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The compounds (+)-pinoresinol-β-D-glucoside (1), matai-resinol- 4′-O-glucoside (2), hyperin (3), phillyrin (4), and phillygenin (5) are the primary bioactive ingredients inForsythia suspensa, which possesses many pharmacological activities, such as heat-clearing and detoxifying, free radical clearing, antioxidative, liver-protection, antibacterial, and so on. In the present study, we employed a sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the quantification of the five bioactive constituents ofForsythia suspensain rat bile. Acetaminophen was used as the internal standard (IS). The bile samples were pretreated by liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate (EtOAc). The chromatographic separation was carried out on a C18column with gradient elution. The detection of analytes was performed on a tandem mass system equipped with a turbo ion spray interface in negative mode using multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM). The specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effect, and several stabilities were validated for the five bioactive constituents in rat bile samples. The proposed method showed appropriate accuracy and repeatability and was suitable for pharmacokinetic studies of the five bioactive constituents after oral administration ofForsythia suspensaextract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the clinical effectiveness and safety of novel biologics for the treatment of lupus nephritis based on a reticulated meta-analysis approach. Registered clinical trials in 4 major databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Register of Clinical Trials) and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched with a search time frame of build to June 2022. And we screened registered randomized controlled clinical trials of biologics for the treatment of lupus nephritis according to the protocol's nadir criteria. Trials were evaluated for quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool, and data were statistically analyzed using Stata 16.0 and Review Manager 5.3 software to compare and rank differences in effectiveness and safety between the biologics. A total of 10 registered randomized controlled clinical trials involving 2148 subjects were included in this study. The interventions were ranked from best to worst in terms of the primary outcome indicator of effectiveness, renal complete remission: belimumab > anifrolumab (900 + 300) mg > obinutuzumab > ocrelizumab 400 mg > abatacept 30/10 mg/kg > belimumab + rituximab > abatacept 10/10 mg/kg > abatacept (30/10 + 10/10) mg/kg > placeo > ocrelizumab 1000 mg > rituximab > anifrolumab 300 mg, belimumab was superior to placebo [OR = 1.75, 95% CI (1.13, 2.70)] and anifrolumab 300 mg [OR = 3.27, 95% CI (1.05, 10.14)], anifrolumab (900 + 300) mg was superior to anifrolumab 300 mg [OR = 3.56, 95% CI (1.30, 9.76)], and all were statistically significant. The ranking of each intervention in terms of overall renal remission for secondary outcome indicators from best to worst was: obinutuzumab > belimumab + rituximab > anifrolumab (900 + 300) mg > ocrelizumab 1000 mg > ocrelizumab 400 mg > belimumab > rituximab 1000 mg > abatacept 30/10 mg/kg > abatacept (30/10 + 10/10) mg/kg > placeo > abatacept 10/10 mg/kg > anifrolumab 300 mg, obinutuzumab was superior to placebo [OR = 2.27, 95% CI (1.11, 4.67)] and belimumab was also superior to placebo [OR = 1.56, 95% CI (1.07, 2.27)], and all were statistically significant. In terms of safety, with a focus on serious adverse events and serious infections, the results were: Serious adverse events at 1 year of monitoring occurred better with ocrelizumab 1000 mg than ocrelizumab 400 mg [OR = 0.51, 95% CI (0.29, 0.89)] and were statistically different; serious adverse events at 2 years of monitoring infection adverse events occurred better with obinutuzumab than with abatacept (30/10 + 10/10) mg/kg [OR = 0.24, 95% CI (0.07, 0.81)] and were statistically different. The safety of the new biologics in combination with conventional standard therapies is generally good, but it is belimumab and obinutuzumab that are most effective in achieving complete and overall remission in the kidney. This study protocol has been registered with PROSPERO, with a registration number of CRD42021262498. