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For high-voltage shunt reactors with rods with non-magnetic gaps, an analytical method for calculating magnetic fluxes based on substitute circuits has been developed by substantiation by finite element modeling, and the calculation of main and additional losses in magnetic systems has been refined. The results of loss calculations are compared with their estimates during type tests of reactors. Bibl. 11, fig. 8, table.

Recent meta-analyses suggest that certain drugs act as cognitive enhancers and can increase attentional investment and performance even for healthy adults. The current review examines the potential of behavioral economics enhancers (BEEs) for similarly improving cognitive performance and judgments. Traditionally, behavioral economics theory has adopted a skeptical approach regarding the notion of whether individuals can overcome judgment biases through variables that increase cognitive effort. We focus mostly on the effects of two BEEs: incentivization and losses. Summarizing results from different meta-analyses, we find a small but robust positive effect size for BEEs, with comparable effect sizes to those found in studies of pharmacological cognitive enhancers.

Abstract Background Both male and female food animals are slaughtered for meat. Some cows, ewes and does slaughtered are found with viable foetuses resulting in foetal wastage and loss of future replacement stock. Foetal wastage accounts for about 20%–25% of the decline in livestock numbers in sub‐Saharan Africa. Slaughter of pregnant cows, ewes and does results in economic losses and threatens food security with consequent decrease in available animal proteins to the fast growing human population. Protein requirement for healthy human development is inadequate in most developing countries including Uganda. The prevalence and economic losses associated with foetal wastage were assessed in an abattoir. Objectives The study was cnducted to assess the prevalence of feotal wastage at the study abattoir and estimate the associated economic losses. Methods The researchers supported by abattoir resident meat inspectors examined all slaughtered female animals during the study period. Gravid uteri obtained from slaughtered animals after dressing of carcasses were eviscerated using a sharp knife across the long axis to recover foetuses. The crown rump lengths (CRLs) of the recovered foetuses were measured using a tape measure, weighed on a scale and categorised into first, second and third trimesters. Prevalence of pregnant animals slaughtered was determined by calculating the percentage of pregnant animals over the total number of female animals slaughtered. Economic losses were estimated based on the monetary losses at birth, weaning, maturity, and carcass loss at weaning and maturity. Results The aggregate slaughters were bovine 604 (73.6%), caprine 169 (20.6%) and ovine 48 (5.9%). The overall prevalence of foetal wastage was 21.9%. The aggregate prevalence of foetal wastage by species include 160 (88.9%) cows, 8 (4.4%) heifers, 4 (2.2%) does and 8 (4.4%) ewes. Foetal wastage of cows by trimester included 62 (38.8%), 26 (16.25%) and 72 (45.0%) in first, second and third trimesters, respectively, translating into loss of US$13,055. Foetal wastage was high and the associated economic losses were substantial which undermines sustainability of the national herd. Farmers should be sensitised about the economic losses and long‐term impact associated with foetal wastage and dissuaded from this practice. A policy is needed to deter farmers from selling pregnant animals for slaughter. Conclusions A total of 168 bovine, 8 caprine and 12 ovine foetuses were wasted within 60 days study period. These foetal wastages translated to US$ 13,224 monetary losses at birth, US$ 31,849 monetary loss at weaning and US$ 57,0896 monetary loss at maturity.

The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources Regional Station, Hyderabad has facilitated safe introduction of 356 521 (1986–2010) germplasm accessions of various crops into India. About 60 seed-borne pathogens of quarantine importance were intercepted on crop germplasm during seed examination in the laboratory and post-entry quarantine observations in the field. Of these, the quarantine pathogens, viz. Ralstonia solanacearum and peanut stripe virus in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), Peronospora manshurica (Naum.) Syd. and peanut stripe virus in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], tobacco streak virus in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), Xanthomonas campestris pv holcicola (Elliot) Dye, Burkholderia andropogonis (Smith) Gillis et al. on sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], Drechslera maydis (Nisik.) Subram. & Jain on maize (Zea mays L.) and Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Okabe) Young et al. on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were intercepted from different countries. Yield losses that could have occurred were estimated had these pathogens of groundnut, soybean, sunflower, maize, sorghum and tomato not been intercepted.

Technical shrinkage is shrinkage caused by impedance in generation equipment or transmission equipment to the distribution network so that there is energy loss. There are several technical shrinkage problems at PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) especially in Customer Service Unit (ULP) Lhokseumawe City and for now the cause is still unsolved, because this technical shrinkage problem will harm and have an impact on consumers and PLN itself. The purpose of the study was to optimize technical shrinkage in the distribution network to reduce energy losses that occurred during the electrical power distribution process in the distribution network of PT. PLN (Persero) ULP Lhokseumawe City. This study uses the help of Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software to simulate the power flow so that the depreciation value that occurs is obtained, then re-load adjustment is carried out to simulate again to determine the change in the depreciation value obtained after load adjustment. The results of the ETAP simulation show the depreciation value that occurred before the load adjustment was made by 76.7 kW after the depreciation load adjustment was adjusted to 59.6 kW. This means that this technical shrinkage can be suppressed by changing the feeder operation pattern and voltage drop value in accordance with the limitation provisions set in SPLN 72:1987.

The Investment Management Agency (LPI) is a sui generis institution managing long-term investment in Indonesia. This investment carries high business risks. UU Cipta Kerja and PP LPI regulates that should a loss that reduces the initial capital by 50%, the Government “can” increase the capital of LPI. The research problems are the concept of increasing capital to cover LPI’s initial capital shortage and its supporting mechanism to achieve state goals. This research uses a normative juridical method with a multi-disciplinary approach. The results are that the Constitutional Court as “the Guardian of the Constitution” must emphasize the concept of additional capital to cover LPI’s capital shortage must be interpreted, that the State is “obligated” to cover capital shortage as long as the existence of LPI is deemed necessary to add significant value for revenue. The approval from DPR is required to increase LPI capital, in order to achieve state goals.

