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Key to the species of the genus Anasta Emeljanov 1. Forewings with M vein first bifurcated to M 1 + 2 and M 3 + 4 veins distinctly beyond bifurcation of CuA, nearly abreast with Sc+R (Fig. 3 B)......................................................................... A. lobosa sp. nov. - Forewings with M vein first bifurcated to M 1 + 2 and M 3 + 4 veins near bifurcation of CuA, distinctly ahead of Sc+R (Fig. 3 A, C, D)............................................................................................... 2 2. Cephalic process distinctly short, vertex with the ratio of length in central line to width in base (1.65���1.72): 1 (Fig. 4 A)............................................................................ A. australiaca ( Lallemand ) comb. nov. - Cephalic process long, vertex with the ratio of length in central line to width in base more than 2: 1..................... 3 3. Vertex with the ratio of length in central line to width in base (2.03���2.66): 1........................................ 4 - Vertex with the ratio of length in central line to width in base more than 3: 1....................................... 5 4. Cephalic process distinctly long, nearly equally wide before and after contraction of vertex; aedeagus with ventrolateral lobes large and long (Fig. 10 A).............................................................. A. prognatha (Distant) - Cephalic process relatively short, narrower after contraction of vertex; aedeagus with ventrolateral lobes distinctly short and small (Fig. 13 A)............................................................. A. vitiensis Emeljanov & Wilson 5. Cephalic process distinctly long; vertex with media carina long and prominent.......... A. minuta (Lallemand) comb. nov. - Cephalic process relatively short; vertex with media carina short and weak..................... A. timorina (Lallemand), Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2013, Review of the genus Anasta Emeljanov (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae: Hastini) from the Australasian region, pp. 551-568 in Zootaxa 3741 (4) on page 556, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/249054

Anasta australiaca (Lallemand, 1935) comb. nov. (Figs 1 A, 3 A, 4���6) Fulgora australiaca Lallemand, 1935: 674, Figs 16, 17. Dictyophara australiaca (Lallemand): Metcalf, 1946: 149. Redescription. Body length (from apex of cephalic process to tip of forewings): ♂ 9.9���10.5 mm; length of head: 1.4���1.6 mm; width of head (including eyes): 1.1���1.2 mm; length of forewings: 7.8���8.1 mm. Cephalic process (Fig. 4 A ���C) in front of eyes distinctly short and upturned. Vertex (Fig. 4 A) with the ratio of length in central line to width in base (1.65���1.72): 1; median carina distinct and sharp between eyes. Frons (Fig. 4 B) elongate, lateral and intermediate carinae ridged, median carina distinct, more or less weak apically and or lacking apically. Forewings (Fig. 3 A) with stigmal area obscure viridescent, with 0���2 transverse veins. Male genitalia with gonostyles (Fig. 5 D) large and broad, apex with a small obtuse process; upper process elongate, slightly curved inwards, acute apically. Aedeagus (Fig. 6 A ���C) large and robust, dorsal part and bases of ventral and lateral parts on phallobase sclerotized and pigmented, the remainder membranous; dorsal part elongate, V-shaped apically, with a pair of small sclerotized apical processes, directed posteriorly in dorsal view, the base of processes membranous sac-like and inflated inwards; ventrolateral parts produced in a pair of large, sac-like and inflated lobes, transversely prolonged: rounded in middle and tapered at each end, dorsal end more or less sclerotized, directed posteriorly, ventral end elongated, incurved ventrally and crossed each other in ventral view; ventral part with a small lobe in middle under the ventrolateral lobes. Segment X (Fig. 5 A) relatively broad and large, lateral margin somewhat diverging towards apex, with the ratio of length to width in base about 1.3: 1 in dorsal view; ventral apical margin truncated and straight. Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 2 ♂, North Queensland, Lockirbie, 14���17.VII. 1948, L.J. Brass (Archbold Exped., AMNH). Remarks. This species is externally similar to A. vitiensis Emeljanov & Wilson, but can be distinguished from the latter by the shorter cephalic process and the bigger ventrolateral lobes in aedeagus. See also the key for identification. Distribution. Australia (North Queensland)., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2013, Review of the genus Anasta Emeljanov (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae: Hastini) from the Australasian region, pp. 551-568 in Zootaxa 3741 (4) on page 556, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/249054

Anasta prognatha (Distant, 1906) (Figs 1 C, 3 C, 10���12) Dictyophara prognatha Distant, 1906: 352; Melichar, 1912: 125; Metcalf, 1946: 174. Anasta prognatha (Distant): Emeljanov, 2008: 371. Redescription. Body length (from apex of cephalic process to tip of forewings): ♂ 10.8���11.9 mm; length of head: 2.0��� 2.1 mm; width of head (including eyes): 1.2���1.3 mm; length of forewings: 8.7���9.3 mm. Cephalic process (Fig. 10 A ���C) in front of eyes moderately elongate and upturned. Vertex (Fig. 10 A) with the ratio of length in central line to width in base (2.27���2.66): 1; median carina distinct and sharp between eyes. Frons (Fig. 10 B) elongate, lateral and intermediate carinae ridged, median carina distinct, more or less weak apically and maybe invisible at apex. Forewings (Fig. 3 C) with stigmal area obscure viridescent, with 1���2 transverse veins. Male genitalia with gonostyles (Fig. 11 D) large and broad, apex slightly convex; upper process elongate, slightly curved inwards, acute apically. Aedeagus (Fig. 12 A ���C) very similar to A. australiaca, but ventrolateral lobes larger and longer, dorsal end directed dorsally, ventral end elongated, incurved ventrally and crossed each other in ventral view; ventral part with a small lobe in middle under the ventrolateral lobes. Segment X (Fig. 11 A) relatively broad and large, lateral margin somewhat diverging towards apex, with the ratio of length to width in base about 1.4: 1 in dorsal view; ventral apical margin conspicuously concave. Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 2 ♂, North Queensland, Tozer Range, North Foot 400 ���, 1���5.VII. 1948, L.J. Brass (Archbold Exped., AMNH). PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 ♂, SE Weam, 9 m, light trap, 18.VI. 1964, H. Clissold; 2 ♂, SE Moorhead [Morehead], 18 m, light trap, 4.VII. 1965, H. Clissold (BPBM). Remarks. The specimens from Papua New Guinea are distinctly smaller than those from North Queensland, Australia. The length of head is also shorter than that of Australia. They are maybe representing a subspecies of A. prognatha, but more specimens from Papua New Guinea need to be examined for confirmation. Distribution. Australia (North Queensland), Papua New Guinea., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2013, Review of the genus Anasta Emeljanov (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae: Hastini) from the Australasian region, pp. 551-568 in Zootaxa 3741 (4) on page 562, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/249054

Anasta timorina (Lallemand, 1935) Fulgora timorina Lallemand, 1935: 672, Figs 12, 13. Dictyophara timorina (Lallemand): Metcalf, 1946: 179. Anasta timorina (Lallemand): Emeljanov, 2008: 372. Remarks. The species was transferred in Anasta by Emeljanov (2008). It is likely to be conspecific with A. minuta comb. nov., but it is not confirmed till the types of both species will be examined. Distribution. Indonesia (Timor)., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2013, Review of the genus Anasta Emeljanov (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae: Hastini) from the Australasian region, pp. 551-568 in Zootaxa 3741 (4) on page 565, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/249054

