. A., T., Eberl, U., Emanuele, A., Enzenhöfer, Ernenwein, J. -P., S., Escoffier, V., Espinosa, G., Etiope, P., Favali, D., Felea, M., Ferri, S., Ferry, V., Flaminio, F., Folger, A., Fotiou, U., Fritsch, D., Gajanana, R., Garaguso, Gasparini, G. P., F., Gasparoni, V., Gautard, F., Gensolen, K., Geyer, G., Giacomelli, I., Giala, V., Giordano, J., Giraud, N., Gizani, A., Gleixner, C., Gojak, Gómez-González, J. P., K., Graf, D., Grasso, A., Grimaldi, R., Groenewegen, Z., Guédé, G., Guillard, F., Guilloux, R., Habel, G., Hallewell, H., van Haren, J., van Heerwaarden, A., Heijboer, E., Heine, Hernández-Rey, J. J., B., Herold, T., Hillebrand, M., van de Hoek, J., Hogenbirk, J., Hößl, Hsu, C. C., M., Imbesi, A., Jamieson, P., Jansweijer, M., de Jong, F., Jouvenot, M., Kadler, N., Kalantar-Nayestanaki, O., Kalekin, A., Kappe, M., Karolak, Katz, U. F., O., Kavatsyuk, P., Keller, Y., Kiskira, R., Klein, H., Kok, H., Kontoyianni, P., Kooijman, J., Koopstra, C., Kopper, A., Korporaal, P., Koske, A., Kouchner, S., Koutsouko, I., Kreykenbohm, V., Kulikovskiy, M., Laan, C., La Fratta, P., Lagier, R., Lahmann, P., Lamare, G., Larosa, D., Lattuada, A., Leiso, D., Leni, E., Leonora, H., Le Provost, G., Lim, Llorens, C. D., J., Lloret, H., Löhner, D., Lo Presti, P., Lotru, F., Loui, F., Lucarelli, V., Lykousi, D., Malyshev, S., Mangano, Marcoulaki, E. C., A., Margiotta, G., Marinaro, A., Marinelli, O., Mariş, E., Markopoulo, C., Markou, Martínez-Mora, J. A., A., Martini, J., Marvaldi, R., Masullo, G., Maurin, P., Migliozzi, E., Migneco, S., Minutoli, A., Miraglia, Mollo, C. M., M., Mongelli, E., Monmarthe, M., Morganti, S., Mo, H., Motz, Y., Moudden, G., Mul, P., Musico, M., Musumeci, Ch., Naumann, M., Neff, C., Nicolaou, A., Orlando, D., Palioseliti, K., Papageorgiou, A., Papaikonomou, R., Papaleo, Papazoglou, I. A., Păvălaş, G. E., Peek, H. Z., J., Perkin, P., Piattelli, V., Popa, T., Pradier, E., Presani, Priede, I. G., A., Psallida, C., Rabouille, C., Racca, A., Radu, N., Randazzo, Rapidis, P. A., P., Razi, D., Real, C., Reed, S., Reito, Resvanis, L. K., G., Riccobene, R., Richter, K., Roensch, J., Rolin, J., Rose, J., Roux, A., Rovelli, A., Russo, Russo, G. V., F., Salesa, D., Samtleben, P., Sapienza, Schmelling, J. -W., J., Schmid, J., Schnabel, K., Schroeder, Schuller, J. -P., F., Schussler, D., Sciliberto, M., Sedita, T., Seitz, R., Shanidze, F., Simeone, I., Sioti, V., Sipala, C., Sollima, S., Sparnocchia, A., Spie, M., Spurio, T., Staller, S., Stavrakaki, G., Stavropoulo, J., Steijger, Th., Stolarczyk, D., Stransky, M., Taiuti, A., Taylor, L., Thompson, P., Timmer, D., Tonoiu, S., Toscano, C., Touramani, L., Trasatti, P., Traverso, Trovato, A, A., Tsirigoti, S., Tzamaria, E., Tzamariudaki, F., Urbano, B., Vallage, V., Van Elewyck, G., Vannoni, M., Vecchi, P., Vernin, S., Viola, D., Vivolo, S., Wagner, P., Werneke, White, R. J., G., Wijnker, J., Wilm, E., de Wolf, H., Yepe, V., Zhukov, E., Zonca, Zornoza, J. D., J., Zúñiga TROVATO A, S., Adrian Martinez, J., Aguilar, M., Ameli, E., Anassontzi, A. A., Jesu, J., Aubert, A., Ball, Barbarino, Giancarlo, Barbato, FELICIA CARLA TIZIANA, M. D., Bel, R. D., Boer, H. B., Rookhuizen, M., Bou Cabo, D. C., D??????az Aldagal??????n, T., Chaleil, P., Christopoulou, A., D'Amico, R. D., Asmundi, G. D., Boni, DE ROSA, Gianfranca, Q., Dorosti Hasankiadeh, G., Durand, A., Enzenh??????fer, J., Ernenwein, G., Gasparini, J., G??????mez Gonz??????lez, Z., Gu??????d??????, H. V., Haren, J. V., Heerwaarden, J., Hern??????ndez Rey, M. V., De, J., H????????????l, C., Hsu, M. D., Jong, N., Kalantar Nayestanaki, U., Katz, C. L., Fratta, H. L., Provost, C., Lloren, H., L??????hner, D. L., Presti, E., Marcoulaki, O., Mari, J., Mart??????nez Mora, Migliozzi, Pasquale, C., Mollo, C., Naumann, I., Papazoglou, G., P??????v??????la, H., Peek, I., Priede, R. P., A., L., Resvani, G., Russo, J., Schmelling, J., Schuller, T., Stolarczyk, A., Trovato, V. V., Elewyck, Vivolo, Daniele, R., White, E. D., Wolf, J., Zornoza, J., Z????????????iga, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), APC - Astrophysique des Hautes Energies (APC - AHE), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Océan et Interfaces (OCEANIS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), KM3NeT Collaboration, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), S. Adri´an-Mart´ınez, M. Ageron, J.A. Aguilar, F. Aharonian, S. Aiello, A. Albert, M. Alexandri, F. Ameli, E.G. Anassontzi, M. Anghinolfi, G. Anton, S. Anvar, M. Ardid, A. Assis Jesu, J.-J. Aubert, R. Bakker, A.E. Ball, G. Barbarino, E. Barbarito, F. Barbato, B. Baret, M. de Bel, A. Belia, N. Bellou, E. Berbee, A. Berkien, A. Bersani, V. Bertin, S. Beurthey, S. Biagi, C. Bigongiari, B. Bigourdan, M. Billault, R. de Boer, H. Boer Rookhuizen, M. Bonori, M. Borghini, M. Bou-Cabo, B. Bouhadef, G. Bourli, M. Bouwhui, S. Bradbury, A. Brown, F. Bruni, J. Brunner, M. Brunoldi, J. Busto, G. Cacopardo, L. Caillat, D. Calvo D´ıaz-Aldagal´an, A. Calza, M. Canal, A. Capone, J. Carr, E. Castorina, S. Cecchini, A. Cere, R. Cereseto, Th. Chaleil, F. Chateau, T. Chiarusi, D. Choqueuse, P.E. Christopoulou, G. Chroni, O. Ciaffoni, M. Circella, R. Cocimano, F. Cohen, F. Colijn, R. Coniglione, M. Cordelli, A. Cosquer, M. Costa, P. Coyle, J. Craig, A. Creusot, C. Curtil, A. D’Amico, G. Damy, R. De Asmundi, G. De Boni, G. Decock, P. Decowski, E. Delagne, G. De Rosa, C. Distefano, C. Donzaud, D. Dornic, Q. Dorosti-Hasankiadeh, J. Drogou, D. Drouhin, F. Druillole, L. Drury, D. Durand, G.A. Durand, T. Eberl, U. Emanuele, A. Enzenh¨ofer, J.