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: During French-door laminoplasty, a linear array transducer of IOUS was used to observe and record the spinal cord decompression. To acquire a higher-reliability method, and compare the in-observer and inter-observer reliability of two methods in evaluating the hyperechoic intensity of spinal cord ultrasound in degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM).Background: The intensity of spinal cord hyperechogenicity is considered as a potential predictor of neurological recovery in DCM after decompression, but the accuracy of gray value ratio (GVR) is affected by many factors.Methods: Totally 28 patients (20 males and 8 females) who had been followed up for 12 months were included. Their mean age at surgery was 61.2 ± 10.8 years and the average symptom duration was 23.36 ± 22.11 months. The gray values of circles 1, 2 and 3 were recorded as Gcompression, Gnorml and Gsac, respectively. Circle 1 was drawn with the maximum brightness point within the spinal cord as the center, circle 2 with the same area was plotted on the spinal cord with uniform echogenicity, without compression and at least 1 cm away from the circle 1, and circle 3 was drawn on the dorsal dural sac at the same segment as circle 1. GVR was calculated as follows: GVR-A = Gcompression/Gnorml (method A), and GVR-B = Gcompression/Gsac (method B). The in-observer and inter-observer reliabilities of the two methods were compared. It is generally believed a reliability coefficient < 0.40 and > 0.75 indicate poor and good reliability respectively. The images-based GVR-B using this protocol demonstrates higher inter- and intraobserver reliabilities than GVR-A, and can be used as the basis for prognostic prediction and future studies.Results: All examination acquisitions were successfully completed. GVR-A averaged 2.043 (0.318-5.56), and GVR-B averaged 0.578(0.06-1.41). GVR-B has better repeatability of gray value measurement, smaller relative standard deviation (RSD%) (0.298 vs. 0.32) and larger inter-group correlation coefficient compared with GVR-A. The mean value (MD) of the GVR difference calculated by GVR-B between the two clinicians was closer to 0.Conclusions: For DCM patients routinely using ultrasound for real-time cord visualization during spinal cord decompression by French-door laminoplasty, the images-based GVR-B using this protocol demonstrates better inter- and intraobserver reliabilities compared with GVR-A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Heterotopic ossification of the tendon and ligament (HOTL) is a chronic progressive disease that is usually accompanied by thickening and ossification of ligaments and high osteogenic activity of the surrounding ligament tissue. However, the molecular mechanism of maintaining the cellular phenotype of HOTL remains unclear.We first constructed a model of HOTL, Enpp1flox/flox/EIIa-Cre mice, a novel genetic mouse system. Imaging, histological, and cell-level analyses were performed to investigate the progressive ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, Achilles tendons, and degeneration joints caused by Enpp1 deficiency.The results indicate that Enpp1 deficiency led to markedly progressive heterotopic ossification (HO), especially spine, and Achilles tendons, and was associated with progressive degeneration of the knees. The bone mass was decreased in the long bone. Furthermore, fibroblasts from Enpp1flox/flox/EIIa-Cre mice had greater osteogenic differentiation potential following induction by osteogenesis, accompanied by enhanced hedgehog (Hh) signaling. In addition, fibroblast cells show senescence, and aggravation of the senescence phenotype by further osteogenic induction.Our study indicated that with increasing age, mutations in Enpp1 promote ectopic ossification of spinal ligaments and endochondral ossification in tendons and further aggravate knee degeneration by upregulating hedgehog signaling.Materials and methods: Heterotopic ossification of the tendon and ligament (HOTL) is a chronic progressive disease that is usually accompanied by thickening and ossification of ligaments and high osteogenic activity of the surrounding ligament tissue. However, the molecular mechanism of maintaining the cellular phenotype of HOTL remains unclear.We first constructed a model of HOTL, Enpp1flox/flox/EIIa-Cre mice, a novel genetic mouse system. Imaging, histological, and cell-level analyses were performed to investigate the progressive ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, Achilles tendons, and degeneration joints caused by Enpp1 deficiency.The results indicate that Enpp1 deficiency led to markedly progressive heterotopic ossification (HO), especially spine, and Achilles tendons, and was associated with progressive degeneration of the knees. The bone mass was decreased in the long bone. Furthermore, fibroblasts from Enpp1flox/flox/EIIa-Cre mice had greater osteogenic differentiation potential following induction by osteogenesis, accompanied by enhanced hedgehog (Hh) signaling. In addition, fibroblast cells show senescence, and aggravation of the senescence phenotype by further