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102. The commonness of rarity:global and future distribution of rarity across land plants

Author

Enquist, Brian J., Feng, Xiao, Boyle, Brad, Maitner, Brian, Newman, Erica A., Jørgensen, Peter Møller, Roehrdanz, Patrick R., Thiers, Barbara M., Burger, Joseph R., Corlett, Richard T., Couvreur, Thomas L. P., Dauby, Gilles, Donoghue, John C., Foden, Wendy, Lovett, Jon C., Marquet, Pablo A., Merow, Cory, Midgley, Guy, Morueta-Holme, Naia, Neves, Danilo M., Oliveira-Filho, Ary T., Kraft, Nathan J. B., Park, Daniel S., Peet, Robert K., Pillet, Michiel, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sandel, Brody, Schildhauer, Mark, Šímová, Irena, Violle, Cyrille, Wieringa, Jan J., Wiser, Susan K., Hannah, Lee, Svenning, Jens Christian, McGill, Brian J., Enquist, Brian J., Feng, Xiao, Boyle, Brad, Maitner, Brian, Newman, Erica A., Jørgensen, Peter Møller, Roehrdanz, Patrick R., Thiers, Barbara M., Burger, Joseph R., Corlett, Richard T., Couvreur, Thomas L. P., Dauby, Gilles, Donoghue, John C., Foden, Wendy, Lovett, Jon C., Marquet, Pablo A., Merow, Cory, Midgley, Guy, Morueta-Holme, Naia, Neves, Danilo M., Oliveira-Filho, Ary T., Kraft, Nathan J. B., Park, Daniel S., Peet, Robert K., Pillet, Michiel, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sandel, Brody, Schildhauer, Mark, Šímová, Irena, Violle, Cyrille, Wieringa, Jan J., Wiser, Susan K., Hannah, Lee, Svenning, Jens Christian, and McGill, Brian J.

Abstract

A key feature of life’s diversity is that some species are common but many more are rare. Nonetheless, at global scales, we do not know what fraction of biodiversity consists of rare species. Here, we present the largest compilation of global plant diversity to quantify the fraction of Earth’s plant biodiversity that are rare. A large fraction, ~36.5% of Earth’s ~435,000 plant species, are exceedingly rare. Sampling biases and prominent models, such as neutral theory and the k-niche model, cannot account for the observed prevalence of rarity. Our results indicate that (i) climatically more stable regions have harbored rare species and hence a large fraction of Earth’s plant species via reduced extinction risk but that (ii) climate change and human land use are now disproportionately impacting rare species. Estimates of global species abundance distributions have important implications for risk assessments and conservation planning in this era of rapid global change.

Published
2019

104. Phylogenetic classification of the world's tropical forests

Author

Ferry Slik, J.W., Franklin, Janet, Arroyo-Rodriguez, Victor, Field, Richard, Aguilar, Salomon, Aguirre, Nikolay, Ahumada, Jorge, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Alves, Luciana F., K, Anitha, Avella, Andres, Mora, Francisco, Aymard, Gerardo A., Báez, Selene, Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, Meredith, Bastin, Jean-François, Bellingham, Peter J., Van den Berg, Eduardo, da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna, Boeckx, Pascal, Boehning-Gaese, Katrin, Bongers, Frans, Boyle, Brad, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brown, Sandra, Chai, Shauna-Lee, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Chuyong, George B., Ewango, Corneille, Coronado, Indiana M., Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi, Culmsee, Heike, Damas, Kipiro, Dattaraja, H.S., Davidar, Priya, DeWalt, Saara J., Din, Hazimah, Drake, Ronald D., Duque, Alvaro, Durigan, Giselda, Eichhorn, Karl A.O., Schmidt Eler, Eduardo, Enoki, Tsutomu, Ensslin, Andreas, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Farwig, Nina, Feeley, Kenneth J., Fischer, Markus, Forshed, Olle, Souza Garcia, Queila, Chandra Garkoti, Satish, Gillepsie, Thomas W., Gillet, Jean-François, Gonmadje, Christelle, Granzow-de la Cerda, Iñigo, Griffith, Daniel M., Grogan, James, Rehman Hakeem, Khalid, Harris, David, Harrison, Rhett, Hector, Andy, Hemp, Andreas, Homeier, Jürgen, Hussain, Shah, Ibarra-Manríquez, Guillermo, Hanum, Faridah, Imai, Nobuo, Jansen, Patrick A., Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Joseph, Shijo, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kelly, Daniel L., Kessler, Michael, Killeen, Timothy J., Kooyman, Robert, Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G.W., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Letcher, Susan G., Lindsell, Jeremy, Lovett, Jon C., Lozada, Jose, Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Bin Mahmud, Khairil, Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Mansor, Asyraf, Marshall, Andrew R., Martin, Emanuel, Calderado Leal Matos, Darley, Meave, Jorge A., Melo, Felipe P.L., Aguirre Mendoza, Zhofre Huberto, Metali, Faizah, Medjibé, Vincent, Metzger, Jean Paul, Metzker, Thiago, Mohandass, D., Munguía-Rosas, Miguel A., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Nurtjahy, Eddy, Lenza de Oliveira, Eddie, Onrizal, Onrizal, Parolin, Pia, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Paudel, Ekananda, Perez, Rolando, Pérez-Garcia, Eudardo A., Pommer, Ulf, Poorter, Lourens, Qie, Lan, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Rodrigues Pinto, José Roberto, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Powers, Jennifer S., Prasad, Rama Chandra, Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe, Rangel, Orlando, Reitsma, Jan, Rocha, Diogo S.B., Rolim, Samir, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes Hamuraby, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Nizam Mohd Said, Mohd, Saiter, Felipe, Saner, Philippe, Santos, Braulio A., Dos Santos, João Roberto, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Schmitt, Christine B., Schoengart, Jochen, Schulze, Mark, Sheil, Douglas, and Sist, Plinio

Subjects
Changement climatique, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Forêt, F70 - Taxonomie végétale et phytogéographie, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, forêt tropicale, Biodiversité
Abstract

Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world's tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world's tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests.