Anasta lobosa sp. nov. (Figs 1 B, 3 B, 7���9) Diagnosis. The new species is similar to A. minuta (Lallemand), but can be separated from the latter by the relatively short cephalic process, and the forewings with M vein first bifurcated to M 1 + 2 and M 3 + 4 nearly abreast with bifurcation of Sc+R, distinctly beyond CuA. Description. Body length (from apex of cephalic process to tip of forewings): ♂ 11.5 mm; length of head: 2.4 mm; width of head (including eyes): 1.1 mm; length of forewings: 8.4 mm. Cephalic process (Fig. 7 A ���C) in front of eyes distinctly elongate and slightly upturned. Vertex (Fig. 7 A) with the ratio of length in central line to width in base 3.02: 1; median carina only distinct between eyes. Frons (Fig. 7 B) elongate, intermediate carinae nearly parallel, median carina distinct and complete. Forewings (Fig. 3 B) with M vein first bifurcated to M 1 + 2 and M 3 + 4 veins near middle, nearly abreast with bifurcation of Sc+R, distinctly beyond CuA; stigmal area with 1 transverse veins. Male genitalia with gonostyles (Fig. 8 D) large and broad, apex with a small obtuse process; upper process prolonged, not incurved, acute apically. Aedeagus (Fig. 9 A ���C) large and broad, compressed dorsoventrally, bases of phallobase sclerotized and pigmented, the remainder membranous sac-like; dorsal lobes large, broad and inflated, more or less sclerotized, with a pair of small apical processes on each side, directed posteriorly in dorsal view; ventrolateral lobes small, flat and rounded at each end, dorsal end small, directed posteriorly, ventral end large, incurved ventrally and crossed in ventral view; ventral part with a small lobe in middle under ventrolateral lobes. Segment X (Fig. 8 A) distinctly elongate, lateral margin nearly parallel, with the ratio of length to width in base about 2.1: 1 in dorsal view; ventral apical margin conspicuously concave. Material examined. Holotype ♂, PAPUA NEW GUINEA: SE Popondetta, 18 m, light trap, 30 ��� 15.VIII. 1963, J. Sedlacek (BPBM). Etymology. The name of this species is derived from the Greek ���lobos���, referring to its paired large, sac-like and inflated lobes in aedeagus. Distribution. Papua New Guinea. Anasta minuta (Lallemand, 1935) comb. nov. Fulgora minuta Lallemand, 1935: 673, Figs 14, 15. Dictyophara minuta (Lallemand): Metcalf, 1946: 167. Remarks. According to Lallemand���s description, A. minuta comb. nov. is very similar to A. timorina from Timor, Indonesia. A. minuta comb. nov. can be distinguished from the latter by the longer cephalic process and a longer prominent media carina on vertex (Lallemand 1935). We didn���t have chance to examine the both species Distribution. Indonesia (Timor)., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2013, Review of the genus Anasta Emeljanov (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae: Hastini) from the Australasian region, pp. 551-568 in Zootaxa 3741 (4) on pages 556-559, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/249054

Song, Zhi-Shun, Liang, Ai-Ping (2012): Taxonomic revision of the Oriental genus Metaurus Stål (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 46 (41-42): 2563-2575, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.708456, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.708456

Machilontus (s. str.) medogensis Song & Huang, sp. nov. (Figs. 2 –16) Diagnosis. Lateral paired ocelli each with small dark pigmented patch on inner edge; frons with a pair of patches between lateral ocelli, a pair of V-shaped stripes above median ocellus and a large spot in the inner antennal base; clypeus with a rounded field of numerous spine-like setae below median ocellus; article II of maxillary palp in males with dorsal apophysis elongate, pointed and directed inward, not incurved; legs rarely pigmented. Description. Male length (tip of head to tip of abdomen) 8.1–9.0 mm; maximum antennae length 9.9 mm; cerci and caudal filament incomplete, not measured. General color yellowish brown in scaled areas, paler in areas where scales abraded. Head and appendages devoid of scales, with a few violet-brown hypodermal patches or stripes (Fig. 2). Compound eyes black, large, convex, with ratios of length to width 0.90–0.93, line contact to length 0.66–0.69. Lateral paired ocelli reddish, with small dark pigmented patch on inner edge; ocelli narrow ellipsoidal, the outer area slightly wider than the inner one, nearly three times as wide as long (Figs. 3–4). Frons with several setae between paired ocelli; with a pair of patches between paired ocelli, a large V-shaped stripe above median ocellus and a relatively large very dark spot in the inner antennal base (Fig. 3). A surrounding small area above median ocellus much darker (Fig. 3). Clypeus with oval field of numerous spine-like setae below median ocellus (Fig. 3). Antennae much longer than body; scapus about twice as long as wide (Fig.8), with light oblong spot on inner base and very small spot on inner apex; maximum number of flagellum divisions about 22, provided with cilia and short sensory setae. Article I of maxillary palps with outer apophysis well developed, much longer than inner coiled process, slightly shorter than maximum diameter of article (Fig. 7); article II with dorsal apophysis elongate, pointed and directed inward, not incurved (Figs. 6–7); articles III–VII much more slender than proximal articles; article V with 0–3 hyaline spines in the apical dorsal area; articles VI and VII with 10–15 and 20–25 hyaline spines in the dorsal margins, respectively. Ratio of length of articles VII: VI: V = 1: (1.07–1.11): (1.37–1.43). Distribution of pigmented patches on inner surface as in Fig. 6 and on outer surface as in Fig. 7. Labium and labial palps as in Fig. 5, without distinct patches. Mentum with some long setae on median ventral area. Apical article of labial palps clavate, expanded apically, with numerous sensorial cones longer than the neighbouring setae, longitudinally grooved and with 4–6 minute processes. Legs rarely pigmented; coxae, trochanters and tarsi of all legs without distinct patches, only femora with small transverse spot on apex and tibia with dorsal band on subbase. Distributions of pigmented patches and chaetotaxy of legs as in Figs. 14–16. Fore legs with coxae, femora and tibiae slightly thicker than middle and hind legs; hind legs slightly longer than the other legs. Fore tibia with field of numerous brownish setae on ventral border (Fig. 14). Abdominal coxosternites I–VII with 1+1 eversible vesicles, coxosternites II–IX with styli. Coxosternites I distinctly shorter than coxosternites II, without urosternite (Fig. 9). Coxosternites II (Fig. 10) rounded and expanded laterally, with large triangular urosternite; styli long and robust, with several long hyaline spine-like setae on inner subapex. Coxosternites III–VIII glabrous; styli with numerous short setae (Figs. 11–12). Ratios of styli (without terminal spine) to corresponding coxosternites as follows: 0.78–0.85 for coxosternite II, 0.45–0.51 for coxosternite V, 0.56–0.60 for coxosternite VIII, 0.68–0.73 for coxosternite IX. Ratios of terminal spines to corresponding styli as follows: 0.37–0.40 for coxosternite II, 0.97–1.00 for coxosternite V, 1.08–1.12 for coxosternite VIII, 0.48–0.53 for coxosternite IX. Penis small, length about one-third of coxosternite IX (Fig. 13). Parameres absent. Female unknown. Material examined. Holotype: ♂, Southwestern China: Tibet, Medog, Beibeng, elev. 800 m, 20 August 1974 (F.S. Huang). Paratypes: 1 ♂, same data as holotype; 2 ♂, Tibet, Medog, 800 m, 3 September 1974 (F.S. Huang); 2♂, Tibet, Medog, Maniweng, elev. 800 m, 11 September 1974 (F.S. Huang) (all in IZCAS). Etymology. The species is named for its occurrence in Medog, Tibet, southwestern China. FIGTURES 3–10. Machilontus medogensis. 3. head, front view; 4. eyes and ocelli, right lateral view; 5. labium and labial palp; 6. maxillary palp, inner view; 7. maxillary palp, outer view; 8. base of antenna; 9. coxosternite I; 10. coxosternite II. FIGTURES 11–16. Machilontus medogensis. 11. coxosternite V; 12. coxosternite VIII; 13. coxosternite IX; 14. fore leg, outer view; 15. middle leg, outer view; 16. hind leg, outer view. Remarks. Sturm (1990) described M. (s. str.) martensi from Nepal, based on a single female specimen, and at that time was the northernmost record of Machilontus. The new species M. medogensis was collected from Medog, Tibet, southwestern China, at about 30°N, 95°E. The new species can be separated from M. (s. str.) martensi by its narrow and long lateral paired ocelli, the outer margin slightly wider than the inner margin, with a small dark pigmented patch on the inner edge (large and broad, shoe-shaped, without patch on inner edge in M. martensi); clypeus with a field of numerous brownish bristles below the median ocellus (setal field absent in M. martensi); and the coxal styli on hind legs slightly longer than the width of hind coxae, without long setae near the tip (relatively small, with prominent long dark setae near the apex in M. martensi). The new species is also similar to M. (s. str.) lawrencei Bach, but can be distinguished from the latter by its clypeus with numerous spine-like setae below median ocellus, forming a oval setal field; and article II of the maxillary palps nearly glabrous (with a series of small rigid setae, arranged in a group of 18–20 on the outer face and before the apophysis in M. lawrencei)., Published as part of Song, Zhi-Shun, Huang, Fu-Sheng & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2011, Machilontus (s. str.) medogensis Song & Huang, sp. nov. from Tibet, the northernmost record of the genus Machilontus Silvestri, 1912 and the first record of the family Meinertellidae (Insecta: Microcoryphia: Machiloidea) in China, pp. 61-68 in Zootaxa 2822 on pages 65-67, {"references":["Sturm, H. (1990) Felsenspringer aus Nepal und Afghanistan (Insecta: Archaeognatha: Machiloidea). Senckenbergiana biologica, 70, 139 - 149."]}

