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Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-23T15:20:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PIB-H-0080-2011,_A_FEMINILIDADE_E_A_CRÍTICA_SOCIAL_NAS_MULHERES_DE_PAPEL_DE_JOSÉ_DE_ALENCAR.pdf: 415302 bytes, checksum: 78c479033536676cfdc11013d7b22578 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-31 CNPQ Nesta pesquisa, analisamos o modo como é construída a feminilidade das personagens ou mulheres de papel criadas por José de Alencar, por meio da qual o narrador faz reflexões sobre o papel da mulher na sociedade burguesa no Brasil na segunda metade do século XIX. Para isso, inter-relacionamos dois modelos de crítica literária: a psicanalítica, que aborda o mundo interior das personagens e que neste projeto destaca especificamente o conceito freudiano de feminilidade oposto a masculinidade; e a crítica sociológica, delimitada para a história da mulher na burguesia do período do Romantismo.

Firefly flashing has been the subject of numerous scientific investigations. Here we present in vivo flashes from male specimens of three species of fireflies—two Japanese species Luciola cruciata, Luciola lateralis and one Indian species Luciola praeusta—positioned under a superconducting magnet. When the OFF state of the firefly becomes long after flashing in an immobile state under the strong static magnetic field of strength 10 Tesla for a long time, which varies widely from species to species as well as from specimen to specimen, the effect of the field becomes noticeable. The flashes in general are more rapid, and occasionally overlap to produce broad compound flashes. We present the broadest flashes recorded to date, and propose that the strong static magnetic field affects the neural activities of fireflies, especially those in the spent up or ‘exhausted’ condition.

We recorded the in vivo emission and time-resolved spectra of the firefly Luciola praeusta Kiesenwetter 1874 (Coleoptera : Lampyridae : Luciolinae). The emission spectrum shows that the full width at half maximum (FWHM) value for this particular species is 55 nm, which is significantly narrower than the in vivo half-widths reported till now. The time-resolved spectrum reveals that a flash of about 100 ms duration is, in fact, composed of a number of microsecond pulses. This suggests that the speed of the enzyme-catalysed chemiluminescence reaction in the firefly for the emission of light is much faster than was previously believed.

Luciola (Luciola) antica (Boisduval, 1835) Lampyris antica Boisduval, 1835:128. Luciola antica (Boisduval). Olivier, 1902: 99. Luciola (Luciola) antica (Boisduval). McDermott, 1966:99. Type. " South Seas " location of type unknown. Remarks. Boisduval described a specimen, which he did not sex, with a yellow pronotum having an anterior dark spot, the underside 'lutea' and the abdomen black ringed., Published as part of Ballantyne, Lesley A. & Lambkin, Christine, 2009, Systematics of Indo-Pacific fireflies with a redefinition of Australasian Atyphella Olliff, Madagascan Photuroluciola Pic, and description of seven new genera from the Luciolinae (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), pp. 1-188 in Zootaxa 1997 on page 106, {"references":["Boisduval, J. B. A. D. (1835) Voyage de decouvertes de l' Astrolabe, execute par ordre du Roi, pendant les annees 1826 - 1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont-D'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'ocean Pacifique. Deuxieme partie. Coleopteres et autres ordres. Paris. 716 pp.","Olivier, E. (1902) Catalogue des especes de ' Luciola' et genres voisins decrits jusqu'a ce jour. Revue Scientfique du Bourbonnais et du centre de la France 15, 69 - 88.","McDermott, F. A. (1966) Lampyridae Pars. 9. Coleopterorum Catalogus (Junk-Schenkling) (Ed. Sec), 1 - 149 (Luciolini, 98 - 118)."]}