Published
2018

108. The Economic Implications of Natural Gas Pricing Adjustment in Indonesia.

Author

Hutagalung, Aldi Martino, Hartono, Djoni, Arentsen, Maarten J., and Lovett, Jon C.

Subjects
NATURAL gas prices, ECONOMIC impact, GAS prices, NATURAL gas, GOVERNMENT revenue, DOMESTIC markets
Abstract

International gas prices have increased rapidly in the last few years. However, the domestic gas price in Indonesia has not been adjusted accordingly, staying relatively low at almost one third of export prices. The low domestic gas price keeps gas producers from selling the gas to the domestic market, so price adjustments are necessary to provide an incentive for selling of gas to the domestic market. This paper explores the possible room for maneuver in making adjustments in gas price, and analyzes the consequences on the Indonesian economy. As in many other developing countries, Indonesian pricing policies have multiple objectives, including generation of government revenue, security of supply for the domestic market, and other social objectives. The present paper examines the macro- and microeconomic impacts of gas price adjustments in both the short and long term. The macro-analysis was conducted by applying the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model; while the microanalysis was evaluated by utilizing the net back value. The present paper contributes to examination of constraints to setting gas prices for various economic sectors that are essential to both national economic development and which are major natural gas consumers. The modelling results show that it is possible to adjust the gas price in Indonesia without negatively affecting the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020

110. Assessing sustainability in North America’s ecosystems using criticality and information theory

Author

Ramírez-Carrillo, Elvia, primary, López-Corona, Oliver, additional, Toledo-Roy, Juan C., additional, Lovett, Jon C., additional, de León-González, Fernando, additional, Osorio-Olvera, Luis, additional, Equihua, Julian, additional, Robredo, Everardo, additional, Frank, Alejandro, additional, Dirzo, Rodolfo, additional, and Pérez-Cirera, Vanessa, additional

Published
2018
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115. Correction to: Quantifying and understanding carbon storage and sequestration within the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania, a tropical biodiversity hotspot

Author

Willcock, Simon, primary, Phillips, Oliver L., additional, Platts, Philip J., additional, Balmford, Andrew, additional, Burgess, Neil D., additional, Lovett, Jon C., additional, Ahrends, Antje, additional, Bayliss, Julian, additional, Doggart, Nike, additional, Doody, Kathryn, additional, Fanning, Eibleis, additional, Green, Jonathan M. H., additional, Hall, Jaclyn, additional, Howell, Kim L., additional, Marchant, Rob, additional, Marshall, Andrew R., additional, Mbilinyi, Boniface, additional, Munishi, Pantaleon K. T., additional, Owen, Nisha, additional, Swetnam, Ruth D., additional, Topp-Jorgensen, Elmer J., additional, and Lewis, Simon L., additional

Published
2017
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120. Diversity and carbon storage across the tropical forest biome

Author

Sullivan, Martin J. P., Talbot, Joey, Lewis, Simon L., Phillips, Oliver L., Qie, Lan, Begne, Serge K., Chave, Jérôme, Cuni-Sanchez, Aida, Hubau, Wannes, Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Miles, Lera, Monteagudo-Mendoza, Abel, Sonké, Bonaventure, Sunderland, Terry C.H., Ter Steege, Hans, White, Lee J.T., Affum-Baffoe, Kofi, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, De Almeida, Everton Cristo, Almeida de Oliveira, Edmar, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alvarez Davila, Esteban, Andrade, Ana, Aragao, Luiz E.O.C., Ashton, Peter, Aymard Corredor, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy R., Balinga, Michael, Banin, Lindsay F., Baraloto, Christopher, Bastin, Jean-François, Berry, Nicholas J., Bogaert, Jan, Bonal, Damien, Bongers, Frans, Brienen, Roel, Camargo, Jose Luis C., Cerón, Carlos, Chama Moscoso, Victor, Chézeaux, Eric, Clark, Connie J., Cogollo Pacheco, Álvaro, Comiskey, James A., Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Dargie, Greta C., Davies, Stuart J., De Cannière, Charles, Djuikouo Kamdem, Marie Noel, Doucet, Jean-Louis, Erwin, Terry, Silva Espejo, Javier, Ewango, Corneille, Fauset, Sophie, Feldpausch, Ted R., Herrera, Rafael, Gilpin, Martin, Gloor, Emanuel, Hall, Jefferson, Harris, David, Hart, Terese, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Khoon Kho, Lip, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Laurance, Susan G.W., Laurance, William F., Leal, Miguel, Lovejoy, Thomas E., Lovett, Jon C., Mpanya Lukasu, Faustin, Makana, Jean-Rémy, Malhi, Yadvinder, Maracahipes, Leandro, Marimon, Beatriz S., Marimon Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew R., Morandi, Paulo, Tshibamba Mukendi, John, Mukinzi, Jacques M., Nilus, Reuben, Nuñez Vargas, Percy, Pallqui Camacho, Nadir C., Pardo, Guido, Peña-Claros, Marielos, Petronelli, Pascal, et al., Sullivan, Martin J. P., Talbot, Joey, Lewis, Simon L., Phillips, Oliver L., Qie, Lan, Begne, Serge K., Chave, Jérôme, Cuni-Sanchez, Aida, Hubau, Wannes, Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Miles, Lera, Monteagudo-Mendoza, Abel, Sonké, Bonaventure, Sunderland, Terry C.H., Ter Steege, Hans, White, Lee J.T., Affum-Baffoe, Kofi, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, De Almeida, Everton Cristo, Almeida de Oliveira, Edmar, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alvarez Davila, Esteban, Andrade, Ana, Aragao, Luiz E.O.C., Ashton, Peter, Aymard Corredor, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy R., Balinga, Michael, Banin, Lindsay F., Baraloto, Christopher, Bastin, Jean-François, Berry, Nicholas J., Bogaert, Jan, Bonal, Damien, Bongers, Frans, Brienen, Roel, Camargo, Jose Luis C., Cerón, Carlos, Chama Moscoso, Victor, Chézeaux, Eric, Clark, Connie J., Cogollo Pacheco, Álvaro, Comiskey, James A., Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Dargie, Greta C., Davies, Stuart J., De Cannière, Charles, Djuikouo Kamdem, Marie Noel, Doucet, Jean-Louis, Erwin, Terry, Silva Espejo, Javier, Ewango, Corneille, Fauset, Sophie, Feldpausch, Ted R., Herrera, Rafael, Gilpin, Martin, Gloor, Emanuel, Hall, Jefferson, Harris, David, Hart, Terese, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Khoon Kho, Lip, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Laurance, Susan G.W., Laurance, William F., Leal, Miguel, Lovejoy, Thomas E., Lovett, Jon C., Mpanya Lukasu, Faustin, Makana, Jean-Rémy, Malhi, Yadvinder, Maracahipes, Leandro, Marimon, Beatriz S., Marimon Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew R., Morandi, Paulo, Tshibamba Mukendi, John, Mukinzi, Jacques M., Nilus, Reuben, Nuñez Vargas, Percy, Pallqui Camacho, Nadir C., Pardo, Guido, Peña-Claros, Marielos, Petronelli, Pascal, and et al.