Leusaba philippina St��l (Figs. 1 A���B, 2 A���I, 3 A���F) Leusaba philippina St��l, 1870: 749; Melichar, 1914: 108. Description. Length (from apex of vertex to tip of fore wings): 3 (N= 1), 15.0 mm; �� (N= 1), 15.5 mm. Body length (from apex of vertex to tip of anal tube): 3, 9.1 mm; ��, 9.4 mm. Colour. General color ochraceous; frons with anterior and lateral margins and medial line suffused with orange stripes, apex of rostrum, eyes and antennal pedicel, suffused with brown; vertex and pronotum dark green, vertex with posterior marginal carinae, pronotum with median disc and lateral portion, and mesonotum with median carina, all suffused with orange; fore wings hyaline, veins and stigma brown; fore tibia and mid tibia with apices and bases, hind tibia with bases, lateral spines with apices, long stripes on hind femora and tarsi with apical segments all suffused with black. Head and thorax. Head (Figs. 1 A, 2 A) projecting beyond eyes for 0.39 times longer than length of eye. Frons (Figs. 1 B, 2 C) without median carina, lateral carinae slightly carinate, disc smooth, median length 1.02 times longer than greatest width and 1.45 times longer than breadth at anterior margin of frons. Vertex (Figs. 1 A, 2 A) distinctly shorter than greatest width (0.37: 1), slightly longer than pronotum at midline (1.11: 1). Pronotum (Figs. 1 A, 2 A) distinctly shorter than mesonotum in midline (0.18: 1). Mesonotum (Figs. 1 A, 2 A) with median carina uniting with lateral carinae; lateral carinae curvulate for their posterior half and converging sharply anteriorly in anterior half; pronotum and mesonotum together medially 5.9 times as long as median length of vertex. Fore wings (Figs. 1 A, 2 D) hyaline, surpassing extremity of abdomen about 0.65 times as long as length of body and 2.8 times as long as maximum breadth; with 18���20 apical cells. Hind tibiae usually with 4 distinct lateral spines, if with 5 spines then often on one leg only and with basal spine very fine. Male genitalia. Xth segment with lateroventral margin with two pair of distinctly long spines, one pair situating at apical 1 / 3 and other situated at level of extremity of apical dorsal margin (Figs. 2 F, 2 H); anal style short and small, only slightly surpassing extremity of apical dorsal margin of anal tube. Left gonostylus (Figs. 2 F, 2 G, 2 I) 3.18 times as long as maximum breadth in lateral view (see Fig. 2 F), basal dorsal edge with a dorsoposteriorly directed prominence, followed by a finger-like, dorsoposteriorly directed process (see Fig. 2 F). Right gonostylus 3.23 times as long as maximum breadth in lateral view, basal dorsal edge with a clublike, dorsolaterally directed process (see Fig. 2 G). Periandrium (Figs. 3 A, 3 B) with apical margin with a thin and sinuous branched process at ventral side, with apical part curved dorsally, process forked at middle part, protruding anteriorly, apex curved posterodorsally. Aedeagus (Figs. 3 A, 3 B) with a long, sinuous process at basal part, lateroventrally directed, with ventral margin with many denticles, apical part curved posterodorsally; basal 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 of aedeagus with three projections at left side: one lamelliform projection I small and short, directed dorsally at dorsal side, one lamelliform projection II relatively long, stout and twisted, directed ventrally at ventral side and one global projection III arising from middle part between two lamelliform projections; with a tooth-like dorsoposteriorly directed prominence arising from dorsal edge at right side; endosoma with three projections: right projection abruptly extended into a falciform plate, directed dorsally, ventral projection spine-like, directed anteroventrally, and apical projection reaching to level of dorsal margin of anal tube, stout and cylindrical, apical part twisted with apex oblique and lanceolate in form, with margin denticulated. Female genitalia. Gonopophyses VIII (Figs. 3 C, 3 F) asymmetrical at base in ventral view (Fig. 3 F), left produced into lobe with large globular apex, right produced into lobe with smaller globular apex. Gonopophyses IX (Fig. 3 E) with apical ends not confluent; gonospiculum (Fig. 3 E) slightly shorter than median length of triangular part (0.95: 1), indistinctly flattened laterally. Gonoplacs (Figs. 3 C, 3 D, 3 F) with 4 teeth at dorsal margin, dentition complex, not forming one line, with 3 outer teeth at apical part, followed by 12���13 teeth from apical to ventral margin. Sternite VII with median part sinuous at ventral side (Fig. 3 F). Material examined. Philippines: 13, P. I. MISAMIS OR., Mt. Empagatao, 1050���1200 m, Rain forest, 19���30.IV. 1961, H. Torrevillas (BPBM); 1 ��, P. I., MINDANAO, Agusan, Esperanza, 4���11.XI. 1959, C. M. Yoshimoto (BPBM). Remarks. L. philippina was described from a single specimen (holotype). The above material has been identified based on a comparison of images sent of this specimen (NHRS)., Published as part of Wang, Rong-Rong, Webb, Michael D. & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2010, First record of the male of Leusaba philippina St��l (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) with a redescription of the genus and species, pp. 52-60 in Zootaxa 2344 on pages 56-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275553, {"references":["Stal, C. (1870) Hemiptera insularum Philippinarum. Bidrag till Philippinska oarnes Hemiptera-fauna. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-akademiens forhandlingar, 27, 607 - 776.","Melichar, L. (1914) Monographie der Tropiduchinen (Homoptera). Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins in Brunn, 53, 1 - 145."]}

Leusaba indet. sp. 2 (Figs. 1 E–F) Material examined. W. Malaysia: 1 Ƥ, Pahang, Benon Mts, 15 km. E. Kampong Dong, 24.III– 15.IV. 1998, 300– 1000 m, Dembický and Pacolátko (MMBC). Remarks. This specimen is similar to L. marginalis with respect to the length of the anal tube and proportions of the external female genitalia. However, it does not match the original figure of L. marginalis with respect to the frons which is barely visible in dorsal view but is clearly visible in marginalis. Furthermore, the frons in facial view differs from the previous Leusaba species in that the lateral margins are more parallel adjacent to the eyes (compare Figs. 1 B and 1 F).

Parapiromis guadalcanalensis sp. nov. (Figs. 16 –24, 43) Description. 3 (n= 2), BL: 8.5 mm, FWL: 8 mm; Ƥ (n= 1), BL: 9 mm, FWL: 8.5 mm General colour brown. Vertex and frons pale brown. Clypeus brown, with a narrow pale brown stripe at middle. Rostrum pallid. Pronotum and mesonotum brown. Thorax pale brown ventrally, marked with fuscous. Legs pale brown; tarsi and tips of tibiae fuscous. Abdomen brown ventrally, with pale yellow transverse stripes; pygofer fuscous. Fore wing with brown precostal area and costal cell, hyaline, more or less fuliginous at anterior part of corium, many hyaline areoles near subapical line and apical angle, forming wide brown band near middle; apical margins with wider brown fascia; stigma greenish white, nearly opaque. Head (including compound eyes) (Figs. 16, 17) slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex (Fig. 16) wider at anterior margin than long in middle line (11.5: 1). Frons (Fig. 17) wider at widest part than long in middle line (1.3: 1); disc tricarinate, sublateral carinae longer than central carina. Clypeus (Fig. 17) triangular, without central carina. Pronotum (Fig. 16) wider at widest part than long in middle line (6.3: 1), punctuated beside central carina. Mesonotum (Fig. 16) large, longer than broad, with tricarinate on disc, lateral carinae weakly sinuately converging anteriorly and narrowly rounding to meet in middle line, anterolateral carinae almost straight, disuniting with lateral carinae at middle. Wing venation as in Figs 18–19. Male genitalia with pygofer (Fig. 21) narrow and high, with dorsal posterior margin smoothly produced posteriorly in lateral view. Anal tube (Fig. 20) moderately large, oval in dorsal view, longer than wide at middle (1.5: 1). Genital styles (Fig. 21) relatively large, broad in lateral aspect, with long apical process, in profile longer than wide at middle (2.7: 1). Aedeagus (Figs. 22–24) stout, nearly straight, mostly sclerotised, with 31 short spines and one membranous tubule ventrally in discal half: 20 short spines on lateral margins, and 11 short spines near middle, and two pairs of cephalad directed dorsal processes at apex, the inner pair spinose short, deeply crossed, the outer pair long, moderately sinuate, narrowly tubular and weakly sinuate in basal, membranous in the succeeding, and sclerotised and acuminate apically, nearly paralleled near base, crossed at end. Material examined. Holotype 3, Solomon Islands Guadalcanal: Honiara, 0–200 m, xii. 1972, N.L.H. Krauss (BPBM). Paratypes. Solomon Islands: 13, Malaita: Dala, 50 m, 15–19.vi. 1964, J. & M. Sedlacek, Malaise Trap (BPBM); 1 Ƥ, Guadalcanal: Honiara, 0–200m, xii. 1980. N.L.H. Krauss (AMNH). Etymology. This species is named after its distribution in the Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal: Honiara). Distribution. Solomon Islands. Remarks. This species is similar to Parapiromis translucida (Montrouzier) in appearance but can be distinguished from the latter by its fore wing with a smaller fuscous spot near the apical angle and a wide brown interrupted band near the middle (Fig. 18), its aedeagus with 31 short spines and one membranous tubule ventrally in discal half and deeply crossed inner processes (Figs. 22–24).