Larval defensive behaviour and eversible organ morphology were compared in the firefly species Luciola cruciata Motschulsky 1854, L. lateralis Motschulsky 1860, L. leii Fu et Ballantyne 2006, Lampyris noctiluca Linnaeus 1767, Pyrocoelia analis Fabricius 1801, P. pectoralis Oliver 1883, P. sp. and two Diaphanes species. In all cases the eversible organs are located on the pleural cuticle, dorsal to the spiracle, but there is considerable variation between species in their number, size and shape. In La. noctiluca they are confined to the abdomen, whereas in the other species they also occur on the meta- and mesothorax. In La. noctiluca and the Pyrocoelia species the organs are columnar in shape, contrasting with the forked organs of the Luciola and Diaphanes species. The eversible organs of the Luciola species, which are all aquatic, are remarkably larger (relative to body length) than those of the other, terrestrial species. On organ eversion the Luciola species emit an odour resembling pine oil, the Diaphanes species smell weakly of mint and L. noctiluca and the Pyrocoelia species produce no discernible scent, though ants are nonetheless repelled by contact with everted L. noctiluca organs. The organs of all the species studied support protuberances on their external surface, though these too vary in shape, size and ornamentation between species. In all species except L. noctiluca each protuberance is connected to a well-developed globular body via a long, thick stalk. Circular foveae are located in the centres of these globular bodies. The globular bodies consist of secretory cells characterized by the presence of numerous mitochondria and an extensive system of cisternae and tubular endoplasmic reticulum. Behavioural tests revealed that small larvae run away instead of becoming immobile and glowing, whereas large larvae start to glow when disturbed. The study shows that the eversible larval organs form an important part of a defensive arsenal in the Lampyridae.