osteogenic induction.Our study indicated that with increasing age, mutations in Enpp1 promote ectopic ossification of spinal ligaments and endochondral ossification in tendons and further aggravate knee degeneration by upregulating hedgehog signaling.Results: Heterotopic ossification of the tendon and ligament (HOTL) is a chronic progressive disease that is usually accompanied by thickening and ossification of ligaments and high osteogenic activity of the surrounding ligament tissue. However, the molecular mechanism of maintaining the cellular phenotype of HOTL remains unclear.We first constructed a model of HOTL, Enpp1flox/flox/EIIa-Cre mice, a novel genetic mouse system. Imaging, histological, and cell-level analyses were performed to investigate the progressive ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, Achilles tendons, and degeneration joints caused by Enpp1 deficiency.The results indicate that Enpp1 deficiency led to markedly progressive heterotopic ossification (HO), especially spine, and Achilles tendons, and was associated with progressive degeneration of the knees. The bone mass was decreased in the long bone. Furthermore, fibroblasts from Enpp1flox/flox/EIIa-Cre mice had greater osteogenic differentiation potential following induction by osteogenesis, accompanied by enhanced hedgehog (Hh) signaling. In addition, fibroblast cells show senescence, and aggravation of the senescence phenotype by further osteogenic induction.Our study indicated that with increasing age, mutations in Enpp1 promote ectopic ossification of spinal ligaments and endochondral ossification in tendons and further aggravate knee degeneration by upregulating hedgehog signaling.Conclusion: Heterotopic ossification of the tendon and ligament (HOTL) is a chronic progressive disease that is usually accompanied by thickening and ossification of ligaments and high osteogenic activity of the surrounding ligament tissue. However, the molecular mechanism of maintaining the cellular phenotype of HOTL remains unclear.We first constructed a model of HOTL, Enpp1flox/flox/EIIa-Cre mice, a novel genetic mouse system. Imaging, histological, and cell-level analyses were performed to investigate the progressive ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, Achilles tendons, and degeneration joints caused by Enpp1 deficiency.The results indicate that Enpp1 deficiency led to markedly progressive heterotopic ossification (HO), especially spine, and Achilles tendons, and was associated with progressive degeneration of the knees. The bone mass was decreased in the long bone. Furthermore, fibroblasts from Enpp1flox/flox/EIIa-Cre mice had greater osteogenic differentiation potential following induction by osteogenesis, accompanied by enhanced hedgehog (Hh) signaling. In addition, fibroblast cells show senescence, and aggravation of the senescence phenotype by further osteogenic induction.Our study indicated that with increasing age, mutations in Enpp1 promote ectopic ossification of spinal ligaments and endochondral ossification in tendons and further aggravate knee degeneration by upregulating hedgehog signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the neurological recovery between patients with adequate and inadequate immediate spinal cord expansion after sufficient decompression in degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM). Methods: Twenty-seven patients subjected to French-door laminoplasty underwent the guidance of intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) and were prospectively included. The modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) score was evaluated before surgery and at 12 months postoperatively. The maximum spinal cord compression (MSCC) after sufficient decompression was calculated on the IOUS image; patients were divided into adequate (MSCC ≥ 0.95) and inadequate (MSCC < 0.95) expansion groups according to the MSCC. The mJOA score, spinal cord hyperechogenicity, age at surgery, symptom duration, occupational rate of the spinal canal, and the minimum anteroposterior diameter of the spinal cord between the two groups were compared. Results: Initially, 2 cases showed residual compression on IOUS; after further decompression, all patients acquired sufficient decompression. All patients achieved improvements in mJOA scores with an average recovery rate of 68.6 ± 20.3%. The recovery rate of the mJOA score of the inadequate expansion group was significantly inferior to that of the adequate expansion group (59.2 ± 21.7% versus 76.2 ± 16.2%, p = 0.028). The spinal cord hyperechogenicity was more common in the inadequate expansion group, while the spinal cord anteroposterior diameter of the inadequate expansion group was significantly smaller than that