AbstractCanal lining is customarily used to raise water-use effectiveness and reduce seepage loss. The major water losses in an irrigation channel are due to leakage and evaporation. The Egyptian General Integrated Management for Water Resources and Irrigation introduced a proposal for lining the Al-Hagar canal based on these losses. This study investigates the effect of lining in the Al-Hagar canal on flow characteristics, and compares the canal before and after introducing the lining. Additionally, it discusses the most common type of water loss, namely, losses due to seepage. Fieldwork was conducted on the Al-Hagar canal, Al-Saff Center, South of Helwan city, Egypt. The result revealed that the discharge of the canal after the lining is approximately 1.362–1.573 times greater than that of the un-lined section. Water losses in the Al-Hagar canal were 38.736% when un-lined but decreased to 29.253% when lined. The conveyance effectiveness in the un-lined canal, which is approximately 61.26%, increased to 70.75% when the entire canal is lined, which means a 9.483% improvement of conveyance. New relations were introduced using Artificial Neural Network and Gene Expression Programming to forecast the seepage loss in the lined and the un-lined canal as a function of Manning’s coefficient, Froude number and hydraulic radius. The consequences were better using the GEP program than using ANN for the lined and the un-lined canals. The value of the determination coefficient was 0.98, Correlation factor was 0.99, and the RMSE was 0.0017 for lined canals and the value of determination coefficient was 1, Correlation factor was 1, and the RMSE was 0.0003 for un-lined canals.