-P. Ernenwein, S. Escoffier, V. Espinosa, G. Etiope, P. Favali, D. Felea, M. Ferri, S. Ferry, V. Flaminio, Folger, A. Fotiou, U. Fritsch, D. Gajanana, R. Garaguso, G.P. Gasparini, F. Gasparoni, V. Gautard, F. Gensolen, K. Geyer, G. Giacomelli, I. Giala, V. Giordano, J. Giraud, N. Gizani, A. Gleixner, C. Gojak, J.P. G´omez-Gonz´alez, K. Graf, D. Grasso, A. Grimaldi, R. Groenewegen, Z. Gu´ed´e, G. Guillard, F. Guilloux, R. Habel, G. Hallewell, H. van Haren, J. van Heerwaarden, A. Heijboer, E. Heine, J.J. Hern´andez-Rey, B. Herold, M. van de Hoek, J. Hogenbirk, J. H¨oßl, C.C. Hsu, M. Imbesi, A. Jamieson, P. Jansweijer, M. de Jong, Jouvenot, M. Kadler, N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki, O. Kalekin, A. Kappe, M. Karolak, U.F. Katz, O. Kavatsyuk, P. Keller, Y. Kiskira, R. Klein, H. Kok, H. Kontoyianni, P. Kooijman, J. Koopstra, C. Kopper, A. Korporaal, P. Koske, A. Kouchner, S. Koutsouko, I. Kreykenbohm, V. Kulikovskiy, M. Laan, C. La Fratta, P. Lagier, R. Lahmann, P. Lamare, G. Larosa, D. Lattuada, A. Leiso, D. Leni, E. Leonora, H. Le Provost, G. Lim, C.D. Lloren, J. Lloret, H. L¨ohner, D. Lo Presti, P. Lotru, F. Loui, F. Lucarelli, V. Lykousi, D. Malyshev, S. Mangano, E.C. Marcoulaki, A. Margiotta, G. Marinaro, A. Marinelli, O. Mari, E. Markopoulo, C. Markou, J.A. Mart´ınez-Mora, A. Martini, J. Marvaldi, R. Masullo, G. Maurin, P. Migliozzi, E. Migneco, S. Minutoli, A. Miraglia, C.M. Mollo, M. Mongelli, E. Monmarthe, M. Morganti, S. Mo, H. Motz, Y. Moudden, G. Mul, P. Musico, M. Musumeci, Ch. Naumann, M. Neff, C. Nicolaou, A. Orlando, D. Palioseliti, K. Papageorgiou, A. Papaikonomou, R. Papaleo, I.A. Papazoglou, G.E. Pavala, H.Z. Peek, J. Perkin, P. Piattelli, V. Popa, T. Pradier, E. Presani, I.G. Priede, A. Psallida, C. Rabouille, C. Racca, A. Radu, N. Randazzo, P.A. Rapidi, P. Razi, D. Real, C. Reed, S. Reito, L.K. Resvani, G. Riccobene, R. Richter, K. Roensch, J. Rolin, J. Rose, J. Roux, A. Rovelli, A. Russo, G.V. Russo, F. Salesa, D. Samtleben, P. Sapienza, J.-W. Schmelling, J. Schmid, J. Schnabel, K. Schroeder, J.-P. Schuller, F. Schussler, D. Sciliberto, M. Sedita, T. Seitz, R. Shanidze, F. Simeone, I. Sioti, V. Sipala, C. Sollima, S. Sparnocchia, A. Spie, M. Spurio, T. Staller, S. Stavrakaki, G. Stavropoulo, J. Steijger, Th. Stolarczyk, D. Stransky, M. Taiuti, A. Taylor, L. Thompson, P. Timmer, D. Tonoiu, S. Toscano, C. Touramani, L. Trasatti, P. Traverso, A. Trovato, A. Tsirigoti, S. Tzamaria, E. Tzamariudaki, F. Urbano, B. Vallage, V. Van Elewyck, G. Vannoni, M. Vecchi, P. Vernin, S. Viola, D. Vivolo, S. Wagner, P. Werneke, R.J. White, G. Wijnker, J. Wilm, E. de Wolf, H. Yepe, V. Zhukov, E. Zonca, J.D. Zornoza and J. Z´u˜niga, Adrian-Martinez, S., Ageron, M., Aharonian, F., Aiello, S., Albert, A., Alexandri, M., Ameli, M., Anghinolfi, M., Anton, G., Anvar, S., Ardid, M., Assis Jesus, A., Bakker, R., Barbarino, G., Barbarito, E., Barbato, F., Baret, B., De Bel, M., Belias, A., Bellou, N., Berbee, E., Berkien, A., Bersani, A., Bertin, V., Beurthey, S., Biagi, S., Bigongiari, C., Bigourdan, B., Billault, M., De Boer, R., Boer Rookhuizen, H., Bonori, M., Borghini, M., Bou-Cabo, M., Bouhadef, B., Bourlis, G., Bouwhuis, M., Bradbury, S., Brown, A., Bruni, F., Brunner, J., Brunoldi, M., Busto, J., Cacopardo, G., Caillat, L., Calvo Diaz-Aldagalan, D., Calzas, A., Canals, M., Capone, A., Carr, J., Castorina, E., Cecchini, S., Ceres, A., Cereseto, R., Chaleil, Th., Chateau, F., Chiarusi, T., Choqueuse, D., Chronis, G., Ciaffoni, O., Circella, M., Cocimano, R., Cohen, F., Colijn, F., Coniglione, R., Cordelli, M., Cosquer, A., Costa, M., Coyle, P., Craig, J., Creusot, A., Curtil, C., D'Amico, A., Damy, G., De Asmundis, R., De Bonis, G., Decock, G., Decowski, P., Delagnes, E., De Rosa, G., Distefano, C., Donzaud, C., Dornic, D., Dorosti-Hasankiadeh, Q., Drogou, J., Drouhin, D., Druillole, F., Drury, L., Durand, D., Eberl, T., Emanuele, U., Enzenhofer, A., Escoffier, S., Espinosa, V., Etiope, G., Favali, P., Felea, D., Ferri, M., Ferry, S., Flaminio, V., Folger, F., Fotiou, A., Fritsch, U., Gajanana, D., Garaguso, R., Gasparoni, F., Gautard, V., Gensolen, F., Geyer, K., Giacomelli, G., Gialas, I., Giordano, V., Giraud, J., Gizani, N., Gleixner, A., Gojak, C., Gomez-Gonzalez, J. P., Graf, K., Grasso, D., Grimaldi, A., Groenewegen, R., Guede, Z., Guillard, G., Guilloux, F., Habel, R., Hallewell, G., Van Haren, H., Van Heerwaarden, J., Heijboer, A., Heine, E., Hernandez-Rey, J. J., Herold, B., Van De Hoek, M., Hogenbirk, J., Hossl, J., Imbesi, M., Jamieson, A., Jansweijer, P., De Jong, M., Jouvenot, F., Kadler, M., Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N., Kalekin, O., Kappes, A., Karolak, M., Kavatsyuk, O., Keller, P., Kiskiras, Y., Klein, R., Kok, H., Kontoyiannis, H., Kooijman, P., Koopstra, J., Kopper, C., Korporaal, A., Koske, P., Kouchner, A., Koutsoukos, S., Kreykenbohm, I., Kulikovskiy, V., Laan, M., La Fratta, C., Lagier, P., Lahmann, R., Lamare, P., Larosa, G., Lattuada, D., Leisos, A., Lenis, D., Leonora, E., Le Provost, H., Lim, G., Lloret, J., Lohner, H., Lo Presti, D., Lotrus, P., Louis, F., Lucarelli, F., Lykousis, V., Malyshev, D., Mangano, S., Margiotta, A., Marinaro, G., Marinelli, A., Maris, O., Markopoulos, E., Markou, C., Martinez-Mora, J. A., Martini, A., Marvaldi, J., Masullo, R., Maurin, G., Migliozzi, P., Migneco, E., Minutoli, S., Miraglia, A., Mongelli, M., Monmarthe, E., Morganti, M., Mos, S., Motz, H., Moudden, Y., Mul, G., Musico, P., Musumeci, M., Naumann, Ch., Neff, M., Nicolaou, C., Orlando, A., Palioselitis, D., Papageorgiou, K., Papaikonomou, A., Papaleo, R., Pavalas, G. E., Perkin, J., Piattelli, P., Popa, V., Pradier, T., Presani, E., Psallidas, A., Rabouille, C., Racca, C., Radu, A., Randazzo, N., Rapidis, P. a., Razis, P., Real, D., Reed, C., Reito, S., Riccobene, G., Richter, R., Roensch, K., Rolin, J., Rose, J., Roux, J., Rovelli, A., Russo, A., Salesa, F., Samtleben, D., Sapienza, P., Schmid, J., Schnabel, J., Schroeder, K., Schussler, F., Sciliberto, D., Sedita, M., Seitz, T., Shanidze, R., Simeone, F., Siotis, I., Sipala, V., Sollima, C., Sparnocchia, S., Spies, A., Spurio, M., Staller, T., Stavrakakis, S., Stavropoulos, G., Steijger, J., Stolarczyk, Th., Stransky, D., Taiuti, M., Taylor, A., Thompson, L., Timmer, P., Tonoiu, D., Toscano, S., Touramanis, C., Trasatti, L., Traverso, P., Trovato, A., Tsirigotis, A., Tzamarias, S., Tzamariudaki, E., Urbano, F., Vallage, B., Van Elewyck, V., Vannoni, G., Vecchi, M., Vernin, P., Viola, S., Vivolo, D., Wagner, S., Werneke, P., Wijnker, G., Wilms, J., De Wolf, E., Yepes, H., Zhukov, V., Zonca, E., Zuniga, J., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)