Luciola cerata Olivier, 1911 Figs 12, 14, 16, 19, 20 Luciola cerata Olivier, 1911: 147. McDermott, 1966: 101; Jeng, Yang & Lai, 2003 b: 260; Chen, 2003: 166; Hua, 2002: 70; Ohba & Yang, 2003: 1. Lectotype male. Labels: 1. ���Is. Formosa, Polisha III 908 (1908) Hans Sauter��� (���Is. Formosa��� and ���Hans Sauter��� printed, Polisha and date HW in black ink). 2. HW ink ��� cerata E. Oliv. 3. red printed label ���Typus���. CMG. Remarks. Dr Roberto Poggi, Curator and Director of the Civic Museum in Genoa, confirmed that there were only two syntype specimens (one male and one female) of Luciola cerata in the Museum collection and suggested that one should be designated as a lectotype. This conforms the requirements of Article 74 (74.1 ��� 74.3) of the ICZN. Diagnosis. Orange yellow pronotum, no dark markings or underlying pink colour; very dark elytra; posterior margin of T 8 not inclining and posterior corners not pointed; aedeagal sheath sternite widening evenly posteriorly and shorter than sheath tergite, posterior margin of the latter deeply emarginate; sheath sternite terminated along its posterior margin by short barely emarginate median hairy process; aedeagus with ML slightly shorter than LL; LL broad apically when viewed from beneath, and bearing on their inner margins cylindrical hairy processes; basal piece moderately sclerotised but not in two asymmetrical halves. Male. 8.7 mm long (excluding head). Colour. Pronotum, MN and MS orange yellow; semitransparent anterior and posterior margins devoid of fat body (Fig. 14). Elytra black. Head, including labrum very dark reddish brown; apical segment maxillary palpi paler brown, of labial palpi very pale brown; antennae with scape and pedicel as dark as head and very shiny, rest of segments dull and slightly paler. Ventral aspect of thorax and all coxae, trochanters and femora except for tips, yellow. Remainder of all legs brown. Abdomen with white LO occupying almost all of V 6 and 7 except for a very narrow clear band along the sides; basal ventrites dark brown; T 7 and 8 pale yellowish semi transparent, remainder of tergites dark brown; dorsally reflexed margins of V 7 white; remaining ventrites brown. Pronotum (Fig. 14): 1.3 mm long; 2.3 mm wide; width/length 1.7; almost 1 / 7 as long as whole body length; wider across posterior margin than elsewhere; width across posterior margin slightly less than width across elytral humeri; median anterior margin rounded and projecting beyond rounded obtuse anterolateral corners; lateral margins diverging along their length and not indented near or at posterolateral corner; posterolateral corners rounded, angle obtuse, angle subtended obliquely with median line of pronotum, and projecting beyond posterior margin and delimited by a shallow emargination; hypomeron flattened only in posterior half; dorsal surface mainly smooth, gently convex, with median sulcus moderately depressed along its length; short ridges extending obliquely from posterolateral area to median area of disc; convexity over posterior margin of eye not obvious; dorsal surface of median posterior area not strongly flattened; posterolateral area lacking irregular small low tubercles; punctation small not dense, separated 1���2 times their width in all areas of surface. Elytra: 7.4 mm long; punctation not conspicuously larger than pronotal punctation, not linear; apex not deflexed; interstitial lines not well defined; lacking a strongly defined humeral carina; epipleuron and sutural ridge extending to but not around rounded apex, neither thickened apically; subparallel-sided for approximately 6 / 7 of their length with some convergence of lateral margins in posterior 1 / 7; closed elytra contiguous along almost all their length; when viewed from beneath epipleuron concealing elytral humerus; when viewed from above epipleuron first visible at the sides of the elytra anterior to the posterior margin of MS. Head: considerably exposed, not capable of much retraction into the prothoracic cavity; moderately deeply depressed between eyes; lacking posterolateral eye excavation; GHW 2.1 mm; SIW 0.3 mm; labrum wider than long and reaching to inner edges of mandibular bases; ASD Remarks. Macropterous females and larvae similar in morphology to P. q i n g y u are associated with this species (Ohba & Yang 2003; Chen 2003). In a new species of Pygoluciola from the Philippines (Ballantyne 2008), the aedeagal sheath tergite has a narrow well sclerotised transverse plate which appears loosely attached at its sides to the lateral margins of the sheath; its precise origin is not known but it may be an anterior portion of the sheath tergite that has separated slightly. Its appearance is very similar to that seen in L. cerata., Published as part of Fu, Xin Hua & Ballantyne, Lesley, 2008, Taxonomy and behaviour of lucioline fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) with redefinition and new species of Pygoluciola Wittmer from mainland China and review of Luciola LaPorte, pp. 1-44 in Zootaxa 1733 on pages 13-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181382, {"references":["Olivier, E. (1911) Lampyrides rapporte de Formose par M. Hans Sauter determines et decrits par Ernest Olivier. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (3 a) V, 145 - 148.","McDermott, F. A. (1966) Lampyridae Pars. 9. Coleopterorum Catalogus (Junk-Schenkling) (Ed. Sec), 1 - 149 (Luciolini, 98 - 118).","Jeng, M. L., Yang, P. S. & Lai, J. (2003 b) Notes on the genus Luciola (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Luciolinae) of Taiwan. Special Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Coleopterologists, Tokyo 6, 247 - 262.","Chen, T. R. (2003) The fireflies of Taiwan. Field Image Publisher, Taipei 255 pp. (In Chinese)","Hua, L. Z. (2002) List of Chinese insects (2 volumes). Zhongshan (Sun Yat - sen) University Press, Guangzhou.","Ohba, N. & Yang, P. S. (2003) Flash patterns and communication system of the Taiwanese firefly, Luciola cerata Olivier. Science Report of the Yokosuka City Museum, 50, 1 - 12.","Ballantyne, L. A. (2008) Pygoluciola satoi, a new species of the rare SE Asian firefly genus Pygoluciola Wittmer (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) from the Philippines. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 56 (1), 1 - 9."]}

In vivo emission and time-resolved spectra of firefly Luciola praeusta Kiesenwetter 1874 (Coleoptera : Lampyridae : Luciolinae) have been recorded. The emission spectrum shows the FWHM value for this particular species to be 55 nm, which is significantly narrower than the in vivo half widths reported till now. The time-resolved spectrum reveals that a flash, of duration about a hundred milliseconds, is in fact composed of a number of microsecond pulses. This result suggests that the speed of the enzyme-catalysed chemiluminescence reaction in the firefly for the emission of light is much faster than is believed to be.