Abstract

Tropical forests are global centres of biodiversity and carbon storage. Many tropical countries aspire to protect forest to fulfil biodiversity and climate mitigation policy targets, but the conservation strategies needed to achieve these two functions depend critically on the tropical forest tree diversity-carbon storage relationship. Assessing this relationship is challenging due to the scarcity of inventories where carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and species identifications have been simultaneously and robustly quantified. Here, we compile a unique pan-tropical dataset of 360 plots located in structurally intact old-growth closed-canopy forest, surveyed using standardised methods, allowing a multi-scale evaluation of diversity-carbon relationships in tropical forests. Diversity-carbon relationships among all plots at 1 ha scale across the tropics are absent, and within continents are either weak (Asia) or absent (Amazonia, Africa). A weak positive relationship is detectable within 1 ha plots, indicating that diversity effects in tropical forests may be scale dependent. The absence of clear diversity-carbon relationships at scales relevant to conservation planning means that carbon-centred conservation strategies will inevitably miss many high diversity ecosystems. As tropical forests can have any combination of tree diversity and carbon stocks both require explicit consideration when optimising policies to manage tropical carbon and biodiversity.

Published
2017

121. Diversity and carbon storage across the tropical forest biome

Author

Sullivan, Martin J.P., Talbot, Joey, Lewis, Simon L., Phillips, Oliver L., Qie, Lan, Begne, Serge K., Chave, Jerôme, Cuni-Sanchez, Aida, Hubau, Wannes, Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Miles, Lera, Monteagudo-Mendoza, Abel, Sonké, Bonaventure, Sunderland, Terry, ter Steege, Hans, White, Lee J.T., Affum-Baffoe, Kofi, Aiba, Shin-ichiro, de Almeida, Everton Cristo, de Oliveira, Edmar Almeida, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Dávila, Esteban Álvarez, Andrade, Ana, Aragão, Luiz E.O.C., Ashton, Peter, Aymard C., Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy R., Balinga, Michael, Banin, Lindsay F., Baraloto, Christopher, Bastin, Jean-Francois, Berry, Nicholas, Bogaert, Jan, Bonal, Damien, Bongers, Frans, Brienen, Roel, Camargo, José Luís C., Cerón, Carlos, Moscoso, Victor Chama, Chezeaux, Eric, Clark, Connie J., Pacheco, Álvaro Cogollo, Comiskey, James A., Valverde, Fernando Cornejo, Coronado, Eurídice N. Honorio, Dargie, Greta, Davies, Stuart J., De Canniere, Charles, Djuikouo K., Marie Noel, Doucet, Jean-Louis, Erwin, Terry L., Espejo, Javier Silva, Ewango, Corneille E.N., Fauset, Sophie, Feldpausch, Ted R., Herrera, Rafael, Gilpin, Martin, Gloor, Emanuel, Hall, Jefferson S., Harris, David J., Hart, Terese B., Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kho, Lip Khoon, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Laurance, Susan G.W., Laurance, William F., Leal, Miguel E., Lovejoy, Thomas, Lovett, Jon C., Lukasu, Faustin Mpanya, Makana, Jean-Remy, Malhi, Yadvinder, Maracahipes, Leandro, Marimon, Beatriz S., Junior, Ben Hur Marimon, Marshall, Andrew R., Morandi, Paulo S., Mukendi, John Tshibamba, Mukinzi, Jaques, Nilus, Reuben, Vargas, Percy Núñez, Camacho, Nadir C. Pallqui, Pardo, Guido, Peña-Claros, Marielos, Pétronelli, Pascal, Pickavance, Georgia C., Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Primack, Richard B., Priyadi, Hari, Quesada, Carlos A., Reitsma, Jan, Réjou-Méchain, Maxime, Restrepo, Zorayda, Rutishauser, Ervan, Salim, Kamariah Abu, Salomão, Rafael P., Samsoedin, Ismayadi, Sheil, Douglas, Sierra, Rodrigo, Silveira, Marcos, Slik, J.W. Ferry, Steel, Lisa, Taedoumg, Hermann, Tan, Sylvester, Terborgh, John W., Thomas, Sean C., Toledo, Marisol, Umunay, Peter M., Gamarra, Luis Valenzuela, Vieira, Ima Célia Guimarães, Vos, Vincent A., Wang, Ophelia, Willcock, Simon, Zemagho, Lise, Sullivan, Martin J.P., Talbot, Joey, Lewis, Simon L., Phillips, Oliver L., Qie, Lan, Begne, Serge K., Chave, Jerôme, Cuni-Sanchez, Aida, Hubau, Wannes, Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Miles, Lera, Monteagudo-Mendoza, Abel, Sonké, Bonaventure, Sunderland, Terry, ter Steege, Hans, White, Lee J.T., Affum-Baffoe, Kofi, Aiba, Shin-ichiro, de