of the adequate expansion group. Conclusions: The application of IOUS in French-door laminoplasty could help to confirm sufficient decompression for the treatment of DCM. Inadequate spinal cord expansion after sufficient decompression had the high possibility of predicting less satisfactory neurological recovery of DCM. Key Points: • The intraoperative ultrasound revealed that not all degenerative cervical myelopathy patients acquired adequate spinal cord expansion after sufficient decompression. • Patients who failed to acquire adequate spinal cord expansion commonly combined with spinal cord hyperechogenicity and trended to achieve less satisfactory neurological recovery after surgical decompression. • Inadequate spinal cord expansion after sufficient decompression had the high possibility of predicting less satisfactory neurological recovery of patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• a-CsPbI 3 light harvester layers are prepared at low temperature without hydrogen iodide additive. • Lead acetate is used as the lead source of precursor solutions. • Ethylenediaminium iodide can cooperates with the lead acetate precursor. • The grain size of CsPbI 3 layers is increased and their trap density is reduced. • The power conversion efficiency and photo-stability of devices are improved. CsPbI 3 triggers strong interest in the photovoltaic community for their promising photoelectric property and nonvolatility. However, CsPbI 3 layers with a-phase crystal structure are difficult for preparation, and these layers easily degrade to non-photoactive δ-phase at room temperature. Tuning the composition of precursor solutions is an important method for improving the properties of CsPbI 3 layers. Herein, we prepare inorganic a-CsPbI 3 perovskite solar cells using lead acetate as the lead source, which is different from conventional precursors with lead iodide as the lead source. The lead acetate precursor needs neither incorporating hydrogen iodide nor preparing PbI 2 complex, and it is shown to enlarge the grain size, improve the crystallinity and reduce the trap density of CsPbI 3 layers. By cooperating the lead acetate precursor with EDAI 2 additive, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of devices increases from 9.2% to 12.9% and the photo-stability of these devices is improved simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To study the correlation of neurological function in degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) patients with quantitative assessment of spinal cord compression and impairment by intraoperative ultrasound imaging (IOUSI).Methods: Twenty-three patients who underwent French-Door laminoplasty for multilevel DCM were followed for 6 months. Modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) score and cervical MRI were assessed before surgery and at postoperative 6 months. IOUS, used to guide decompression, were recorded. The anteroposterior diameter (APD) and the gray values of the IOUSI hyperechogenicity of the midsagittal IOUSI at the narrowest level and at the lesion-free level, and the APD and traverse diameter at the traverse maximum compression level of IOUSI were measured. Maximum spinal cord compression (MSCC), compression rate (CR), and IOUSI gray value ratio (Rgray) were calculated. The appearance of preoperative T2W MRI increased signal intensity (ISI), and the signal change rate (SCR) on postoperative T2W MRI of 9 patients were also measured and calculated, and compared with that of IOUSI hyperechogenicity.Results: Average mJOA score increased significantly from 11.57 ± 2.67 before surgery to 15.39 ± 1.50 at 6 months after surgery, with an average recovery rate (RR) of 71.11 ± 22.81%. The difference between the appearance of preoperative T2W MRI ISI and IOUSI hyperechogenicity was not significant. Spearman correlation analysis found that the IOUSI Rgray were negatively correlated with the RR of mJOA score with a coefficient of - 0.77, and the IOUSI Rgray was not correlated with the postoperative MRI SCR.Conclusions: In DCM patients, the gray values of IOUSI can be measured accurately. The IOUSI Rgray correlated with postoperative neurological recovery significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs), hole transport layers (HTLs) are necessary components that can suppress recombination by collecting holes and blocking electrons. Inorganic hole transport materials (HTMs) are attractive because of their ease of preparation, low production cost and high stability. Although metal oxides and halides have been developed as the HTMs, metal hydroxides have not yet been reported as the HTMs of PSCs. In this work, copper doped lanthanum hydroxide (La x Cu y (OH) 3) nanorods were firstly synthesized by the