Key to the species of genus Parapiromis (males only) 1. Aedeagus with inner pair of dorsal processes nearly parallel (Figs. 13, 31)............................................................... 2 - Aedeagus with inner pair of dorsal processes deeply crossed (Figs. 22, 40).............................................................. 3 2. Aedeagus with 12 short spines ventrally in discal half (Figs. 14, 15)............................ P. translucida (Montrouzier) - Aedeagus with 10 short spines on lateral margins in discal half (Figs. 32, 33)....................... P. kiungaensis sp. nov. 3. Aedeagus with 31 short spines and one membranous tubule ventrally in discal half: 20 short spines on lateral mar- gins, and 11 short spines near middle, (Figs. 23, 24) ........................................................ P. guadalcanalensis sp. nov. - Aedeagus with two rows of short spines ventrally in discal half: one row of 14 spines, and another row of 15 spines (Figs. 41, 42)......................................................................................................................... P. santacruzensis sp. nov., Published as part of Bu, Cui-Ping, Larivi��re, Marie-Claude & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2010, Parapiromis nom. nov., a new name for Piromis Fennah (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Ricaniidae), with descriptions of three new species, pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 2400 on page 31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275881

Genus Leusaba Walker Leusaba Walker, 1857: 144; Melichar 1914: 105. Type species: Leusaba marginalis Walker, 1857: 144, by original designation. Description. Relatively large and stout tropiduchids (Figs. 1���4), length (from apex of vertex to tip of anal tube) 8.0��� 10.6 mm (N= 7). Colour. General color green to ochraceous; frons with anterior and lateral margins and medial line suffused with orange to reddish stripes (black medial line may be present), apex of rostrum, eyes and antennae with pedicel suffused reddish to brownish; vertex with posterior marginal carinae, pronotum with median disc and lateral portion all suffused yellowish to reddish; fore wings hyaline, veins and stigma brown; fore tibia and mid tibia with apices, hind tibia with bases, lateral spines with apices, long stripes on hind femora all suffused with black. Head and thorax. Head (Figs. 1 A, 1 C, 1 E, 1 G) including eyes slightly narrower than pronotum, vertex approximately twice as broad as long, projecting before eyes for less than half length of eye; apex broadly convex in dorsal view, evenly and broadly rounded to base of frons; vertex and frons not separated, lateral carinae continuous. Eyes oval. Face with frons laterally carinate, carinae attaining frontoclypeal suture, with or without median ridge; slightly longer medially than greatest width and distinctly longer than width at anterior margin; ventrally depressed each side of midline (Figs. 1 B, 2 C) or depressed lateroventrally, forming a ���v���-shaped central elevated area (Figs. 1 D, 3 C); disc smooth or covered with microsetae; clypeus (Figs. 1 B, 1 D, 1 F, 1 H) with distinct median carina, without lateral carinae; rostrum short, attaining mesotrochanters, apical segment short, longer than broad; ocelli distinct; antennae (Figs. 2 B, 2 C, 4 B, 4 C) with scape short, ring-like; pedicel cylindrical, covered with many microsetae extending to base of pedicel. Vertex (Figs. 2 A, 4 A) subquadrate, distinctly shorter than greatest width, slightly longer than pronotum at midline; lateral margins ridged and subparallel; posterior margin carinate and arched anteriorly; anterior part of vertex smoothly swollen, uniting with base of frons to form evenly rounded surface; posterior part of vertex distinctly depressed, lateral margins of depression incurving anteriorly and meeting medially to form nearly semicircular arc; with a very faint median carina. Pronotum (Figs. 2 A, 4 A) distinctly shorter than mesonotum in midline; with two contiguous median carinae and oblique and separate lateral carinae; anterior margin slightly carinate, nearly straight; disc projected anteriorly, deeply depressed between median and lateral carinae, with impression on each side; posterior margin obtusely angled excavate. Mesonotum (Figs. 2 A, 4 A) tricarinate, median carina straight, reaching to transverse suture; pronotum and mesonotum together medially 4.8���5.9 times as long as median length of vertex. Fore wings (Figs. 1 A, 1 C, 1 E, 1 G) hyaline, surpassing extremity of abdomen by about 0.5��� 0.7 times length of body, widening towards tips, 2.7���2.8 times as long as maximum breadth; corium without granulation; veins prominent, thickly covered with short setae dorsally and ventrally (veins in basal area of corium not covered with setae dorsally); costal cell without cross veins; Sc+R and M forking at nodal line; Cu forking after level of junction of claval veins, the latter forked at basal 2 / 5 of clavus; nodal line forming a zigzag transverse line, subapical line slightly oblique, with 6 subapical and 17���20 apical cells, subapical cells a little longer than latter. Hind wings (Figs. 2 E, 4 E) hyaline, veins prominent and thickly covered with short setae dorsally and ventrally, posterior margin strongly sinuate, with three disconnected, oblique transverse veins before apical area, venation as in Figs. 2 E, 4 E. Legs elongate; hind tibiae each with 3���4 distinct lateral spines, abnormally with 5 (often on one leg only, basal one very fine); spinal formula of hind leg 6 ��� 6 ��� 2. Male genitalia. Pygofer (Figs. 2 F, 2 H, 2 I) symmetrical, short, in lateral view forming a perpendicular irregular rectangle, wider dorsally than ventrally, with dorsal posterior margin angularly produced posteriorly; dorsal margin deeply excavated to accommodate anal tube (Fig. 2 H); ventral margin strongly excavated anteriorly to accommodate gonostyli (Fig. 2 I). Xth segment (Figs. 2 F, 2 H) very long and slender, apical margin distinctly concave in dorsal view, lateroventral margin with two pairs of distinct long spines (Fig. 2 F); anal style short and small. Gonostyli (Figs. 2 F, 2 G, 2 I) bilaterally asymmetrical, membranously fused with pygofer at base, left gonostylus forming irregular ellipse, more than 3 times as long as maximum breadth in lateral view, tapering to apex in distal 1 / 6, dorsal edge with two processes (see Fig. 2 F), right gonostylus forming irregular rectangle, relatively large and broad, more than 3 times as long as maximum breadth in lateral view, apex relatively broad, basal dorsal edge with a process (see Fig. 2 G). Periandrium (Figs. 3 A, 3 B) dorsally connected with ventrobasal margin of anal-tube, membranously fused with pygofer at ventral side, irregularly ring-like, distinctly sclerotized, surrounding aedeagus at basal part and visible in lateral view, apical margin with a branched process at ventral side. Aedeagus (Figs. 3 A, 3 B) asymmetrical, elongate, robust and mostly sclerotized, with a long, sinuous process at basal part, basal 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 part of aedeagus expanded into ellipsoid, connected with membranous endosoma apically, with three projections at left side and a prominence at right side; shaft of aedeagus sclerotized, embraced by endosoma, apical part strongly curved and directed posteroventrally, phallotrema hole-like, exposed apically; endosoma with three projections. Female genitalia. Anal tube (Figs. 3 C, 3 D, 4 F, 4 G) relatively short, apical margin convex in dorsal view, anal styles reaching beyond apical ventral margin of anal tube. Gonopophyses VIII (first valvulae) (Figs. 3 C, 3 F, 4 F, 4 H) strongly sclerotized with 5 blunt teeth on dorsal margin, 3 blunt apical teeth on ventral margin, and several minute teeth in two angle-like rows laterobasad of middle. Gonopophyses VIII nearly symmetrical or asymmetrical at base in ventral view (Figs. 3 F, 4 H). Gonopophyses IX (second valvulae) (Figs. 3 E, 4 I) triangular, fused together on inner-lateral margin and strongly reduced but well sclerotized, apical ends confluent or not; gonospiculum (Figs. 3 E, 4 I) shorter than median length of triangular part (0.75���0.95: 1). Gonoplacs (third valvulae) (Figs. 3 C, 3 D, 3 F, 4 F, 4 G) with 3���4 teeth at dorsal margin, dentition simple, forming one line, continue without interruption along ventral margin and involving a further 13 teeth (see Figs. 4 F, 4 G); or dentition complex, not forming one line, with 3 outer teeth at apical part, then continue with 12���13 teeth from apical to ventral margin (see Figs. 3 C, 3 D, 3 F). Gonocoxae VIII (Figs. 3 C, 4 F) almost rectangular sclerotized plates with a distinct black spot on caudadorsal edge. Genital opening (gonoporus) singular (monotrysian) occurring between gonopophyses VIII and IX (Figs. 3 F, 4 H). Sternite VII with median part sinuous or broad concave at ventral side. Posterior vagina strikingly sclerotized in its ventral part (Figs. 3 F, 4 H). Dorsally, a large bursa copulatrix (Figs. 3 C, 4 F) opens directly into vagina and an enlarged common oviduct and spermatheca open apically into anterior vagina (Fig. 4 H). Distribution. Species of Leusaba are currently known from Malaysia (Borneo), Philippines and Sri Lanka. Discussion. Leusaba belongs in the tribe Paricanini Melichar, which was redefined by Fennah (1982). In addition to Leusaba, the tribe includes Paricana Walker, 1857, Paricanoides Liang, 2003, and Stacota St��l, 1859. Species of Leusaba are externally similar to those of Paricana but can be distinguished from the latter by the laterally carinate vertex with a median carina and fore wings with six subapical and 18���20 apical cells, with subapical cells a little longer than the latter. Leusaba can be distinguished from Paricanoides by the frons and postclypeus with a median carina and more numerous apical and subapical cells in the forewing and more numerous apical cells in the hindwing (see Liang, 2003). It can be separated from Stacota by the vertex being distinctly shorter than greatest width (slightly longer medially than greatest width in Stacota), and fore wings lacking transverse veinlets in the costal cell. In addition to L. philippina the following other species belong in Leusaba. Two undescribed females from Malaysia are considered to represent two additional species of Leusaba but are not formally named because of the lack of male specimens. They indicate that the Malaysian fauna is more widespread and diverse than currently known., Published as part of Wang, Rong-Rong, Webb, Michael D. & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2010, First record of the male of Leusaba philippina St��l (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) with a redescription of the genus and species, pp. 52-60 in Zootaxa 2344 on pages 53-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275553, {"references":["Walker, F. (1857) Catalogue of the Homopterous Insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo, by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New Species. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society. London, 1, 141 - 175.","Melichar, L. (1914) Monographie der Tropiduchinen (Homoptera). Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins in Brunn, 53, 1 - 145.","Fennah, R. G. (1982) A tribal classification of the Tropiduchidae (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea), with the description of a new species on tea in Malaysia. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 72, 631 - 643.","Liang, A. P. (2003) A new genus of Tropiduchidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) from China and Vietnam, with description of eggs. Florida Entomologist, 86 (3), 361 - 369.","Stal. C. (1859) Novae quaedem Fulgorinorum formae speciesque insigniores. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 3, 313 - 327."]}