Almeida, Everton Cristo, de Oliveira, Edmar Almeida, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Dávila, Esteban Álvarez, Andrade, Ana, Aragão, Luiz E.O.C., Ashton, Peter, Aymard C., Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy R., Balinga, Michael, Banin, Lindsay F., Baraloto, Christopher, Bastin, Jean-Francois, Berry, Nicholas, Bogaert, Jan, Bonal, Damien, Bongers, Frans, Brienen, Roel, Camargo, José Luís C., Cerón, Carlos, Moscoso, Victor Chama, Chezeaux, Eric, Clark, Connie J., Pacheco, Álvaro Cogollo, Comiskey, James A., Valverde, Fernando Cornejo, Coronado, Eurídice N. Honorio, Dargie, Greta, Davies, Stuart J., De Canniere, Charles, Djuikouo K., Marie Noel, Doucet, Jean-Louis, Erwin, Terry L., Espejo, Javier Silva, Ewango, Corneille E.N., Fauset, Sophie, Feldpausch, Ted R., Herrera, Rafael, Gilpin, Martin, Gloor, Emanuel, Hall, Jefferson S., Harris, David J., Hart, Terese B., Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kho, Lip Khoon, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Laurance, Susan G.W., Laurance, William F., Leal, Miguel E., Lovejoy, Thomas, Lovett, Jon C., Lukasu, Faustin Mpanya, Makana, Jean-Remy, Malhi, Yadvinder, Maracahipes, Leandro, Marimon, Beatriz S., Junior, Ben Hur Marimon, Marshall, Andrew R., Morandi, Paulo S., Mukendi, John Tshibamba, Mukinzi, Jaques, Nilus, Reuben, Vargas, Percy Núñez, Camacho, Nadir C. Pallqui, Pardo, Guido, Peña-Claros, Marielos, Pétronelli, Pascal, Pickavance, Georgia C., Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Primack, Richard B., Priyadi, Hari, Quesada, Carlos A., Reitsma, Jan, Réjou-Méchain, Maxime, Restrepo, Zorayda, Rutishauser, Ervan, Salim, Kamariah Abu, Salomão, Rafael P., Samsoedin, Ismayadi, Sheil, Douglas, Sierra, Rodrigo, Silveira, Marcos, Slik, J.W. Ferry, Steel, Lisa, Taedoumg, Hermann, Tan, Sylvester, Terborgh, John W., Thomas, Sean C., Toledo, Marisol, Umunay, Peter M., Gamarra, Luis Valenzuela, Vieira, Ima Célia Guimarães, Vos, Vincent A., Wang, Ophelia, Willcock, Simon, and Zemagho, Lise

Abstract

Tropical forests are global centres of biodiversity and carbon storage. Many tropical countries aspire to protect forest to fulfil biodiversity and climate mitigation policy targets, but the conservation strategies needed to achieve these two functions depend critically on the tropical forest tree diversity-carbon storage relationship. Assessing this relationship is challenging due to the scarcity of inventories where carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and species identifications have been simultaneously and robustly quantified. Here, we compile a unique pan-tropical dataset of 360 plots located in structurally intact old-growth closed-canopy forest, surveyed using standardised methods, allowing a multi-scale evaluation of diversity-carbon relationships in tropical forests. Diversity-carbon relationships among all plots at 1 ha scale across the tropics are absent, and within continents are either weak (Asia) or absent (Amazonia, Africa). A weak positive relationship is detectable within 1 ha plots, indicating that diversity effects in tropical forests may be scale dependent. The absence of clear diversity-carbon relationships at scales relevant to conservation planning means that carbon-centred conservation strategies will inevitably miss many high diversity ecosystems. As tropical forests can have any combination of tree diversity and carbon stocks both require explicit consideration when optimising policies to manage tropical carbon and biodiversity.

Published
2017

124. Selection of line-transect method for estimating the density of group-living animals: lessons from the primates

Author

Marshall, Andrew R., Lovett, Jon C., and White, Piran C.L.

Subjects
Population density -- Research, Primates -- Demographic aspects, Statistical sampling -- Usage, Anthropology/archeology/folklore, Biological sciences, Health, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

A study was conducted to compare the four main contemporary methods for estimating density of group-living animals from line transect sampling, perpendicular modeling of group centers, perpendicular modeling of center of measurable individuals, strip transects and animal-observer distance. Findings reveal that arguments are still continued over the usage of the four methods.