This paper deals with the reduction in electrical losses and the minimization of voltage deviation in electrical power grids. To this end, a novel heuristic-based approach is proposed for controlling reactive power injections along an electrical grid with distributed generation using distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation. The proposed approach consists of applying a heuristic, namely a genetic or firefly algorithm, to solve the loss and voltage deviation optimization problem by controlling PV reactive power injections. The proposed method was tested on a radial 100-bus network with an intense penetration of PV generation. The obtained results indicate that the proposed method consistently yields superior grid performance when compared to algorithms previously proposed in the literature. In fact, it led to a reduction in the active power supplied by the reference bus to the grid, thereby alleviating the burden imposed on the most upstream parts of the distribution network. As a consequence, the proposed method contributes to a power-efficient network, enhancing its loss performance and voltage stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of soil losses management studying due to wind and water soil erosion crops rotations proposed based on methodologies of NSC "Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research named after O.N. Sokolovsky". The main purpose of our research was to assess the soil losses under influence of wind and water erosion in crop rotation. The works were planned to determine how erosion types correspond to crops or having the same effect on a similar field parts in the crop rotation of Ukrainian Eastern Steppe part. It was also planned to compare soils losses in similar gradations (allowable, slight, moderate, high) with the following analysis of the differences in the manifestation dynamics under different agricultural crops (fallow, winter crops, barley, oat, corn for grain, corn for silage, millet, peas), and different parts of fields. It is proposed when determining the erosion risk of the territory, the areas of such soils must be protected by such crops with minimal losses from the destructive effects of wind erosion and surface runoff. It is possible to state the cumulative manifestation of erosion and deflation on the territory of the region, but it is impossible to separate the contours of eroded and deflated soils in detail, therefore, in erosion situations proposed to obtain separate influence of each erosion (wind and water) on already eroded or erosionally hazardous lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was on Analysis of causes of post-harvest losses of Agricultural commodity dealers in Imo State, Nigeria. Across Nigeria, and mainly, in Imo State, A large amount of perishable agricultural commodities are not reaching the consumer particularly due to damaging in the process of marketing. Empirical studies to systematically assess the causes of these losses of the dealers are relatively scarce. It was against these backdrops that the study was carefully undertaken. Specifically, the study was guided by the following objectives; describing the socioeconomic characteristics of perishable agricultural commodity dealers in Imo State; identifying perishable agricultural commodities sold by commodity dealers; identifying types of post-harvest losses experienced by the commodity dealers; ascertaining causes of post-harvest losses of commodity dealers. A Multistage sampling procedure was used in the selection of one-hundred and eighty (180) perishable agricultural commodity dealers. Structured questionnaire was the main tool for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis. The socio-economic characteristics result shows that approximately 65.56% were female, with a mean age of 40.00 years. Most (67.78%) were married with an average household size of 7 persons. Average marketing experience and monthly income were 24.00years, and ? 65,000.00 respectively. About (70.56%) had secondary education. Most of the dealers were involved in banana (98.89%), watermelon (96.11%) and pineapple (97.78%) among other perishable agricultural commodities they are involved-in, in the area. The dealers identified quality losses (altered physical condition or characteristics) (97.22%) as the most losses they experienced among other losses in the area. Poor transportation facilities (road; rickety vehicles) (98.33%) and poor handling skill (95.56%) were among the causes of post-harvest losses the dealers identified. It was therefore recommended that dealers through their various cooperative societies should collectively and judiciously pool resources together to acquire modern storage and processing facilities to help reduce post-harvest losses as these would significantly improve their sales, income and standard of living significantly in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was on Analysis of causes of post-harvest losses of Agricultural commodity dealers in Imo State, Nigeria. Across Nigeria, and mainly, in Imo State, A large amount of perishable agricultural commodities are not reaching the consumer particularly due to damaging in the process of marketing. Empirical studies to systematically assess the causes of these losses of the dealers are relatively scarce. It was against these backdrops that the study was carefully undertaken. Specifically, the study was guided by the following objectives; describing the socioeconomic characteristics of perishable agricultural commodity dealers in Imo State; identifying perishable agricultural commodities sold by commodity dealers; identifying types of post-harvest losses experienced by the commodity dealers; ascertaining causes of post-harvest losses of commodity dealers. A Multistage sampling procedure was used in the selection of one-hundred and eighty (180) perishable agricultural commodity dealers. Structured questionnaire was the main tool for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis. The socio-economic characteristics result shows that approximately 65.56% were female, with a mean age of 40.00 years. Most (67.78%) were married with an average household size of 7 persons. Average marketing experience and monthly income were 24.00years, and ? 65,000.00 respectively. About (70.56%) had secondary education. Most of the dealers were involved in banana (98.89%), watermelon (96.11%) and pineapple (97.78%) among other perishable agricultural commodities they are involved-in, in the area. The dealers identified quality losses (altered physical condition or characteristics) (97.22%) as the most losses they experienced among other losses in the area. Poor transportation facilities (road; rickety vehicles) (98.33%) and poor handling skill (95.56%) were among the causes of post-harvest losses the dealers identified. It was therefore recommended that dealers through their various cooperative societies should collectively and judiciously pool resources together to acquire modern storage and processing facilities to help reduce post-harvest losses as these would significantly improve their sales, income and standard of living significantly in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction In conventional combine harvesters, wheat chaff is typically removed from the end of the machine and deposited on the field surface. Depending on the wheat cultivar, cultivation method, and growing conditions, the amount of chaff produced can range from 0.8 to 1.5 times the amount of grain harvested per hectare (Tavakoli, 2012). On average, this translates to an annual production of approximately 14 million tons of chaff, which is valued at around $240000000 based on regional prices in 2018-2019 ($1000 per kilogram). If collected, these chaff residues could be used as animal feed for livestock. Additionally, the long stems protruding from the back of conventional combine harvesters can interfere with subsequent cultivation efforts. Chaff combine harvesters have a similar structure to conventional machines, but feature a modified end that includes a tank and blower for collecting and depositing crushed chaff. Apart from the threshing unit, all other components of the harvester remain unchanged. Materials and Methods This study was conducted in 2019 in dryland wheat fields to determine the performance of Chaff combine harvesters in Kurdistan province. The study used 15 combine harvesters, including John Deere models equipped with chaff threshers from Shiraz, Bookan, and Hamedan, as well as the Hamedan Barzegar specific chaff collector combine. These combines were evaluated and compared based on natural losses, head and chaff storage losses, field capacity, purity percentage, and yield in field conditions in Kurdistan province. The total number of combines evaluated was 15, using a completely randomized design. Among these, 33% belonged to Shiraz company (5 samples), 33% to Bookan (5 samples), 20% to Hamedan (3 samples), and 14% to Hamedan Barzegar (2 samples). Sampling included measurement of natural losses, header losses, threshing tank losses (losses of the threshing unit, separating unit, and cleaning unit), and quality losses (broken grains and impurities) in the combine tank. Results and Discussion The results showed that the average yield, natural loss, and combine loss were 1,698.14 kg.ha-1, 2.39%, and 4.92%, respectively. In terms of the loss rates in different parts of the combine, 43.49% was related to the chaff storage of the combine, and 56.50% was related to the combine head. The natural loss rate in this province was 2.39%. The total combine loss was 5.18%, with 40.44% of that related to chaff storage and the rest related to the combine head. The results also showed a significant difference between the treatments in terms of field capacity, chaff storage loss, and purity percentage at a probability level of 5%. The total loss of the Hamedan Barzegar combine was 6.67%, which was higher than the other combines. The chaff storage loss of the Shiraz, Bookan, Hamedan, and Hamedan Barzegar combines were 0.87%, 2.64%, 0.78., and 4.28%, respectively, showing a significant difference at a 5% level. There was also a significant difference between the treatments in terms of total grain loss. Based on these results, it is recommended to use the Hamedan, Bookan, Shiraz, and Hamedan Barzegar combines, with total losses of 4.33%, 4.33%, 4.52%, and 6.56%, respectively. Conclusion 1. The average purity of harvested grains was 96.62%, and there was no significant difference between the combine harvesters in this regard. 2. There was a significant difference between the combines in terms of field capacity at a probability level of 5%. The field capacity of the Bookan, Hamedan Barzegar, Hamedan, and Shiraz combine harvesters were 0.83, 0.87, 0.83, and 0.73 hectares per hour, respectively. 3. In Kurdistan province, the average grain combine loss in dryland wheat harvesting with chaff combine harvesters was 4.92%, which is higher than in other provinces. 4. The loss in the chaff tank of the Shiraz, Bookan, Hamedan, and Hamedan Barzegar combine harvesters was 0.87%, 2.64%, 0.78%, and 4.28%, respectively. Regardless of head losses, the loss in the Hamedan combine was less than other combine harvesters. 5. The total losses of the Hamedan Barzegar, Bookan, Shiraz, and Hamedan combine harvesters were 6.56%, 4.32%, 4.52%, and 4.30%, respectively, with the Hamedan Barzegar and Hamedan combine harvesters having the highest and lowest losses, respectively. Based on the results obtained from this study, using the Hamedan combine is recommended in the dryland conditions of Kurdistan due to its low losses, high purity, and field capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around half of dairy cows suffer from diseases associated with parturition that affect reproductive efficiency. A total of 2,364 lactations were studied to assess the impact of disease within 21 days postpartum (combined and individually) on culling prior to first service, conception to first service, and pregnancy losses from 35 to 100 days. In healthy cows, culling prior to first service was 4.95% and in sick cows it was 15.95% (OR=6.68; P≤0.0001). Culling was 8.93% in cows with metritis (OR=6.33; P≤0.0001) and 19.12% in cows with ketosis (OR=6.84; P=0.001). In healthy cows, conception rate was 36.16% and in sick cows was 30.12% (OR=0.75; P=0.052). Conception rate was 29.04% in cows with metritis (OR=0.71; P=0.084) and 30.49% in cows with ketosis (OR=0.59; P=0.068). Pregnancy losses in healthy cows were 11.29% and in sick cows were 14.73% (OR=0.77; P=0.54). Diseases associated with parturition combined or metritis and ketosis individually, increased culling prior to first service, decreased conception, but did not affect pregnancy losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Multilevel inverter is a practical power electronic design that has motivated a great deal of ever‐increasing interest. In this article, a new design of basic module‐based multilevel is proposed. The article conceptualized minimizing the number of power semiconductor devices, losses, and total blocking voltage and hence the cost. The proposed inverter structure consists of both a polarity generator and a level generator unit. To investigate the eminence of the proposed topology, an exhaustive comparative study with other existing topologies is presented. The proposed inverter can be utilized for both symmetrical and asymmetrical configurations. The extended cascaded structure of the proposed topology is discussed for generating a higher level of voltages and five algorithms for asymmetrical configuration are introduced to select input dc voltages. This article presents the operating principle, modulation strategy, total standing voltage calculation, cost function, and losses calculation. The efficacy of the proposed cascaded multilevel inverter has been substantiated experimentally. The proposed structure can be efficiently used in medium‐/high‐voltage applications like electrical drives as well as renewable energy resource‐based grid‐connected systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider the behavior of the local energy flow velocity of the fundamental air-core mode at the core-cladding boundary in two types of hollow-core fibers: hollow-core fibers with a negative curvature of the core boundary and single-capillary fibers with similar geometrical parameters. It is demonstrated that the behavior of both axial and radial components of the local energy velocity of the fundamental air-core mode is completely different for these two types of hollow-core fibers. The negative curvature of the core boundary leads to an alternating behavior of the radial projection of the local energy velocity and a decrease of two orders of magnitude compared to the values of this projection for a single capillary. In our opinion, this behavior of the local energy velocity of the fundamental air-core mode is caused by a periodic set of Poynting vector vortices that appear in the cladding capillary walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the growing limitations of the current methods of calculating earnings, particularly when earnings is a negative number. Earnings, presumably the most important output of a financial reporting system, is not a singular metric. It is obtained by subtracting numerous expense line items from revenues, both of which are calculated after applying a diverse, and often inconsistent, set of accounting conventions. Despite this apparent deficiency, earnings could be informative of recurring profits, if revenues are measured correctly and expenses are traced to revenues. However, both principles are increasingly violated for the cohorts of firms listed in the last 30 years, which now constitute over 80% of the set of listed firms. Revenues of recent cohorts do not capture many events that create recurring cash flows. Their operating expenses are dominated by intangible outlays that are unmatched to current revenues. As a result, newer cohorts' profits and profit margins, especially when negative, offer little to inform future profits. Given that revenue and expense recognition rules are unlikely to change anytime soon, the current developments raise a question: Should the reporting of the summary measure of earnings be voluntary instead of mandatory? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes numerical modeling of sublevel stoping using the discrete element method. The study included development of a modeling procedure, creation and calibration of the numerical models, and the result analysis. The optimal design parameters of structural components of the mining system are found, which are promotive of reduced ore losses in sublevel stoping at the Khibiny apatite–nepheline deposits. Some behavioral patterns of rock mass during sublevel stoping are obtained. The mechanism of ore losses is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innovative lead‐free formamidinium tin‐based perovskite solar cell structure is considered nontoxic and potentially more stable than lead‐based, although its performance is not yet excellent. This research aims to enhance the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells and reduce the recombination losses. According to device modeling, the FASnI3 perovskite solar cell demonstrates a packing conversion efficiency of 14.3% (open circuit voltage (Voc) = 0.899 V, fill factor (FF) = 58.9%, and current density (Jsc) = 26.06 mA cm−2) by employing Bi hole transporting layers, a copper oxide, and crystalline silicon layers. Some features that affect the device include the thickness of each layer, the doping density of copper oxide and a silicon layer, and the back contact metalwork function. It is proposed that Bi‐HTL reduce the carriers to enter hole transport layer (HTL) as the doping change so that decreasing charge carriers recombination and enhancing the device efficiency in tin‐based perovskite solar cell with the structure of ITO/TiO2/FASnI3/CuO/Si/C. Furthermore, the impacts of various charge transport layers on energy band alignment, recombination, electric field, and IV properties are thoroughly explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DC microgrids have become a prevalent topic in research in part due to the expected superior efficiency of DC/DC converters compared to their AC/DC counterparts. Although numer-ous side-by-side analyses have quantified the efficiency benefits of DC power distribution, these studies all modeled converter loss based on product data that varied in component quality and operating voltage. To establish a fair efficiency comparison, this work derives a formulaic loss model of a DC/DC and an AC/DC PFC boost converter. These converters are modeled with identical components and an equivalent input and output voltage. Simulated designs with real components show AC/DC boost converters between 100 W to 500 W having up to 2.5 times more loss than DC/DC boost converters. Although boost converters represent a fraction of electronics in build-ings, these loss models can eventually work toward establishing a comprehensive model-based full-building analysis.