Subjects
Optical detector readout concepts, Instrument optimisation, Cherenkov detectors, Photomultiplier, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Cherenkov detector, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 01 natural sciences, large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics, optical detector readout concepts, cherenkov detectors, instrument optimization, Photocathode, law.invention, Telescope, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, NEUTRINO TELESCOPE, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Cherenkov radiation, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrument optimization, INGENIERIA TELEMATICA, Optical detector readout concept, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], KM3NeT, Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physic, Neutrino, business, PROJECT, 85.60.Ha Photomultipliers, phototubes and photocathodes, 42.15.Dp Wave fronts and ray tracing, 98.80.-k Cosmology, 95.55.Vj Neutrino, muon, pion, and other elementary particle detectors, cosmic ray detectors, 29.40.Ka Cherenkov detectors
Abstract

[EN] Detection of high-energy neutrinos from distant astrophysical sources will open a new window on the Universe. The detection principle exploits the measurement of Cherenkov light emitted by charged particles resulting from neutrino interactions in the matter containing the telescope. A novel multi-PMT digital optical module (DOM) was developed to contain 31 3-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). In order to maximize the detector sensitivity, each PMT will be surrounded by an expansion cone which collects photons that would otherwise miss the photocathode. Results for various angles of incidence with respect to the PMT surface indicate an increase in collection efficiency by 30% on average for angles up to 45 degrees with respect to the perpendicular. Ray-tracing calculations could reproduce the measurements, allowing to estimate an increase in the overall photocathode sensitivity, integrated over all angles of incidence, by 27% (for a single PMT). Prototype DOMs, being built by the KM3NeT consortium, will be equipped with these expansion cones., This work is supported through the EU, FP6 Contract no. 011937, FP7 grant agreement no. 212252, and the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science.