Published
2008

129. Diversity and carbon storage across the tropical forest biome

Author

Sullivan, Martin J. P., primary, Talbot, Joey, additional, Lewis, Simon L., additional, Phillips, Oliver L., additional, Qie, Lan, additional, Begne, Serge K., additional, Chave, Jerôme, additional, Cuni-Sanchez, Aida, additional, Hubau, Wannes, additional, Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, additional, Miles, Lera, additional, Monteagudo-Mendoza, Abel, additional, Sonké, Bonaventure, additional, Sunderland, Terry, additional, ter Steege, Hans, additional, White, Lee J. T., additional, Affum-Baffoe, Kofi, additional, Aiba, Shin-ichiro, additional, de Almeida, Everton Cristo, additional, de Oliveira, Edmar Almeida, additional, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, additional, Dávila, Esteban Álvarez, additional, Andrade, Ana, additional, Aragão, Luiz E. O. C., additional, Ashton, Peter, additional, Aymard C., Gerardo A., additional, Baker, Timothy R., additional, Balinga, Michael, additional, Banin, Lindsay F., additional, Baraloto, Christopher, additional, Bastin, Jean-Francois, additional, Berry, Nicholas, additional, Bogaert, Jan, additional, Bonal, Damien, additional, Bongers, Frans, additional, Brienen, Roel, additional, Camargo, José Luís C., additional, Cerón, Carlos, additional, Moscoso, Victor Chama, additional, Chezeaux, Eric, additional, Clark, Connie J., additional, Pacheco, Álvaro Cogollo, additional, Comiskey, James A., additional, Valverde, Fernando Cornejo, additional, Coronado, Eurídice N. Honorio, additional, Dargie, Greta, additional, Davies, Stuart J., additional, De Canniere, Charles, additional, Djuikouo K., Marie Noel, additional, Doucet, Jean-Louis, additional, Erwin, Terry L., additional, Espejo, Javier Silva, additional, Ewango, Corneille E. N., additional, Fauset, Sophie, additional, Feldpausch, Ted R., additional, Herrera, Rafael, additional, Gilpin, Martin, additional, Gloor, Emanuel, additional, Hall, Jefferson S., additional, Harris, David J., additional, Hart, Terese B., additional, Kartawinata, Kuswata, additional, Kho, Lip Khoon, additional, Kitayama, Kanehiro, additional, Laurance, Susan G. W., additional, Laurance, William F., additional, Leal, Miguel E., additional, Lovejoy, Thomas, additional, Lovett, Jon C., additional, Lukasu, Faustin Mpanya, additional, Makana, Jean-Remy, additional, Malhi, Yadvinder, additional, Maracahipes, Leandro, additional, Marimon, Beatriz S., additional, Junior, Ben Hur Marimon, additional, Marshall, Andrew R., additional, Morandi, Paulo S., additional, Mukendi, John Tshibamba, additional, Mukinzi, Jaques, additional, Nilus, Reuben, additional, Vargas, Percy Núñez, additional, Camacho, Nadir C. Pallqui, additional, Pardo, Guido, additional, Peña-Claros, Marielos, additional, Pétronelli, Pascal, additional, Pickavance, Georgia C., additional, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, additional, Poulsen, John R., additional, Primack, Richard B., additional, Priyadi, Hari, additional, Quesada, Carlos A., additional, Reitsma, Jan, additional, Réjou-Méchain, Maxime, additional, Restrepo, Zorayda, additional, Rutishauser, Ervan, additional, Salim, Kamariah Abu, additional, Salomão, Rafael P., additional, Samsoedin, Ismayadi, additional, Sheil, Douglas, additional, Sierra, Rodrigo, additional, Silveira, Marcos, additional, Slik, J. W. Ferry, additional, Steel, Lisa, additional, Taedoumg, Hermann, additional, Tan, Sylvester, additional, Terborgh, John W., additional, Thomas, Sean C., additional, Toledo, Marisol, additional, Umunay, Peter M., additional, Gamarra, Luis Valenzuela, additional, Vieira, Ima Célia Guimarães, additional, Vos, Vincent A., additional, Wang, Ophelia, additional, Willcock, Simon, additional, and Zemagho, Lise, additional

Published
2017
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130. Spatial variation of vulnerability in geographic areas of North Lebanon

Author

Issa, Sahar T., van der Molen, Irna, Nader, Manal R., Lovett, Jon C., and Faculty of Behavioural, Management and Social Sciences

Abstract

This paper examines the spatial variation in vulnerability between different geographical areas of the northern coastal region of Lebanon within the context of armed conflict. The study is based on the ‘vulnerability of space’ approach and will be positioned in the academic debate on vulnerability concepts. While ‘vulnerability of place’ is referred to in literature, it has not been systematically studied in the case of Lebanon. Vulnerability symbolizes the physical, economic, political, or social susceptibility of a certain population to damage that is caused by a natural or man-made disaster. Vulnerability is multidimensional, differential, and scale-dependent, and can vary according to differential exposure, sensitivity, and coping capacity. In this paper, we identify features and manifestations of vulnerability that are particularly relevant to the coastal area of north Lebanon. We argue that the variation in a community’s vulnerability is affected not only by exposure to the environmental damage caused by repeated episodes of armed conflict but also by the sensitivity and coping capacity of the communities in the coastal area of north Lebanon. The findings are based on 500 questionnaire surveys among citizens in the study area, semi-structured and in-depth interviews with various stakeholders, and secondary literature.