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Due to the increasing internationalization of the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), it is planned to create a common energy market and an electric energy market. To ensure the reliable functioning of the energy systems of individual states of the Union and their common energy market, it is necessary to increase energy efficiency and reduce costs at each stage of production, transmission, distribution and sale of electricity by optimizing processes in the industry through the introduction of digital technologies. The purpose of this work is to analyze the electric power complexes of the EAEU member states and to consider groups of digitalization technologies of industries in the context of the electric power industry, to form an algorithm for creating a classification of digitalization technologies of the electric power industry and on the basis of the latter to create the classification itself. The article provides an overview of the dynamics of the main economic indicators of the Union countries and the main indicators of their electric power industries, examines the structure of electricity production, energy portfolio, average electricity prices, total electricity consumption by sector. The import-export potential and the level of electricity losses in the networks have been analyzed. The interpretation of digital technologies of the electric power complex in the context of existing groups-digitalization technologies was made, the components of the interconnection of digital technologies were identified; the classification of the above components by production stages has been developed. Recommendations on the further use of the classification for the formation of an indicative system for assessing the level of digitalization of the electric power complex are put forward. It is concluded that digitalization of the electric power system on the technical side increases the energy security of the state and the competitiveness of the energy system on the world market, and on the economic side it helps to reduce costs at all stages of the entire technological cycle.

