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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of concentrate levels (CL) (45 to 90% on a dry matter basis) on the abundance of some species of cultured-rumen bacterial, protozoa, and Archaea in four rumen-fitted Nellore cattle. Species-designated primers were used to quantify rumen bacteria, while group and Domain-specific primers were used to quantify protozoa and Archaea by qPCR. CL caused a tendency of quadratic effect (p = 0.067) in the abundance of Fibrobacter succinogenes, while the abundance of Ruminococcus albus (p = 0.003) and Selenomans ruminantium (p = 0.006) presented a linear increase according to CL. Prevotella ruminicola abundance was quadratically affected by CL (p = 0.005), and Streptococcus bovis demonstrated a tendency of linear decrease (p = 0.076). There was no effect of CL in the abundance of Archaea (p = 0.248), but there was a quadratic effect in the abundance of protozoa (p = 0.033). The increase in CL from 45 to 90% for feedlot cattle promoted significant changes in the abundance of some species of bacteria and protozoa. However, these changes were more abrupt than reported in the literature because the changes in the diets were made progressively. Thus, a progressive increase in CL seems to cause few disturbances in the abundance of cultured rumen bacteria.

This paper aims to investigate the influence of increasing chitosan doses on the relative proportion and abundance of cellulotytic, amylolytic bacteria, and Archaea transcripts for grazing cattle. ...

Objetivou-se investigar diferentes níveis de inclusão de três coprodutos (farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado, grão de destilaria de milho e farelo de girassol) sob os parâmetros de degradação ruminal e digestibilidade in vitro. As dietas experimentais foram constituídas pela inclusão de níveis de 0, 100, 200 e 300 (g kg-1) dos coprodutos. A inclusão farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado não alterou (P>0,05) a produção de gases da fração CNF, a taxa de degradação da fração CNF e a taxa de degradação da fração fibrosa, enquanto, a produção de gases da fração fibrosa apresentou redução linear (P0,05) a digestibilidade da MS e a taxa de degradação da fração rápida digestão, entretanto a produção de gases da fração de rápida digestão (VGCNF) apresentou redução linear (P0,05) a produção de gases, a taxa de degradação da fração CNF e digestibilidade da MS. Assim o grão seco da destilaria do milho e o farelo de girassol podem ser incluídos até o nível de 300 g kg-1 nas dietas, e o farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado incluído em níveis de até 100 g kg-1. Palavras-chave: degradação ruminal; farelo de girassol; farelo de gérmen de milho; grão seco da destilaria do milho. PARAMETERS OF RUMINAL DEGRADATION AND IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF DIETS FOR RUMINANTS USING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INDUSTRIAL CO-PRODUCTS ABSTRACT: The objective was to investigate different levels of inclusion of three co-products (defatted corn germ meal, corn distillery grain and sunflower meal) under the parameters of ruminal degradation and in vitro digestibility. The experimental diets were constituted by the inclusion of levels of 0, 100, 200 and 300 (g kg-1) of the co-products. The inclusion of defatted corn germ meal no effect (P>0.05) the production of NFC fraction gases, the NFC fraction degradation rate and the fibrous fraction degradation rate, while the production of fibrous fraction gases presented a linear reduction (P0.05) the digestibility of DM and the rate of degradation of the fast digest fraction, however the production of gases of the fast digest fraction showed a linear reduction (P0.05) the gas production, the NFC fraction degradation rate and DM digestibility. Thus, the dry grain of the corn distillery and sunflower meal can be included up to the level of 300 g kg-1 in the diets, and the defatted corn germ meal included in levels of up to 100 g kg-1. Key words: ruminal degradation; sunflower meal; corn germ meal; dry grain from corn distillery.

Brazil is one of the few countries in the world that can produce animal products, grains, fibers, and bioenergy in the same area, either in a consortium, rotation, or succession. Our objective was to compare pasture productivity and animal performance in agroforestry systems with grass monoculture in the Brazilian Amazon Biome. The experiment was carried out in Sinop, MT, Brazil, with Nellore steers in a continuous stocking with variable stocking rate. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with four systems and four replicates. The palisadegrass [Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster cv. Marandu] was planted in the four systems: livestock (grass monoculture); livestock–forestry [eucalyptus trees (Eucalyptus urograndis; hybrid of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden and Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake) arranged in three-row groves spaced 30 m apart]; crop–livestock (palisadegrass after two years of crops); and crop–livestock–forestry (palisadegrass after two years of crops with single rows of eucalyptus trees spaced 37 m apart). The herbage accumulation was greater in the systems with the two previous cropping years (crop–livestock and crop–livestock–forestry) than in the livestock and livestock–forestry, in both seasons. In the crop–livestock–forestry, the greatest herbage accumulation associated with the modified microclimate supported the greatest average daily gain (0.750 kg BW day− 1), stocking rate in both seasons, resulting in the greatest gain per area (940 kg BW ha− 1). We conclude that agroforestry systems assure pasture productivity and animal performance similar or greater than livestock (grass monoculture). Furthermore, the combination of two previous crop years and the least tree density optimized the synergy between crop, livestock, and forestry components, improving beef cattle productivity in crop–livestock–forestry systems.

The aim of the study was to identify suitability of different purpose sorghum cultivars for silage production and for green chopping, at the first and second season, based on the chemical composition and degradation kinetics. The experiment was based on a randomized block design with four replicates, with sowing in the months of November and March, as the first and second season, respectively. The trial was conducted at the Plant Production Sector of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondonia, Colorado do Oeste campus, and chemical analyses were performed at the Animal Nutrition Laboratory of the Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiaba campus. The treatments comprised six sorghum hybrids of different purposes (BRS 308 and BRS 310, grain sorghum; BRS 655 and BRS 610, forage sorghum; BRS 506 and CMSXS 647, sweet sorghum). The chemical composition, digestibility, and kinetic parameters were evaluated. At the first season, there was a higher digestibility (P < 0.0001) for sweet sorghum BRS 506, while for the second season, both grain sorghum BRS 308 and sweet sorghum cultivars BRS 506 and CMSXS 647 presented higher digestibility (P = 0.0005). Considering the nutritional value, all sorghum cultivars have the potential to produce silage, or to be used as green chop, at the first and second season.