Published
2014

133. Land cover change and carbon emissions over 100 years in an African biodiversity hotspot

Author

Willcock, Simon, primary, Phillips, Oliver L., additional, Platts, Philip J., additional, Swetnam, Ruth D., additional, Balmford, Andrew, additional, Burgess, Neil D., additional, Ahrends, Antje, additional, Bayliss, Julian, additional, Doggart, Nike, additional, Doody, Kathryn, additional, Fanning, Eibleis, additional, Green, Jonathan M. H., additional, Hall, Jaclyn, additional, Howell, Kim L., additional, Lovett, Jon C., additional, Marchant, Rob, additional, Marshall, Andrew R., additional, Mbilinyi, Boniface, additional, Munishi, Pantaleon K. T., additional, Owen, Nisha, additional, Topp-Jorgensen, Elmer J., additional, and Lewis, Simon L., additional

Published
2016
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134. Phylogenetic composition and structure of tree communities shed light on historical processes influencing tropical rainforest diversity

Author

Carlucci, Marcos B., primary, Seger, Guilherme D. S., additional, Sheil, Douglas, additional, Amaral, Iêda L., additional, Chuyong, George B., additional, Ferreira, Leandro V., additional, Galatti, Ulisses, additional, Hurtado, Johanna, additional, Kenfack, David, additional, Leal, Darley C., additional, Lewis, Simon L., additional, Lovett, Jon C., additional, Marshall, Andrew R., additional, Martin, Emanuel, additional, Mugerwa, Badru, additional, Munishi, Pantaleo, additional, Oliveira, Átila Cristina A., additional, Razafimahaimodison, Jean Claude, additional, Rovero, Francesco, additional, Sainge, Moses N., additional, Thomas, Duncan, additional, Pillar, Valério D., additional, and Duarte, Leandro D. S., additional

Published
2016
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138. At the heart of REDD+:a role for local people in monitoring forests?

Author

Danielsen, Finn, Skutsch, Margaret, Burgess, Neil David, Jensen, Per Moestrup, Andrianandrasana, Herizo, Karky, Bhaskar, Lewis, Richard, Lovett, Jon C., Massao, John, Ngaga, Yonika, Phartiyal, Pushkin, Poulsen, Michael Køie, Singh, S.P., Solis, Silvia, Sørensen, Marten, Tewari, Ashish, Young, Richaard, and Zahabu, Eliakimu

Published
2011

139. Evaluating the Habitat of the Critically Endangered Kipunji Monkey

Author

Marshall, Andrew R., primary, Figueiredo, Ricardo J.R. Lemos de, additional, Gereau, Roy E., additional, Abeid, Yahya, additional, Ahrends, Antje, additional, Fanning, Eibleis, additional, Jones, Trevor, additional, Lovett, Jon C., additional, Marshall, Cara J., additional, Davenport, Tim R.B., additional, and Bracebridge, Claire E., additional

Published
2015
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141. ‘Yes-in-my-backyard’: Spatial differences in the valuation of forest services and local co-benefits for carbon markets in México

Author

MacMillan, Douglas C., Torres, Arturo Balderas, Skutsch, Margaret, Lovett, Jon C., MacMillan, Douglas C., Torres, Arturo Balderas, Skutsch, Margaret, and Lovett, Jon C.

Abstract

Forests provide many and large benefits, including cost-efficient climate change mitigation. However international carbon markets have not stimulated the demand for forestry offsets. Domestic market-mechanisms are emerging inmany countries and forests could be highly valued through these policies asmost of the benefits produced by forests are enjoyed locally. Here, a choice experiment explores drivers of valuation and willingness to pay for forest carbon services in voluntary markets in Mexico by comparing the valuation of citizens from four regions to test geographical preference for projects (n = 645). Findings from multinomial-logit models show valuation of forest carbon services is transferable and citizens would pay more for offsets from projects closer to their homes. Proximate forests provide a range of co-benefits to local users, including environmental services and opportunities for recreation. Factors related to valuation include sense of responsibility, previous knowledge of carbon emissions, previous visits to the sites, regional identification and the valuation of local environmental services (e.g. improvements in local air quality). Knowledge of spatial heterogeneity in valuation of the use of forest services can help to design market-based instruments by identifying highly valued areas for environmental services programs and carbon markets.

Published
2014

142. Tropical moist forests

Author

Lovett, Jon C., Marchant, Robert, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Barber, J., Hesler, R. E., and Harrison, R. M.

Published
2007

143. Phylogenetic composition and structure of tree communities shed light on historical processes influencing tropical rainforest diversity.

Author

Carlucci, Marcos B., Seger, Guilherme D. S., Sheil, Douglas, Amaral, Iêda L., Chuyong, George B., Ferreira, Leandro V., Galatti, Ulisses, Hurtado, Johanna, Kenfack, David, Leal, Darley C., Lewis, Simon L., Lovett, Jon C., Marshall, Andrew R., Martin, Emanuel, Mugerwa, Badru, Munishi, Pantaleo, Oliveira, Átila Cristina A., Razafimahaimodison, Jean Claude, Rovero, Francesco, and Sainge, Moses N.

