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The ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution adversely influences the human health and natural environment. The size distribution of ambient PM determines the physiochemical and optical properties of ambient aerosol, whereas it reflects the variability in local and regional PM emission sources and formation mechanisms. In the present work, the size distribution and characteristics of the carbonaceous, ionic, elemental, and saccharide species were categorically investigated for the fraction-wise PM in Tianjin during 2018 early summer. The average concentrations were 32.4, 20.9, and 49.3 μg/m3 for the PM1, PM1–2.5, and PM2.5–10, respectively. The coarse PM2.5–10 accounted for most of the PM10 mass (47%), followed by the fine PM1 (33%) and intermodal PM1–2.5 (20%). The carbonaceous and ionic species exhibited bimodal distribution and were distributed mostly to the fine size fraction and then to the coarse size fraction. The elemental species exhibited unimodal distribution and were distributed mostly to the coarse size fraction. The specific saccharide species indicated the significant contribution of biomass burning and primary biogenic emissions. The bimodal mass size distribution of levoglucosan indicated the significant biomass burning contributions to the fine and coarse size fractions. The unimodal glucose, fructose, and arabitol distribution and the bimodal mannitol distribution indicated the dominant primary biogenic contributions to the coarse size fraction. The PM1/PM10, PM1–2.5/PM10, PM2.5–10/PM10, OC/EC, SOC/OC, AE/CE, NO3–/SO42–, K+/EC, and levoglucosan/K+ ratios were used to investigate the characteristics of the ambient size-fractionated PM. The anthropogenic sources (combustion processes, traffic emissions, and secondary particles, etc.) contributed mostly to the fine PM1 and intermodal PM1–2.5 fractions, whereas the natural sources (primary biogenic, marine salt, and mineral dust, etc.) contributed mostly to the coarse PM2.5–10 fraction. This work is a significant addition to the multi-size ambient PM’s size distribution and characterization studies.

Previously, we have demonstrated that policosanol from Chinese wax suppressed testosterone(T)-induced alopecia in mice. However, the underlying mechanism remained to be determined. Herein, we investigated the mechanism of policosanol against androgenetic alopecia (AGA). AGA was induced in Kunming mice by subcutaneous administration of testosterone propionate for 60 d. Policosanol (0.5 %, 1% or 2%) was applied topically on the back of mice. Finasteride (2%) was applied topically as a positive control. The serum T and estradiol (E2) concentrations were determined by ELISA after 28 and 60 days of treatment. The cutaneous expression or activity of key mediators of hair growth, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF), was measured. MTS assay was performed to evaluate cell proliferation in cultured human dermal papilla cells (DPCs) treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Western blotting was performed to evaluate the protein expression of Bax, Bcl2, TGF-β2, caspase-9, and caspase-3. We found lower T and T/E2 ratio in mice treated with policosanol than in the model group. Policosanol suppressed premature hair follicle entry into the regression phase, as shown by improving VEGF and EGF expression and ALP activity. The MTS assay showed that policosanol markedly inhibited the apoptosis of DHT-treated DPCs. Western blotting showed that policosanol significantly reduced the protein expression of TGF-β2, cleaved caspese-9, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax, and increased that of Bcl2. The optimal effect was obtained with 12.50 g/mL policosanol. In conclusion, policosanol prevents androgenetic alopecia by regulating hormone levels and suppressing premature hair follicle entry into the regression phase.

ObjectiveProgrammed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status is a crucial index for identifying patients who will benefit from anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the concordance of Tumor Proportion Score (TPS) between biopsies and matched surgical specimens remains controversial. This study aims to evaluate the concordance of PD-L1 expression between image-guided percutaneous biopsies and matched surgical specimens.MethodWe evaluated 157 patients diagnosed with operable NSCLC on both surgical tissue sections and matched lung biopsies retrospectively. The patients underwent either regular computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy (n = 82) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT-guided biopsy (n = 75). The concordance between surgical specimens and lung biopsies for PD-L1 TPS was evaluated using Cohen’s kappa (κ) coefficient.ResultsImmunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 was evaluated in both surgical resected specimens and matched biopsies in the eligible 138 patients. The concordance rate of PD-L1 expression between surgical tissue sections and matched biopsies was fairly high at 84.1% (116/138), and the κ value was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.63–0.83, P < 0.001). The concordance rate was higher for tissue sections from PET/CT-guided biopsy than for tissue sections from CT-guided biopsy [88.6% (62/70, κ value: 0.81) vs 79.4% (54/68, κ value: 0.66)].ConclusionPD-L1 TPS was strongly concordant between surgical specimens and matched lung biopsies. Thus, the routine evaluation of PD-L1 expression in diagnostic percutaneous biopsies could be reliable for identifying patients who will benefit from anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.

BackgroundHazard perception ability, which develops with driving experience, has been proven to be associated with drivers' traffic involvement. Although classic reaction time-based hazard perception tests have been developed in many developed counties, experience-related differences may not be found in drivers from developing countries due to their increased opportunities to experience hazards on roads. Therefore, the present study aims to develop a hazard prediction test for Chinese drivers based on a predictive paradigm called "What happens next?" and assess its reliability and validity.MethodThirty-six video clips filmed from drivers' perspectives of Chinese driving settings were presented to 54 novice drivers and 47 experienced drivers. Participants were asked to answer three questions after each video clip was blacked out and to then quickly press the mouse button on a reaction time-based hazard perception test. Both the differences in the test scores between novice and experienced drivers and the differences in scores between drivers with and without traffic violations were compared.ResultsThe final hazard prediction test consisted of 20 video clips. A high internal consistency coefficient of the test, i.e., Cronbach's alpha = 0.862, was obtained. The total scores of the test were positively and significantly correlated with reaction times as measured on the video-based hazard perception test, thus providing evidence regarding the discriminant validity of the test. More importantly, drivers with traffic violations obtained significantly lower total scores on the test than did drivers without traffic violations.ConclusionThe newly developed hazard prediction test exhibited adequate psychometric properties and provided a practical alternative for assessing drivers' hazard perception ability in China.