To estimate the nutritional requirements of hair sheep, knowledge about the animal’s weight and its relationships with growth performances is essential. A study was carried with the objective to establish the relationships between BW, fasting BW (FBW), empty BW (EBW), average daily gain (ADG) and empty BW gain (EBWG) for hair sheep in growing and finishing phases in Brazilian conditions. Databases were obtained from 32 studies, for a total of 1145 observations; there were 3 sex classes (non-castrated male, castrated male and female) and 2 feeding systems (pasture and feedlot). The most representative breeds in the database were Santa Ines (n = 473), Morada Nova (n = 70) and Brazilian Somali (n = 47). The other animals in the database were crossbreeds (n = 555). The FBW (kg), EBW and EBWG (kg/day) were estimated according to linear regression. A random coefficient model was adopted, considering the study as a random effect and including the possibility of covariance between the slope and the intercept. The coefficients obtained from the linear regression of the FBW against the BW, EBW against the FBW and EBWG against the ADG did not differ between sex class (P > 0.05) and genotype (P > 0.05). The equations generated to estimate FBW from the BW, EBW from the FBW and EBWG from the ADG are as follows: FBW = −0.5470 (±0.2025) + 0.9313(±0.019) × BW, EBW = −1.4944 (±0.3639) + 0.8816 (±0.018) × FBW and EBWG = 0.906 (±0.019) × ADG, respectively. The low mean squared error values found in the cross-validation confirmed the reliability of these equations. Considering a sheep with a BW of 30 kg and a 100 g ADG, the estimated FBW, EBW and EBWG calculated using the generated equations are 27, 22.65 and 0.090 kg, respectively. In conclusion, the generated equations can be used in growing hair sheep. The validation procedure applied to the generated equations showed that its use for hair sheep seems to be appropriate.

This paper aims to investigate the influence of increasing chitosan doses on the relative proportion and abundance of cellulotytic, amylolytic bacteria, and

This study aimed to evaluate the bromatological traits of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã submitted to different cutting heights and nitrogen (N) rates. A randomized complete block design with sixteen treatments and four replications was used. The treatments arranged in 4x4 factorial arrangement, comprised four cutting heights (8, 16, 24 and 32 cm) and nitrogen rates (0, 100, 200, 300 kg N ha-1). N rates were applied after a standardization cutting. Agronomic traits comprised number of tillers, dry mass, leaf blade pseudocolus ratio and amount of senescent material. Bromatological traits of morphological components leaf blade and pseudostem comprised crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and mineral matter (MM). In the first and second cuttings, maximum yields were obtained at 16 and 32 cm cutting heights combined with N rates of 180.5 and 230.5 kg ha-1, respectively. No interaction was observed between N rates and cutting heights. It was concluded that 16 and 24 cm cutting heights combined with N rates of 200 and 300 kg ha-1 improved agronomic and bromatological traits of Brachiaria with a better efficiency in pasture system.

The present work aimed to evaluate the correlation of the agronomic characteristics of sunflower genotypes grown for seven years in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, as an aid for the indirect selection of genotypes. The data were obtained from experiments conducted in the period from 2009 to 2017, in the municipality of Campo Verde, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, using different sunflower genotypes. Pearson correlation analysis was performed between the following agronomic characteristics: Initial flowering (IF), physiological maturation (PM), plant height (PH), thousand achene weight (TAW), achene yield (AY), oil content (OC) and oil yield (OY). A strong positive correlation (r = 0.75*) was observed between IF and AY, and a moderately strong positive correlation (r = 0.67*) between PM and AY. There was a negative correlation (r = -0.51*) between TAW and OC, as well as between plant height and achene yield (r = -0.32*) and oil yield (r = -0.34*). Late-cycle genotypes showed a positive correlation with achene yield and oil yield. Smaller plants favor productive parameters. Further studies and the anticipation of the crop sowing season in the second crop are suggested due to the local edaphoclimatic conditions.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics, chemical composition and in vitro gas production of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) cultivars used in ruminant feed. The experimental design was a randomized block containing seven treatments and three replications totaling 21 plots. The cultivars RB835436, RB925211, RB925345, RB937570, RB945961, RB955970 e SP91-1049 was evaluated for dry matter, dry matter yield, stalk percentage, stalk tons per hectare, plant height, stalk diameter, number of tillers per linear meter, mass per stem, soluble solids content (BRIX), NDF/BRIX ratio and tons of sucrose/ha, total digestible nutrients, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, net energy and in vitro digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent, of digestion and In vitro gas production of non-fibrous carbohydrates, latency time, digestion rate and gas production of fibrous carbohydrates, and in vitro digestibility of organic matter. There was a significant difference between the cultivars regarding the neutral detergent fiber content, in vitro digestibility of organic matter, total digestible nutrients, digestible energy, net energy, degradation rates of fibrous and non-fibrous carbohydrates and latency period. There was a negative correlation between stem percentage and NDF/BRIX and positive correlation between in vitro digestibility of organic matter and total digestible nutrients. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and mean test by Scott-Knott and Pearson's correlation analysis. The statistical program used was SAEG 2000. The RB835486 variety was superior to the other cultivars, as it presented 93.28% of stem, 57.5% of in vitro digestibility of organic matter, NDF / BRIX ratio of 2.68, 43.78% NDF, latency period 2.86h and fibrous carbohydrate degradation rate of 2.26% per hour. Therefore, this cultivar was better indicated for animal feeding between May and July in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