The article discusses issues related to the implementation of environmental insurance. Its purpose is to consider a number of problems, the solution of which can contribute to increasing its role in the compensation of losses caused by environmental pollution. To this end, it is proposed to expand the circle of legal entities obliged to provide financial guarantees of compensation for such losses and to use environmental insurance as one of the mechanisms of such guarantees. The effectiveness of guarantees provided by concluding insurance contracts can be ensured by regulating its conditions in a separate regulatory act. In turn, the preparation of the latter requires consideration of some aspects related to the mechanism of conducting environmental insurance. The article, in particular, characterizes the types of environmental pollution and, on this basis, draws conclusions about the possibility, expediency and specificity of insurance in relation to each of them. The insured event in environmental insurance contracts, according to the author, should be the consequences of accidental, sudden and unintentional pollution, i.e., those caused by an accident, disaster or other emergency events of man-made or natural nature. Another problem considered in the article is related to the range of losses that should be included in the scope of insurers’ liability under the insurance contracts concluded in order to provide financial guarantees of compensation for damage caused by environmental pollution. According to the author it should include losses caused by the insured to other legal entities and individuals in the form of damage to natural objects and associated with the implementation of measures aimed at reducing the damage caused by the insured event. A significant place in the article is given to the peculiarities of assessment of damage to be compensated by insurance companies. First of all, it concerns how to calculate the losses caused by damage directly to the natural environment. The results obtained in this part of the article include, in particular, the conclusion that when choosing a method of assessment of such damage one should mainly take into account the amount of costs for environmental restoration.

ABSTRACT The research was conducted during the 2018/19 hunting year at three hunting grounds: "Barajevska reka" - "Takovo" and "Jadar". The average density of Roe deer in hunting grounds varied from 48.67 to 74 individuals per 1,000 ha of hunting-productive area. However, when observing the number of individuals per 1,000 ha of total hunting area, the density varies from 16.07 individuals to 34.72 individuals. The determined gender ratio at the hunting ground "Jadar" was (M: F = 1: 0.93). At the hunting ground "Takovo", the gender ratio was (M: F = 1: 1.22), while at the hunting ground "Barajevska reka" the ratio was (M: F = 1: 1.59). The average fertility of Roe deer was 1.67 embryos per individual, or 1.75 embryos per pregnant female. Depending on the study area, the real growth varied from 0.54 to 0.73 fawns per female. Loss in Roe deer are caused mostly by biotic factors. The determined average age of shot individuals varied depending on the hunting ground from 3.53 to 5.24 years. The current state of Roe deer populations in Serbia varies between analyzed hunting grounds, but the overall situation is quite unsatisfactory, especially in terms of density, gender ratio and age structure of culled individuals.

According to scientific studies dealing with the statistics of ICE (internal combustion engine) failures, most of them are registered in the ignition system (25%) and the power system (35%). The operable state of the ICE fuel system can be maintained by developing effective testing methods. For the purpose of theoretical research, a DBD-4 testing device was designed in the methodological part of the research. The use of the developed methodologies and instrumentation allowed carrying out experimental studies to diagnose the operability of the fuel supply system. Analyzing the obtained experimental data, it can be affirmed that: there is a stable relationship between the change in the ICE crankshaft speed and the change in the injection duration of the electromagnetic injector; the degree of wear of the electric fuel pump (EFP) is determined by the shift of the stable value of the crankshaft speed to the zone of low speed values at the same injection durations. The data obtained after testing the EFP allows planning a further algorithm of actions to maintain the operability of the fuel supply system.

Apple production holds a prominent position in Morocco’s Rosaceae family. However, annual production can fluctuate due to substantial losses caused by fungal diseases affecting stored apples. Our findings emphasize that the pre-storage treatment of apples, disinfection of storage facilities, box type, and fruit sorting are pivotal factors affecting apple losses during storage. Additionally, the adopted preservation technique was significantly correlated with the percentage of damage caused by fungal infections. Blue mold accounts for nearly three-quarters of the diseases detected, followed by gray rot with a relatively significant incidence. This study has revealed several fungal diseases affecting stored apples caused by pathogens such as Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, Trichothecium roseum, Fusarium avenaceum, Cadophora malorum, and Neofabraea vagabunda. Notably, these last two fungal species have been reported for the first time in Morocco as pathogens of stored apples. These data affirm that the high losses of apples in Morocco, attributed primarily to P. expansum and B. cinerea, pose a significant threat in terms of reduced production and diminished fruit quality. Hence, adopting controlled atmosphere storage chambers and implementing good practices before apple storage is crucial.

This study focuses on determining the technical specifications and parameters of an all-electric passenger vehicle, modeling it according to these parameters, selecting the appropriate electric motor as a result of the modeling, and then designing and making a new 75 kW three-phase DC-AC converter (inverter) as per to automotive standards for the brushless DC motor used for vehicle propulsion. Three different power stage designs are conducted and compared. The system losses were calculated, and three variants of cooling systems were used for cooling the power stage to reduce losses. Performances of such cooling systems were compared. Air cooling, fan-assisted air cooling, and liquid cooling structures are designed for power stage cooling, and the performances of these three systems were compared.

Accurate estimation of the internal temperatures of electric machines is critical to increasing their power density and reliability since key temperatures, such as magnet temperature, are often difficult to measure. This work presents a new machine learning based modelling approach, incorporating novel physically informed feature engineering, which achieves best-in-class accuracy and reduced training time. The different features introduced are proportional to sources of machine losses and require no prior knowledge of the machine, hence the models are completely data driven. Evaluation using a standard experimental dataset shows that modelling errors can be reduced by up to 82.5%, resulting in the lowest mean squared error recorded in the literature of 2.40 K2. Additionally, models can be trained with less training data and have lower sensitivity to data quality. Specifically, it was possible to train a loss enhanced multilayer perceptron model to a mean squared error