Published
2013

111. Seawater physics and chemistry along the Med-SHIP transects in the Mediterranean Sea in 2016.

Author

Schroeder K, Kovačević V, Civitarese G, Velaoras D, Álvarez M, Tanhua T, Jullion L, Coppola L, Bensi M, Ursella L, Santinelli C, Giani M, Chiggiato J, Aly-Eldeen M, Assimakopoulou G, Bachi G, Bogner B, Borghini M, Cardin V, Cornec M, Giannakourou A, Giannoudi L, Gogou A, Golbol M, Hazan O, Karthäuser C, Kralj M, Krasakopoulou E, Matić F, Mihanović H, Muslim S, Papadopoulos VP, Parinos C, Paulitschke A, Pavlidou A, Pitta E, Protopapa M, Rahav E, Raveh O, Renieris P, Reyes-Suarez NC, Rousselaki E, Silverman J, Souvermezoglou E, Urbini L, Zeri C, and Zervoudaki S

Abstract

The Mediterranean Sea has been sampled irregularly by research vessels in the past, mostly by national expeditions in regional waters. To monitor the hydrographic, biogeochemical and circulation changes in the Mediterranean Sea, a systematic repeat oceanographic survey programme called Med-SHIP was recommended by the Mediterranean Science Commission (CIESM) in 2011, as part of the Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP). Med-SHIP consists of zonal and meridional surveys with different frequencies, where comprehensive physical and biogeochemical properties are measured with the highest international standards. The first zonal survey was done in 2011 and repeated in 2018. In addition, a network of meridional (and other key) hydrographic sections were designed: the first cycle of these sections was completed in 2016, with three cruises funded by the EU project EUROFLEETS2. This paper presents the physical and chemical data of the meridional and key transects in the Western and Eastern Mediterranean Sea collected during those cruises., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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113. The discovery of Lake Hephaestus, the youngest athalassohaline deep-sea formation on Earth.

Author

La Cono V, Bortoluzzi G, Messina E, La Spada G, Smedile F, Giuliano L, Borghini M, Stumpp C, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Harir M, O'Neill WK, Hallsworth JE, and Yakimov M

Abstract

Hydrated, magnesium-rich minerals and subglacial brines exist on the martian surface, so the habitability of high-Mg 2+ environments on Earth has extraterrestrial (as well as terrestrial) implications. Here, we report the discovery of a MgCl 2 -dominated (4.72 M) brine lake on the floor of the Mediterranean Ridge that underlies a 3500-m water column, and name it Lake Hephaestus. Stable isotope analyses indicated that the Hephaestus brine is derived from interactions between ancient bishofite-enriched evaporites and subsurface fluids. Analyses of sediment pore waters indicated that the Hephaestus depression had contained the MgCl 2 brine for a remarkably short period; only 700 years. Lake Hephaestus is, therefore, the youngest among currently known submarine athalassohaline brine lakes on Earth. Due to its biologically hostile properties (low water-activity and extreme chaotropicity), the Hephaestus brine is devoid of life. By contrast, the seawater-Hephaestus brine interface has been shown to act as refuge for extremely halophilic and magnesium-adapted stratified communities of microbes, even at MgCl 2 concentrations that approach the water-activity limit for life (0.653).

Published
2019
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114. Contaminants of emerging concern in the open sea waters of the Western Mediterranean.