The goal with this study was to evaluate the morphological characteristics, nutritive value and the forage dry matter (DM) accumulation of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu in different stages of deferment under nitrogen fertilization levels. The experimental design was a randomized block in split-plot, with three replicates. Plot treatments corresponded to two levels of fertilization (with and without). Split-plot treatments corresponded to four deferment periods (March, April, May, June). Plant height and forage DM accumulation increased (P = .05), while the leaves percentage decreased according to the deferral months. Regarding the fertilization, the percentage of leaves was lower (P= .05) with nitrogen use. The DM content was higher (P = .05) in pastures deferred for a longer time. The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content increased due to fertilization and greater deferral period. The crude protein (CP) level decreased as the deferral periods. Nitrogen fertilization proved to be viable for the production of good quality forage. The reduction in the deferment period produces forage with better morphological composition and nutritive value.

The objective evaluates the anatomy of elephant grass under different defoliation frequencies and levels of insertion on the tiller. The experiment was set up as a completely randomized design with...

We tested the hypothesis that supplementation with protein improves fermentation parameters without damaging the rumen microbial populations of beef cattle grazing Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu during the dry season. Four rumen-cannulated Nellore bulls (571 ± 31 kg of body weight) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The treatments were not supplemented with concentrate (only free-choice mineral salt ad libitum) and supplemented (supplements with low-LPSU, medium-MPS, and high protein supplement—HPS), supplying 155, 515, and 875 g/animal/day of crude protein (CP), respectively. The abundance of each target taxon was calculated as a fraction of the total 16S rRNA gene copies in the samples, using taxon-specific and domain bacteria primers. There was no difference (P > 0.05) across treatments for intakes of dry matter (DM), forage and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), digestibility of DM and NDF, and ruminal pH. Animals supplemented with concentrate had greater (P

This study aimed to evaluate intake, animal performance and carcass traits with the inclusion of corn dried distiller grains (DDGs) replacing cornmeal (Zea mays L.) in non-forage-based diets for finishing feedlot Nellore cattle. Sixty-four uncastrated Nellore cattle weighing 267.22 ± 20.4 kg and 18 ± 3 months old were distributed in 16 pens. Experimental diets were based on cornmeal, cottonseed cake, a mineral mixture and increased levels of DDG replacing cornmeal (0, 10, 20 and 30% on a dry matter basis). The study lasted 135 days, and the intake of nutrients and body weight gain were monitored. At the end of the study, the animals were slaughtered to measure their carcass traits. During the first 34 days of the study, the DDG levels linearly increased dry matter intake and intake of all nutrients. In other phases of the feedlot, the DDG levels did not have any effect on DMI or ADG but caused a quadratic effect on hot carcass weight. Thus, DDG can replace cornmeal in non-forage diets fed to feedlot Nellore cattle without any negative effect on intake or animal performance.

The effect of the association of non-protein nitrogen, yeast, and bacterial probiotics on the ruminal microbiome of beef cattle intensively finished on pasture was evaluated. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of a group of animals kept on pasture that received low consumption supplementation (LS) and four groups that received for 98 days, 17.5 g concentrate kg-1 body weight. The supplements were composed of the association of additives: urea (U), slow-release non-protein nitrogen (U+SRN), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; U+SRN+Y), and bacterial probiotics (live strains of bacteria; U+SRN+Y+BP). All supplements also contained salinomycin and virginiamycin. After slaughtering the animals, samples of ruminal content were collected to quantify groups of fibrolytic bacteria (Ruminococcus albus and Fibrobacter succinogenes), non-fibrolytic (Prevotella ruminicola, Selenomonas ruminantium, and Streptococcus bovis), Archaea, and ciliate protozoa, using the qPCR technique. The abundance of F. succinogenes was the same for the LS animals and those that received the supplement U+SRN+Y (1.42×108 copies mL-1) but higher than the other treatments. Supplementation reduced by 90% the abundance of S. bovis compared to the LS. The inclusion of yeast increased the abundance of fibrolytic bacteria by 2.2-fold. For animals that received the supplement U+SRN+Y+BP and the LS, there was no difference for non-fibrolytic bacteria (3.07×109 copies mL-1). The use of yeasts and sources of non-protein nitrogen in high-concentrate diets for beef cattle stimulates the growth of fibrolytic bacteria, which can contribute to the reduction of digestive disorders and metabolic diseases in animals that receive diets with high concentrate in pasture intensive termination systems.

The objective of this study was to evaluate increasing levels of inclusion of dry distillery grains (DDGs) in substitution of corn and urea in multiple supplements for beef cattle of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu on the consumption, digestibility, and efficiency of microbial synthesis and use of nitrogen. We used four Nellore bulls cannulated in the rumen with an average age of 24 months and 445.12 ± 34.4 kg of body weight (BW), in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Supplements differed by the inclusion level of DDG (0%, 31.5%, 63.0%, and 94.5%). Increasing levels of DDG inclusion decreased dry matter intake (DMI) (P = 0.002), forage (P = 0.002), organic matter (OM) (P = 0.001), crude protein (CP) (P = 0.037), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) (P 0.001) and had a quadratic effect on the intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) (P = 0.002). It was observed an increase in the digestibility of ether extract (EE) (P = 0.005), however a decrease in the digestibility of NFC (P = 0.001). Inclusion of DDG did not influence ruminal pH. There was a quadratic effect at collection times for ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen (P 0.05), except for the supplement with 94.5% DDG where the effect was linear (P = 0.002). Nitrogen intake was 10.9% higher when there was no DDG in the supplement, compared with the supplement with 94.5% DDG (P = 0.039). The excretion of N by feces was greater when there was a greater amount of DDG in the supplement (P = 0.027), the opposite occurred with urine excretion of N, being higher when there was less amount of DDG in the supplement (P = 0.027). Increasing levels of DDG did not affect ruminal microbial protein yield (P 0.05). Replacing corn and urea with up to 94.5% DDGs in multiple supplements resulted in no adverse effect efficiency of microbial synthesis, although nutrient intake, total digestible nutrients, and use of nitrogen were reduced at 94.5% DDG inclusion.

