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105. Fire in Australian savannas: From leaf to landscape

Author

Beringer, Jason, Hutley, Lindsay B., Abramson, David, Arndt, Stefan K., Briggs, Peter, Bristow, Mila, Canadell, Josep G., Cernusak, Lucas A., Eamus, Derek, Edwards, Andrew C., Evans, Bradleys J., Fest, Benedikt, Goergen, Klaus, Grover, Samantha P., Hacker, Jorg, Haverd, Vanessa, Kanniah, Kasturi, Livesley, Stephen J., Lynch, Amanda, Maier, Stefan W., Moore, Caitlin, Raupach, Michael, Russell-Smith, Jeremy, Scheiter, Simon, Tapper, Nigel J., Uotila, Petteri, Beringer, Jason, Hutley, Lindsay B., Abramson, David, Arndt, Stefan K., Briggs, Peter, Bristow, Mila, Canadell, Josep G., Cernusak, Lucas A., Eamus, Derek, Edwards, Andrew C., Evans, Bradleys J., Fest, Benedikt, Goergen, Klaus, Grover, Samantha P., Hacker, Jorg, Haverd, Vanessa, Kanniah, Kasturi, Livesley, Stephen J., Lynch, Amanda, Maier, Stefan W., Moore, Caitlin, Raupach, Michael, Russell-Smith, Jeremy, Scheiter, Simon, Tapper, Nigel J., and Uotila, Petteri

Abstract

Savanna ecosystems comprise 22% of the global terrestrial surface and 25% of Australia (almost 1.9 million km2) and provide significant ecosystem services through carbon and water cycles and the maintenance of biodiversity. The current structure, composition and distribution of Australian savannas have coevolved with fire, yet remain driven by the dynamic constraints of their bioclimatic niche. Fire in Australian savannas influences both the biophysical and biogeochemical processes at multiple scales from leaf to landscape. Here, we present the latest emission estimates from Australian savanna biomass burning and their contribution to global greenhouse gas budgets. We then review our understanding of the impacts of fire on ecosystem function and local surface water and heat balances, which in turn influence regional climate. We show how savanna fires are coupled to the global climate through the carbon cycle and fire regimes. We present new research that climate change is likely to alter the structure and function of savannas through shifts in moisture availability and increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in turn altering fire regimes with further feedbacks to climate. We explore opportunities to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions from savanna ecosystems through changes in savanna fire management.

Published
2015

106. The Relationship between Tropical Cyclone Activity, Nutrient Loading, and Algal Blooms over the Great Barrier Reef.

Author

Parker, Chelsea L., Lynch, Amanda H., Spera, Stephanie A., and Spangler, Keith R.

Subjects
TROPICAL cyclones, EUTROPHICATION, ALGAL blooms, ENVIRONMENTAL engineering
Abstract

The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef ecosystem, is subject to many environmental stressors. This study utilizes remotely sensed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) chlorophyll a concentration data to explore statistically significant relationships between local-scale tropical cyclone disturbance and relative water quality between 2004-2014. The study reveals that tropical cyclone activity reduces water quality at 8- and 16-day time lags. Relationships suggest that at early stages (during and just after cyclone activity) algal response is induced primarily through wind-driven sediment re-suspension. However, wind speed in isolation only increases minimum levels of chlorophyll a, rather than mean or extreme upper values. At greater time lags (16-day), it is suggested that nutrient runoff from rainfall (and perhaps storm surge) increase phytoplankton activity, leading to detrimental ecological effects. The analyses systematically demonstrate the dominance of tropical cyclone size on mean and extreme values of chlorophyll a during and after tropical cyclone activity (at 0-, 8-, and 16-day time lags). Both the total area affected and the area from which nutrients can be extracted have more impact on chlorophyll a concentrations than either the duration or intensity of the cyclone. Findings indicate that efforts to reduce nutrient and sediment leaching into the reef lagoon from the Queensland coastal lands need to be continued and improved. This will be particularly important in the context of climate change, since tropical cyclone frequency, dynamics and characteristics are likely to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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107. Fire in Australian savannas: from leaf to landscape

Author

Beringer, Jason, primary, Hutley, Lindsay B., additional, Abramson, David, additional, Arndt, Stefan K., additional, Briggs, Peter, additional, Bristow, Mila, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Cernusak, Lucas A., additional, Eamus, Derek, additional, Edwards, Andrew C., additional, Evans, Bradley J., additional, Fest, Benedikt, additional, Goergen, Klaus, additional, Grover, Samantha P., additional, Hacker, Jorg, additional, Haverd, Vanessa, additional, Kanniah, Kasturi, additional, Livesley, Stephen J., additional, Lynch, Amanda, additional, Maier, Stefan, additional, Moore, Caitlin, additional, Raupach, Michael, additional, Russell‐Smith, Jeremy, additional, Scheiter, Simon, additional, Tapper, Nigel J., additional, and Uotila, Petteri, additional

Published
2014
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112. Predicting high-wind events impacting Barrow, Alaska through analysis of past regional sea-level pressure patterns

Author

Kahn-Thornbrugh, Casey, Lynch, Amanda, and Cassano, Liz

Abstract

Barrow, Alaska is a coastal community that is vulnerable to coastal flooding and structural damage from local high-wind events during the "ice-free" season from late summer through autumn. Historically, high latitude cyclonic storms with high-winds rarely have affected Barrow, however, with the current warming trend in the Arctic, these storms with high-winds may become more intense. This project intended to identify regional sea-level pressure (SLP) patterns associated with high-wind events in Barrow. This was done with the use of the Self Organizing Map (SOM) algorithm, which identifies frequently occurring spatial patterns within a large data set. The regional of interest encompasses Alaska, eastern Siberia, the Chukchi Sea, the Bearing Sea, and the Beaufort Sea. The 12-hourly SLP input data was obtained from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis for the period August 1 to November 30 from 1948 to 2001. This data was run through the SOM software, which was configured to identify 48 distinct SLP patterns. The 48 SLP output patterns were compared to actual SLP patterns from 14 high-wind events in Barrow from 1950 to 2000. Seventy-two percent of the 12-hourly SLP patterns from the 14 storms were similar to one or more of the 48 SLP output patterns. With the identification of specific types of SLP patterns that have the potential to be destructive to Barrow, local weather forecasters can relay the information to Barrow residents so they are provided with enough time to prepare for these high-wind events.