Stripe rust of wheat is commonly known as yellow rust disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) caused by Puccinia triticina. This disease is among the most important diseases of wheat globally. Present review presents the basic and recent information regarding the epidemiology of stripe rust with signs and symptoms of disease on an infected crop. Identification and control of the disease is becoming challenging due to lack of information, thus present review had been summarized for the understanding of local farmers and experts. Yellow rust is the foliar disease of wheat, fungal spores of P. triticina are also termed as air born disease as causative agents of disease spread through wind. Pathogens of rust disease are the potential source of reducing yield and production. These causative agents are host specific and had a great potential to reduce yield around 70-100% in case of susceptible wheat variety. Pathogenic strains of stripe rust infect the green tissues of crops, chances of disease infection are equal at any-time of one leaf stage of crop. However, the symptoms of disease appear after one week of an infection while sporulation starts just after two weeks of infection having optimum conditions of an environment. Just after disease attacks, tiny, yellow- to orange-colored rust pustules appear on an infected area which is called as uredia, having thousands of uredinio spores in each uredium, which is not visible through naked eye. These spores are usually yellow to orange in color and are powdery in nature. The type of symptoms appearance on an infected crop depends upon the nature of resistance in specific crop. Cultivation of resistant wheat varieties with the applications of effective fungicides are the possible solutions of these pathogenic spores. However, selection of suitable wheat variety and the cultivation of crop at right time keeping in mind the other environmental factors such as temperature and moisture would be important for wheat cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to construct a synthetic database of human and economic seismic losses. For weak-to-moderate magnitude and older earthquakes, the catalogs of losses are incomplete, which limits the creation of probabilistic based loss models. Furthermore, the number of earthquakes involving losses has increased in recent years, following a non-stationary Poisson distribution with a rate proportional to the exposed population and GDP. First, this study involved defining a series of empirical models (from definition of magnitude to losses) tested by the likelihood method applied to data from 377 earthquakes with variables related to exposure (exposed population and exposed GDP) and consequences (economic losses, number of fatalities and injuries). For these 377 earthquakes, the spatial variation of the hazard was deduced from USGS ShakeMaps and the social and economic losses evaluated were made stationary by taking into account exposure evolving over time. We then built a synthetic database of seismic losses from the ISC-GEM catalog of epicenters, which is assumed to be complete and homogeneous since 1967 for magnitudes > 5. The combination of the 377 events and the synthetic data indicates that earthquakes of magnitudes [5.5; 6.9] represent 36% of all economic losses, 56% of all fatalities, and 71% of injuries. An occurrence model was then designed to predict the evolution of losses over the next years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The transmission system of the thresher was developed to suit the process of threshing cowpea seeds. The developed thresher included substantial modifications to the threshing concaves, threshing fan, and threshing drum. The speed of the threshing sieve, suction, and fan were increased while the drum speed was decreased. Concave hole diameters of 20, 24, and 28 mm; drum speeds of 17, 23, and 29 m s-1; and feed rates of 360, 540, and 720 kg h-1 were studied. Threshing efficiency, seed damage, losses of seed, and power requirements were computed. The main findings revealed that increasing the diameter of the concave holes increased threshing efficiency and seed losses while decreasing seed damage and power requirements. Increasing drum speed increases threshing efficiency, reduced seed damage, and lower power requirements while decreasing seed losses. The maximum threshing efficiency reached was 96.75%, while the seed loss was 4.25%, with a minimum seed damage of 1.18%. The power requirement was 7.38 kWh ton-1 at a moisture content of 14.6%. The operating costs using the developed threshing machine were decreased to 71.33 USD ha-1 instead of the manually threshed cowpea, which costs about 111 USD ha-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is caused by one or more of the Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaVs). GLD's symptoms are expected to be evident in indicator cultivars, regardless of the GLRaV(s) involved. In the present study, disease incidence (I) and severity (S), symptoms before veraison (Sy < V), a disease severity index (DSI) and an earliness index (EI) (2013–2022) were recorded in order to examine the factors affecting the evolution of GLD in Pinot noir graft inoculated with scions infected with GLRaV-3 that, in origin, showed a diversity of GLD symptoms. Strong correlations between I and S (r = 0.94) and between Sy < V and EI (r = 0.94) were observed; early symptoms proved good predictors of incidence and severity after veraison and of yield and sugar content of the must. The environmental conditions and time after infection did not modify the wide range of symptoms (I: 0–81.5%; S: 0.1–4) that corresponded with the variation in losses (<0–88% for yield and <0–24% for sugar content). With all other factors being constant, the significant differences between plants were mainly due to the GLRaVs present. Plants infected with some GLRaV-3 isolates always had mild symptoms or remained asymptomatic 10 years after grafting but remained a source of infection for GLRaV vectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have made significant contributions to natural and remote sensing imaging since the development of deep learning. Scene-level image classification is a challenge that affects both the natural and remote sensing domains and has numerous applications. The number of possible scene entities in the image content that could match the dataset images is the main focus. Scene-level classification is significant and fascinating because of open problems like intraclass heterogeneity, interclass homogeneity, background cluttering, high spatial resolution, and different imaging conditions. Additionally, the multi-label scene dataset's imbalance, lack of preservation of complex semantic relations, and higher label-to-label correlation are all apparent. The article discusses a meta-analysis of the state-of-the-art scene classification literature practices. We discuss CNNs, attention mechanisms, capsule networks, and generative adversarial networks. The article also delivers an overview of the various activations, losses, optimization techniques, and regularization schemes pertinent to the scene domain. The standard benchmark datasets based on single- and multi-label themes are collated. The performance metrics for scene classification are explained as well. The implementation of the multi-label scene classification utilizing several CNN models on the UC Merced multi-label dataset is also covered in the paper. The proposed MobileNet-based model performs better than the recognized cutting-edge methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method for thermal optimization for the radial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) used in light electric vehicles. Thermal effects cause many negative impacts, especially losses in electrical machines. These effects cause the permanent magnets to deteriorate and the motor to become inoperable in PMSMs. Therefore, it is important to optimize the operating internal temperatures of PMSM. In this study, it is suggested that the permanent magnets of the PMSM should be made in pieces in the axial direction in order to reduce the operating temperature value. The simulated design is a radial flux PMSM used in light electric vehicles with a power of 3.2 kW, 150 V, and 1000 rpm. ANSYS Electronics Desktop, a finite element method-based software, was used for electromagnetic field analysis, and ANSYS Motor-Cad software was used for thermal simulation. The simulation results show that the axial division of the permanent magnets reduces the PMSM internal temperature value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In industrial applications, radial or mixed-flow turbines are frequently used in energy recovery systems, small turbines for producing power, and turbochargers. The implementation of radial or mixed-flow turbines helps to maintain high efficiency at a large range of pressure ratios by reducing the overall turbine losses and secondary flow losses. Numerous findings on secondary flow development research adopting double-entry turbines can be obtained in the public domain, except asymmetric volute, which is less well-researched. The focus of the present work is to investigate the evolution of secondary flows and their losses in a mixed-flow turbine used in an asymmetric volute turbine, by employing an experimentally validated three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The flow topology is analyzed to explain the formation and evolution of flow separations at the pressure, suction, and hub surfaces. As the opening angle of the nozzle vane increases, the incidence angle falls into the positive range while the maximum pressure difference between the shroud and hub decreases by about 40%. The results also show that the development of secondary flow accounts for the majority of losses and induced the centrifugal pressure head influence. The presence of symmetric nozzle vanes in both large and small scrolls is also found to have a significant detrimental effect on the turbine efficiency, which is 4% lower than the nozzleless case. Furthermore, significant flow separation is observed in the symmetrical nozzle vane configuration as opposed to that of nozzleless. In addition, the centrifugal pressure head indicated by the maximum pressure difference between the hub and shroud influences the overall turbine efficiency, as the symmetrical nozzle vane arrangement is introduced with two different turbine rotational speeds of 30 K rpm and 48 K rpm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike the other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the former Yugoslavia underwent sanguinary disintegration and a socio-economic transformation to the market economy as a result of the wars in the 1990s, and the creation of new national states, with the aim of achieving ethnic homogenisation in the territories of the former republics. The main focus of this article is how war widows – refugees from Croatia and internally displaced persons from Kosovo who settled in Serbia in that period – narrate their experiences of loss, living with and overcoming obstacles in new surroundings. Using conceptualisations of victimhood/survivorship and agency, the article examines how war widows – who were interviewed during field work in several Serbian towns – employed agency and utilised inner and external resources to overcome precarity. War widows and their children are victims of wars, economic and political crisis, nationalism and marginalisation in new places of residence. Nevertheless, many persevered in resolving numerous existential challenges, employing various mechanisms and coping strategies combined with varying degrees of support. In so doing, they gradually regained control over their lives, rebuilt homes and supported their children in the process of moving on from their experiences of war and crisis. The women's identification with widowhood is a persistent aspect of their lived experiences, and both victimhood and agency are confounded and reflected in their stories, indicating the need to further rethink these concepts, and build policies aimed at both assistance and empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a method for simulation of single-phase transformers using the Simulink/Matlab software is proposed. The model is based on the parameters of the equivalent circuit of the transformer and the design of a non-linear load, which causes a high harmonic distortion of the currents, allowing to evaluate the influence of this phenomenon on the losses of the machine. From the voltage and current signals in the transformer windings, their processing and the use of the ANSI/IEEE Std. C57.110 Standard, it is possible to determine the losses in the transformer considering the influence of the harmonic distortion of the current. The model is built from the spectrum of the current signals of the non-linear load and the parameters of the equivalent circuit of the transformer. The results of the simulations allow estimating the losses due to the influence of harmonics, as well as their influence on the efficiency and capability of the transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present a theoretical model for efficiency evaluation of a simple cycloid drive train with one degree of freedom (DOF) or constrained cycloid drive. In order to evaluate the efficiency, it is necessary to find the losses generated in the simple cycloid drive, where only losses depending on the load were considered. Expressions for determining speed ratios, efficiency, velocities and forces acting inside the cycloid drive are presented. These expressions are implemented in the theoretical model, where the places where the losses occur are defined. A computer program was created to facilitate analysis and obtain loss values based on different input data. Only load-dependent losses were considered in the theoretical model and computer program. In order to verify the theoretical model, experimental measurements were performed. A physical model of the simple cycloid drive train was created and analyzed on the test bench. The results for "S1" operating mode, i.e. when shaft 2 is stopped, show a mean value of the efficiency of 63.49%, for experimental measurements, while the mean value for theoretical analysis is 65.25%. For the operating mode "S2", i.e. with shaft 1 stopped, the mean value of the experimental measurements of the efficiency is 60.9%, while the theoretical mean value is 62.82%.