The effect of the association of non-protein nitrogen, yeast, and bacterial probiotics on the ruminal microbiome of beef cattle intensively finished on pasture was evaluated. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of a group of animals kept on pasture that received low consumption supplementation (LS) and four groups that received for 98 days, 17.5 g concentrate kg

Background:Actinobacillosis in adult horses is rare, and is often associated with infection due to Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli, which is a commensal organism inhabiting the oral cavity of healthy animals. It is an opportunistic pathogen, and the infection usually occurs secondary to another primary disease or due to predisposing factors such as pre-existing lesions, mainly in the oral cavity. Infection may be associated with peritonitis, bacterial endocarditis, pneumonia, enteritis, infectious periorchitis, abortion, and septicemia. This paper aims to describe the clinical, microbiological, and pathological aspects of actinobacillosis in the oral cavity of a horse.Case:A case of actinobacillosis has been reported in a 22-year-old gelding Quarter Horse. According to the owner, the animal presented with progressive weight loss during the previous three months, and leakage of food from the oral cavity. Examination of the oral cavity revealed sharp enamel overgrowths, which had been corrected during a previous dental procedure. However, five days after the procedure, the animal developed halitosis. Ceftiofur sodium (4.4 mg/kg intramuscularly, every 24 h) was prescribed; two days after the commencement of antimicrobial therapy, the animal presented with sialorrhea, bilateral submandibular lymphadenomegaly, protrusion of the tongue, edema of the base of the tongue, cheeks, and gums, in addition to black-colored sores and scales in the oral mucosa, particularly affecting the base of the tongue and gums. Samples from ulcerative lesions found at the base of the tongue and gums were collected using sterile swabs, and culture and antibiogram were requested. Microbiological culture led to the growth of small colonies measuring less than 5 mm in diameter, that were non-hemolytic, slightly whitish in color but non-opaque, smooth and bright in appearance. These were identified as gram-negative rods on microscopy, and further characterized as Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli based on the phenotypic and biochemical findings. The antibiogram revealed sensitivity of the organisms to cephalothin and doxycycline, intermediate sensitivity to amoxicillin, and resistance to florfenicol, metronidazole, clindamycin, and sulfazotrim. The complete blood count revealed anemia with a reduction in hemoglobin (10.1 g/dL) and hematocrit (27.9%), neutrophilia (10.670 x 10³ /mm³), and lymphopenia (330 x 10³ /mm³). Decrease in serum albumin (2.0 g/dL) and alkaline phosphatase (91 IU/L), and increase in globulin (4.9 g/dL), aspartate aminotransferase (361 4 IU/L), and urea (123.8 mg/dL) were noted on biochemical analyses. Two days after the onset of acute clinical signs, the animal died; necropsy revealed severe, subacute, fibronecrotic glossitis associated with myriads of basophilic bacteria.Discussion:This report describes an infection of the oral cavity by Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli following a dental procedure, a finding compatible with the opportunistic nature of these bacteria. The presence of enamel overgrowths resulted in the formation of traumatic lesions on the oral mucosa and tongue that favored colonization of the bacteria. The case of equine glossitis reported in this study had a similar clinical presentation to the classic actinobacillosis in cattle, also known as “wooden tongue”, an infection caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii; common symptoms in cattle include oral edema, sialorrhea, and dysphagia.

The effects of increasing doses of three exogenous enzymes preparations with fibrolytic activity (FIB - 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 mg mL-1liquid volume incubated), amylolytic activity (AMZ - 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg mL-1liquid volume incubated), and proteolytic activity (PRO - 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg mL-1 liquid volume incubated ) on gas production (GP), kinetic parameters, and fermentation profile of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu were evaluated using the in vitro gas production technique. Ruminal liquid was obtained from two rumen-cannulated Santa Inês sheep maintained on pasture. Accumulated gas production was measured during 96 hours of incubation, measured at 18 different time points. The determined parameters were pH, asymptotic gas production (mL g-1), rate of gas production (h-1), lag time (h), organic matter digestibility (OMD, g g-1 DM), metabolizable energy (ME, MJ kg-1 DM), and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD, mg g-1 DM). Increasing the FIB dose linearly increased (P < 0.05) the asymptotic gas production. However, the rate of gas production and the lag time showed linear decreases (P < 0.05). Addition of FIB also linearly increased (P < 0.05) the GP at all incubation times, as well as the OMD, NDFD and ME. Addition of AMZ linearly increased (P < 0.05) the asymptotic gas production, but GP linear increased (P < 0.05) only at the 6-hour and 12-hour time points. The rate of gas production and the lag time decreased linearly (P < 0.05) in response to increasing AMZ addition. Inclusion of PRO did not affect (P > 0.05) asymptotic gas production, but there was quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the rate of gas production, the lag time, and the GP at the 6-hour and 12-hour time points. The OMD, NDFD and ME were not affected by PRO addition. Thus, fibrolytic, amylolytic and proteolytic enzymes are effective in reducing the lag time and increasing the in vitro gas production from Brachiaria Brizantha cv. Marandu forage, and fibrolytic enzymes improve the in vitro fermentation profile.