Luciola aquatilis Thancharoen, sp. nov. (Figs. 1���4) Specimens examined. Holotype: Male, from laboratory culture. The original individuals were collected from Samut Prakarn Province, Thailand, 13 �� 40 ��� 20.01 ��� N, 100 �� 33 ��� 13.50 ��� E, Bangyor district, Phrapradaeng, 4.88 m, xi. 2003. collected by A. Thancharoen. Paratypes: 9 males, 10 females, same data as holotype. Additional material examined: LAOS: 6 males and 2 females, Vanvieng, Vanvieng Resort, alt. 233 m, 18 �� 54 ��� 43.5 ���N, 102 �� 26 ��� 36.5 ���E, 27���28.V. 2004, M.L. Jeng. Diagnosis. The dominant characteristics of L. aquatilis males that distinguish it from other aquatic Luciola are its brownish dorsal coloration with dark regions present at base and apex of elytra, elytral punctation in lines, sclerites associated with aedeagal sheath, and shape of aedeagal sheath., Published as part of Thancharoen, Anchana, Ballantyne, Lesley A., Branham, Marc A. & Jeng, Ming-Luen, 2007, Description of Luciola aquatilis sp. nov., a new aquatic firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) from Thailand, pp. 55-62 in Zootaxa 1611 on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.178948

After Luciola praeusta Kiesenwetter 1874, Asymmetricata circumdata (Motschulsky) is the second Indian species of firefly identified recently. Here we present steady-state and time-resolved measurements of bioluminescence emissions of male specimens of this new-found species. Steady-state spectra recorded in a high-resolution spectrometer show the peak wavelength at 570 nm, while the same on a colour film in a glass spectrograph show the peak at 579 nm between green and red bands, which prompts speculation that a sharp, laser-like line might exist in the emission spectrum of this species just as the one in L. praeusta . The diffraction pattern produced by a grating consolidates this proposition. Flashes recorded in an oscilloscope reveal the appearance of a small pulse in combination with the main one, which becomes prominent both at low and high temperatures.

The Luciolinae firefly genus Pyrophanes is redescribed and a key is provided for 7 species, viz. appendiculata Olivier, beccarii Olivier, quadrimaculata Olivier, semilimbata (Olivier) and similis Olivier, with Py. elongata Ballantyne sp. nov. and Py. similisimma Ballantyne sp. nov. described as new. Macropterous females associated for several species have 2 pairs of broad bursa plates. Following an enlarged phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters, an expanded generic description of Pteroptyx Olivier now accommodates four new species with metafemoral combs. Three of these have an entire light organ in ventrite 7 but are without the generic hallmark of deflexed elytral apices in the male. The first species of Pteroptyx to possess these features are Pt. sayangia Ballantyne sp. nov., Pt. galbina Jusoh sp. nov. and Pt. surabayia Ballantyne sp. nov. Based on a single unusual specimen Pt. gombakia Ballantyne sp. nov. is here described with deflexed elytral apices and bipartite light organ in ventrite 7, but with exceptional incurving lobes along the posterior margin of ventrite 7, which is a characteristic of Pyrophanes. The description of Luciola testacea Motschulsky is discussed and many morphological characters of its type specimen are correctly outlined. Its place as the type for Pteroptyx is addressed. Inflata gen. nov. Boontop is erected for specimens of Luciola indica Motschulsky as Inflata indica (Motsch.) comb. nov., and is described from males and reliably associated females. Discussion overviews the present situation regarding Luciolinae taxonomy of southeast Asian and the Australopacific regions.

Luciferases are unique enzymes in being capable of emitting visible light as one of the end-products of their catalysis. Both procaryotic and eucaryotic organisms exist that emit light, and the luciferases from these organisms differ considerably in size as well as chemistry of catalysis. Two main, i.e. most studied groups, are the bacterial luciferases of e.g. Vibrio fisheri, Vibrio harveyi, and Photorhabdus luminescens, responding to FMNH2, long-chain aldehyde and molecular oxygen and the insect luciferases of the fireflies Photinus pyralis and Luciola minengrelica or click beetle Pyrophorus plagiophthalamus, responding to ATP, luciferin and molecular oxygen. An emerging amount of ‘new’ luciferases from shrimps, fish, jelly fish and overall from marine origin, are finding their way to biotechnological applications. The common feature of these is their ability to produce light within the visible region of the spectrum, i.e. between 450 nm (blue) and 630 nm (red). In this short review, we discuss some of the recent advances on fusion proteins of eucaryotic luciferases and their applications. Special emphasis is placed on a streptavidin–luciferase fusion protein produced by insect cells using the baculovirus expression system.

