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• Effects of oxygen vacancies on the properties of MOS are summarized. • Methods for introducing oxygen vacancies are summarized. • Applications of high oxygen vacancies materials in gas sensors are listed. The introduction of oxygen vacancies into metal oxide semiconductors is an effective way to enhance their gas sensing performance. In this review paper, firstly, the roles of oxygen vacancies on band structure, electrical conductivity, optical absorption and gas adsorption are presented. The presence of highly concentrated oxygen vacancies narrows the bandgap width of semiconductors, thus reducing the energy required for electron transition. It also increases the active sites on the material surface and enhances the chemisorption, thus improving the adsorption performance of the material. In addition, it also improves the electrical conductivity and light absorption ability of the material. Then, this review paper briefly introduced the state of the art of metal oxide semiconductors with highly concentrated oxygen vacancies fabricated by various processes, which are mainly divided into direct and indirect methods. At last, the application of metal oxide semiconductors with highly concentrated oxygen vacancies in the field of gas sensors is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible bending sensors are crucial components of flexible/wearable electronics. However, their broad application is restricted by their difficulty in sensing different bending directions and, more importantly, their significant output attenuation after long cycles. Herein, a new design of an All‐in‐One piezoelectric bending sensor is proposed, in which double‐deck, cross‐over 3D interdigital microelectrodes (silver nanowires (Ag NWs)) are embedded in a piezoelectric polymer film (poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene (P(VDF‐TrFE))). The piezoelectric film with the embedded 3D microelectrodes exhibits a high anisotropy coefficient (η90∘${{\eta }_{90^\circ }}$ > 1) based on dual piezoelectric modes (d31 and d33), which renders it more sensitive to different bending directions. More importantly, the homogeneous interconnected interface and heterogeneous microinterlocked interface formed inside the sensor significantly enhance its interface mechanical properties, with at least a tensile strength of 51 MPa, a shear strength of 28 MPa, and an interfacial toughness of 300 J m−2, which are nearly two orders of magnitude greater than those of conventional sandwich architectures. The prepared All‐in‐One sensor shows an extremely stable piezoelectric output over as many as 16 00 000 bending cycles, which represents a remarkable breakthrough. Furthermore, a single sensor can be used to remotely control the multidirectional motion of a smart car, demonstrating enormous potential in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NO 2 emission is currently one of the important factors threatening the quality of life of residents. Preparing ZnO-based gas sensors to monitor the concentration of NO 2 has attracted growing attention. This article reports a method for preparing ZnO 1-α by hydrogen heat treatment. The ZnO coating prepared by the spin coating method is directly placed in a reduced atmosphere with 3% hydrogen for heat treatment to produce a self-doped ZnO 1-α coating with oxygen vacancies, which can effectively narrow the bandgap. The article studied the influence of heat treatment time and visible light wavelength on sensing properties. The results show that under the conditions of room temperature and blue light irradiation, the coating heat-treated in a reduced atmosphere for 1 h showed the best gas-sensing properties to 1 ppm NO 2 with a response of 7.0. The outstanding selectivity of ZnO 1-α coating has been displayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity among children and adolescents continues to increase globally, and it is important to determine the factors associated with obesity among adolescents for the prevention and reduction of obesity. The purpose of this study is to understand the factors associated with the increase in the obesity rate among adolescents, providing a reference basis for the development of projects aimed at promoting adolescent health. Using the raw data of 2021 adolescent health behavior online survey, this study analyzed demographic sociological factors, mental health, exercise habits, health behaviors and other categorical variables, and conducted the frequency, χ2 test for the difference in the proportion of obese and non-obese. According to the hierarchy model of obesity-related variables, binary logistics regression is used for multivariate analysis. This study used the original data of the 2021 Youth Health Behavior Online Survey, and performed frequency, χ2 tests on the differences in the proportion of obese and non-obese for categorical variables such as demographic sociological factors, mental health, exercise habits, and health behaviors. Multivariate analysis was performed using binary logistic regression based on hierarchical models of obesity-related variables. The obesity rate