Supplementation of animals in the rainy season is essential to maximise weight gain. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with low-, medium- and high-protein levels on nutritional parameters of grazing beef cattle in the rainy season. Eight rumen-cannulated Nellore bulls (437 kg body weight) were used in a 4 × 4 double Latin square design with four supplements and four experimental periods. The treatments were mineral supplement (ad libitum) and supplements with low-protein (LPSU), medium-protein (MPS) and high-protein (HPS) levels, providing 106, 408 and 601 g/day of crude protein (CP), respectively. There was no difference (P > 0.05) between treatments for dry matter and forage intake, ruminal pH, ruminal ammonia nitrogen (RAN) at time 0 (before supplementation) and microbial protein yield. Animals on MPS had a higher (P > 0.05) intake and digestibility of CP, higher RAN levels (3 and 6 h after supplementation), increased nitrogen intake and a better nitrogen balance than animals on LPSU. The HPS provided higher (P > 0.05) RAN at time 6 and a better nitrogen balance when compared with MPS. We therefore infer that the high-protein supplement positively impacts nitrogen metabolism and efficiency in grazing beef cattle during the rainy season.

This study aimed to evaluate the frequency and intensity of GreenFeed (GF) use by Nellore steers using different attractants in pastures of integrated systems. The attractant protein supplement and Tifton bermudagrass pelleted hay flavored with vanilla were evaluated over a period of 15 days. The pelleted hay stimulated the animals to stay longer in the equipment (24.23 s), with 8% more visits in intervals longer than 30 s in contrast to protein supplement. This indicates that pelleted hay flavored with vanilla is a potential attractant to encourage Nellore steers to visit GF in grazing systems. Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-06T23:36:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2018cpamtbrunopedreiraautomatedemissionmeasurementgreenfeedpastagem.pdf: 322080 bytes, checksum: f9ab52cd422dcb26edacc39531323459 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-06

This study aimed to evaluate levels of concentrate supplementation (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 kg day?1) for grazing dairy cows kept on Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania pasture during the rainy season on nutrient intake and digestibility and rumen parameters. Four rumen cannulated non-lactating Holstein × Zebu crossbred cows were used in this study by a 4X4 Latin square design, which presented an average initial body weight of 521.69±31.98 kg. Each period lasted 17 days, being the first 10 days were used for animal adaptation and the remaining seven days for data collection. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of supplementation levels on total dry matter intake, although forage dry matter intake has been linearly decreased (P < 0.05). Treatments have no effect (P > 0.05) on the digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, or ether extract. There was a linear increase (P < 0.05) on daily rumination time and total rumination times according to supplementation levels. There was no significant effect of supplementation levels (P > 0.05) or time after supplementation on rumen pH. Rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration responded quadratically (P < 0.05) to times after supplementation, with a maximum estimated concentration of 17.61 mg dL?1 at 3.87 h after supplementation. Increasing supplementation levels for grazing dairy cows reduces forage intake but has no negative effects on total dry matter intake or rumen-fluid pH.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rumen-protected oil (soybean and palm oil) in supplements for beef cattle during the fattening phase in pastures on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, animal performance, and carcass characteristics. Forty-eight noncastrated male Nellore cattle (15 ± 2 months and 389.5 ± 20 kg of body weight) were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the following treatments: protein-energy supplement (PES) without rumen-protected oil (control: CO), PES containing palm rumen-protected oil (PRPO), PES containing soybean rumen-protected oil (SRPO), and PES containing a mixture of soybean and palm rumen-protected oil (SPRPO). The study lasted 112 days, and there was a decrease in crude protein intake (P 0.05) and an increase in ether extract intake (P 0.05) when rumen-protected oil was included in the supplements. In comparison to the palm rumen-protected oil supplement, the soybean rumen-protected oil supplement promoted a lower average daily gain (ADG) (P 0.05); however, regardless of the rumen-protected oil source, an increase in the fat thickness of the subcutaneous tissue was observed. In addition, there was no difference in carcass gain (P 0.05) regardless of oil source. Rumen-protected oil is a tool to increase the finishing of pasture-finished young beef cattle in the dry season.

This study aimed to identify a nitrogen fertilizer in order to allow the use of reactive natural phosphate (phosphate rock) in the fertilization of Marandu grass (palisade grass cv. Marandu) in a sandy clayey Oxisol with low phosphorus content. The experiment was performed in a plant nursery at the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), in a completely randomized experimental design, in a split-plot scheme, with eight replications. The plots consisted of six fertilization treatments of the Marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu), divided into four treatments applied after liming and two treatments without liming. Treatments in the presence of liming were: single superphosphate and urea, single superphosphate and ammonium sulfate, urea and reactive natural phosphate, reactive natural phosphate and ammonium sulfate. Treatments without liming were: reactive natural phosphate and urea, reactive natural phosphate and ammonium sulfate. For this experiment, three growth times were evaluated. Ammonium sulfate allows the use of reactive natural phosphate in the fertilization of the Marandu grass even after liming, whilst urea does not provide sufficient acidity.