Introduction: Quantifying fire severity is an important aspect of studying the response mechanism of terrestrial ecosystems to wildfire, and it is of great significance to fire ecology. In this paper we comprehensively introduce and compare the classification and quantification methods for fire severity; we discuss the development and application status of various methods, and we elucidate their existing problems. Results: 1) According to features of the burned area, fire severity can be classified as light, moderate, and heavy. 2) Using composite burn index (CBI) to quantify and record the fire severity. 3) In quantifying fire severity with vegetation change, there are certain limitations and theoretical problems to be solved. 4) Remote sensing could very well be an important means of measuring fire severity in the future, but there are still many problems that need to be solved before the remote sensing index can become a global fire severity indicator. Discussion and Conclusion: Only by clarifying the relationship between fire behavior, fire severity, time related variables and the pre- and post-fire ecosystem can the existing models be perfected or new, better fire severity measurement models be proposed for broad applications.

Purpose Poor sleep quality is closed related with driving accidents. However, due to the lack of a valid instrument for assessing drivers’ sleep quality, few studies have examined drivers’ sleep quality and its associations with driving behaviours and traffic accidents in China. The aim of this paper is to revise the Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) and assess its reliability and validity in Chinese drivers. Methods 522 Chinese drivers aged from 18 to 56 years old agreed to complete the SQS, Daytime Sleepiness Perception Scale version 4 (DSPS-4), Self-report of Risky Driving Behavior (RD-SR) and Self-assessment of the Likelihood of Being Involved in a Risky Driving Situation (RD-SA). Results The final Chinese version of the SQS contained 23 items across four factors: difficulty in getting up, difficulty in falling asleep, sleep recovery and daytime dysfunction. Second, man scored lower on the difficulty in falling asleep factor but higher on the sleep recovery factor than women. Third, low to moderate correlations were found between the SQS factors and the DSPS-4, RD-SA and RD-SR, indicating that the validity of the revised scale was satisfactory. More importantly, daytime dysfunction factor is an effective predictor of violation involvement and accident involvement. Conclusion The revised SQS has acceptable reliability and validity and can be used as a tool to measure the sleep quality of Chinese drivers.

As an active microwave device, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) uses the backscatter of objects for imaging. SAR image ship targets are characterized by unclear contour information, a complex background and strong scattering. Existing deep learning detection algorithms derived from anchor-based methods mostly rely on expert experience to set a series of hyperparameters, and it is difficult to characterize the unique characteristics of SAR image ship targets, which greatly limits detection accuracy and speed. Therefore, this paper proposes a new lightweight position-enhanced anchor-free SAR ship detection algorithm called LPEDet. First, to resolve unclear SAR target contours and multiscale performance problems, we used YOLOX as the benchmark framework and redesigned the lightweight multiscale backbone, called NLCNet, which balances detection speed and accuracy. Second, for the strong scattering characteristics of the SAR target, we designed a new position-enhanced attention strategy, which suppresses background clutter by adding position information to the channel attention that highlights the target information to more accurately identify and locate the target. The experimental results for two large-scale SAR target detection datasets, SSDD and HRSID, show that our method achieves a higher detection accuracy and a faster detection speed than state-of-the-art SAR target detection methods.

Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) image target detection is widely used in military, civilian and other fields. However, existing detection methods have low accuracy due to the limitations presented by the strong scattering of SAR image targets, unclear edge contour information, multiple scales, strong sparseness, background interference, and other characteristics. In response, for SAR target detection tasks, this paper combines the global contextual information perception of transformers and the local feature representation capabilities of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to innovatively propose a visual transformer framework based on contextual joint-representation learning, referred to as CRTransSar. First, this paper introduces the latest Swin Transformer as the basic architecture. Next, it introduces the CNN’s local information capture and presents the design of a backbone, called CRbackbone, based on contextual joint representation learning, to extract richer contextual feature information while strengthening SAR target feature attributes. Furthermore, the design of a new cross-resolution attention-enhancement neck, called CAENeck, is presented to enhance the characterizability of multiscale SAR targets. The mAP of our method on the SSDD dataset attains 97.0% accuracy, reaching state-of-the-art levels. In addition, based on the HISEA-1 commercial SAR satellite, which has been launched into orbit and in whose development our research group participated, we released a larger-scale SAR multiclass target detection dataset, called SMCDD, which verifies the effectiveness of our method.

Aim: This study was aimed to compare the psychological strains between suicides and suicide attempters, so as to verify the hypothesis whether the stronger psychological strains increase the odds of suicide death. Method: The suicide data were collected by a psychological autopsy (PA) study, and the suicide attempt data were from the same rural areas in China. Information was obtained with face to face structured questionnaires interviews. A social value conflict scale, measures of aspiration and deprivation, and Moos's Coping Response Inventory (CRI) were used to measure psychological strains. The Spearman correlation and Logistic regression method were applied to analyse and estimate the odds ratio (OR) of fatality of suicide behaviours from psychological strains. Results: The value strain, aspiration strain, deprivation strain, and coping strain were all significantly stronger among the suicides than suicide attempters (P

Based on data from three major pig diseases, this study calculated the animal disease epidemic index of 31 provinces and autonomous regions in mainland China. We adopted the Gini coefficient to investigate the interregional differences in animal disease epidemic risk and used the Shapley value decomposition method to illustrate the contribution of influencing factors. The results showed that the Gini coefficient remains above 0.60, indicating significant interregional differences in mainland China. Animal breeding level, ecological environment, and animal disease prevention and control contribute most to the interregional differences in animal epidemic risk. The results imply that reducing sewage discharge, increasing pig production, and changing the breeding style from free-range to large-scale farming are measures that may help improve disease prevention and control. This study has implications for providing theoretical references for preventing and controlling animal epidemics and for improving public health governance.