Author

Brumovský M, Bečanová J, Kohoutek J, Borghini M, and Nizzetto L

Subjects
Agriculture, Fresh Water, Mediterranean Sea, Pesticides analysis, Sweetening Agents analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Seawater chemistry, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
Abstract

Pollution by chemical substances is of concern for the maintenance of healthy and sustainable aquatic environments. While the occurrence and fate of numerous emerging contaminants, especially pharmaceuticals, is well documented in freshwater, their occurrence and behavior in coastal and marine waters is much less studied and understood. This study investigates the occurrence of 58 chemicals in the open surface water of the Western Mediterranean Sea for the first time. 70 samples in total were collected in 10 different sampling areas. 3 pesticides, 11 pharmaceuticals and personal care products and 2 artificial sweeteners were detected at sub-ng to ng/L levels. Among them, the herbicide terbuthylazine, the pharmaceuticals caffeine, carbamazepine, naproxen and paracetamol, the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole, the antibacterial triclocarban and the two artificial sweeteners acesulfame and saccharin were detected in all samples. The compound detected at the highest concentration was saccharin (up to 5.23 ng/L). Generally small spatial differences among individual sampling areas point to a diffuse character of sources which are likely dominated by WWTP effluents and runoffs from agricultural areas or even, at least for pharmaceuticals and artificial food additives, from offshore sources such as ferries and cruising ships. The implications of the ubiquitous presence in the open sea of chemicals that are bio-active or toxic at low doses on photosynthetic organisms and/or bacteria (i.e., terbuthylazine, sulfamethoxazole or triclocarban) deserve scientific attention, especially concerning possible subtle impacts from chronic exposure of pelagic microorganisms., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2017
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115. Rapid response to climate change in a marginal sea.

Author

Schroeder K, Chiggiato J, Josey SA, Borghini M, Aracri S, and Sparnocchia S

Abstract

The Mediterranean Sea is a mid-latitude marginal sea, particularly responsive to climate change as reported by recent studies. The Sicily Channel is a choke point separating the sea in two main basins, the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Western Mediterranean Sea. Here, we report and analyse a long-term record (1993-2016) of the thermohaline properties of the Intermediate Water that crosses the Sicily Channel, showing increasing temperature and salinity trends much stronger than those observed at intermediate depths in the global ocean. We investigate the causes of the observed trends and in particular determine the role of a changing climate over the Eastern Mediterranean, where the Intermediate Water is formed. The long-term Sicily record reveals how fast the response to climate change can be in a marginal sea like the Mediterranean Sea compared to the global ocean, and demonstrates the essential role of long time series in the ocean.

Published
2017
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116. Communications and relationships between patient and nurse in Intensive Care Unit: knowledge, knowledge of the work, knowledge of the emotional state.

Author

Foà C, Cavalli L, Maltoni A, Tosello N, Sangilles C, Maron I, Borghini M, and Artioli G

Subjects
Humans, Communication, Emotions, Intensive Care Units, Knowledge, Nurse-Patient Relations, Nurses psychology
Abstract

Background and Aim: In an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) the communication between nurse and patient, the core of the care, is often hindered by patient's cognitive alterations and critical situation, by devices employed for the mechanical ventilation, and by the clinical and care-giving setting. How to overcome these barriers? How is the relational and communicative approach between nurse and patient unable to express him or herself to be managed? The available literature reveals that studies on communication with difficult patients, such as those treated in ICU are currently scarce., Method: The present research offers a contribution in this respect, through fact-finding about the knowledge acquired by professional studies or work experiences, the personal and institutional techniques implemented in regards to communication (knowledge of the work), the relational behaviours and the emotional experience with patients (knowledge of the emotional state) of nurses working in the Intensive Care Units. A semi-structured interview have been designed and submitted to 30 nurses working in fourteen Highly Specialized Centres (HUB) in Emilia Romagna, Italy. Two nurses with different years of experience in the field have been chosen for each Operating Unit., Results: According to the interviewees paraverbal communication is the most common way to communicate with patients: different strategies are employed such as facial expression or lip movement. In any case, the nurse has the task to choose the most suitable technique according to his or her experiences, his or her knowledge and the patient him or herself. The results claim that lack of specific training on communicative aspects of care, should be combined with an attitude of being prone to listening to and understanding the needs of the patient and of his or her family as well., Conclusion: The interviewees declare they have a solid preparation in the bio-clinical aspect of care, but both new hired nurses and experts affirm that they need a specific training in relational and communicative aspects, proving its importance.

Published
2016

117. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Western Mediterranean Sea waters.

Author

Brumovský M, Karásková P, Borghini M, and Nizzetto L

Subjects
Mediterranean Sea, Rivers, Water, Alkanesulfonic Acids analysis, Caproates analysis, Caprylates analysis, Fluorocarbons analysis, Seawater analysis, Sulfonic Acids analysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
Abstract

The spatial and temporal distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the open Western Mediterranean Sea waters was investigated in this study for the first time. In addition to surface water samples, a deep water sample (1390 m depth) collected in the center of the western basin was analyzed. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were detected in all samples and were the dominant PFASs found. The sum of PFAS concentrations (ΣPFASs) ranged 246-515 pg/L for surface water samples. PFASs in surface water had a relatively homogeneous distribution with levels similar to those previously measured in the Atlantic near the Strait of Gibraltar, in water masses feeding the inflow to the Mediterranean Sea. Higher concentrations of PFHxA, PFHpA and PFHxS were, however, found in the present study. Inflowing Atlantic water and river/coastal discharges are likely the major sources of PFASs to the Western Mediterranean basin. Slightly lower (factor of 2) ΣPFASs was found in the deep water sample (141 pg/L). Such a relatively high contamination of deep water is likely to be linked to recurring deep water renewal fed by downwelling events in the Gulf of Lion and/or Ligurian Sea., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2016
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118. Abrupt climate shift in the Western Mediterranean Sea.