Subjects
PHYLOGENY, BIODIVERSITY, HYPOTHESIS
Abstract

The Neotropics, Afrotropics and Madagascar have different histories which have influenced their respective patterns of diversity. Based on current knowledge of these histories, we developed the following predictions about the phylogenetic structure and composition of rainforest tree communities: (Hypothesis 1) isolation of Gondwanan biotas generated differences in phylogenetic composition among biogeographical regions; (H2) major Cenozoic extinction events led to lack of phylogenetic structure in Afrotropical and Malagasy communities; (H3) greater angiosperm diversification in the Neotropics led to greater phylogenetic clustering there than elsewhere; (H4) phylogenetic overdispersion is expected near the Andes due to the co-occurrence of magnoliids tracking conserved habitat preferences and recently diversified eudicot lineages. Using abundance data of tropical rainforest tree species from 94 communities in the Neotropics, Afrotropics and Madagascar, we computed net relatedness index (NRI) to assess local phylogenetic structure, i.e. phylogenetic clustering vs. overdispersion relative to regional species pools, and principal coordinates of phylogenetic structure (PCPS) to assess variation in phylogenetic composition across communities. We observed significant differences in phylogenetic composition among biogeographical regions (agreement with H1). Overall phylogenetic structure did not differ among biogeographical regions, but results indicated variation from Andes to Amazon. We found widespread phylogenetic randomness in most Afrotropical and all Malagasy communities (agreement with H2). Most of central Amazonian communities were phylogenetically random, although some communities presented phylogenetic clustering (partial agreement with H3). We observed phylogenetic overdispersion near the Andes (agreement with H4). We were able to identify how differences in lineage composition are related to local phylogenetic co-occurrences across biogeographical regions that have been undergoing different climatic and orographic histories during the past 100 Myr. We observed imprints of the history following Gondwana breakup on phylobetadiversity and local phylogenetic structure of rainforest tree communities in the Neotropics, Afrotropics and Madagascar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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146. The valuation of forest carbon services by Mexican citizens: the case of Guadalajara city and La Primavera biosphere reserve

Author

Torres, Arturo Balderas, MacMillan, Douglas C., Skutsch, Margaret, Lovett, Jon C., Torres, Arturo Balderas, MacMillan, Douglas C., Skutsch, Margaret, and Lovett, Jon C.

Abstract

Adequate demand for, and recognition of,forest carbon services is critical to success of market mechanisms for forestry-based conservation and climate change mitigation. National and voluntary carbon-offsetting schemes are emerging as alternatives to international compliance markets. We developed a choice experiment to explore determinants of local forest carbon-offset valuation. A total of 963 citizens from Guadalajara in Mexico were asked to consider a purchase of voluntary offsets from the neighbouring Biosphere Reserve of La Primavera and from two alternative more distant locations: La Michil?´a in the state of Durango and El Cielo in Tamaulipas. Surveys were applied in market stall sessions and online using two different sampling methods: the snowball technique and via a market research company. The local La Primavera site attracted higher participation and valuation than the more distant sites. However, groups particularly interested in climate change mitigation or cost may accept cost-efficient options in the distant sites. Mean implicit carbon prices obtained ranged from $6.79 to $15.67/tCO2eq depending on the surveying methodology and profile of respondents. Survey application mode can significantly affect outcome of the experiment. Values from the market stall sessions were higher than those from the snowball and market research samples obtained online; this may be linked to greater cooperation associated with personal interaction and collective action. In agreement with the literature, we found that valuation of forest carbon offsets is associated with cognitive, ethical, behavioural, geographical and economic factors.

Published
2013

149. Tree height integrated into pantropical forest biomass estimates

Author

Feldpausch, Ted R., Lloyd, J., Lewis, Simon L., Brienen, R.J.W., Gloor, M., Monteagudo Mendoza, A., Lopez Gonzalez, G., Banin, L., Abu Salim, K., Affum-Baffoe, K., Alexiades, M., Almeida, S., Amaral, Ieda, Andrade, Ana, Aragao, Luiz, Araujo Murakami, A., Arets, E.J.M.M., Arroyo, L., Aymard, Gerardo, Baker, T.R. de, Banki, Olaf, Berry, N. J., Cardozo, N., Jerome, Chave, Comiskey, J. A., Alvarez, E., de Oliveira, A., Di Fiore, A., Djagbletey, G., Domingues, T.F., Erwin, T., Fearnside, P. M., França, M. B., Freitas, M. A., Higuchi, Niro, Honorio C., E., Iida, Y., Jimenez, E., Kassim, A.R., Killeen, T.J., Laurance, W.F., Lovett, Jon C., Malhi, Y., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Lenza, E., Marshall, A.R., Mendoza, Casimiro, Metcalfe, D.J., Mitchard, E.T.A., Neill, D.A., Nelson, B.W., Nilus, R., Nogueira, E.M., Parada, A., Peh, K.S.-H., Peña Cruz, A., Peñuela, M.C., Pitman, N.C.A., Prieto, A., Quesada, C.A., Ramírez, F., Ramirez Angulo, H., Reitsma, J.M., Rudas, A., Saiz, G., Salomao, R. P., Schwarz, M., Silva, N., Silva Espejo, J.E., Silveira, Marcos, Sonke, Bonaventura, Stropp, Juliana, Taedoumg, H. E., Tan, S., Ter Steege, Hans, Terborgh, J., Torello-Raventos, M., Van der Heijden, Geertje, Vasquez, R., Vilanova, Emilio, Vos, V. A., White, L., Willcock, S., Woell, H., Phillip, Oliver L., Feldpausch, Ted R., Lloyd, J., Lewis, Simon L., Brienen, R.J.W., Gloor, M., Monteagudo Mendoza, A., Lopez Gonzalez, G., Banin, L., Abu Salim, K., Affum-Baffoe, K., Alexiades, M., Almeida, S., Amaral, Ieda, Andrade, Ana, Aragao, Luiz, Araujo Murakami, A., Arets, E.J.M.M., Arroyo, L., Aymard, Gerardo, Baker, T.R. de, Banki, Olaf, Berry, N. J., Cardozo, N., Jerome, Chave, Comiskey, J. A., Alvarez, E., de Oliveira, A., Di Fiore, A., Djagbletey, G., Domingues, T.F., Erwin, T., Fearnside, P. M., França, M. B., Freitas, M. A., Higuchi, Niro, Honorio C., E., Iida, Y., Jimenez, E., Kassim, A.R., Killeen, T.J., Laurance, W.F., Lovett, Jon C., Malhi, Y., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Lenza, E., Marshall, A.R., Mendoza, Casimiro, Metcalfe, D.J., Mitchard, E.T.A., Neill, D.A., Nelson, B.W., Nilus, R., Nogueira, E.M., Parada, A., Peh, K.S.-H., Peña Cruz, A., Peñuela, M.C., Pitman, N.C.A., Prieto, A., Quesada, C.A., Ramírez, F., Ramirez Angulo, H., Reitsma, J.M., Rudas, A., Saiz, G., Salomao, R. P., Schwarz, M., Silva, N., Silva Espejo, J.E., Silveira, Marcos, Sonke, Bonaventura, Stropp, Juliana, Taedoumg, H. E., Tan, S., Ter Steege, Hans, Terborgh, J., Torello-Raventos, M., Van der Heijden, Geertje, Vasquez, R., Vilanova, Emilio, Vos, V. A., White, L., Willcock, S., Woell, H., and Phillip, Oliver L.