Insects’ olfactory receptor plays a central role in detecting chemosensory information from the environment. Odorant receptors (ORs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs) are two types of olfactory receptors, and they are essential for the recognition of ligands at peripheral neurons. Apriona germari (Hope) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is one of the most serious insect pests that cause damage to economic trees and landscaping trees, resulting in massive environmental damages and economic losses. Olfactory-based management strategy has been suggested as a promising strategy to control this wood-boring beetle. However, the olfactory perception mechanism in A. germari is now almost unknown. In the present study, RNA sequencing analysis was used to determine the transcriptomes of adult A. germari antennae. Among 36,834 unigenes derived from the antennal assembly, we identified 42 AgerORs and three AgerIRs. Based on the tissue expression pattern analysis, 27 AgerORs displayed a female-biased expression. Notably, AgerOR3, 5, 13, 33, and 40 showed a significant female-biased expression and were clustered with the pheromone receptors of Megacyllene caryae in the phylogenetic tree, suggesting that these AgerORs could be potential pheromone receptors for sensing male-produced sex pheromones in A. germari. The AgerIRs expression profile demonstrated that AgerIR2 had high expression levels in male labial palps, suggesting that this receptor may function to detect female-deposited trail-sex pheromone blend of A. germari. In addition, the phylogenetic tree showed that the Orco gene of five cerambycidae species was highly conservative. These results provide a foundation for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of olfactory chemoreception in A. germari apart from suggesting novel targets for the control of this pest in the future.

Objectives Whether the association between obesity-related anthropometric indices and multimorbidity differs by age among Chinese older adults (aged 65+) is unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with multimorbidity among the young-old (aged 65–79) and old-old (aged 80+) adults.Design Cross-sectional population-based study.Setting Shandong province on the eastern coast of China.Participants 5493 subjects aged 65 years or above.Measurements Details on sociodemographics, lifestyle characteristics and chronic conditions were collected using a structured questionnaire. The respondents were assessed with anthropometric measurements including height, weight, WC, hip circumference.Results The overall prevalence of multimorbidity in older adults (aged 65+) was 35.2%. The BMI-obesity, WC-obesity and WHR-obesity rates were 7.4%, 57.5% and 80.4%, respectively. In the young-old adults (aged 65–79), the likelihood of multimorbidity was more than two times higher among the BMI-obese than the BMI-normal population (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.66 to 2.60). Similar but less strong associations were found for the WC-obese and WHR-obese young-old population (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.42 to 1.81; OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.56, respectively). For the old-old group (aged 80+), the BMI-obese, WC-obese and WHR-obese had a higher likelihood of having multimorbidity compared with the normal weight category (OR 2.10, 95% CI 0.96 to 4.57; OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.21 to 2.54; OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.18 to 3.93, respectively).Conclusion BMI-obesity, WC-obesity and WHR-obesity were associated with a greater risk of multimorbidity, and the associations were different between the young-old and the old-old adults. These age differences need to be considered in assessing healthy body weight in old age. These findings may be vital for public health surveillance, prevention and management strategies for multimorbidity in older adults.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164729.].

The present study aimed to adapt the Attitudes Toward Accompanied Driving Scale (ATADS) to a Chinese drivers sample and to examine its reliability and validity. Five hundred and seventy-two drivers aged 18 to 25 years old were asked to complete the ATADS and a validated Chinese version of the Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory. The factorial structure of the ATADS was examined using exploratory factor analysis (N = 259) and confirmatory factor analysis (N = 313). The validity of the scale was evaluated by examining the associations between the ATADS factors, demographic variables and driving styles. The results showed that both the findings of the EFA and CFA showed a five-factor structure of the ATADS, including tension, relatedness, avoidance, disapproval and anxiety. Second, significant gender differences were found in tension, relatedness, avoidance and anxiety. Third, tension, avoidance, disapproval and anxiety were moderately or weakly correlated with risky, anxious, angry and careful driving styles. Moreover, the number of traffic accidents after the accompanying phase was positively correlated with disapproval and avoidance. The findings supported the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the ATADS and highlighted the adverse effects of young drivers' negative attitudes toward accompanied driving on their driving styles.

Due to the intensive use and continuous release, high and persistent concentrations of antibiotics are found in soils worldwide. This severe contamination elevates the risks associated with antibiotic exposure and resistance for soil ecosystems and human health. Estimating antibiotic concentrations in soils is a complex and important challenge because the limited information is available on antibiotic use and emission and the high exposure risk to human health occurred in peri-urban areas. In this study, soil antibiotic contamination was linked with land use patterns in a data-scarce peri-urban area in four different seasons, and we established a modeling framework based on land use to estimate spatially explicit distribution of antibiotics in soils. The soil antibiotic concentration was found to be substantially affected by surrounding land use patterns in buffer zones with a radius of 350 m. Agricultural land was the main source of antibiotics entering the soil. Notably, road networks also had considerable impacts on antibiotic residues in soils. Then, a statistical model was developed in describing the linkage between land use patterns and soil antibiotic concentration. Model evaluation suggested that the proposed model successfully simulated the variation of antibiotics in soil with good statistical performance (R2 > 0.7). Finally, the model was extrapolated to investigate detailed distribution of antibiotics in soils. Clear spatial and seasonal dynamics can be found in soil antibiotic concentration. To our knowledge, this was the first attempt to adopt a model focusing on land use pattern to estimate the spatially explicit distribution of antibiotics in soils. Despite of some uncertainties, the research provides a land-use-based modeling approach as a reference for preventing and controlling soil antibiotic contamination in the future. Keywords: Modeling, Land use, Antibiotics, Soil, Spatial distribution