Author

Schroeder K, Chiggiato J, Bryden HL, Borghini M, and Ben Ismail S

Abstract

One century of oceanographic measurements has evidenced gradual increases in temperature and salinity of western Mediterranean water masses, even though the vertical stratification has basically remained unchanged. Starting in 2005, the basic structure of the intermediate and deep layers abruptly changed. We report here evidence of reinforced thermohaline variability in the deep western basin with significant dense water formation events producing large amounts of warmer, saltier and denser water masses than ever before. We provide a detailed chronological order to these changes, giving an overview of the new water masses and following their route from the central basin interior to the east (toward the Tyrrhenian) and toward the Atlantic Ocean. As a consequence of this climate shift, new deep waters outflowing through Gibraltar will impact the North Atlantic in terms of salt and heat input. In addition, modifications in the Mediterranean abyssal ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles are to be expected.

Published
2016
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119. Calcification is not the Achilles' heel of cold-water corals in an acidifying ocean.

Author

Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Montagna P, Aliani S, Borghini M, Canese S, Hall-Spencer JM, Foggo A, Milazzo M, Taviani M, and Houlbrèque F

Subjects
Animals, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Mediterranean Sea, Anthozoa physiology, Calcification, Physiologic, Seawater chemistry
Abstract

Ocean acidification is thought to be a major threat to coral reefs: laboratory evidence and CO2 seep research has shown adverse effects on many coral species, although a few are resilient. There are concerns that cold-water corals are even more vulnerable as they live in areas where aragonite saturation (Ωara ) is lower than in the tropics and is falling rapidly due to CO2 emissions. Here, we provide laboratory evidence that net (gross calcification minus dissolution) and gross calcification rates of three common cold-water corals, Caryophyllia smithii, Dendrophyllia cornigera, and Desmophyllum dianthus, are not affected by pCO2 levels expected for 2100 (pCO2  1058 μatm, Ωara 1.29), and nor are the rates of skeletal dissolution in D. dianthus. We transplanted D. dianthus to 350 m depth (pHT 8.02; pCO2  448 μatm, Ωara 2.58) and to a 3 m depth CO2 seep in oligotrophic waters (pHT 7.35; pCO2  2879 μatm, Ωara 0.76) and found that the transplants calcified at the same rates regardless of the pCO2 confirming their resilience to acidification, but at significantly lower rates than corals that were fed in aquaria. Our combination of field and laboratory evidence suggests that ocean acidification will not disrupt cold-water coral calcification although falling aragonite levels may affect other organismal physiological and/or reef community processes., (© 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2015
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120. Microbial community of the deep-sea brine Lake Kryos seawater-brine interface is active below the chaotropicity limit of life as revealed by recovery of mRNA.

Author

Yakimov MM, La Cono V, Spada GL, Bortoluzzi G, Messina E, Smedile F, Arcadi E, Borghini M, Ferrer M, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Hertkorn N, Cray JA, Hallsworth JE, Golyshin PN, and Giuliano L

Subjects
Archaea classification, Archaea metabolism, Bacteria classification, Bacteria metabolism, Mediterranean Sea, Phylogeny, RNA, Messenger genetics, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics, Salinity, Salts analysis, Sodium Chloride analysis, Water Microbiology, Archaea genetics, Bacteria genetics, Lakes microbiology, Microbial Consortia physiology, Seawater microbiology
Abstract

Within the complex of deep, hypersaline anoxic lakes (DHALs) of the Mediterranean Ridge, we identified a new, unexplored DHAL and named it 'Lake Kryos' after a nearby depression. This lake is filled with magnesium chloride (MgCl2 )-rich, athalassohaline brine (salinity > 470 practical salinity units), presumably formed by the dissolution of Messinian bischofite. Compared with the DHAL Discovery, it contains elevated concentrations of kosmotropic sodium and sulfate ions, which are capable of reducing the net chaotropicily of MgCl2 -rich solutions. The brine of Lake Kryos may therefore be biologically permissive at MgCl2 concentrations previously considered incompatible with life. We characterized the microbiology of the seawater-Kryos brine interface and managed to recover mRNA from the 2.27-3.03 M MgCl2 layer (equivalent to 0.747-0.631 water activity), thereby expanding the established chaotropicity window-for-life. The primary bacterial taxa present there were Kebrit Deep Bacteria 1 candidate division and DHAL-specific group of organisms, distantly related to Desulfohalobium. Two euryarchaeal candidate divisions, Mediterranean Sea Brine Lakes group 1 and halophilic cluster 1, accounted for > 85% of the rRNA-containing archaeal clones derived from the 2.27-3.03 M MgCl2 layer, but were minority community-members in the overlying interface-layers. These findings shed light on the plausibility of life in highly chaotropic environments, geochemical windows for microbial extremophiles, and have implications for habitability elsewhere in the Solar System., (© 2014 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2015
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121. Biodiversity conservation: an example of a multidisciplinary approach to marine dispersal.

Author

Aliani S, Berta M, Borghini M, Carlson D, Conversi A, Corgnati L, Griffa A, Magaldi MG, Mantovani C, Marini S, Mazzei L, Suaria G, and Vetrano A

Abstract

The general aim of this paper is to present a possible multidisciplinary approach to the problem of connectivity among marine protected areas (MPAs) describing some of the mechanisms and vectors that control the dispersal of propagules among spatially distributed marine communities of MPAs in the Southern Adriatic Sea. A joint approach is described that focuses on (a) measurements of surface water current and model data integrated with a dedicated software (LAVA, LAgrangian Variational Analysis), (b) measurements of rafting objects and their evaluation as an alternative way to species dispersal, and (c) a tool to automatically monitor propagules and plankton species in the water column. Studies on the dynamics of water currents demonstrated that the Gargano area has the potential to supply dispersal propagules to the Southern Adriatic both along the Italian coastline and offshore across the basin, thus providing important services to the dispersal processes and the connectivity routes among MPAs. The natural dispersion is however enhanced by floating objects, on which entire marine communities are living and travelling. The number of these objects has greatly increased with the introduction of human litter: in the Adriatic, man-made litter composes nowadays the majority (79 %) of all floating objects, with this corresponding to an almost fourfold increase in the abundance of floating objects since pre-industrial times. Such enhanced dispersion may benefit transmission of propagules from MPAs along biodiversity corridors, but may also enhance the arrival of invasive species. The direct observation of organisms can provide information on the species distribution and mobility. New technology (GUARD-1 system) has been developed to automatically identify spatial or temporal distributions of selected species in the water column by image analysis. The system has so far successfully detected blooms of ctenophores in the water column and is now being tested for identification of other zooplankton groups, such as copepods, as well as marine litter. This low-cost, long-lasting imaging system can be hosted on mobile devices such as drifters, which makes it very suitable for biological dispersal studies.