The emerging HVDC technology has been used for long-distance power transmission, increasing flexibility to the power systems, handling asynchronous interconnections, crossing long-distance submarine cables, unusual loading, and generation profiles, and improving energy market relations. The HVDC converter transformers are designed based on system parameters, that directly affect the core and windings geometries, thus the weight and operating losses. In a standard design process, the designer adjusts the active part dimensions, until the constructive and specified aspects, moreover, the technical standard restrictions, are satisfied. The main contribution is to formulate analytic equations, in a way that losses and weight can be obtained for several options of core and windings geometry. However, weight and losses are opposite objectives in the search for an optimal solution. Understanding this compromise between opposing goals is relevant to the equipment learning process. In this context, another significant contribution of the work is to carry out a formal optimization process through the analytical formulation developed. To minimize the weight and operating losses, and subject to IEC standards and constructive restrictions, the multi-objective Genetic Algorithm has been used to search for the Pareto Frontier. Far beyond the chosen solution, the non-dominated frontier obtained for each transformer design, allows the designer to learn about the equipment and its operation, leading to a continuous improvement of the proposed methodology. The analytical formulation is validated by an alternative numerical methodology for winding harmonic losses and short-circuit impedance verification, providing meaningful confidence for the applied method.

Medium-frequency transformers (MFTs) are key components in solid-state transformers, where they provide galvanic isolation and a certain voltage transfer ratio between a MV grid and a LV bus. Typically, MFTs are operated in the kilohertz range, which results in a significantly reduced volume and material usage compared to 50/60 Hz transformers. Foil conductor is an attractive solution for improving the filling factor and the cost-effectiveness of MFTs, however, the insulation clearances increase the ohmic losses due to the current crowding effect; besides, the electric field hotspots at the winding corners require shielding by equipotential rings. In this work, a new hybrid topology is presented, where the first and last turn of the foil winding package is replaced by turns of litz wire connected in series, one above and one below the foil winding, respectively, such that they act as equipotential shielding rings; besides, the current in the litz turns deflects the magnetic field lines away from the foil edges, decreasing the losses due to current crowding. The effect of the litz rings on the losses is modeled and measured on a hybrid and a standard foil winding prototype; a loss decrease higher than 15% is observed. The verified model is used to compare the conductor and footprint saving between windings designed with litz rings, and with standard equipotential shielding rings; in this respect, a minor amount of litz wire allows reducing losses up to 30%, whereas the conductor utilization and winding height can be decreased more than 20%, improving the power density of the MFT.