Although a large number of meandering rivers have been studied by means of modern sedimentation, instrument detection, numerical simulation, flume experiment and field outcrop, and a lot of achievements have been made, there are not many fine anatomical examples of deep buried ancient rivers, which is a situation that still needs to be improved. The main difficulties in the research of deep, ancient meandering rivers are the acquisition of data and the incompleteness of structure, which are both difficulties and challenges. Under the guidance of the modern meandering river fan sedimentary model and migration law, we established the scheme of meandering river geomorphology and structure. In the process of river migration, a variety of single migration models (expansion, contraction, rotation, and translation) and composite migration models can be distinguished. By analyzing the distribution structure characteristics of channel configuration elements in different migration modes, the coupled model of the meandering channel plane and profile structure is established by systematically constructing plane and profile combined with a three-dimensional channel configuration model. Based on the data of the dense well, taking the Shan 11 sublayer in the Su-x block of the Sulige gas field as an example, the reservoir structure of the deep, ancient meandering channel is dissected. In order to reconstruct the evolution of the deep, ancient channel and make it more consistent with the real laws of river migration and evolution, the morphological migration law of the modern river is applied to the ancient sedimentation, and the migration configuration is dissected by combining with the plane-profile structure coupled model. It further reveals the heterogeneity, the vertical distribution and the superposition form of the channel sand, and enriches the theory of the reservoir configuration of underground fluvial facies, all of which are significant for oil and gas exploration and development.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of processing methods on inhibiting lipid oxidation of deep fried crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) during storage. Four antioxidants and two packaging methods were used. The effects of different antioxidants and packaging methods on composition of fatty acids, contents of free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs) value of deep fried Gryllus bimaculatus were analyzed during 150 days of storage. The composition of fatty acids changed and the content of FFA, PV, and TBARs value also increased with the extension of storage time, indicating that the lipid oxidation dominated by oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids could occur in deep fried Gryllus bimaculatus during storage. In the same storage period, the total content of FFA, PV, and TBARs value of samples treated with antioxidants and vacuum-filling nitrogen packaging were lower than those of controls, suggesting that antioxidants and vacuum-filling nitrogen packaging have noticeable effects on inhibiting lipid oxidation and improving the quality of deep fried crickets, and dibutyl hydroxyl toluene (BHT) was found as the most effective antioxidant in this study. The results may provide a reliable reference for processing of deep fried edible insects.

The simulation of forest fire spread is a key problem for the management of fire, and Cellular Automata (CA) has been used to simulate the complex mechanism of the fire spread for a long time. The simulation of CA is driven by the rate of fire spread (ROS), which is hard to estimate, because some input parameters of the current ROS model cannot be provided with a high precision, so the CA approach has not been well applied yet in the forest fire management system to date. The forest fire spread simulation model LSTM-CA using CA with LSTM is proposed in this paper. Based on the interaction between wind and fire, S-LSTM is proposed, which takes full advantage of the time dependency of the ROS. The ROS estimated by the S-LSTM is satisfactory, even though the input parameters are not perfect. Fifteen kinds of ROS models with the same structure are trained for different cases of slope direction and wind direction, and the model with the closest case is selected to drive the transmission between the adjacent cells. In order to simulate the actual spread of forest fire, the LSTM-based models are trained based on the data captured, and three correction rules are added to the CA model. Finally, the prediction accuracy of forest fire spread is verified though the KAPPA coefficient, Hausdorff distance, and horizontal comparison experiments based on remote sensing images of wildfires. The LSTM-CA model has good practicality in simulating the spread of forest fires.

Abstract Background Blood pressure measurement is the first step in preventing and controlling hypertension. The objective of this study is to examine the rural–urban difference towards blood pressure measurement among elderly with hypertension. Methods A total of 2007 elderly (65+) were selected from the fifth Health Service Survey of Shandong Province in 2013. A standardized questionnaire was used to investigate the demographic characters, socioeconomic status, self-rated health, and blood pressure related index. Three logistic regression models were used to examine the difference in blood pressure measurement between rural and urban elderly. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were used to explore the associated factors of blood pressure measurement in both rural areas and urban areas. Results The prevalence of weekly blood pressure measurement in urban elderly was higher than that in rural elderly (63.9% vs 34.3%). The rural elderly had an odds ratio (OR) for weekly blood pressure measurement of 0.467 (95%CI = 0.380–0.575) compared with urban elderly. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that medication frequency and accepting health care professionals’ guidance were common associated factors of blood pressure measurement among both rural and urban elderly; personal income was unique associated factor of blood pressure measurement among rural elderly; marital status, education level, self-rated health, and blood pressure level currently were unique associated factors of blood pressure measurement among urban elderly. Conclusions There is a big difference in blood pressure measurement between rural and urban elderly. Interventions targeting identified at-risk subgroups, especially for those rural elderly, should be made to reduce such a gap.