Published
2015
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122. Linking environmental forcing and trophic supply to benthic communities in the Vercelli Seamount area (Tyrrhenian Sea).

Author

Covazzi Harriague A, Bavestrello G, Bo M, Borghini M, Castellano M, Majorana M, Massa F, Montella A, Povero P, and Misic C

Subjects
Animals, Biomass, Carbohydrates analysis, Carbon analysis, Geography, Geologic Sediments chemistry, Linear Models, Mediterranean Sea, Nitrogen analysis, Organic Chemicals analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Proteins analysis, Seawater chemistry, Water Movements, Ecosystem, Food Chain
Abstract

Seamounts and their influence on the surrounding environment are currently being extensively debated but, surprisingly, scant information is available for the Mediterranean area. Furthermore, although the deep Tyrrhenian Sea is characterised by a complex bottom morphology and peculiar hydrodynamic features, which would suggest a variable influence on the benthic domain, few studies have been carried out there, especially for soft-bottom macrofaunal assemblages. In order to fill this gap, the structure of the meio-and macrofaunal assemblages of the Vercelli Seamount and the surrounding deep area (northern Tyrrhenian Sea - western Mediterranean) were studied in relation to environmental features. Sediment was collected with a box-corer from the seamount summit and flanks and at two far-field sites in spring 2009, in order to analyse the metazoan communities, the sediment texture and the sedimentary organic matter. At the summit station, the heterogeneity of the habitat, the shallowness of the site and the higher trophic supply (water column phytopigments and macroalgal detritus, for instance) supported a very rich macrofaunal community, with high abundance, biomass and diversity. In fact, its trophic features resembled those observed in coastal environments next to seagrass meadows. At the flank and far-field stations, sediment heterogeneity and depth especially influenced the meiofaunal distribution. From a trophic point of view, the low content of the valuable sedimentary proteins that was found confirmed the general oligotrophy of the Tyrrhenian Sea, and exerted a limiting influence on the abundance and biomass of the assemblages. In this scenario, the rather refractory sedimentary carbohydrates became a food source for metazoans, which increased their abundance and biomass at the stations where the hydrolytic-enzyme-mediated turnover of carbohydrates was faster, highlighting high lability.

Published
2014
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123. Microbial life in the Lake Medee, the largest deep-sea salt-saturated formation.

Author

Yakimov MM, La Cono V, Slepak VZ, La Spada G, Arcadi E, Messina E, Borghini M, Monticelli LS, Rojo D, Barbas C, Golyshina OV, Ferrer M, Golyshin PN, and Giuliano L

Subjects
Betaine metabolism, Betaine pharmacology, Bicarbonates chemistry, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Epsilonproteobacteria, Mediterranean Region, Molecular Sequence Data, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics, Saline Solution, Hypertonic, Salt Tolerance, Seawater chemistry, Sodium Chloride, Water Microbiology, Alphaproteobacteria classification, Alphaproteobacteria genetics, Alphaproteobacteria metabolism, Gammaproteobacteria classification, Gammaproteobacteria genetics, Gammaproteobacteria metabolism, Halobacteriales classification, Halobacteriales genetics, Halobacteriales metabolism, Lakes microbiology
Abstract

Deep-sea hypersaline anoxic lakes (DHALs) of the Eastern Mediterranean represent some of the most hostile environments on our planet. We investigated microbial life in the recently discovered Lake Medee, the largest DHAL found to-date. Medee has two unique features: a complex geobiochemical stratification and an absence of chemolithoautotrophic Epsilonproteobacteria, which usually play the primary role in dark bicarbonate assimilation in DHALs interfaces. Presumably because of these features, Medee is less productive and exhibits reduced diversity of autochthonous prokaryotes in its interior. Indeed, the brine community almost exclusively consists of the members of euryarchaeal MSBL1 and bacterial KB1 candidate divisions. Our experiments utilizing cultivation and [(14)C]-assimilation, showed that these organisms at least partially rely on reductive cleavage of osmoprotectant glycine betaine and are engaged in trophic cooperation. These findings provide novel insights into how prokaryotic communities can adapt to salt-saturated conditions and sustain active metabolism at the thermodynamic edge of life.

Published
2013
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124. Metagenomic analysis of hadopelagic microbial assemblages thriving at the deepest part of Mediterranean Sea, Matapan-Vavilov Deep.

Author

Smedile F, Messina E, La Cono V, Tsoy O, Monticelli LS, Borghini M, Giuliano L, Golyshin PN, Mushegian A, and Yakimov MM

Subjects
Alteromonas classification, Alteromonas enzymology, Archaea classification, Archaea enzymology, Autotrophic Processes, Ecosystem, Greece, Mediterranean Sea, Oceans and Seas, Phylogeny, Seawater microbiology, Viruses classification, Viruses genetics, Alteromonas genetics, Archaea genetics, Biodiversity, Environmental Microbiology, Metagenome, Metagenomics
Abstract