Abscondita, a new genus of fireflies from South-east Asia, is described from males and females of Abs. anceyi (Olivier 1883), Abs. cerata (Olivier 1911), Abs. chinensis (L. 1767), Abs. perplexa (Walker 1858), Abs. promelaena (Walker 1858) and Abs. terminalis (Olivier 1883), all transferred from Luciola Laporte. Both L. dubia Olivier 1903 and L. dejeani Gemminger 1870 are synonymised with Luciola perplexa (Walker), and L. aegrota Olivier 1891 and L. melaspis Bourgeois 1909 with L. promelaena Walker. Females are characterised by their bursa plates. Larvae are associated and described for Abs. anceyi (Olivier), Abs. chinensis (L.) and Abs. terminalis (Olivier). Taxonomic issues regarding the identification of species with very similar colouration of pale dorsum and black tipped elytra are addressed and in some cases resolved. A neotype for Luciola chinensis (L.) is erected and Luciola praeusta (Kiesenwetter 1874) is synonymised with L. chinensis (L.). Descriptions of life histories, biology and flashing patterns of populations of Abs. chinensis and Abs. terminalis from central China are included. A bs. terminalis is the first Asian firefly known to possess multiple flash trains where males are documented to display with repeating flash trains.

SUMMARY The morphology of the alimentary and reproductive organs of L. discicollis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) was studied in detail. The alimentary canal possesses a pouch-like proventriculus. It is suggested that this structure was once functional in ancestral Lampyridae. The details of the reproductive organs are given and it appears that they might be of value in determining the inter-relationships of the families included in the superfamily Cantharoidea. Male and female specimens of L. discicollis have been found to exhibit sexual dimorphism particularly marked in respect of the gut and the size of the eyes.

The flashed mating signals of 22 species of Luciolinae in the genera Luciola and Pteroptyx are diagnostic aids to field identification, and indirect evidence suggests that information-coding parameters are similar to those of New World Photinus species. A new element of potential coding significance, the intensity ratios of modulations within flashes, was revealed by the emissions of 3 Pteroptyx species. In addition, a coding significance may explain the lengthy emissions composed of recurring modulation patterns in seemingly random fashion that are characteristic of males and females of 2 species. It is possible that the females of Luciola obsoleta (E. Olivier) learn the luminescent repertoires of individual males. The evolutionary origin of some communicatively significant luminescent patterns may have been illumination flashes and glows, such as those presently observed in landing individuals. The mating protocols of Luciolinae fireflies vary greatly in complexity, from the very simple to the most complex yet found in luminescent organisms. Although mass synchronous flashing of fireflies is conspicuous and is associated with mating behavior, it probably is of little reproductive significance. This phenomenon may merely be the gross consequence of individual males synchronizing with their neighbors as they compete in small clusters for females on an extremely localized level.

The identity of Luciola australis (F.) is clarified and Luciola pudica Olliff is synonymised with it. Its adults and larvae are redescribed. Luciola guerini Laporte is a nomen nudum and the name is validated below.

Control of effector activity by nerve has been studied exhaustively in muscle and to a lesser extent in glands and in electric organs. Coordinated light production by congregations of specialized photocytes represents an entirely different kind of effector activity, in which neural control, though long suspected, has only recently been established directly. Thus far it is only in the light organ or lantern of certain fireflies of the beetle family Lampyridae that nerve endings have been demonstrated (Smith, 1963), excitatory volleys in peripheral lantern nerves recorded (Case and Buck, 1963; Buonamici and Magni, 1967; Magni, 1967) and pharmacological evidence of neurosecretory excitation adduced (Smalley, 1965). However, the firefly lantern is a particularly favorable material in which to study excitation-effector coupling because it excels all other photophores in versatility and precision of control and because there exists a large body of detailed information about the biochemistry, physiology and morphology of the light-emitting system. Recently recordings have been made of the flashing of fireflies of the genus Pteroptyx in Bornea and Thailand (Buck and Buck, 1968). These insects can produce flashes lasting only about 30 msec. and can flash repetitively at frequencies of more than 30 per second. Because this is at least three times as sharp a control as in any previously studied firefly, and because electron microscopic studies on species from the tropical orient have not previously been reported, the fine structure of the Pteroptyx lantern was studied. For comparison we present also some data for the firefly genera Luciola and Pyrophanes from the same regions.