Abstract Background To investigate whether PET/CT-guided bone marrow biopsy adds complementary information for evaluation of bone marrow involvement (BMI) in newly diagnosed lymphomas. Methods Patients with newly diagnosed lymphomas that received both 18F-FDG PET/CT and bone marrow biopsy (BMB) were included in this retrospective study. PET/CT classification of bone lesions was classified as isolated, multifocal (2 lesions or more), diffuse (homogeneous uptake of the entire axial skeleton), or negative. BMBs included PET/CT-guided targeted BMB and/or the routine unilateral iliac crest biopsy. Of 34 patients with focal lesions on PET/CT scan, 30 received both PET/CT-guided targeted BMB and iliac crest biopsy, and 4 patients received targeted biopsy without iliac crest biopsy. The final diagnosis of BMI depends on BMB results. Results A total of 299 patients with lymphomas were included. PET/CT classification of bone lesions was isolated (16/5.4%), multifocal (67/22.4%), diffuse (52/17.4%), and negative (164/54.8%). If only positive iliac crest biopsy was considered as the reference standard, the sensitivity of 18F-FDG PET/CT for identifying focal and diffuse BMI was 48 and 56%, respectively, and the respective specificities were 70 and 83%. Three of 30 patients (10.0%) with focal lesions on PET/CT were confirmed to be false-positive by targeted BMB, and 25 of 30 patients (83.3%) with focal lesions on PET/CT were confirmed as false-negative by iliac crest biopsy. Conclusion It is insufficient to evaluate BMI in newly diagnosed lymphomas using both 18F-FDG PET/CT and routine iliac crest biopsy. 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging should be performed before BMB. In focal bone lesions, PET/CT-guided targeted BMB may complement the results of possible false-positive PET/CT and false-negative iliac crest biopsy findings. However, in diffuse and negative lesions, iliac crest biopsy cannot be safely omitted.

Abstract Background With the implementation of Chinese economic reform and rapid urbanization, policies and values surrounding migration have changed and given rise to unprecedented population mobility. This study is designed to examine the effect of Hukou origin on establishment of health records among internal migrants in China. Methods The data used for this study are from the 2015 National Internal Migrant Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey, covering 112,782 migrants nationwide. For continuous variables, the p value is calculated using Student t test; for categorical variables, the p value is calculated using chi-square test. Binary logistic regression with an enter method is employed to assess the association of establishment of health records with origin residence. Results About 35.1% of the migrant population has established health records in their inflow communities, with 37.4% established among those of urban origin and 34.8% established among those of rural origin. The establishment of health records is significantly higher among migrants of urban origin than among migrants of rural origin (OR = 1.057; 1.017–1.098). Our results also show that among populations of both rural and urban origin, inter-province migrants, along with migrants who are employers, have no plans for long-term residence, have no insurance, and have more family income less likely to establish health records. Conclusions This study demonstrates that residence is associated with establishment of health records among the migrant population in China. Targeted policies should be made to improve the establishment of health records among migrants of both rural and urban origins.

Abstracts Objective To have a basic and comprehensive understanding about the prevalence, risk factors and disease management situation of hypertension among floating population in China. Method We used “(hypertension or hypertensive or chronic disease) and (floating population or migrant worker)” as the key words, to search in the China academic literature database (CNKI), Wan Fang database, PubMed and Web of Science for relevant literature and extracted the data about the prevalence of hypertension, relevant risk factors and disease management of floating population in China from 1990 to 2016. Result The 23 related studies that entered into final analysis were all articles in Chinese. The prevalence of hypertension in floating population is lower than that in both general population and local residents. The prevalence of hypertension in male floating population is higher than that in females. In addition, the prevalence of hypertension also increases with age growing. As for the risk factors of hypertension, the rate of drinking in floating population is higher than that in general population and local residents, while the rates of overweight and obesity in floating population are lower than that in general population in China. Finally, the rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension are also lower in floating population. Conclusion The major problem of floating population is focused on their unhealthy lifestyle (drinking) and deficient disease management. Therefore, we should increase the fund and facility support for public health service system so as to improve their service delivery ability, and enforce the education and unhealthy lifestyle intervention to improve their health awareness and compliance to disease management.

Abstract Background Compared with the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) vaccines, the coverage rate of the non-EPI vaccines is still low. The aim of this study is to explore the rural-urban disparity in category II vaccine and its determinants among children under 5 years old in China. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 17 cities in Shandong province from August to October, 2013. A total of 1638 children were included in the analysis. Unadjusted and adjusted regression model were used to identify the rural-urban difference in vaccination of category II vaccine. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to analyze the determinants associated with vaccination of category II vaccine in rural and urban areas respectively. Results The coverage rates of category II vaccine in rural and urban children were 81.5 and 69.4% respectively. Factors including age and satisfaction with vaccination services were associated with category II vaccination both in rural and urban children (Ρ

Abstract Background Government health subsidy (GHS) is an effective tool to improve population health in China. Ensuring an equitable allocation of GHS, particularly among the poorer socio-economic groups, is a major goal of China’s healthcare reform. The paper aims to explore how GHS was allocated across different socioeconomic groups, and how well the overall health system was performing in terms of the allocation of subsidy for different types of health services. Methods Data from China’s National Health Services Survey (NHSS) in 2013 were used. Benefit incidence analysis (BIA) was applied to examine if GHS was equally distributed across income quintile. Benefit incidence was presented as each quintile’s percentage share of total benefits, and the concentration index (CI) and Kakwani index (KI) were calculated. Health benefits from three types of healthcare services (primary health care, outpatient and inpatient services) were analyzed, separated into urban and rural populations. In addition, the distribution of benefits was compared to the distribution of healthcare need (measured by self-reported illness and chronic disease) across income quintiles. Results In urban populations, the CI value of GHS for primary care was negative. (− 0.14), implying an allocation tendency toward poor region; the CI values of outpatient and inpatient services were both positive (0.174 and 0.194), indicating allocation tendencies toward rich region. Similar allocation pattern was observed in rural population, with pro-poor tendency of primary care service (CI = − 0.082), and pro-rich tendencies of outpatient (CI = 0.153) and inpatient services (CI = 0.203). All the KI values of three health services in urban and rural populations were negative (− 0.4991,-0.1851 and − 0.1651; − 0.482, − 0.247and − 0.197), indicating that government health subsidy was progressive and contributed to the narrowing of economic gap between the poor and rich. Conclusions The inequitable distribution of GHS in China exited in different healthcare services; however, the GHS benefit is generally progressive. Future healthcare reforms in China should not only focus on expanding the coverage, but also on improving the equity of distribution of healthcare benefits.