The marine pelagic zone situated > 200 m below the sea level (bls) is the largest marine subsystem, comprising more than two-thirds of the oceanic volume. At the same time, it is one of the least explored ecosystems on Earth. Few large-scale environmental genomics studies have been undertaken to examine the phylogenetic diversity and functional gene repertoire of planktonic microbes present in mesopelagic and bathypelagic environments. Here, we present the description of the deep-sea microbial community thriving at > 4900 m depth in Matapan-Vavilov Deep (MVD). This canyon is the deepest site of Mediterranean Sea, with a deepest point located at approximately 5270 m, 56 km SW of city Pylos (Greece) in the Ionian Sea (36°34.00N, 21°07.44E). Comparative analysis of whole-metagenomic data revealed that unlike other deep-sea metagenomes, the prokaryotic diversity in MVD was extremely poor. The decline in the dark primary production rates, measured at 4908 m depth, was coincident with overwhelming dominance of copiotrophic Alteromonas macleodii'deep-ecotype' AltDE at the expense of other prokaryotes including those potentially involved in both autotrophic and anaplerotic CO(2) fixation. We also demonstrate the occurrence in deep-sea metagenomes of several clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats systems., (© 2012 Society for Applied Microbiology and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Published
2013
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125. A high-resolution real-time forecasting system for predicting the fate of oil spills in the Strait of Bonifacio (western Mediterranean Sea).

Author

Cucco A, Sinerchia M, Ribotti A, Olita A, Fazioli L, Perilli A, Sorgente B, Borghini M, Schroeder K, and Sorgente R

Subjects
Environmental Monitoring methods, Forecasting, France, Italy, Mediterranean Sea, Petroleum statistics & numerical data, Petroleum Pollution statistics & numerical data, Water Movements, Petroleum analysis, Petroleum Pollution analysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis, Water Pollution, Chemical statistics & numerical data
Abstract

The Strait of Bonifacio is a long and narrow area between Corsica and Sardinia. To manage environmental emergencies related to the spill of oil from vessels, an innovative forecasting system was developed. This tool is capable of operationally predicting the dispersion of hydrocarbon spills in the coastal area of the Bonifacio Strait, either from an instantaneous or continuous spill and either in forward or backward mode. Experimental datasets, including ADCP water current measurements and the trajectories of drifter buoys released in the area, were used to evaluate the accuracy of this system. A comparison between the simulation results and experimental data revealed that both the water circulation and the surface transport processes are accurately reproduced by the model. The overall accuracy of the system in reproducing the transport of an oil spill at sea was estimated for both forward and backward prediction mode and in relation to different forecasting time lags., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2012
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126. Unveiling microbial life in new deep-sea hypersaline Lake Thetis. Part I: Prokaryotes and environmental settings.

Author

La Cono V, Smedile F, Bortoluzzi G, Arcadi E, Maimone G, Messina E, Borghini M, Oliveri E, Mazzola S, L'Haridon S, Toffin L, Genovese L, Ferrer M, Giuliano L, Golyshin PN, and Yakimov MM

Subjects
Archaea classification, Archaea genetics, Bacteria classification, Bacteria genetics, Biochemical Phenomena genetics, Methane metabolism, Molecular Sequence Data, Oceans and Seas, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics, Seawater chemistry, Archaea physiology, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, Biodiversity, Salinity, Seawater microbiology
Abstract

In September 2008, an expedition of the RV Urania was devoted to exploration of the genomic richness of deep hypersaline anoxic lakes (DHALs) located in the Western part of the Mediterranean Ridge. Approximately 40 nautical miles SE from Urania Lake, the presence of anoxic hypersaline lake, which we named Thetis, was confirmed by swath bathymetry profiling and through immediate sampling casts. The brine surface of the Thetis Lake is located at a depth of 3258 m with a thickness of ≈ 157 m. Brine composition was found to be thalassohaline, saturated by NaCl with a total salinity of 348‰, which is one of highest value reported for DHALs. Similarly to other Mediterranean DHALs, seawater-brine interface of Thetis represents a steep pycno- and chemocline with gradients of salinity, electron donors and acceptors and posseses a remarkable stratification of prokaryotic communities, observed to be more metabolically active in the upper interface where redox gradient was sharper. [(14) C]-bicarbonate fixation analysis revealed that microbial communities are sustained by sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophic primary producers that thrive within upper interface. Besides microaerophilic autotrophy, heterotrophic sulfate reduction, methanogenesis and anaerobic methane oxidation are likely the predominant processes driving the ecosystem of Thetis Lake., (© 2011 Society for Applied Microbiology and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Published
2011
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127. Characteristics of the mesophotic megabenthic assemblages of the vercelli seamount (north tyrrhenian sea).

Author

Bo M, Bertolino M, Borghini M, Castellano M, Covazzi Harriague A, Di Camillo CG, Gasparini G, Misic C, Povero P, Pusceddu A, Schroeder K, and Bavestrello G

Subjects
Animals, Biota, Computer Simulation, Geography, Hydrodynamics, Italy, Mediterranean Sea, Oceanography, Biodiversity, Geologic Sediments
Abstract

The biodiversity of the megabenthic assemblages of the mesophotic zone of a Tyrrhenian seamount (Vercelli Seamount) is described using Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) video imaging from 100 m depth to the top of the mount around 61 m depth. This pinnacle hosts a rich coralligenous community characterized by three different assemblages: (i) the top shows a dense covering of the kelp Laminaria rodriguezii; (ii) the southern side biocoenosis is mainly dominated by the octocorals Paramuricea clavata and Eunicella cavolinii; while (iii) the northern side of the seamount assemblage is colonized by active filter-feeding organisms such as sponges (sometimes covering 100% of the surface) with numerous colonies of the ascidian Diazona violacea, and the polychaete Sabella pavonina. This study highlights, also for a Mediterranean seamount, the potential role of an isolated rocky peak penetrating the euphotic zone, to work as an aggregating structure, hosting abundant benthic communities dominated by suspension feeders, whose distribution may vary in accordance to the geomorphology of the area and the different local hydrodynamic conditions.

Published
2011
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