Published
2003
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113. Contributing to the Prediction of Coastal Flooding: Simulating Wave Heights and Directions along the Coast of Barrow, Alaska

Author

Kahn-Thornbrugh, Casey, Lynch, Amanda, and Cassano, Elizabeth

Subjects
flood heights, extreme weather events, SWAN, storm surges, historical storms, wind speed
Abstract

The community of Barrow, Alaska, Alaska has experienced coastal flooding during extreme weather events throughout events in the past 60 years. To improve the predictions of coastal flooding in coastal communities worldwide, models have been used to simulate flooding caused by storm surges. In many cases the coastal flood heights simulated by these coastal flooding models have been less than the flood heights that have been observed by the affected communities. The hypothesis for this project is that the results from coastal flooding models would be closer to observations if the contributions of waves to local sea level rise were taken into account. The Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model was used to simulate wave heights and directions offshore and in the Barrow coastal vicinity. Wind conditions from 11 historical storms and a recent storm (July 2003) were used as input data for SWAN. The wave simulations for the 11 historical storms showed wave development as a response to a constant wind speed and direction. The wave simulations for the July 2003 storm showed wave development as a response to the average wind speeds and directions every 6 hours. The output data for all the wave simulations consisted of wave height and direction distributions offshore and in the Barrow coastal vicinity. The resulting wave height data compared quite well to community recollections of the coastal wave heights. In a future application, these wave heights will be incorporated into coastal flooding models to test the contribution of waves to coastal flooding in Barrow.

Published
2003
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114. Global insights into water resources, climate change and governance

Author

Pittock, James, Davis, Richard, Williams, John, Fu, Guobin, Warburton, Michele, Udall, Bradley, McKenzie, Ronnie, Yu, Xiubo, Che, Nhu, Connell, Daniel, Jiang, Qiang, Kompas, Thomas, Lynch, Amanda, Norris, Richard, Possingham, Hugh P, Quiggin, John, Grafton, Quentin, Pittock, James, Davis, Richard, Williams, John, Fu, Guobin, Warburton, Michele, Udall, Bradley, McKenzie, Ronnie, Yu, Xiubo, Che, Nhu, Connell, Daniel, Jiang, Qiang, Kompas, Thomas, Lynch, Amanda, Norris, Richard, Possingham, Hugh P, Quiggin, John, and Grafton, Quentin

Abstract

The threats of climate change and the trade-offs between extractions and flows are examined for the Colorado, the Murray, the Orange and the Yellow Rivers. In all four basins, and over a long period of time, outflows have greatly reduced as a direct resul

Published
2012

115. An Evaluation of Arctic Cloud and Radiation processes during the SHEBA year : Simulation results from 8 Arctic Regional Climate Models

Author

Wyser, Klaus, Jones, Colin, Du, P, Girard, Eric, Willen, Ulrika, Cassano, John, Christensen, Jens, Curry, Judy, Dethloff, Klaus, Haugen, J-E, Jacobs, Daniella, Kötzow, M, Laprise, Rene, Lynch, Amanda, Rinke, Annette, Serreze, Mark, Shaw, M, Tjernström, Michael, Zagar, Mark, Wyser, Klaus, Jones, Colin, Du, P, Girard, Eric, Willen, Ulrika, Cassano, John, Christensen, Jens, Curry, Judy, Dethloff, Klaus, Haugen, J-E, Jacobs, Daniella, Kötzow, M, Laprise, Rene, Lynch, Amanda, Rinke, Annette, Serreze, Mark, Shaw, M, Tjernström, Michael, and Zagar, Mark

Published
2008
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116. Global insights into water resources, climate change and governance

Author

Grafton, R. Quentin, primary, Pittock, Jamie, additional, Davis, Richard, additional, Williams, John, additional, Fu, Guobin, additional, Warburton, Michele, additional, Udall, Bradley, additional, McKenzie, Ronnie, additional, Yu, Xiubo, additional, Che, Nhu, additional, Connell, Daniel, additional, Jiang, Qiang, additional, Kompas, Tom, additional, Lynch, Amanda, additional, Norris, Richard, additional, Possingham, Hugh, additional, and Quiggin, John, additional

Published
2012
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133. Global impacts of Arctic climate processes

Author

Dethloff, Klaus, primary, Rinke, Annette, additional, Morrison, Hugh, additional, Dorn, Wolfgang, additional, Gerdes, Ruediger, additional, Maslowski, Wieslaw, additional, Kattsov, Vladimir, additional, Lange, Manfred A., additional, Görgen, Klaus, additional, and Lynch, Amanda, additional

Published
2005
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148. Adaptive governance: how and why does government policy change?

Author

Lynch, Amanda H.

Subjects
Environmental policy -- Analysis -- Laws, regulations and rules, Environmental sustainability -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Analysis, Environmental protection -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Analysis, Environmental issues, Government regulation, Environmental issue, Analysis, Laws, regulations and rules
Abstract

Tackling our environmental issues and moving society toward more sustainable ways of riving require more responsive forms of governance. Amanda H. Lynch explains how adaptive governance leads to new policy. [...]

Published
2008

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