Parapiromis santacruzensis sp. nov. (Figs. 34 –42, 43) Description. 3 (n= 1), BL: 7.0 mm, FWL: 6.5 mm. General colour fuscous. Frons and clypeus brown. Rostrum pallid. Vertex and pronotum brown. Mesonotum fuscous. Thorax fuscous ventrally. Legs pale brown; tarsi and tips of tibiae fuscous. Abdomen brown ventrally, and pale brown dorsally. Fore wing with brown precostal area, costal cell and basal cell, anterior part of corium brown with many hyaline areoles, forming a wide brown band near middle; apical margins with a wider brown fascia; stigma white, nearly opaque. Head (including compound eyes) (Figs. 34, 35) slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex (Fig. 34) wider at anterior margin than long in middle line (10.9: 1). Frons (Fig. 35) wider at widest part than long in middle line (1.3: 1); disc tricarinate, sublateral carinae slightly longer than central carina, a transverse carina present distally. Clypeus (Fig. 35) triangular, without central carina. Pronotum (Fig. 34) wider at widest part than long in middle line (6.2: 1), punctuated beside central carina. Mesonotum (Fig. 34) large, longer than broad, with tricarinate on disc, lateral carinae weakly sinuately converging anteriorly and narrowly rounding to meet in middle line, anterolateral carinae forward bending slightly, uniting with lateral carinae at middle. Wing venation as in Figs. 36–37. Male genitalia with pygofer (Fig. 39) narrow and high, with dorsal posterior margin smoothly produced posteriorly in lateral view. Anal tube (Fig. 38) moderately large, oval in dorsal view, longer than wide at middle (1.4: 1). Genital styles (Fig. 39) relatively small, broad in lateral aspect, with long apical process, in profile longer than wide at middle (2.5: 1). Aedeagus (Figs. 40–42) stout, nearly straight, mostly sclerotised, with two rows of short spines ventrally in discal half: one row of 14 spines, and another row of 15 spines, and two pairs of cephalad directed dorsal processes at apex, the inner pair spinose short, deeply crossed, the outer pair long, moderately sinuate, narrowly tubular and weakly sinuate in basal, membranous in the succeeding, and sclerotised and acuminate apically, nearly paralleled near base, crossed at end. Material examined. Holotype 3, Solomon Islands Santa Cruz: Graciosa Bay, 0–50 m, i. 1977. N.L.H. Krauss (AMNH). Etymology. The name is derived from the type locality (Santa Cruz) of the only known specimen. Distribution. Solomon Islands. Remarks. This species can be distinguished from other known species in Parapiromis by its aedeagus with two rows of short spines.

Leusaba marginalis Walker Leusaba marginalis Walker, 1857: 144, fig. 1; Melichar, 1914: 107. Material examined. Malaysia: syntype ��, Sarawak, Wallace, 68.4 (BMNH). Remarks. The female type of this species (originally stated as male) is without head. However, the original description shows a complete specimen similar to L. philippina and indet. sp. 1 below with respect to the distinctly visible frons in dorsal view. However, the terminalia in dorsal view are more similar to indet. sp. 2 (see Remarks below)., Published as part of Wang, Rong-Rong, Webb, Michael D. & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2010, First record of the male of Leusaba philippina St��l (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) with a redescription of the genus and species, pp. 52-60 in Zootaxa 2344 on page 58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275553, {"references":["Walker, F. (1857) Catalogue of the Homopterous Insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo, by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New Species. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society. London, 1, 141 - 175.","Melichar, L. (1914) Monographie der Tropiduchinen (Homoptera). Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins in Brunn, 53, 1 - 145."]}

Parapiromis kiungaensis sp. nov. (Figs. 25 –33, 43) Description. 3 (n= 2), BL: 8 mm, FWL: 7.5 mm. General colour brown to fuscous. Vertex and frons brown. Clypeus brown, with a narrow pale brown stripe at middle. Rostrum pallid. Pronotum and mesonotum fuscous. Thorax brown ventrally, marked with fuscous. Legs pale brown; tarsi and tips of tibiae fuscous. Abdomen brown ventrally, with pale yellow latitudinal strips; pygofer fuscous. Fore wing brown, with many hyaline areoles, forming a wide brown band near middle. Head (including compound eyes) (Figs. 25, 26) slightly wider than pronotum. Vertex (Fig. 25) wider at anterior margin than long in middle line (9.3: 1). Frons (Fig. 26) wider at widest part than long in middle line (1.4: 1); disc tricarinate, sublateral carinae shorter than central carina. Clypeus (Fig. 26) triangular, without central carina. Pronotum (Fig. 25) wider at widest part than long in middle line (5.8: 1), punctuated beside central carina. Mesonotum (Fig. 25) large, longer than broad, with tricarinate on disc, lateral carina on each side diverging from the middle one, disunited on the fore border. Wing venation as in Figs. 27–28. Male genitalia with pygofer (Fig. 30) narrow and high, with dorsal posterior margin smoothly produced posteriorly in lateral view. Anal tube (Fig. 29) moderately large, oval in dorsal view, longer than wide at middle (1.4: 1). Genital styles (Fig. 30) relatively large, broad in lateral aspect, with long apical process, in profile longer than wide at middle (3.1: 1). Aedeagus (Figs. 31–33) stout, nearly straight, mostly sclerotised, symmetrical, with 10 short spines on lateral margins, and two pairs of cephalad directed dorsal processes at apex, the inner pair spinose short, moderately sinuate, nearly paralleled, the outer pair long, narrowly tubular and weakly sinuate in basal, membranous in the succeeding, and sclerotised and acuminate apically, deeply crossed. Material examined. Holotype 3, Papua New Guinea, Kiunga, Fly River, 10–17.ix. 1957. W.W. Brandt Collector (BPBM). Paratype. Papua New Guinea: 13, Woodlark I. (Murua) Kulumadau Hill, 16.ii. 1957, W.W. Brandt collector (CAS). Etymology. This species is named after its distribution in Papua New Guinea (Kiunga, Fly River). Distribution. Papua New Guinea. Remarks. This species can be distinguished from other known species in Parapiromis by its fore wing with fewer areoles and a wider brown band near middle and its aedeagus with 10 short spines on the lateral margins.