The aim of this paper was to analyze technical analysis of agrivoltaic system in Kerman using PVsyst. A 2 MW photovoltaic system was developed for the grid-connected system. Meteonorm 7 software was used to get the meteorological data for the city of Kerman. PV loss resulting from variations of irradiance intensity and temperature and the inverter losses due to the operation were determined. The energy that can be generated throughout the year was calculated for each month considering the PV-array collection loss and system loss, i.e., inverter loss. The corresponding performance ratio was also determined for the energy output per month. Incident irradiation distribution, system output power distribution, array voltage distribution, and array temperature distribution were reported. Finally, parameter optimization tool was used to study the effect of tilt and azimuth. The tilt angle and the azimuth angle were 30o and 0o, respectively. The amount of annual energy injected into the grid was found to be 3766.321 MWh. The maximum energy injected into the grid was in August with 359.713 MWh, and the lowest energy was is in February with 264.412 MWh. As a result, an average annual performance ratio of 80.80% was achieved.

Apart from massive losses in human capital, armed aggression in Ukraine commenced in the late February 2022 has brought about significant negative material consequences to the business. These include interruptions or termination of operations, damages non-current and other assets, disruptions in supply chains, etc. This in turn aggravated certain accounting and valuation challenges as well. In Ukrainian practice, for such matters as documentation, accounting, and valuation of damages, there were no established and generally accepted approaches and algorithms. The purpose of this study is to explore theoretical and methodological, as well as empirical aspects of documenting, accounting, and valuing of material damages caused by armed aggression to the non-current assets of the business. Methods of theoretical cognition and empirical research constitute a methodological basis of the study, particularly systematization and generalization, induction and deduction, comparison and measurement, analysis, and synthesis. The paper systematises the opinions of the local experts on recording the damages, namely provides a joint step-by-step algorithm for identification of affected assets and documentation of damages. The analysis outlines key accounting treatment issues related to affected non-current assets such as necessity to conduct impairment and revaluation, loss of control or significant influence over assets, going concern uncertainty and provided the basis for further more detailed investigation of each of the matters in next research. The practical significance of the study is to present extent and nature of disclosures provided regarding the impact of armed aggression by Ukrainian companies in their interim financial reports. Such empirical analysis is possible to repeat and broaden later in the next studies after publication of annual financial statements

A decrease in the value of the assets of enterprises due to direct damage or destruction, as well as a decrease in expected benefits due to the deterioration of the external environment in which the business operates, are the consequences of the Russian Federation's armed aggression in Ukraine. Therefore, the issue of accounting approaches and procedures for assessing losses from asset impairment becomes relevant. The article aims to define and critically analyze the features of the procedures for the impairment of fixed assets in connection with armed aggression. Signs of impairment are identified, the analysis of which is a prerequisite for assessing losses from the impairment of fixed assets. Cases and problematic aspects of implementing asset impairment procedures in conditions of armed aggression have been identified. Among them are the instability of the external environment, the need to update business plans, the development of several cash flow forecast scenarios, and the need to take into account additional risks from armed aggression in the discount rate. Methods of fair value assessment proposed in international valuation standards were disclosed. When identifying assets subject to an impairment test, it is proposed to create a register of objects that have suffered from armed aggression. When choosing between the assessment of fair value and value-in-use, the author concluded that determining fair value is a more difficult task, as it is based to a greater extent on external market assumptions. In contrast, the calculation of value-in-use is a more feasible task for the company's management, provided that the business is updated on time – plans and forecasts.

Agriculture is the leading source of non-point sources of water pollution, especially in terms of the runoff process. Agricultural management promotes extensive water contamination, soil erosion and sedimentation in streams and reservoirs. The water reservoir Švihov on the Želivka river supplies drinking water to more than 1.5 million people. The catchment area of the water supply reservoir is intensively used for agriculture, more than 55% of the catchment area is arable land. Nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrates in the upper water-ways of tributaries are a huge problem. The aim of the research is to evaluate concentration trends and losses of nutrients (nitrates and phosphorus) at the chosen tributaries to the Švihov reservoir during 2018-2021. From the data on monthly concentrations and monthly discharges the monthly and annual losses of nitrates and phosphorus on each profile were calculated. The effect of discharges and concentrations on the magnitude of losses was investigated by correlation analysis. The influence of the forebay Trnávka dam on the magnitude of nutrient losses was also evaluated. The results show the importance of discharge magnitude on nutrient losses. The Trnávka forebay dam significantly reduces the transport of phosphorus from the Trnava catchment to the Švihov reservoir. In the catchment area of the reservoir it is recommended to implement nature-friendly and technical measures for water retention and accumulation in the landscape in order to reduce nutrient transport.

The electromagnetic and output performance characteristics of three (3) different types of double stator permanent magnet machines are quantitatively compared and presented in this study, in order to determine the most promising machine topology amongst the considered machine types, for potential practical applications(s). Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) methods are deployed in the computation of the performance metrics using ANSYS-MAXWELL software. The compared machines in this work are designated as: Machine 1, Machine 2 and Machine 3, respectively. The investigated machines have varying structural arrangements and two separate excitation sources. Machine 1 has its magnets situated in the outer stator with corresponding armature windings on both inner and outer stators. The magnets of Machine 2 are located in its inner stator while it has armature windings on both inner and outer stator parts. More so, Machine 3 is equipped with magnets in its inner and outer stators, though without armature windings on the inner stator section. The considered performance metrics include: inducedelectromotive force (induced-EMF), torque, power, demagnetization, losses and efficiency. The results show that the investigated Machine 3 has higher induced-EMF value and more sinusoidal electromotive force waveform than the other compared machines. Consequently, Machine 3 also has larger electromagnetic torque and power. Moreover, Machine 1 has the best flux-weakening potential, obtained from both the ratio of its maximum speed to base speed and the flux-weakening factor ( kp).