O objetivo com este estudo foi compreender o efeito da disponibilidade hídrica sobre a produtividade no capim-mombaça [Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B. K. Simon & S. W. L. Jacobs] e capim-marandu [Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster], determinando o coeficiente de resposta ao déficit hídrico (ky). O experimento foi avaliado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com duas forragens e três repetições. O período experimental correspondeu a doze ciclos de crescimento com intervalos fixos de colheita (28 dias para a estação chuvosa e 42 dias para a estação seca). Os ky foram determinados com base nos dados de produção real e potencial das forrageiras, bem como nos dados de evapotranspiração real e máxima. Para ambas as forragens, o acúmulo de forragem (AF) foi maior no outono e menor no inverno (5310 e 626 kg de matéria seca ha-1, respectivamente). Na média das quatro estações, o AF para capim-marandu foi 21,3% maior que o capim-mombaça (3344 vs. 2756 kg matéria seca ha-1, respectivamente). Para o capim-mombaça, o ky foi de 1,05, indicando sensibilidade média a alta ao déficit hídrico. No entanto, o ky foi de 0,63 para o capim-marandu, o que representa baixa sensibilidade ao déficit de água do solo.Palavras-chave: Brachiaria; coeficiente de sensibilidade; Megathyrsus; tolerância a seca. YIELD RESPONSE FACTOR OF MOMBAÇA GUINEA GRASS AND MARANDU PALISADE GRASS TO WATER DEFICIT ABSTRACT: The objective with this research was to understand the effect of water availability on Mombaça guinea grass [Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B. K. Simon & S. W. L. Jacobs] and Marandu palisade grass [Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster] productivity, determining the yield response factor to water deficit (ky). The experiment was evaluated in a randomized block design with two forages and three replicates. The experimental period corresponded to twelve growth cycles with fixed harvest intervals (28 days for the rainy season and 42 days for the dry season). The ky were determinate based on the data of real and potential yield of grasses, as well as the data of real and maximum evapotranspiration. To both grasses, herbage accumulation (HA) was greatest in the autumn and leats in the winter (5310 and 626 kg dry matter ha-1, respectively). On average of the four seasons, the HA for Marandu palisade grass was 21.3% higher than Mombaça guinea grass (3344 vs 2756 kg dry matter ha-1, respectively). For Mombaça guinea grass, ky was 1.05, indicating medium to high sensitivity to water deficit. However, the ky was 0.63 for Marandu palisade grass, which represents low sensitivity to soil water deficit.Keywords: Brachiaria; drought tolerance; Megathyrsus; sensitivity coefficient.

We tested the hypothesis that supplementation with three protein levels improves fermentation parameters without changing the rumen microbial population of grazing beef cattle in the rainy season. Four rumen-cannulated Nellore bulls (432 ± 21 kg of body weight) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four supplements and four experimental periods of 21 days each. The treatments were mineral supplement (ad libitum) and supplements with low, medium (MPS), and high protein supplement (HPS), supplying 106, 408, and 601 g/day of CP, respectively. The abundance of each target taxon was calculated as a fraction of the total 16S rRNA gene copies in the samples, using taxon-specific and domain bacteria primers. Supplemented animals showed lower (P

ResumoO estudo foi realizado para avaliar se a restrição calórica ou proteica em fêmeas lactantes influencia o início da puberdade de seus cordeiros. Foram utilizados 21 cordeiros, sendo duas fêmeas e cinco machos por tratamento. Durante sessenta dias as mães receberam o tratamento aleatoriamente escolhido para o seu cordeiro: controle (TC, mantença), restrição calórica (TRC, ½ da energia do TC) e restrição proteica (TRP, 1/3 da proteína do TC). Após o desmame, os cordeiros receberam uma dieta composta por silagem de milho e concentrado, sendo pesados e avaliados quinzenalmente. Nos machos, coletava-se o ejaculado, mensurava-se circunferência escrotal e as dimensões testiculares. Nas fêmeas, realizava-se ultrassonografia para medir os ovários e verificar presença de corpo lúteo. Os machos eram considerados púberes se apresentassem ejaculado com, no mínimo: motilidade de 50%, concentração do ejaculado de 50 x 106espermatozóides/mL e, no máximo, 50% de anormalidades espermáticas totais, e as fêmeas, se apresentassem corpo lúteo. Foi encontrada interação entre período de avaliação e tratamento para circunferência escrotal (p=0,0019), volume testicular médio (p=0,0025), motilidade (p0,05) entre os tratamentos quanto às características foliculares, porém houve quanto ao corpo lúteo (p=0,0179). Notou-se que as fêmeas do TC apresentaram corpo lúteo a partir da 10a semana, TRC da 11a e o TRP da 13a. Concluiu-se que a restrição proteica materna durante a lactação atrasa o início da puberdade de seus cordeiros. AbstractThis study was carried out to evaluate if caloric or protein restriction in lactation ewe affect puberty beginning of its lambs. Had been used 21 lambs, two females and five males per type of treatment. During 60 days the mothers received the treatment for which its lamb was sort out: Control Treatment (TC, maintenance), Energy Restriction Treatment (TRC, ½ of the energy of the TC) and Protein Restriction Treatment (TRP, 1/3 of the protein of the TC). The lambs were weaned and received a diet composed by corn silage and concentrate, weighed and evaluated fortnightly. In males, the ejaculate was collected, scrotal circumference and testicular size measured. In females, it was realized ultrasound to measure the ovaries and verify the corpus luteum presence. For males was considered in puberty if produced ejaculation with at least: motility of 50%, sperm concentration of 50 x 106espermatozoa/mL and maximum of 50% total sperm abnormalities, and females if exhibit corpus luteum. An interaction was found between evaluation period and treatment for scrotum circumference (p=0.0019), testicular volume (p=0.0025) sperm motility (p0.05) were found about follicles characteristics, however that was difference in the presence of corpous luteum (p=0.0179). The TC females showed corpus luteum from the 10th week, TRC 11th and 13th for TRP. It was concluded that mother protein restriction during the lactation delays the beginning of the puberty of its lambs.