Parapiromis translucida (Montrouzier) (Figs. 1 ���15, 43) Ricania translucida Montrouzier, 1861: 73. Euricania translucida (Montrouzier), Melichar, 1898 b: 393. Euricania translucida (Montrouzier), Melichar, 1898 a: 262. Piromis translucida (Montrouzier), Fennah, 1969: 108. Redescription. 3 (n= 14) BL: 7.0���8.0 mm, FWL: 6.5���7.5 mm; �� (n= 1), BL: 8.0 mm, FWL: 7.5 mm. For detailed descriptions and figures of the pregenital characters, see Fennah (1969). Male genitalia with pygofer (Fig. 12) narrow and high, with dorsal posterior margin smoothly produced posteriorly in lateral view. Anal tube (Fig. 11) moderately large, oval in dorsal view, longer than wide at middle (1.7: 1). Genital styles (Fig. 12) relatively large, broad in lateral aspect, with long apical process, in profile longer than wide at middle (2.8: 1). Aedeagus (Figs. 13���15) stout, nearly straight, mostly sclerotised, with 12 short spines ventrally in discal half, two pairs of cephalad directed dorsal processes at apex, the inner pair spinose short, nearly parallel, the outer pair long, moderately sinuate, narrowly tubular and weakly sinuate in basal, membranous in succeeding, sclerotised and acuminate apically, twice crossed. Female genitalia (Figs. 7���10). Gonopophyses VIII (first valvulae) (Fig. 10) with eight blunt teeth on dorsal margin. Dorsally, large bursa copulatrix with two pouches, first pouch connected to second by short narrow ductus, opening directly into vagina. Eggs oval, length 780���960 ��m; widest breadth 300���400 ��m. Material examined. 13, Loyalty IS.: We, Lifou Island, 30���31.i. 1962, N.L.H. Krauss collector (BPBM); 13, Loyalty IS., Ouvea, Fayaoue, 0���50 m, xii. 1968, N.L.H. Krauss collector (BPBM); 13, Loyalty IS.: Lifou Island, We, ii. 1962, on citrus, N.L.H. Krauss collector (BPBM); 13, Loyalty IS.: Lifou Island, 26���28.iii. 1968, J.L. Gressitt & T.C. Maa, Colls. (BPBM); 13, New Caledonia: Poindime, 0���50 m, i. 1969, N.L.H. Krauss collector (BPBM); 13, Vanuatu: Tana (Tanna), 0���100 m, xii. 1985, coll.: N.L.H. Krauss (CAS); 13, Vanuatu: Erromango I: Dillon���s Bay, 0���100 m, i. 1984, N.L.H. Krauss collector, Acc. # 1984.168 (BPBM); 23, Espiritu, Santo I., New Hebrides, 16.iv. 1943, W. Bauer (CAS); 23, New Hebrides: Banks Islands, Vanua Lava, Sola 0���200 m, ii. 1974, N.L.H. Krauss (BPBM); 13, 1��, New Hebrides: Tanna, Lenakel 0���200 m, iii. 1980, N.L.H. Krauss (AMNH); 23, New Hebrides: Efate Island: Vila 0���100 m, i. 1976, N.L.H. Krauss (BPBM). Distribution. New Caledonia, Vanuatu. Remarks. Information on the bursa copulatrix of Ricaniidae is limited, with the exception of Euricania brevicula Xu & Liang, E. clara Kato, E. facialis Melichar, E. longa Xu & Liang, E. ocellus (Walker), E. xizangensis Chou & Lu (Xu et al., 2006), and Meliprivesa multidentata Stroiński and M. magna Stroiński (Stroiński, 2002). The bursa copulatrix of P. translucida is different from that of other species. The bursa copulatrix of E. ocellus is only a large long pouch. Two pouches of M. magna are connected by a very long and narrow ductus. There is almost nothing about the eggs of Ricaniidae, except for Scolypopa australis (Fletcher, 1979 a, b). The surface of the egg of P. translucida is generally similar to the egg of Scolypopa australis, but without a micropylar cap., Published as part of Bu, Cui-Ping, Larivi��re, Marie-Claude & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2010, Parapiromis nom. nov., a new name for Piromis Fennah (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Ricaniidae), with descriptions of three new species, pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 2400 on pages 31-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275881, {"references":["Montrouzier, X. (1861) Essai sur la faune entomologique de la Nouvelle-Caledonie (Balade) et des iles des Pins, Art, Lifu, etc. Hemipteres. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 4, 59 - 74.","Melichar, L. (1898 b) Vorlaufige Beschreibungen veuer Ricaniiden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 48, 384 - 400.","Melichar, L. (1898 a) Monographie der Ricaniiden (Homoptera). Annalen des k. k. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Wien, 13, 197 - 359.","Fennah, R. G. (1969) Fulgoroidea (Homoptera) from New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands. Pacific Insects Monograph, 21, 1 - 116.","Xu, C. - Q., Liang, A. - P. & Jiang, G. - M. (2006) The genus Euricania Melichar (Homoptera: Ricaniidae) from China. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 54 (1), 1 - 10.","Stroinski, A. (2002) Three new species of Miliprivesa Metclaf, 1952 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Ricaniidae). Annales Zoologici (Warszawa), 52 (4), 587 - 591.","Fletcher, M. J. (1979 a) The external morphology of Scolypopa australis (Walker) (Homoptera: Ricaniidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 18, 157 - 168.","Fletcher, M. J. (1979 b) Egg types and oviposition behaviour in some fulgoroid leafhoppers (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea). Australian Entomological Magazine, 6, 13 - 18."]}

Leusaba rufitarsis (Kirby) (Figs. 1 G���H) Stacota rufitarsis Kirby, 1891: 134. Leusaba rufitarsis (Kirby), Melichar, 1898: 326. Material examined. Sri Lanka: type ��, Pundaloya, Green coll. (BMNH); 13, 1��, Kandy, IX. 1902; 1?, Kandy VI. 1902 (all BMNH). Remarks. This species can be distinguished by its narrower head and more elongate frons (see Figs. 1 G��� H). In addition to the examined material Wilson and Malenovsky (2007) record 13 [no data], and 13, 1��, Sri Lanka, Peradeniya 29.III. 1902 Dr. Uzel (all MMBC). This material was misidentified by Melichar (1903) as L. marginalis., Published as part of Wang, Rong-Rong, Webb, Michael D. & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2010, First record of the male of Leusaba philippina St��l (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) with a redescription of the genus and species, pp. 52-60 in Zootaxa 2344 on page 58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275553, {"references":["Kirby, W. F. (1891) Catalogue of the described Hemiptera Heteroptera and Homoptera of Ceylon, based on the collection formed (chiefly at Pundaloya) by Mr E. Ernest Green. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. London, 24, 72 - 176.","Melichar, L. (1898) Monographie der Ricaniiden (Homoptera). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Hofmus in Wien, 13, 197 - 359.","Wilson, M. R. & Malenovsky, I. (2007) Tropiduchidae described by Leopold Melichar (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae Biologicae, 92, 137 - 153.","Melichar, L. (1903) Homopteren fauna von Ceylon. Verlag von Felix L. Dames, Berlin. 248 pp."]}