among Korean adolescents was 18.25 %. The obesity risk for females was reduced by 0.344 times compared to males (95 % CI = 0.327–0.361, p < 0.001); high school students had a 1.4 times higher obesity risk than middle school students (95 % CI = 1.379–1.511, p < 0.001); students with "Subjective household economic status" rated as "Medium" and 'Low' had their obesity risk increased by 1.07 times (95 % CI = 1.020–1.124, p < 0.01) and 1.254 times (95 % CI = 1.165–1.350, p < 0.001), respectively, compared to students with 'Subjective household economic status' rated as 'High'; students with 'Moderate' and 'Low' levels of 'Perceived stress' had their obesity risk reduced by 0.78 times (95 % CI = 0.74–0.823, P < 0.001) and 0.75 times (95 % CI = 0.70–0.803, P < 0.001), respectively, compared to students with 'High' levels of 'Perceived stress'; students engaging in 'Muscle strengthening exercise' '1–2 times/week' and "≥ 3 times/week" had their obesity risk reduced by 0.844 times (95% CI = 0.797-0.895, P < 0.001) and 0.575 times (95% CI = 0.537-0.616, P < 0.001), respectively, compared to students not participating in "Muscle strengthening exercise". The obesity rate of boys is higher than that of girls and high school students is higher than that of middle school students, and obesity is inversely proportional to family economic status. Mental health factors, exercise habits and eating habits are all important factors affecting adolescent obesity. It is suggested that gender differences, psychological factors, health habits, obesity education and healthy eating habits suitable for different age groups should be considered in the formulation of adolescent obesity policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The basic principle of CRISPR system for pathogen detection. • Common amplification methods combined with CRISPR system to participate in pathogen detection. • Examples of the most advanced pathogen detection platform. The combination of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and its associated Cas protein is an effective gene-editing instrument. Among them, the CRISPR-Cas12a system forms a DNA-cleavage-capable complex with crRNA and exerts its trans -cleavage activity by recognising the PAM site on the target pathogen's gene. After amplifying the pathogenic gene, display materials such as fluorescent probes are added to the detection system, along with the advantages of rapid detection and high sensitivity of the CRISPR system, so that pathogenic bacteria can be diagnosed with greater speed and precision. This article reviews the mechanism of CRISPR-Cas12a in rapid detection, as well as its progress in the rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria in conjunction with various molecular biology techniques, in order to provide a foundation for the future development of a more effective detection platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to use big data (climate data, internet query data and school calendar patterns (SCP)) to improve pertussis surveillance and prediction, and develop an early warning model for pertussis epidemics. We collected weekly pertussis notifications, SCP, climate and internet search query data (Baidu index (BI)) in Jinan, China between 2013 and 2017. Time series decomposition and temporal risk assessment were used for examining the epidemic features in pertussis infections. A seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model and regression tree model were developed to predict pertussis occurrence using identified predictors. Our study demonstrates clear seasonal patterns in pertussis epidemics, and pertussis activity was most significantly associated with BI at 2-week lag (rBI = 0.73, p < 0.05), temperature at 1-week lag (rtemp = 0.19, p < 0.05) and rainfall at 2-week lag (rrainfall = 0.27, p < 0.05). No obvious relationship between pertussis peaks and school attendance was found in the study. Pertussis cases were more likely to be temporally concentrated throughout the epidemics during the study period. SARIMA models with 2-week-lagged BI and 1-week-lagged temperature had better predictive performance (βsearch query = 0.06, p = 0.02; βtemp = 0.16, p = 0.03) with large correlation coefficients (r = 0.67, p < 0.01) and low root mean squared error (RMSE) value (r = 3.59). The regression tree model identified threshold values of potential predictors (search query, climate and SCP) for pertussis epidemics. Our results showed that internet query in conjunction with social and climatic data can predict pertussis epidemics, which is a foundation of using such data to develop early warning systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) is an important pathogenic bacterium that poses a serious threat to the development of the livestock economy and human health. Currently, the existing methods for P. multocida detection are time-consuming and require complex professional operations, limiting the application of field detection. In the study, we presented a single-pot naked-eye CRISPR-Cas12a platform (Cas12a-NEye) for the detection of P. multocida. The round tube cover allowed more Cas12a detection solution to be temporarily