Abstract

Aboveground tropical tree biomass and carbon storage estimates commonly ignore tree height (H). We estimate the effect of incorporating H on tropics-wide forest biomass estimates in 327 plots across four continents using 42 656 H and diameter measurements and harvested trees from 20 sites to answer the following questions: 1. What is the best H-model form and geographic unit to include in biomass models to minimise site-level uncertainty in estimates of destructive biomass? 2. To what extent does including H estimates derived in (1) reduce uncertainty in biomass estimates across all 327 plots? 3. What effect does accounting for H have on plot- and continental-scale forest biomass estimates? The mean relative error in biomass estimates of destructively harvested trees when including H (mean 0.06), was half that when excluding H (mean 0.13). Power- andWeibull-H models provided the greatest reduction in uncertainty, with regional Weibull-H models preferred because they reduce uncertainty in smaller-diameter classes (?40 cm D) that store about one-third of biomass per hectare in most forests. Propagating the relationships from destructively harvested tree biomass to each of the 327 plots from across the tropics shows that including H reduces errors from 41.8Mgha?1 (range 6.6 to 112.4) to 8.0Mgha?1 (?2.5 to 23.0). For all plots, aboveground live biomass was ?52.2 Mgha?1 (?82.0 to ?20.3 bootstrapped 95%CI), or 13%, lower when including H estimates, with the greatest relative reductions in estimated biomass in forests of the Brazilian Shield, east Africa, and Australia, and relatively little change in the Guiana Shield, central Africa and southeast Asia. Appreciably different stand structure was observed among regions across the tropical continents, with some storing significantly more biomass in small diameter stems, which affects selection of the best height models to reduce uncertainty and biomass reductions due to H. After accounting for variation in H, total biomass p

Published
2012

150. Towards Regional, Error-Bounded Landscape Carbon Storage Estimates for Data-Deficient Areas of the World

Author

Willcock, Simon, Phillips, Oliver L., Platts, Philip J., Balmford, Andrew, Burgess, Neil David, Lovett, Jon C., Ahrends, Antje, Bayliss, Julian, Doggart, Nike, Doody, Kathryn, Fanning, Eibleis, Green, Jonathan, Hall, Jaclyn, Howell, Kim L., Marchant, Rob, Marshall, Andrew R., Mbilinyi, Boniface, Munishi, Pantaleon K.T., Owen, Nisha, Swetnam, Ruth D., Topp-Jorgensen, Elmer J., Lewis, Simon L., Willcock, Simon, Phillips, Oliver L., Platts, Philip J., Balmford, Andrew, Burgess, Neil David, Lovett, Jon C., Ahrends, Antje, Bayliss, Julian, Doggart, Nike, Doody, Kathryn, Fanning, Eibleis, Green, Jonathan, Hall, Jaclyn, Howell, Kim L., Marchant, Rob, Marshall, Andrew R., Mbilinyi, Boniface, Munishi, Pantaleon K.T., Owen, Nisha, Swetnam, Ruth D., Topp-Jorgensen, Elmer J., and Lewis, Simon L.

Abstract

Monitoring landscape carbon storage is critical for supporting and validating climate change mitigation policies. These may be aimed at reducing deforestation and degradation, or increasing terrestrial carbon storage at local, regional and global levels. However, due to data-deficiencies, default global carbon storage values for given land cover types such as ‘lowland tropical forest’ are often used, termed ‘Tier 1 type’ analyses by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Such estimates may be erroneous when used at regional scales. Furthermore uncertainty assessments are rarely provided leading to estimates of land cover change carbon fluxes of unknown precision which may undermine efforts to properly evaluate land cover policies aimed at altering land cover dynamics. Here, we present a repeatable method to estimate carbon storage values and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all five IPCC carbon pools (aboveground live carbon, litter, coarse woody debris, belowground live carbon and soil carbon) for data-deficient regions, using a combination of existing inventory data and systematic literature searches, weighted to ensure the final values are regionally specific. The method meets the IPCC ‘Tier 2’ reporting standard. We use this method to estimate carbon storage over an area of33.9 million hectares of eastern Tanzania, reporting values for 30 land cover types. We estimate that this area stored 6.33 (5.92–6.74) Pg C in the year 2000. Carbon storage estimates for the same study area extracted from five published Africa-wide or global studies show a mean carbon storage value of ∼50% of that reported using our regional values, with four of the five studies reporting lower carbon storage values. This suggests that carbon storage may have been underestimated for this region of Africa. Our study demonstrates the importance of obtaining regionally appropriate carbon storage estimates, and shows how such values can be produced fo

Published
2012

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