hydrothermal method as a new kind of HTM for PSCs. Although the valence band edge of La(OH) 3 is slightly mismatch with that of perovskite layers, Cu2+ dopants improve the energy level alignment at HTL/perovskite interfaces. As an acceptor dopant for La(OH) 3 , Cu2+ ions also increase the hole transport ability of La x Cu y (OH) 3 HTLs. Additionally, La x Cu y (OH) 3 HTLs tend to encourage the crystallization of perovskite layers. As a consequence, Cu2+ dopants lead to an increase of PCE from 11.3 % to 20.4 % for La x Cu y (OH) 3 based PSCs. This promotion can be related to the reduced recombination process and the elevated charge extraction process. This work firstly applied metal hydroxide as the HTMs of PSCs, and demonstrates the regulation of these HTMs by the doping method. [Display omitted] • La(OH) 3 nanorods with copper dopants (La x Cu y (OH) 3) were synthesized. • La x Cu y (OH) 3 films were deposited by spin-coating at a low temperature of 100 °C. • Energy level and hole transport ability were improved by incorporating Cu2+ ions. • The Cu2+ dopants can also promote the crystallization of perovskite layers. • Cu2+ dopants lead to an improvement of PCEs from 11.3 % to 20.4 % for PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressure effects on the ionic transport and optoelectrical properties of lead halide perovskites are still largely terra incognita. Herein, we have conducted in situ alternating current (AC) impedance spectroscopy on both CsPbBr3 powders and single crystals with random planes at pressures of up to 9.2 GPa and 6.8 GPa, respectively. Through the selection of different simulation equivalent circuit models of AC impedance spectroscopy, we have obtained the pressure-dependent electrical parameters of CsPbBr3. The current results indicate that all the CsPbBr3 samples show mixed ionic-electronic conduction from ambient pressure to 2.3 GPa and pure electronic conduction at pressures above 2.3 GPa. We have also conducted in situ photocurrent measurements on CsPbBr3 powders at pressures up to 2.9 GPa. The emergence of extremely sharp and needle-like peaks at every moment of light irradiation at pressures below 2.3 GPa is attributed to the mixed conduction within CsPbBr3, and the photocurrent of CsPbBr3 could hardly be detected at pressures above 2.9 GPa. Additionally, the photoelectric response of CsPbBr3 can be enhanced by compression, and the strongest photocurrent value appears in the high-pressure phase at 1.4 GPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doping, interface optimization and recrystallization are effective approaches for fabricating high performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In our work, simple CsBr treatment is introduced to improve the performance of TiO 2 nanorods-based PSCs. Both Cs + and Br − are doped into CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 simultaneously, as well as optimizes the interface between perovskite and hole-transporting material (HTM). In addition, the perovskite grains are recrystallized through this method. Finally, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.02% with 0.72 in fill factor (FF) and 1.08 in open circuit voltage (V OC ) is obtained through CsBr treatment, which is 19.91% higher than that of untreated devices (13.36% with 0.65 in FF and 1.02 in V OC ). Furthermore, the power output maintains ∼14% after 3500 h under the humidity within 15% at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO 2 compact layers are wildly used for electron selective contact in perovskite solar cells. The function of TiO 2 selective contact can be modified by doping metal ions in the TiO 2 compact layers. As lanthanide elements usually exhibit unique properties for their incompletely occupied 5d or 4f orbitals, we prepared lanthanum doped TiO 2 compact layers by spray pyrolysis method as the electron selective contact of perovskite solar cells. SEM images indicate lanthanum dopants improve the smoothness of TiO 2 layers. In the optimized concentration, the average PCE of devices is promoted from 12.4% to 14.4% with the highest PCE of 17.2%, which comes from the improvement on charge transfer and recombination. Moreover, the Lanthanum dopants also lead to the improvement in photo-stability of perovskite solar cells. For the device with optimized La concentration, 80% of its original PCE is preserved after 200 h aging under continuous one sun illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron transport layers can collect photo-generated electrons and suppress interfacial recombination, which are crucial for efficient perovskite solar cells. Tin oxide is a suitable electron transport material for its wide bandgap, high electron mobility, low photocatalytic activity and