Edible insects have great potential to be human food; among them, aquatic insects have unique characteristics and deserve special attention. Before consuming these insects, the nutrition and food safety should always be considered. In this review, we summarized the species diversity, nutrition composition, and food safety of edible aquatic insects, and also compared their distinguished characteristics with those of terrestrial insects. Generally, in contrast with the role of plant feeders that most terrestrial edible insect species play, most aquatic edible insects are carnivorous animals. Besides the differences in physiology and metabolism, there are differences in fat, fatty acid, limiting/flavor amino acid, and mineral element contents between terrestrial and aquatic insects. Furthermore, heavy metal, pesticide residue, and uric acid composition, concerning food safety, are also discussed. Combined with the nutritional characteristics of aquatic insects, it is not recommended to eat the wild resources on a large scale. For the aquatic insects with large consumption, it is better to realize the standardized cultivation before they can be safely eaten.

Okavango delta is a typical distributive fluvial system, which is composed of a series of sand island-river-swamp networks. River migration in the Okavango delta is analyzed by using satellite images from Google Earth and Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF). Four configuration characterization parameters are selected to depict and measure the meandering river. These four parameters are sinuosity index (S), curvature (C), the difference of along-current deflection angle (Δθ) and expansion coefficient (Km). In the fan, the channel migration is mainly asymmetric. According to geomorphic elements and associated features, Okavango Delta can be subdivided into three zones: axial zone, median zone and distal zone. Under the influence of slope, climate and vegetation, different migration modes are developed in different zones. As the river moves downstream, the sinuosity index of the river on the Okavango Delta decreases downstream. Based on the characteristics of different zones, the sedimentary facies model of a single source distributive fluvial system of a meandering river is proposed. The models of channel migration and sedimentary facies have wide application. This research will not only provide a basis for the prediction of future river channels but will also provide important theoretical guidance for the study of the sedimentary morphology of underground reservoirs.

Modeling forest fire spread is a very complex problem, and the existing models usually need some input parameters which are hard to get. How to predict the time series of forest fire spread rate based on passed series may be a key problem to break through the current technical bottleneck. In the process of forest fire spreading, spread rate and wind speed would affect each other. In this paper, three kinds of network models based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) are designed to predict fire spread rate, exploring the interaction between fire and wind. In order to train these LSTM-based models and validate their effectiveness of prediction, several outdoor combustion experiments are designed and carried out. Process data sets of forest fire spreading are collected with an infrared camera mounted on a UAV, and wind data sets are recorded using a anemometer simultaneously. According to the close relationship between wind and fire, three progressive LSTM based models are constructed, which are called CSG-LSTM, MDG-LSTM and FNU-LSTM, respectively. A Cross-Entropy Loss equation is employed to measure the model training quality, and then prediction accuracy is computed and analyzed by comparing with the true fire spread rate and wind speed. According to the performance of training and prediction stage, FNU-LSTM is determined as the best model for the general case. The advantage of FNU-LSTM is further demonstrated by doing comparison experiments with the normal LSTM and other LSTM based models which predict both fire spread rate and wind speed separately. The experiment has also demonstrated the ability of the model to the real fire prediction on the basis of two historical wildland fires.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is one of the main means of information warfare, such as in battlefield cruises, reconnaissance, and military strikes. Rapid detection and accurate recognition of key targets in UAV images are the basis of subsequent military tasks. The UAV image has characteristics of high resolution and small target size, and in practical application, the detection speed is often required to be fast. Existing algorithms are not able to achieve an effective trade-off between detection accuracy and speed. Therefore, this paper proposes a parallel ensemble deep learning framework for unmanned aerial vehicle video multi-target detection, which is a global and local joint detection strategy. It combines a deep learning target detection algorithm with template matching to make full use of image information. It also integrates multi-process and multi-threading mechanisms to speed up processing. Experiments show that the system has high detection accuracy for targets with focal lengths varying from one to ten times. At the same time, the real-time and stable display of detection results is realized by aiming at the moving UAV video image.

Background: Conflicting findings were reported about the associations between subjective body image (SBI), body mass index (BMI) and psychological symptoms in China and other countries in the world. In this study, we aim to explore the associations between SBI, BMI, and psychological symptoms based on a large-scale, national wide survey among Chinese adolescents. Methods: The 2014–2015 China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) database, with 8134 middle school students (4137 boys and 3997 girls), was analyzed to explore the association between SBI, BMI and psychological symptoms. SBI was assessed by one question about the perception of own body shape with options “very thin”, “slightly thin”, “average”, “weak heavy”, and “very heavy”. BMI was calculated by the self-reported body weight and height. Psychological symptoms were evaluated by 10 items involving both aspects of depression and anxiety. Results: The results indicated that both boys and girls who perceived weak or very heavy weight were positively associated with psychological symptoms (p < 0.05). For boys, perceiving very thin body image was also in higher risk of psychological symptoms (p < 0.05), after controlling social-demographic variables and BMI. Comparing with normal weight boys or girls, obese boys (β = −2.22, 95% CI −3.37~−1.07) and overweight girls (β = −1.03, 95% CI −2.01~−0.06) were in lower levels of psychological symptoms after controlling for SBI. Other factors associated with psychological symptoms were family economic status, academic performance, and self-rated health status. Conclusions: A deviation from an “average” SBI was positively associated with psychological symptoms, which should be scanned when evaluating the Chinese adolescents’ mental health. These findings provide epidemiological evidence for the association between SBI and psychological symptoms in non-western social contexts.