RESUMO - Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo de forragem e o desempenho de ovinos mantidos em pastagem de capim-aruana, submetidos a porcentagens crescentes de proteína bruta (PB) no suplemento, na época seca. Vinte borregos da raça Santa Inês foram utilizados em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os suplementos foram fornecidos em 1,0% do peso corporal, nas porcentagens de 0, 15, 20, 25 e 30%. O aumento de proteína bruta influenciou o consumo total de matéria seca (kg/dia) e a porcentagem do peso vivo, com valores máximos estimados de 1.296g (3,2% de MS) com 21,48 e 21,89% de PB no suplemento, respectivamente. O consumo de forragem máximo, estimado de 893g/dia, ocorreu com a PB de 21,5%. O aumento de PB nos suplementos resultou em efeito quadrático sobre o ganho médio diário, com valor máximo de 104g/dia com a PB de 23% no suplemento. Recomenda-se o uso de suplementos múltiplos com 21 a 23% de PB fornecidos na proporção de 1% do peso corporal (PC) para ovinos mantidos em pastos de capim-aruana na época seca. ABSTRACT - The aim of this study was to evaluate the forage intake and grazing sheep performance keep on Aruana grass subjected to increasing crude protein (CP) levels in the supplement on dry season. Twenty Santa Ines male lambs were used, with initial body weight of 31.80kg by a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. The supplements were provided daily at 1% of body weight, with protein levels of 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30%. The increase of the crude protein levels promoted a squarely effect on dry matter intake (kg/day and % of BW), with maximum estimated values of 1296g and 3.2% of DM in CP levels of 21.48 and 21.89, respectively. The maximum forage intake estimated of 893g/day occurred in CP level de 21.51%. The increased of crude protein level in supplements increased squarely the average daily gain, with a maximum of 104g/day, for the 23% crude protein in the supplement. Thus, the use of the multiple supplements supplied in 1% of body weight with CP levels ranged 21 a 23% is indicated for sheep grazing Aruana grass on dry season.

Sorghum is a crop that stands out as an alternative to corn due to lower soil fertility demand and increased tolerance to drought. Lack of information about the qualitative behaviour of sorghum hinders the recommendation of different purpose sorghum cultivars. The goal was to evaluate the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of different purpose sorghum cultivar silages, at two cropping seasons. The trial was conducted at the Plant Production Department, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia, Colorado do Oeste campus, and chemical analyses and in vitro incubation were performed at the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá campus. The experimental design was a randomized block with a split-plot arrangement and four replications. Plot treatments consisted of six different purpose sorghum cultivars (BRS 308 and BRS 310, grain sorghum; BR 655 and BRS 610, forage sorghum; and BRS 506 and CMSXS 647, sweet sorghum). Split-plot treatments consisted of two cropping periods (first crop and second crop). Forage sorghum cultivar BRS 655 demonstrated higher non-fiber carbohydrate content and lower potentially digestible fibre content than the other cultivars did. Sweet sorghum cultivars had higher levels of water soluble carbohydrates and non-protein nitrogen based on protein, lower indigestible neutral detergent fibre content at second crop, and higher in vitro dry matter digestibility than the other cultivars. The silages of sweet sorghum cultivars BRS 506 and CMSXS 647, and forage sorghum cultivar BRS 655 presented higher nutritional values.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the processing of millet grain provided at two supplementation frequencies for grazing beef cattle during the dry season on nutritional parameters. Five rumen-cannulated crossbred steers, with 24 to 26 months of age and average body weight of 428.6±26.06 kg, were assigned to a Latin square design (5 × 5) in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, as follows: two forms of millet grain (whole grains - or ground; WG - GG), two strategies of concentrate supplementation (daily distribution - 7X; or three times a week - 3X) and a control treatment (mineral mixture - MM). Animals were kept in five paddocks of 0.24 ha each with Marandu grass pastures. Concentrate supplements were supplied at 2.00 and 4.66 kg/animal/day for treatments 7X and 3X, respectively. The concentrate supplementation enhanced the intake of total dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) and nutrients compared with mineral supplementation. No differences were found between dry matter intake and forage organic matter intake. The values of digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, ether extract, total carbohydrates and non-fiber carbohydrates were increased by concentrate supplementation. Regarding concentrations of rumen ammonia nitrogen, the interactions among time × treatment × day and day × treatment had effects on the measurements of ruminal pH. Plasma urea nitrogen, urinary urea excretion and urinary urea N excretion differed only between MM treatment and the others, with no interference of grain physical form and supplementation frequency on those variables. The millet grain processing does not alter forage intake, but improves digestibility. Daily supplementation increases digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of tannins versus Monensin on in vitro ruminal fermentation of a feedlot diet. The treatments were: control (no additives); low tannin (2 mg g DM-1); medium tannin (4 mg g DM-1), high tannin (6 mg g DM-1), and Monensin (0.02 mg g DM-1). The substrate was a feedlot diet composed by hay and concentrate (15:85 w/w; DM basis). Ruminal fluid was obtained from three rumen-cannulated male Santa Inês sheep. In vitro incubations were carried out during four consecutive weeks (run). Gas production (GP) was recorded at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 h of incubation. At 48 and 96 h, two bottles per treatment were withdrawn to measure pH, ammonia concentration (NH3), volatile fatty acid (VFA), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD). Addition of tannin or Monensin did not affect (P > 0.05) the kinetics parameters. Tannin supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) the GP at 24 h compared to Monensin. Addition of Monensin decreased (P < 0.05) IVDMD at 96 h and IVNDFD at 48 and 96 h compared to the control. The IVNDFD was lower (P < 0.05) with Monensin than with tannin at 48 and 96 h. The NH3 was lower (P < 0.05) with tannin compared with Monensin. By increasing tannin dosage, NH3 levels changed quadratically (P < 0.05). The inclusion of tannin in vitro reduced the NH3 concentration considerably when used in low dose. O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de taninos versus monensina sobre a fermentação ruminal in vitro de uma ração para ovinos em confinamento. Os tratamentos foram: controle (sem a inclusão de aditivos); baixa dose de tanino (2 mg g MS-1); média dose de tanino (4 mg g MS-1), alta dose de tanino (6 mg g MS-1), e monensina (0,02 mg g MS-1). O substrato utilizado foi uma ração para ovinos em confinamento composta por feno e concentrado (15:85 w/w; base da MS). O fluido ruminal foi obtido de três ovinos Santa Inês, machos não castrados, com cânula ruminal. As incubações in vitro foram realizadas em quatro semanas consecutivas (uma incubação por semana). A produção de gás (PG) foi mensurada nos tempos 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84 e 96 horas de incubação. Nos tempos de 48 e 96 horas, dois frascos/tratamento foram retirados para mensurar pH, concentração de amônia (NH3), ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e digestibilidade in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro (DIVFDN). A adição de tanino ou monensina não afetaram (P > 0,05) os parâmetros cinéticos. A suplementação de tanino reduz (P < 0,05) a PG em 24 horas de incubação comparado com a monensina. A inclusão de monensina reduz (P < 0,05) a DIVMS em 96 horas e a DIVFDN em 48 e 96 horas comparada ao controle. A DIVFDN foi menor (P < 0,05) com monensina que com tanino em 48 e 96 horas. A NH3 foi menor (P < 0,05) com tanino comparado à monensina. Aumentando a dose de tanino, a NH3 altera de forma quadrática (P < 0,05). A inclusão de tanino reduz consideravelmente as concentrações in vitro de NH3 quando usado em baixas doses.