Genus Jembra Metcalf & Horton, 1934 Diagnosis. Adults. The following combinations of characteristics of the genus Jembra are modified from Liang (1999: 339), and apparently separate Jembra from other genera in the tribe Aphrophorini: (1) pronotum with a median longitudinal carina and two pairs of indistinctly intermediate longitudinal carinae; (2) middle coxa with meracanthus (Figs. 1 A, 2 F, 3 G, 5 K) on ventrolateral side, fin-shaped, lamellate, tapering to apex, with distinct or indistinct carina(e) on the middle and/or inner margin of dorsal side; (3) ventral processes of pygofer (= subgenital plates = genital plates) narrow, well separated from pygofer (Figs. 1 C, 3 J), bilobed, excavated centrally, widely separated distally, apex acute and directed mesad; (4) genital styles (= parameres) nearly Y-shaped (Figs. 1 D���E, 5 O���P) or triangular (Figs. 3 K���L); (5) aedeagus with shaft very short, apical portion very broad, lamellate and flat, strongly extended laterodorsally (Figs. 1 G���J, 3 N���P). Nymphs. In this paper the external nymphal morphology of Jembra is examined and presented for the first time, based on the fourth and fifth instar nymphs of J. taiwana sp. nov. as follows: (1) body length 11.54���12.43 mm, width (includes wing pads) 4.76���5.73 mm; (2) head in ventral view rhombus shaped (Figs. 5 B, 5 D); vertex near rectangular (Figs. 5 A, 5 C), anterior margin without distinct boundary with dorsal frons; frons dorsal view (Figs. 5 A, 5 C) distinctly protrusive, ventral view (Figs. 5 B, 5 D) flat longitudinally and with indistinctly transverse carinae at each side; ocelli distinctly nearer each other than to the eyes; antenna 9 ���segmented and flagellate, without antennal socket in base; rostrum rather long, extended to at least the end of the hind coxae; (3) pronotum nearly hexagonal, with distinct median carina; mesonotum developed; metanotum rather narrow in middle part; anterior and posterior wing pads triangular (Fig. 5 E), each pad extended to lateral midlength of abdominal tergite II (fourth instar nymph) or tergite III (fifth instar nymph); coxal meracanthus of midleg undeveloped (Fig. 5 F); each tibia of legs with apical spines arranged in 2 rows (Figs. 5 G���H), hind tibia without lateral spines (Fig. 5 G); (4) abdomen 9 -segmented, abdominal tergite I very short; genital organ visible in fourth and fifth instar nymphs. Distribution: China, Taiwan. Remarks: Jembra is similar to Jembrana Distant, 1908. The differences between them are shown in Table 1. The morphological definition of the genus Jembrana follows those of Distant (1908) and Metcalf & Horton (1934)., Published as part of Shih, Hsien-Tzung, Liang, Ai-Ping & Yang, Jeng-Tze, 2009, The genus Jembra Metcalf and Horton from Taiwan with descriptions of two new species and the nymph of J. taiwana sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae), pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 1979 on pages 30-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185235, {"references":["Metcalf, Z. P. & Horton, G. (1934) The Cercopoidea (Homoptera) of China. Lingnan Science Journal, 13, 367 - 429.","Liang, A. P. (1999) On the spittlebug genus Jembra Metcalf and Horton with description of one new species (Homoptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae). Oriental Insects, 33, 337 - 348.","Distant, W. L. (1908) Rhynchota. Vol. IV. Homoptera and Appendis (Pt.). The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor and Francis, London, 501 pp."]}

Key to the species of Jembra Metcalf & Horton 1. Ventral process of pygofer apex narrowly truncate, outer margin distinctly angled in ventral view.......................... 2 - Ventral process of pygofer tapered from base to apex, apex acute, outer margin not angled in ventral view............. 3 2. Pronotum with an anterior, central, nearly X-shaped dark marking; aedeagus with the base triangular, apex with pair of finger-like and obviously elevated processes (Figs. 1 G, 1 H) ................................................... inouyei (Matsumura) - Pronotum without X-shaped markings as above; aedeagus with base triangular, apex with pair of finger-like and obviously declivous processes (Metcalf & Horton, 1934: Plate 143: Figs. 136, 140) .................... brevistriga (Walker) 3. Smaller species, body length less than 9.0 mm; ventral process of pygofer with apex acute, not forked.................. 4 - Relatively large species, body length greater than 11.0 mm; ventral process of pygofer with apex forked (Fig. 5 J)... ............................................................................................................................................................. taiwana sp. nov. 4. Rostrum nearly extended to apex of middle trochanters; pronotum without obviously lateral carinae, median carina interrupted by some longitudinal wrinkles on the anterior margin (Fig. 3 A); genital styles nearly triangular (Figs. 3 K���L) ��� ................................................................................................................................................ kuanae sp. nov. - Rostrum reaching beyond hind trochanters; pronotum with a distinct median longitudinal carina; genital styles nearly Y-shaped, with distinct inner and outer processes (Liang, 1999: Fig. 6) ........................................ sinica Liang, Published as part of Shih, Hsien-Tzung, Liang, Ai-Ping & Yang, Jeng-Tze, 2009, The genus Jembra Metcalf and Horton from Taiwan with descriptions of two new species and the nymph of J. taiwana sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae), pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 1979 on page 31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185235, {"references":["Metcalf, Z. P. & Horton, G. (1934) The Cercopoidea (Homoptera) of China. Lingnan Science Journal, 13, 367 - 429.","Liang, A. P. (1999) On the spittlebug genus Jembra Metcalf and Horton with description of one new species (Homoptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae). Oriental Insects, 33, 337 - 348."]}

Jembra kuanae Shih sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 3) Coloration: General color brown (Fig. 2 A). Tegmen without markings (Fig. 2 B); wing hyaline, veins brown, apical area with brown pubescence except apical cells. Two color variations on head (Figs. 2 D, 2 E), pronotum and mesoscutellum: dark brown type with irregular dark brown mottles (Fig. 2 E), and yellowish brown type with one obviously inverted and yellowish V-shaped stripe (Fig. 2 D). Structure: Head width: body width: body length= 1: 1.6: 3.2. Head in ventral view rhombus shaped (Fig. 3 B), as long as wide; head in dorsal view triangular (Fig. 3 A), about 2.6 times as wide as long. Head subequal to pronotum at level of anterior margin, about 1.04:1.0. Frons with a median longitudinal carina and 10 transverse ridges in ventral view (Fig. 3 B). Expanded flagellar base with 4 plate-shaped basiconic sensillae on ventrolateral side. Rostrum nearly extended to apex of middle trochanters. Pronotum width at widest part greater than median length by about 1.5: 1.0. Tegmen densely punctured (Fig. 3 D) with pits about 0.1 mm in diameter; 3 times as long as wide, AM (length of anal margin): PM (length of posterior margin): LT (length of tegmen) = 1.0: 3.0: 3.9. Wing with 3 apical cells (Fig. 3 E). Hind tibia with two lateral spines, distal one about 2.0��� 2.5 times as long as basal one; apical spines arranged into 2 rows, upper row composed of 11 spines, lower one composed of 12 spines. First hind tarsomere with apical spines arranged in two rows (Figs. 2 C, 3 H), upper row composed of 18���21 spines, lower one composed of 7���12 spines. Male Genitalia: Pygofer in lateral view subquadrate (Fig. 3 I), about 1.3 times wider than long; basal margin of pygofer straight downward, then protruding at ventral third; pygofer ventral view oval (Fig. 3 J); dorsal process of pygofer (dp) in lateral view cone like, ventrally directed (Fig. 3 I); ventral process of pygofer (vp) (= genital plate) in lateral view, about 0.7 times longer than posterior margin of pygofer; ventral processes of pygofer in ventral view bilobed, acute at tip and direct mesade (Fig. 3 J). Abdominal segment X cylindrical, subequal to the abdominal tergite of segment XI (XIt) in length. Aedeagus T-shaped (Figs. 3 O���P) in both dorsal and ventral views, joined with basal part and apical winged plate; basal part of aedeagus short in lateral view, cylindrical, and membranous; apical winged plate somewhat hardened; transversely enlarged at caudal view, widest at middle and with a obviously concave gonopore (Fig. 3 N). Genital style triangular, basal part narrow and gradually widening to apex (Figs. 3 K���L). Measurements: Body length (from apex of vertex to tip of tegmen): 3, 7.9 �� 0.2 mm (n = 17); ��, 8.5 �� 0.1 mm (n = 2); Body width: 3, 3.8 �� 0.3 mm (n = 17); ��, 3.9 �� 0.3 mm (n = 2). Holotype: Male, TAIWAN, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, XII. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap; Holotype depository: TARI. Paratypes: TAIWAN, 1 male, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, II. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 5 males, 1 female, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, III. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 2 males, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, V. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 1 male, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, VII. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 3 males, 1 female, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, VIII. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 1 male, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, XII. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap; 1 male, Nantou, Chushan, 24 -IX- 1999, H. T. Shih (TARI); 1 male, Nantou, Chushan, 24 -IX- 1999, H. T. Shih (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China); 1 male, Nantou, Chushan, 24 -IX- 1999, H. T. Shih (Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada); 1 male, Nantou, Chushan, 24 -IX- 1999, H. T. Shih (National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan, ROC.). Etymology: Named for the first author���s mother K. C. Kuan. Distribution: Taiwan. Host plants: Unknown. Remarks: This species can be distinguished easily from other Jembra species by the following characteristics: (1) antenna with 4 plate-shaped basiconic sensillae (Figs. 2 G���H) on the expanded flagellar base; (2) pronotum without obvious lateral carinae, median carina interrupted by some longitudinal wrinkles on the anterior margin (Fig. 3 A); (3) frons with median longitudinal carina (Fig. 3 B); (4) wing with 3 apical cells and without pubescence in apical cells (Fig. 3 E); (5) the first tarsus with apical spines arranged in 2 rows (Figs. 2 C, 3 H); (6) the dorsal process of pygofer conical (Fig. 3 I); (7) genital style triangular (Figs. 3 K���L), without distinct slender inner and outer processes; (8) apical portion of aedeagus winged, and each lateral tip of winged portion directed ventrad (Figs. 3 O���P)., Published as part of Shih, Hsien-Tzung, Liang, Ai-Ping & Yang, Jeng-Tze, 2009, The genus Jembra Metcalf and Horton from Taiwan with descriptions of two new species and the nymph of J. taiwana sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae), pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 1979 on pages 33-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185235