stored than the flat cap, enabling single-pot assays and avoiding aerosol contamination. The positive samples generated obvious red using naked eye using no excitation light and the negative samples generated blue. The limit of detection (LOD) was a single copy, without cross-reactivity with other closely related bacteria. Furthermore, we validated this platform using 16 P. multocida clinical lung samples and obtained consistent results with the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. The entire experimental process included rapid DNA extraction (<1 h) and Cas12a-NEye assay (25 min), which was accomplished within 1.5 h. Thus, this "sample-to-answer" platform has significant potential for P. multocida detection. [Display omitted] • We present an all-in-one CRISPR-Cas12a-based assay termed "Cas12a-NEye" for rapid and early nucleic acid detection. • The Cas12a-NEye platform can be used for the detection of P. multocida with high sensitivity and specificity. • Results can be easily readout by naked eye without additional devices, which is appropriate for on-site detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquitoes carry a large number of known and unknown viruses, some of which could cause serious diseases in humans or animals. Metagenomic sequencing for mosquito viromes is crucial for understanding the evolutionary history of viruses and preventing emerging mosquito-borne diseases. We collected 1,598 mosquitoes belonging to four species from five counties in Shandong Province, China in 2021. They were grouped by species and sampling locations and subjected to metagenomic next-generation sequencing for the analysis of the viromes. A total of 233,317,352 sequencing reads were classified into 30 viral families and an unclassified group. Comparative analysis showed that mosquitoes in Shandong Province generally possessed host-specific virome. We detected mosquito-borne viruses including Japanese encephalitis virus, Getah virus, and Kadipiro virus in Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these pathogenic viruses may have existed in mosquitoes in Shandong Province for a long time. Meanwhile, we identified 22 novel viruses belonging to seven families and the genus Negevirus . Our study comprehensively described the viromes of several common mosquito species in Shandong Province, China, and demonstrated the major role of host species in shaping mosquito viromes. Furthermore, the metagenomic data provided valuable epidemiological information on multiple mosquito-borne viruses, highlighting the potential risk of infection transmission., Importance: Mosquitoes are known as the source of various pathogens for humans and animals. Culex tritaeniorhynchus , Armigeres subalbatus , and Anopheles sinensis have been found to transmit the Getah virus, which has recently caused increasing infections in China. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Culex pipiens are the main vectors of Japanese encephalitis virus and have caused epidemics of Japanese encephalitis in China in past decades. These mosquitoes are widely present in Shandong Province, China, leading to a great threat to public health and the breeding industry. This study provided a comprehensive insight into the viromes of several common mosquito species in Shandong Province, China. The metagenomic sequencing data revealed the risks of multiple pathogenic mosquito-borne viruses, including Japanese encephalitis virus, Getah virus, and Kadipiro virus, which are of great importance for preventing emerging viral epidemics., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Significant advances in chemotherapy drugs have reduced mortality in patients with malignant tumors. However, chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity increases the morbidity and mortality of patients, and has become the second leading cause of death after tumor recurrence, which has received more and more attention in recent years. Arrhythmia is one of the common types of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, and has become a new risk related to chemotherapy treatment, which seriously affects the therapeutic outcome in patients. Traditional Chinese medicine has experienced thousands of years of clinical practice in China, and has accumulated a wealth of medical theories and treatment formulas, which has unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of malignant diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine may reduce the arrhythmic toxicity caused by chemotherapy without affecting the anti-cancer effect. This paper mainly discussed the types and pathogenesis of secondary chemotherapeutic drug-induced arrhythmia (CDIA), and summarized the studies on Chinese medicine compounds, Chinese medicine Combination Formula and Chinese medicine injection that may be beneficial in intervention with secondary CDIA including atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmia and sinus bradycardia, in order to provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced arrhythmias., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Li, Cheng, Zhu, Hu, Wang, Niu, Li, Aierken, Li, Feng and Liu.)