The objective was to evaluate the use of concentrate in the diet of lambs on intake and total digestibility coefficient (DC) of nutrients, ruminal characteristics, rectal and body temperature. It was used four lambs without breed defined (SRD), entire, with average body weight (BW) of 19.3 ± 2.07 kg using a Latin square design, 4 x 4. The animals were housed in metabolism cages and were fed twice a day with diet consisting of corn silage and concentrate at a ratio of 20, 40, 60 and 80% dry matter in the diet, composite of corn grains and soybean meal. Leftovers were measured daily and the feces were collected through bags. Data from variables studied were submitted to ANOVA and regression analysis at 5% probability. The increasing levels of concentrate in lamb diets affected (P0.05) of concentrate levels on digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, EE, NDF, ADF, NFC and TCH. However, the digestibility coefficient of CP showed a quadratic effect (P0.05) by dietary concentrate. It can be concluded that 38% of concentrate in diets of lambs favors the maximum dry matter intake, organic matter and crude protein. The digestibility coefficient of the nutrients, except for protein, are not altered with the addition up to 80% concentrate in diet for lambs, as well as, this does not affect the pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration of ruminal fluid, rectal and body temperature. Objetivou-se avaliar níveis crescentes de concentrado na dieta de cordeiros sobre o consumo e coeficiente de digestibilidade total (CD) dos nutrientes, características ruminais, temperatura corporal e retal. Foram utilizados quatro cordeiros sem raça definida (SRD), não castrados, com peso corporal (PC) médio de 19,3 Kg ± 2,07 por meio de um delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4. Os animais foram alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo, os quais foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia, com dieta composta por silagem de milho e concentrado, na proporção de 20, 40, 60 e 80% na matéria seca da dieta, as quais eram compostas por milho grão moído e farelo de soja. Diariamente as sobras foram monitoradas e as fezes foram coletadas por meio de sacolas de napa. Os dados das variáveis estudadas foram submetidos à ANOVA e análise de regressão a 5% de probabilidade. Os níveis crescentes de concentrado nas rações de cordeiros alteraram (P0,05) dos níveis de concentrado sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade da MS, MO, EE, FDN, FDA, CHT e CNF. Entretanto, o coeficiente de digestibilidade da PB apresentou efeito quadrático (P0,05) pelos níveis de concentrado na dieta. Conclui-se que 38% de concentrado nas rações de cordeiros favorece o máximo consumo de matéria seca, matéria orgânica e proteína bruta. O coeficiente de digestibilidade dos nutrientes, exceto para proteína bruta, não são alterados com a adição de até 80% de concentrado na dieta de cordeiros, bem como este não afeta o pH e a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal do líquido ruminal, temperatura corporal e retal.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição parcial do milho por fontes energéticas alternativas, em suplementos concentrados para bovinos de corte mantidos em pasto de Urochloa brizantha cultivar Marandu, durante o período das águas, no consumo e na digestibilidade aparente total dos alimentos. Foram utilizados cinco bovinos Nelore com peso médio corporal inicial de 367,8±4,31 kg. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental quadrado latino 5x5, com cinco animais e cinco tratamentos. Foram avaliados: suplementos concentrados isoproteicos, com 30% de proteína bruta, formulados à base de grãos de milho, de milheto e de sorgo, e casca de soja; e um suplemento mineral (controle). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no consumo de matéria seca (MS) total e de matéria orgânica (MO) entre os animais que receberam suplementação mineral e os que receberam suplementação concentrada; no entanto, estes últimos apresentaram menor (12,28%) consumo de MS de pasto. A suplementação concentrada aumentou o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente total da MS, da MO, da proteína bruta e dos carboidratos não fibrosos que não foram influenciados pelas fontes de energia. Os grãos de milheto e de sorgo e a casca de soja podem ser utilizados em substituição parcial ao milho, na formulação de suplementos concentrados, sem prejudicar o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes da dieta. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the partial replacement of corn by alternative energy sources in concentrate supplements for beef cattle kept on Urochloa brizantha cultivar Marandu pasture, during the rainy season, on feed intake and total apparent digestibility. Five Nellore cattle with initial average body weight of 367.8±4.31 kg were used. The experimental design was a 5x5 Latin square, with five animals and five treatments. The following were evaluated: isoproteic concentrate supplements, at 30% crude protein, formulated with corn, millet, and sorghum grains, and soybean hulls; and a mineral supplement (control). No significant differences were observed in total dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intake between the animals fed mineral supplementation and those receiving concentrate supplementation; however, the latter showed the lowest (12.28%) pasture DM intake. Concentrate supplementation increased the coefficient of total apparent digestibility of DM, OM, crude protein, and of non-fiber carbohydrates that were not affected by the energy sources. Millet and sorghum grains, and soybean hulls can be used to partially replace corn in the formulation of concentrate supplements without affecting intake and digestibility of dietary nutrients.