Abstract Despite the high frequency of wildfire disturbances in boreal forests in China, the effects of wildfires on soil respiration are not yet well understood. We examined the effects of fire severity on the soil respiration rate (Rs) and its component change in a Dahurian Larch (Larix gmelinii) in Northeast China. The results showed that Rs decreased with fire burning severity. Compared with the control plots, Rs in the low burning severity plots decreased by 19%, while it decreased by 28% in the high burning severity plots. The Rs decrease was mainly due to a decreased autotrophic respiration rate (Ra). The temperature sensitivity (Q 10) of Rs increased after the low severity fire disturbances, but it decreased after the high severity fire disturbance. The Rs were triggered by the soil temperature, which may explain most of the Rs variability in this area. Our study, for the first time, provides the data-based foundation to demonstrate the importance of assessing CO2 fluxes considering both fire severity and environmental factors post-fire in boreal forests of China.

Abstract Background Regular physical examination contributes to early detection and timely treatment, which is helpful in promoting healthy behaviors and preventing diseases. The objective of this study is to compare the annual physical examination (APE) use between rural and urban elderly in China. Methods A total of 3,922 participants (60+) were randomly selected from three urban districts and three rural counties in Shandong Province, China, and were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. We performed unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models to examine the difference in the utilization of APE between rural and urban elderly. Two adjusted logistic regression models were employed to identify the factors associated with APE use in rural and urban seniors respectively. Results The utilization rates of APE in rural and urban elderly are 37.4% and 76.2% respectively. Factors including education level, exercise, watching TV, and number of non-communicable chronic conditions, are associated with APE use both in rural and urban elderly. Hospitalization, self-reported economic status, and health insurance are found to be significant (p

Abstract Background Institutional care has become an urgent issue in rural China. Rural single seniors, compared with their counterparts, have lower income and are more vulnerable. Gender is also a significant factor determining long-term institutional care. This study is designed to examine the gender difference towards utilization willingness of institutional care among rural single seniors. Methods A total of 505 rural single seniors were included in the analysis. Binary logistic regression model was used to examine the gender difference towards utilization willingness for institutional care, and also to identify the determinants of the utilization willingness for institutional care among rural single male and female seniors. Results Our study found that about 5.7% rural single seniors had willingness for institutional care in Shandong, China. Single females were found to be less willing for institutional care than single males in rural areas (OR = 0.19; 95 CI 0.06-0.57). It’s also found that psychological stress was associated with institutionalization willingness in both single males (P = 0.045) and single females (P = 0.013) in rural China. The rural single seniors who lived alone were found to be more willing for institutional care both in males (P = 0.032) and females (P = 0.002) compared with those who lived with children or others. Conclusions This study found that there was a gender difference towards utilization willingness for institutional care among single seniors in rural China. Factors including psychological stress and living arrangements were determinants of institutionalization willingness both in single males and females. Targeted policies should be made for rural single seniors of different gender.

Hazard perceptioniscrucial for identifying potential hazards on the road, and how quick drivers can respond to the hazard partiallyrelies on their risk rating of the hazard after they detect it. Although many studies have attempted to reveal the relationship between drivers'response latencies and their risk ratings, this relationship has not been extensivelyexplored under different hazard types. The presentstudy addresses this issue using a video-based hazard perception task.Forty novice drivers and 35 experienced drivers were recruited and 26 video clipscontaining either an overt hazard (continuous visibility) or a covert hazard (interrupted visibility) were shown to participants.Participants were asked to finish the hazard perception task first and then rated the risk level of the hazard when each video clip was replayed. Participants'confidence in their answers for risk ratings was also determined.Results showed that experienced drivers responded to overt and covert hazards faster than did novice drivers. A negative and significant correlation was found between drivers' risk ratings of covert hazards and their response latencies. Such a relationship was not found forovert hazards. More importantly, drivers rated the risk level of covert hazards higher than that of overt hazards, and higher risk ratings of covert hazards resulted in faster responses to these hazards. The findings of the present study indicate that hazard types not only influence drivers' risk ratings and response latencies but also determine theirrelationships.

Objective(s): The objective of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of licochalcone B (LCB) in a mice model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver toxicity. Materials and Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced in mice by a single subcutaneous injection (SC) of CCl4. The LCB was administered orally once a day for seven days (PO) as pretreatment at three doses of 1, 5, and 25 mg/kg/day. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were analyzed by ELISA. The protein expression degrees of p38 mitogen activated protein kinases (p38) and nuclear factor-k-gene binding (NF-κB) were assayed by western blotting. Results: CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity was manifested by an increase in the levels of ALT, AST, MDA, IL-6, CRP, and TNF-ɑ, and a decrease in the SOD level and GSH/GSSG ratio in the serum. The histopathological examination of the liver sections revealed necrosis and inflammatory reactions. Pretreatment with LCB decreased the levels of ALT, AST, MDA, GSSG, IL-6, CRP, TNF-ɑ, and the protein expression of p38 and NF-κB, increased the level of SOD and GSH, and normalized the hepatic histo-architecture. Conclusion: LCB protected the liver from CCl4-induced injury. Protection may be due to inhibition of p38 and NFκB signaling, which subsequently reduced inflammation in the liver.

The citrus long-horned beetle (CLB), Anoplophora chinensis (Forster) is a destructive native pest in China. Chemosensory receptors including odorant receptors (ORs), gustatory receptors (GRs), and ionotropic receptors (IRs) function to interface the insect with its chemical environment. In the current study, we assembled the antennal transcriptome of A. chinensis by next-generation sequencing. We assembled 44,938 unigenes from 64,787,784 clean reads and annotated their putative gene functions based on gene ontology (GO) and Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG). Overall, 74 putative receptor genes from chemosensory receptor gene families, including 53 ORs, 17 GRs, and 4 IRs were identified. Expression patterns of these receptors on the antennae, maxillary and labial palps, and remaining body segments of both male and female A. chinensis were performed using quantitative real time-PCR (RT-qPCR). The results revealed that 23 ORs, 6 GRs, and 1 IR showed male-biased expression profiles, suggesting that they may play a significant role in sensing female-produced sex pheromones; whereas 8 ORs, 5 GRs, and 1 IR showed female-biased expression profiles, indicating that these receptors may be involved in some female-specific behaviors such as oviposition site seeking. These results lay a solid foundation for deeply understanding CLB olfactory processing mechanisms. Moreover, by comparing our results with those from chemosensory receptor studies in other cerambycid species, several highly probable pheromone receptor candidates were highlighted, which may facilitate the identification of additional pheromone and/or host attractants in CLB.