THE synchronous flashing behaviour of Asian fireflies has drawn the attention of Western naturalists for more than 100 yr, and was reported even earlier1. Recent research and interest have been devoted to the physiological mechanisms of synchrony and the group display phenomenon, and have neglected consideration of individual fireflies within the swarms, their mating behaviour, and the significance of synchronizing to the individual. In this article I deal with these aspects of the biology of these fireflies. In Melanesia I observed eight species of Pteroptyx, the synchronizing fireflies, and fifteen species of Luciola, an allied genus. From these observations, published notes of others concerning Pteroptyx and observations of ninety-six species in other firefly genera, a model for the basic mating protocol of these confusing fireflies can be constructed.

Referring to my reply to Prof. S. P. Thompson (Nature. July 29), concerning fire-fly light, I can confirm what then I wrote. Mr. H. Muraoka has sent to me from Kioto in Japan a letter from which I derive the following particulars. (1) In the neighbourhood of Kioto there are about nine kinds of Luciolae, which Mr. H. Muraoka continues improperly to call, in German, Johanniskafern. (2) The insects used by him were probably Luciola vitlicollis and Luciola picticollis (Kiesenn).

THE eggs of the coleopteran fire-fly, Luciola gorhami, found in the plains of the Punjab, have proved to be objects of rare value for the study of the problem of the origin of yolk. There are two kinds of yolk in these eggs: albuminous and fatty. The former arises directly from nucleolar extrusions of a remarkable type. At a very early stage in the growth period the nucleolus shows signs of intense activity and buds off numerous round bodies of different sizes, which are thrown out in the cytoplasm. The nucleolus continues to throw out these extrusions until the very last stage in oogenesis. At the beginning of this process the extrusions migrate towards the periphery of the egg-cytoplasm, where they grow in size, perhaps at the expense of food materials derived from the follicle cells.

A variety of male insect structures are used to hold females during mating including mandibles (Sivinski 1981), tergal gin traps (pinching organs) (Morris 1979), genital claspers (Wing 1982), antennae and modified legs (Parker 1970). Such structures may prevent other males from taking over a receptive female (Parker 1970), and they may enable the male to manipulate the female to his advantage-e.g. for forceful insemination (Thornhill 1982; see also, Lloyd 1979). The hooked elytral tips of Pteroptyx fireflies, long a puzzle to biologists who observed them and also the primary criterion for separating the genus Pteroptyx from Luciola, are used to clamp the female during mating in Pteroptyx valida, and probably other species. Here we present the details of this clamping as it occurs in P. Valida.

The advertising flashes and general ecology of four species of Luciola fireflies from the Bangkok, tidal region of Thailand are reported, and comparisons made with other species. The general signal systems and aquatic life-histories found fit with what has been reported for other Asian and Australian Luciolinae.

IN NATURE of November 23 (vol. lxxxviii., p. in) there is a letter from Messrs. Singh and Maulik on the nature of the light of the firefly (Luciola), in which they report the penetration of opaque substances by the rays from these insects to such an extent as to affect a photographic plate. Their results are essentially similar to those reported by Muraoka (Wiedemann's Ann. d. Chem. u. Physik, 1896, vol. ccxcv., pp. 773-81; Journ. Coll. Sci., Tokyo, 1897, vol. ix., pp. 129-39), an explanation of which has been given by Molisch (Leuchtende Pflanzen, Jena, 1904; Report, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1905, pp. 351-62). The spectral structure of the light of Lampyrid has been studied spectrophotographically by Ives and Coblentz (Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., 1910, vol. vi., pp. 321-36), and also separately by Ives (Physical Review, 1910, vol. xxxi., pp. 637-51) and Coblentz (Physikal. Zeitschrift, 1911, vol. xii., pp. 917“20; also in Canad. Entomol., 1911, vol. xliii., pp. 355-60).

THE nature of the light emitted by fireflies (Malacoder-mid fam., genus Luciola) has hitherto been very little investigated. The idea that it is phosphorescent seems to have been generally accepted. On observing the beautiful green fluorescence of the light emitted by the insect when it is put in a glass tube, we were struck by the close resemblance of this light to that of the Crookes's tube. Could it be like that of the X-rays?