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112. How exceptional are the classic adaptive radiations of passerine birds?

Author

Miles, Donald B., Ricklefs, Robert E., and Losos, Jonathan B.

Subjects
ADAPTIVE radiation, PASSERIFORMES, GAUSSIAN distribution
Abstract

We investigated whether celebrated cases of evolutionary radiations of passerine birds on islands have produced exceptional morphological diversity relative to comparable- aged radiations globally. Based on eight external measurements, we calculated the disparity in size and shape within clades, each of which was classified as being tropical or temperate and as having diversified in a continental or an island/archipelagic setting. We found that the distribution of disparity among all clades does not differ substantively from a normal distribution, which would be consistent with a common underlying process of morphological diversification that is largely independent of latitude and occurrence on islands. Disparity is slightly greater in island clades than in those from continents or clades consisting of island and noninsular taxa, revealing a small, but significant, effect of island occurrence on evolutionary divergence. Nonetheless, the number of highly disparate clades overall is no greater than expected from a normal distribution, calling into question the need to invoke key innovations, ecological opportunity, or other factors as stimuli for adaptive radiations in passerine birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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132. EARLY BURSTS OF BODY SIZE AND SHAPE EVOLUTION ARE RARE IN COMPARATIVE DATA

Author

Harmon, Luke J., Losos, Jonathan B., Davies, T. Jonathan, Gillespie, Rosemary G., Gittleman, John L, Jennings, W. Bryan, Kozak, Kenneth H., McPeek, Mark A., Moreno-Roark, Franck, Near, Thomas J., Purvis, Andy, Ricklefs, Robert E., Schlüter, Dolph, Schulte, James A., Seehausen, Ole, Sidlauskas, Brian L., Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Weir, Jason T., and Mooers, Arne Ø.

Published
2010

134. Are Lizards Toast?

Author

Huey, Raymond B., Losos, Jonathan B., and Moritz, Craig

Published
2010

146. Island biogeography of the anthropocene

Author

Helmus, Matthew R., Mahler, D. Luke, and Losos, Jonathan B.

Subjects
Analysis, Environmental aspects, Colonization -- Analysis, Extinction (Biology) -- Analysis, Disasters -- Environmental aspects
Abstract

The number of species (that is, richness) on islands is theorized to be a function of colonization and in situ speciation that add species, and extinction that subtracts them (1-6). [...], For centuries, biogeographers have examined the factors that produce patterns of biodiversity across regions. The study of islands has proved particularly fruitful and has led to the theory that geographic area and isolation influence species colonization, extinction and speciation such that larger islands have more species and isolated islands have fewer species (that is, positive species-area and negative species-isolation relationships) (1-4). However, experimental tests of this theory have been limited, owing to the difficulty in experimental manipulation of islands at the scales at which speciation and long-distance colonization are relevant (5). Here we have used the human-aided transport of exotic anole lizards among Caribbean islands as such a test at an appropriate scale. In accord with theory, as anole colonizations have increased, islands impoverished in native species have gained the most exotic species, the past influence of speciation on island biogeography has been obscured, and the species-area relationship has strengthened while the species-isolation relationship has weakened. Moreover, anole biogeography increasingly reflects anthropogenic rather than geographic processes. Unlike the island biogeography of the past that was determined by geographic area and isolation, in the Anthropocene--an epoch proposed for the present time interval--island biogeography is dominated by the economic isolation of human populations.

Published
2014

150. The routes not taken: if the Beagle had sailed a different course, what would Darwin have seen and how might that have shaped his thinking?

Author

Losos, Jonathan B.

Subjects
Beagle (Ship), Beagle Expedition, 1831-1836, Evolution (Biology) -- Analysis, Naturalists -- Beliefs, opinions and attitudes -- Practice, Scientific expeditions -- Analysis, Anthropology/archeology/folklore, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

During Charles Darwin's journey on the Beagle, two aspects of what he saw were particularly influential. First was the phenomenon of geographic variation. The then-vice-governor of the Galapagos, Mr. Lawson [...]

Published
2016

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