appropriate energy band offsets. For the deposition of tin oxide layers, SnCl 2 precursor is usually used for the conventional solution spin-coating method. In this work, we developed an in-situ synthesized precursor, and ultrathin tin oxide layers were obtained by the combustion process at 150 °C. Furthermore, the devices with these tin oxide layers can achieve the PCE of 19.6%, while conventional tin oxide layers with SnCl 2 precursor lead to the PCEs of 16.9% and 14.9% with and without plasma treatment. This improvement can be related to the enhanced photoelectron collection and superior interfacial contact. This work provides a facile method for fabricating SnO 2 electron transport layers of perovskite solar cells at low temperature. [Display omitted] • A novel SnO 2 precursor solution was developed by the in-situ synthesis from tin powder. • SnO 2 ETLs with high purity were prepared by the combustion process at low temperature. • Ultrathin SnO 2 ETLs were obtained with enhanced charge collection and interfacial contact. • PSCs with newly developed SnO 2 ETLs were superior to devices by conventional SnCl 2 precursor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High performance perovskite light harvester layer on the TiO 2 nanorods array is firstly prepared by an acetic acid vapor-assisted thermal annealing (HAc VATA) method. The crystallinity of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 layer is improved through introducing HAc vapor. Furthermore, the pore filling fraction of TiO 2 nanorods array is increased and the contact between TiO 2 and CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 is enhanced. As a result, the HAc VATA devices exhibit an average PCE of 12.20%, which is 63.54% higher than that of the usual thermal annealing devices (7.46%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reference 1 Wu H, Chen G, Li X. Comparative intra- and inter-observer reliability of two methods for evaluating intraoperative ultrasonography-based spinal cord hyperechogenicity intensity in degenerative cervical myelopathy. B Correction: BMC Musculoskelet Disord 23, 630 (2022) b B https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-022-05517-0 b Following the publication of the original article [[1]] the authors reported an error in the 2nd paragraph of section "Study population". [Extracted from the article]

• Image analysis technology provides the non-invasive, quantitative and sensitive detection of early intervertebral disc degeneration. • A single shock load induces early degeneration of intervertebral discs. • The gray value change percentage reflects the degree of intervertebral disc degeneration. Disc degeneration has long been associated with excessive mechanical loading or acute disc injury. Our goal is to perform a shock load on the functional units of the cynomolgus monkey intervertebral disc and analyze the degree of degeneration of the intervertebral disc through image analysis and comprehensive analysis. The organ model establishes a standard organ culture model and a non-invasive biomechanical evaluation protocol close to the early degeneration of the human intervertebral disc. After modeling, the cynomolgus monkey intervertebral discs were collected and loaded into the dynamic mechanical culture system. The physiological group was loaded with 10% high compressive deformation load for one second, the injury group was punctured with annulus fibrosus, the model group was loaded with 20–50% high compressive deformation, and the nutritional components were a high-glucose group and low-glucose group. After day 3 (short term) and day 10 (long term), samples were collected to analyze cell viability, histomorphology, image analysis for imaging and biomechanical changes. Both the injury group and the 30–50% strain model group showed signs of early degeneration, including decreased instantaneous compressive stiffness, percent change in gray value, decreased cell viability, AF fissure, and percent increase in dynamic elastic modulus. The glucose-restricted group also showed signs of early disc degeneration in long-term cultures. This study shows that a single shock load can induce early degeneration of healthy cynomolgus monkey intervertebral discs, and 30% strain may be the nociceptive threshold for early degeneration of healthy intervertebral discs. More importantly, a non-invasive biomechanical evaluation scheme of Percentage change in dynamic modulus of elasticity is established, which solves the key scientific problem of how to non-invasively, quantitatively and sensitively detect the development process of early intervertebral disc degeneration and its degree of degeneration in an in vitro organ model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]