Perching-and-takeoff robot can effectively economize onboard power and achieve long endurance. However, dynamic perching on moving targets for a perching-and-takeoff robot is still challenging due to less autonomy to dynamically land, tremendous impact during landing, and weak contact adaptability to perching surfaces. Here, a self-sensing, impact-resistant, and contact-adaptable perching-and-takeoff robot based on all-in-one electrically active smart adhesives is proposed to reversibly perch on moving/static dry/wet surfaces and economize onboard energy. Thereinto, attachment structures with discrete pillars have contact adaptability on different dry/wet surfaces, stable adhesion, and anti-rebound; sandwich-like artificial muscles lower weight, enhance damping, simplify control, and achieve fast adhesion switching (on-off ratio approaching ∞ in several seconds); and the flexible pressure (0.204% per kilopascal)-and-deformation (force resolution, <2.5 millinewton) sensor enables the robot's autonomy. Thus, the perching-and-takeoff robot equipped with electrically active smart adhesives exhibits tremendous advantages of soft materials over their rigid counterparts and promising application prospect of dynamic perching on moving targets.

Background: Previous studies hardly evaluated the association of variability of body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference with clinical adverse events and investigated whether weight cycling had an effect on the prognosis of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)., Methods: This study was a post-hoc analysis of TOPCAT. Three outcomes were evaluated: the primary endpoint, cardiovascular disease (CVD) death, and heart failure hospitalization. Among them, CVD death and hospitalization were outcomes of heart failure. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to describe the cumulative risk of outcome and were tested using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95%CIs for outcomes. We also performed a subgroup analysis, and several subgroups were compared., Results: A total of 3,146 patients were included. In the Kaplan-Meier curves, the coefficients of variation of both BMI and waist circumference were grouped according to quartiles, with the Q4 group having the highest cumulative risk (log-rank P < 0.001). In the coefficient of BMI variation and the outcomes, the HRs for group Q4 of coefficient of variation of BMI were 2.35 (95%CI: 1.82, 3.03) for the primary endpoint, 2.40 (95%CI: 1.69, 3.40) for death, and 2.33 (95%CI: 1.68, 3.22) for HF hospitalization in model 3 (fully adjusted model) compared with group Q1. In the coefficient of waist circumference variation and the outcomes, group Q4 had increased hazard of the primary endpoint [HR: 2.39 (95%CI: 1.84, 3.12)], CVD death [HR: 3.29 (95%CI: 2.28, 4.77)], and HF hospitalization [HR: 1.98 (95%CI 1.43, 2.75)] in model 3 (fully adjusted model) compared with group Q1. In the subgroup analysis, there was a significant interaction in the diabetes mellitus subgroup ( P for interaction = 0.0234)., Conclusion: Weight cycling had a negative effect on the prognosis of patients with HFpEF. The presence of comorbid diabetes weakened the relationship between waist circumference variability and clinical adverse events., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Tan, Guo, Zhang, Zheng and Liu.)

Omono River virus (OMRV) is a newly reported, unclassified RNA virus in the family Totiviridae, which infects mosquitoes and bats. In this study, we report the isolation of an OMRV strain SD76 from Culex tritaeniorhynchus captured in Jinan city, China. The cytopathic effect was characterized by cell fusion on C6/36 cell line. Its complete genome was 7611 nucleotides in length, with 71.4-90.4% similarities with other OMRV strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genomes showed all OMRV-like strains can be divided into 3 groups with between-group distances ranging from 0.254 to 0.293. These results revealed that the OMRV isolate had high genetic diversity with those identified previously, and enriched the genetic information of family Totiviridae., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The application of Cu 2+ /peroxymonosulfate (PMS) process for the elimination of refractory pollutants in industrial wastewater is limited by the slow transformation from Cu 2+ to Cu + . In this research, hydroxylamine (HA) was employed to improve the degradation capacity of the Cu 2+ /PMS process. Rhodamine B (RhB) was selected as the target compound to indicate the performance of HA/Cu 2+ /PMS process. Compared with the Cu 2+ /PMS process, the reduction of Cu 2+ to Cu + was effectively promoted by HA in the HA/Cu 2+ /PMS process, which increased the decomposition rate of PMS by 29.2%, correspondingly, promoted the removal rate of RhB by 77.6%. The degradation of RhB followed pseudo-second-order kinetics in the proposed process. The active species analysis subsequently indicated hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and sulfate radicals (SO 4 · - ) played important roles for degrading RhB with ·OH as the dominant active radical. The effects including initial pH, RhB concentration, PMS concentration, and Cu 2+ concentration on the degradation of RhB were further investigated and discussed in detail. Additionally, the HA/Cu 2+ /PMS process exhibited effective RhB removal in simulated wastewater. From the perspective of waste utilization (Cu 2+ ) and the remediation of organic contamination, the work would provide a valuable and promising process., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Reactive species serve as a key to remediate the contamination of refractory organic contaminants in advanced oxidation processes. In this study, a novel heterogeneous catalyst, CoMgFe-LDH layered doubled hydroxide (CoMgFe-LDH), was prepared for an efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to oxidize Rhodamine B (RhB). The characterization results showed that CoMgFe-LDH had a good crystallographic structure. Correspondingly, the CoMgFe-LDH/PMS process exhibited good capacity to remove RhB, which was equivalent to degradation performance as homogeneous Co(II)/PMS process. The RhB oxidation in the CoMgFe-LDH/PMS process was well described with pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Additionally, the oxidation process presented an excellent stability, and only 0.9% leaching rate was detected after six sequential reaction cycles at pH 5.0. The effects of initial pH, CoMgFe-LDH dosage, PMS concentration, RhB concentration, and inorganic anions on the RhB degradation were discussed in detail. Quenching experiments showed that sulfate radicals (SO 4 •- ) acted as the dominant reactive species. Further, the removal of RhB from simulated wastewater was explored. The removal efficiency of RhB (90 μM) could reach 94.3% with 0.8 g/L of catalyst and 1.2 mM of PMS addition at pH 5.0, which indicated the CoMgFe-LDH/PMS process was also effective in degrading RhB in wastewater., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Previous studies have demonstrated that TWA, a Chinese herbal medicine, could significantly improve the symptoms of patients with diabetic gastrointestinal dysfunction. However, the specific mechanism of regulating intestinal peristalsis has not been found. This study aimed to discover TWA's therapeutic mechanism for regulating intestinal motility. The intestinal propulsion rate of diabetic rats was significantly increased after treatment with TWA for 8 weeks. Aiming at the mechanical structure, biomechanical testing indicated that TWA can significantly decrease the no-load intestinal wall thickness, cross-sectional area, and angular spread in a zero-stress state. Notably, intestinal stress-strain curve shifted to the right, which indicated TWA can inhibit intestinal hyperplasia and hardening and improve biomechanical remodeling. Further study of the mechanism revealed that TWA significantly inhibited the expression of AGE in the villi, crypt, and muscle and RAGE in crypt and upregulated the expression of nerve regulator (PSD95, C-kit and SCF). Radioimmunoassay showed TWA treatment decreased levels of serum somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Moreover, associations were found between the intestinal propulsion rate with the morphologic and biomechanical remodeling parameters, changes of nerve factors, and endocrine hormones. Morphologic and biomechanical remodeling of the intestinal wall are the pathologic basis of gastrointestinal dysfunction. TWA can benefit intestinal motility by improving biomechanical and morphologic remodeling and by regulating expression of neuroendocrine factors. The results showed that the effect of TWA was dose-dependent, the higher the dose, the greater is the improvement. Thus, traditional Chinese medicine might be a valuable tool for treating diabetic gastrointestinal dysfunction., Competing Interests: None.