Blaps rhynchopetera is a species of folk medicinal beetle that has been used for a long time in Southwest China. The complete mitogenome of the beetle (GenBank accession number MK854717) is 16,149 bp in size, including 13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs genes, and a noncoding D-loop region. The D-loop of 1255 bp length is located between rRNA-S and tRNAIle. The overall base composition of B. rhynchopetera is 41.58% for A, 10.31% for G, 31.77% for T, and 16.34% for C, with a high AT bias of 73.35%. The present data could contribute to detailed phylogeographic analysis of this valuable medicinal insect.

Data throughput test of 4G mobile terminal was used to validate whether the data throughput can meet the standard requirements，which has important influence on ensuring the high speed access. Three algorithms of the data throughput test：instrument test，indoor network test，and field test，were introduced. Comparing the test environment，efficiency，problem reproduction and user experience，an introduction of the current status of data throughput test algorithm was given. Furthermore，a trends of the development in the future was presented.

Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen worldwide. A more comprehensive understanding of the within-host genomic evolution of A. baumannii would provide a molecule basis for improving treatment of A. baumannii infection. To understand the evolutionary mechanism facilitating A. baumannii survived in human body, we here reported the genomic analysis of A. baumannii isolated sampled from Chinese patients. We used whole-genome sequence of A. baumannii isolates from the same patient to determine single-nucleotide variants, insertion sequence mapping, and gene change. The MICs for 10 antimicrobial agents were determined. Motility assay and microscopy were performed on the isolated pairs harboring ptk mutations. The gene ptk encoded a putative protein tyrosine kinase involved in the production of capsular polysaccharide. Approximately half (39/86) of the strains isolated from the same patient harbored the same MLST patterns, and during the replacement of international clonal lineage II (ICL-II) and non-ICL-II strains, most of the alteration was that non-ICL-II strain was replaced by ICL-II strain (10/12). A. baumannii was resistant to major antimicrobial agents, whereas the strains were more resistant to ceftazidime, azithromycin, and sulfonamides after within-host evolution. Isolates from the ICL-II lineage displayed greater resistance to antimicrobial agents than non-ICL-II isolates. Isolates from ICL-II harbored more resistance genes and mobile elements than non-ICL-II strains. Several lineages evolved a more mucoid phenotype. Genome sequencing revealed that the phenotype was achieved by genetic changes in the ptk gene. ICL-II (especially ST195 and ST208) was the terminal destination for bacteria after within-host evolution. These results indicate that the molecular basis and the treatment for ICL-II strains needed further investigation.

In boreal forests, fire is an important part of the ecosystem that greatly influences soil respiration, which in turn affects the carbon balance. Wildfire can have a significant effect on soil respiration and it depends on the fire severity and environmental factors (soil temperature and snow water equivalent) after fire disturbance. In this study, we quantified post-fire soil respiration during the non-growing season (from November to April) in a Larix gmelinii forest in Daxing'an Mountains of China. Soil respiration was measured in the snow-covered and snow-free conditions with varying degrees of natural burn severity forests. We found that soil respiration decreases as burn severity increases. The estimated annual C efflux also decreased with increased burn severity. Soil respiration during the non-growing season approximately accounted for 4%-5% of the annual C efflux in all site types. Soil temperature (at 5 cm depth) was the predominant determinant of non-growing season soil respiration change in this area. Soil temperature and snow water equivalent could explain 73%-79% of the soil respiration variability in winter snow-covering period (November to March). Mean spring freeze-thaw cycle (FTC) period (April) soil respiration contributed 63% of the non-growing season C efflux. Our finding is key for understanding and predicting the potential change in the response of boreal forest ecosystems to fire disturbance under future climate change.

Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) is an invasive insect pest which, in China, causes unprecedented damage and economic losses due to its extreme fecundity and wide host range, including forest and shade trees, and even crops. Compared to the better known lepidopteran species which use Type-I pheromones, little is known at the molecular level about the olfactory mechanisms of host location and mate choice in H. cunea, a species using Type-II lepidopteran pheromones. In the present study, the H. cunea antennal transcriptome was constructed by Illumina Hiseq 2500TM sequencing, with the aim of discovering olfaction-related genes. We obtained 64,020,776 clean reads, and 59,243 unigenes from the analysis of the transcriptome, and the putative gene functions were annotated using gene ontology (GO) annotation. We further identified 124 putative chemosensory unigenes based on homology searches and phylogenetic analysis, including 30 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 17 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 52 odorant receptors (ORs), 14 ionotropic receptors (IRs), nine gustatory receptors (GRs) and two sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). We also found many conserved motif patterns of OBPs and CSPs using a MEME system. Moreover, we systematically analyzed expression patterns of OBPs and CSPs based on reverse transcription PCR and quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) with RNA extracted from different tissues and life stages of both sexes in H. cunea. The antennae-biased expression may provide a deeper further understanding of olfactory processing in H. cunea. The first ever identification of olfactory genes in H. cunea may provide new leads for control of this major pest.

The greater green snake Cyclophiops major is a protected and colubrid species. Here, we investigated the complete mitochondrial genome of C. major. The genome is 17,217bp in size, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 control regions, and an origin of light-strand replication. All genes are distributed on the heavy strand, except for ND6 gene and 8 tRNA genes. The AT content of the overall base composition of light strand is 59.83%, showing AT bias. Phylogenetic tree was built based on the genome of C. major and other related snakes to analyze their phylogenic relationship.