Fenton or Fenton-like processes have been regarded as feasible methods to degrade a wide variety of contaminants by generating reactive species, but the efficiency is still challenged by the slow transformation from Fe(III) to Fe(II) and pH. This study employed hydroxylamine (HA) to improve the oxidation efficiency of Fe(II)/HSO 5 - (Fe(II)/PMS) process, by selecting sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as the target compound. The degradation efficiency and mechanism of SMX by the HA/Fe(II)/PMS process were elucidated for the first time. Compared with Fe(II)/PMS process, the HA/Fe(II)/PMS process showed about 4 times higher degradation efficiency of SMX at pH 3.0. The analysis of steady-state concentration of Fe species indicated that HA enhanced the transformation of Fe(III) to Fe(II), sustaining the rapid Fenton-like reactions. Both sulfate radicals and hydroxyl radicals accounted for the degradation of SMX, with the latter regarded as the dominant reactive species. Degradation intermediates of SMX were further analyzed, and three main transformation pathways were thus proposed. The HA/Fe(II)/PMS process was also effective in the removal of SMX and total organic carbon from real pharmaceutical wastewater. This work would broaden the scope of application of Fenton and Fenton-like processes enhanced by HA in contaminants treatment., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This article contains datasets related to the research article titled a novel jump diffusion model based on SGT distribution and its applications ("A novel jump diffusion model based on SGT distribution and its applications" (W.J. Xu, G.F. Liu, H.Y. Li, 2016) [1]). The datasets contain continuous composite daily percentage return values which are computed from the daily closing prices. Firstly, we describe statistical properties of the datasets. Then, the datasets are split into two samples, the in-sample data and out-of-sample data. The datasets can be used as benchmarks for testing the performances of jump diffusion models.

The incidence rate of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in the People's Republic of China has decreased substantially with the wide use of JE vaccine, but the accuracy of JE reporting is uncertain. We established active surveillance for acute meningitis and encephalitis syndrome (AMES) in four prefectures in China during 2006-2008 and performed JE laboratory testing on AMES cases identified from six sentinel hospitals in each prefecture. We estimated JE incidence for each prefecture by applying age-adjusted and season-adjusted JE positivity rates from sentinel hospitals to the total AMES resident cases. We identified 4,513 AMES cases, including 3,561 (79%) among residents of four prefectures. Among 2,294 AMES cases from sentinel hospitals, we identified 213 (9.2%) laboratory-confirmed JE cases. Adjusted estimates of JE incidence per 100,000 persons ranged from 0.08 in Shijiazhuang to 1.58 in Guigang. Active surveillance and laboratory confirmation provides a better estimate of the actual JE disease burden and should be used to further refine JE prevention strategies.

A type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) (strain CHN1025), with a 1.1 % (10/903) difference from Sabin strain in the VP1 coding region, was isolated from a child with poliomyelitis caused by a poliovirus variant infection. The patient was from Shandong Province of China and developed acute flaccid paralysis in 1997. The child was infected with a rare and complicated penta-recombinant poliovirus with the uncommon genomic recombinant organization S2/S3/S1/S3/S1/S3. At least five successive rounds of recombination occurred in the VP1 capsid coding region and in the 2C, 3C (twice) and 3D(pol) non-capsid coding regions, respectively, during virus evolution. Strain CHN1025 had most of the characteristics of the type 2 vaccine strain; it had Sabin-specific epitopes, suggesting that the virus was antigenically indistinguishable from the Sabin 2 reference strain. Typical mutations in the 5'-untranslated region and VP1 associated with reversion to neurovirulence for Sabin 2 poliovirus were found, and the virus showed moderate neurovirulence in transgenic mice. A few nucleotide substitutions were located in the donor sequences, and two donor sequences contained no nucleotide substitutions, suggesting that these sequences were relatively new. The appearance of these mutations within approximately 192 days of at least five successive rounds of recombination events derived from a single ancestral infection illustrates the rapid emergence of new recombinants among VDPVs. This is the first report on the isolation of a type 2/type 3 poliovirus capsid recombinant with one of the five crossover sites located in the VP1 coding region.

Objective: To analyze and outline patterns of hearing disorders in normal otoacoustic emissions., Method: Tests of pure tone audiometry, acoustic impedance test, auditory brainstem response (ABR), 40 Hz AERP,spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAE), transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE), distortion evoked otoacoustic emissions (DPEOAE)and imaging examinations of CT/MRI scan were performed on all 83 patients with hearing disorders., Result: Patterns of hearing disorders in normal otoacoustic emissions including (1) 68 patients with auditory neuropathy; (2) 2 patients with unilateral acoustic neuroma; (3) 3 patients with cortical deafness or central hearing loss; (4) 2 patients with hyperacusis; (5) 2 patients with functional deafness; (6) 6 patients with malingering., Conclusions: OAE tests play an important role in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the patients with retrocochlear deafness, central hearing loss, nonorganic hearing loss and some other special hearing disorders.