Jembra inouyei (Matsumura, 1942) (Fig. 1) Jembroides inouyei Matsumura, 1942, Ins. Matsumurana 16: 56. Jembra inouyei (Matsumura, 1942) [transferred by Liang, 1999: 345]. Type deposition: EIHU (Komatsu and Hayashi, 1998). Type locality: TAIWAN: Arisan [Alishan], Chiayi Co. (Matsumura, 1942). Coloration: General color brown, pronotum, mesoscutellum and tegmina marked with dark brown. Pronotum with anterior, central, nearly X-shaped dark marking. Tegmen brown with light brown patches on costal and apical areas, veins marked with blackish-fuscous and testaceous. Structure: Head width: body width: body length= 1: 1.3: 3.1. Head in ventral view rhombus shaped, as long as wide; in dorsal view triangular, about 3.1 times as wide as long. Head subequal to pronotum in width at level of anterior margin, about 1.05: 1.0. Frons with 16 transverse ridges at each side in ventral view. Expanded flagellar base with 3 plate-shaped basiconic sensillae on ventrolateral side. Rostrum reaching beyond hind femora. Pronotum width at widest part greater than median length by about 1.4: 1.0. Tegmen about 2.5 times as long as wide, AM (length of anal margin): PM (length of posterior margin): LT (length of tegmen) = 1.0: 2.5: 3.2. Wing with 4 apical cells. Hind tibia with two lateral spines, distal one about 2.3 times as long as basal one; apical spines arranged into 2 rows, upper row composed of 8 spines, lower one composed of 7 spines. Male Genitalia: Pygofer in lateral view subquadrate (Fig. 1 B), with irregular processes along apical margin; pygofer ventral view pentagon like (Fig. 1 C); dorsal process of pygofer lateral view narrowly semicircle-shaped and directed ventrally; ventral process of pygofer lateral view subquadrate, suddenly acute at apex and directed dorsally, shorter than ventral margin of pygofer in length, about 0.5 times; ventral processes of pygofer ventral view bilobed, each lobe acute at tip and direct mesade (Fig. 1 C). Abdominal segment X cylindrical, longer than tergite of segment XI (XIt) in length by about 1.9 times (Fig. 1 B). Aedeagus short, strongly curved inward in the middle of apex; in dorsolateral view V-shaped (Fig. 1 G); in caudoventral or caudal view triangular (Figs. 1 H���I); in dorsal view T-shaped (Fig. 1 J). Connective in ventral view trapezoidal (Fig. 1 F). Genital styles slender and elongate, nearly Y-shaped (Figs. 1 D���E). Measurements: Body length (from apex of vertex to tip of tegmen): 3, 9.38 mm; Body width: 3, 3.51 mm. Specimen examined: 1 Male, TAIWAN, Lienhuachi, Nantou, 650m, 23���26. V. 1980, K. S. Lin & B. H. Chen (TARI). Distribution: Taiwan. Host plants: Unknown. Remarks: According to our collecting results and historical studies (Matsumura, 1942; Liang, 1999), this species is not only endemic to Taiwan, but is also rather rare. The present study was the first to dissect and illustrate the male genitalia of this species. Liang (1999) noted that this species is similar to J. nigronervosa (Lallemand) [the synonym of J. brevistriga (Walker)] in general coloration and external appearance. Comparison of this species with J. nigronervosa (Lallemand) from Liang (1999: 345) and Metcalf and Horton (1934: Plate 43���136 and Plate 43���140) based on external morphology and male genitalia individually indicates that the species can be distinguished from J. brevistriga (Walker) by its pronotum with X-shaped dark marking; scutellum with basal lateral margins whitish testaceous; costal and apical areas of tegmina with whitish testaceous patches; aedeagus in dorsal view T-shaped, apical portion winged, and each lateral tip of winged portion directed upward., Published as part of Shih, Hsien-Tzung, Liang, Ai-Ping & Yang, Jeng-Tze, 2009, The genus Jembra Metcalf and Horton from Taiwan with descriptions of two new species and the nymph of J. taiwana sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae), pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 1979 on pages 31-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185235, {"references":["Matsumura, S. (1942) New species and new genera of Palaearctic superfamily Cercopoidea with a tabular key to the classification (I - II). Insecta Matsumurana, 16, 44 - 70.","Liang, A. P. (1999) On the spittlebug genus Jembra Metcalf and Horton with description of one new species (Homoptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae). Oriental Insects, 33, 337 - 348.","Komatsu, T. & Hayashi, M. (1998) Type specimens of Matsumura's species of Cercopoidea in the Hokkaido University Insect Collection, Japan (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Insecta Matsumurana, New Series, 54, 167 - 186.","Metcalf, Z. P. & Horton, G. (1934) The Cercopoidea (Homoptera) of China. Lingnan Science Journal, 13, 367 - 429."]}

Eilithyia insularis Distant (Fig. 2) Eilithyia insularis Distant, 1912: 184; Melichar, 1914: 73, fig. 22; Distant, 1916: 54, fig. 37. Material examined. Syntype?, India, Andaman Islands, Narkondam Island (BMNH). Distribution. India (Narkondam Island). Remarks. Distant (1916) described (and later illustrated, Distant, 1916) E. insularis based on an unknown number of specimens. The external male genitalia of the extant syntype (originally stated as female) is here figured for the first time., Published as part of Wang, Rong-Rong, Liang, Ai-Ping & Webb, Michael D., 2008, The Oriental planthopper genus Eilithyia Distant (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) with description of one new species, pp. 63-68 in Zootaxa 1676 on page 64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274059, {"references":["Distant, W. L. (1912) Descriptions of New genera and species of Oriental Homoptera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8 (9), 181 - 194.","Melichar, L. (1914) Monographie der Tropiduchinen (Homoptera). Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins in Brunn, 53, 1 - 145.","Distant, W. L. (1916) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota 6 (Homoptera: Appendix). Taylor & Francis, London. pp. 17 - 145."]}

Sogana clara sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 7���9, 19, 24, 28���31, 44, 45) Description. Length (from apex of vertex to tip of fore wings): ď 8.3���8.5 mm, �� 9.3 mm. General color light yellowish. Vertex (Fig. 7) with three black spots at apex, the median one roundish; lateral areas suffused with fuscous, central disc with a pair of brownish spots near posterior margin; median carina yellowish-brown, sublateral and lateral carinae orange, lateral margins brownish. Frons (Fig. 8) with 5 reddish transverse bands. Gena (Fig. 9) with one brown patch. Carinae on frons, clypeus, pronotum and mesonotum orange to yellowish-brown. Fore wings (Fig. 19) pale yellowish; veins yellowish, apical cells with blackish suffusion. Legs pale yellowish; fore femora, long stripes on hind femora, and apices and bases of tibiae brownish. Vertex with anterior margin projected at an obtuse angle in dorsal view, lateral areas distinctly depressed; median carina nearly percurrent. Frons with median carina thick and wide. Fore wings (Fig. 19) with 14 apical cells and 7 subapical cells, two middle anteapical cells equally long. Spines of hind legs: hind tibia laterally 3, distally 7, basitarsus distally 8���9. Proportions. Vertex with ratio of median length to the widest breadth 0.82: 1, frons with ratio of median length to the widest breadth 1.49: 1, pronotum with ratio of width to median length 4.93: 1, pronotum and mesonotum together medially about 2 times as long as median length of vertex, fore wings with ratio of length to maximum breadth 3.49: 1. Male genitalia (Figs. 24, 28���31, 44, 45) with pygofer relatively broad and short, posterior margin broadly caudad expanded subapically in lateral view (Fig. 24). Anal tube (Fig. 24, 28) with apical ventral margin slightly bent ventrad in lateral view. Gonostylus (Figs. 24, 30, 31) in lateral view about 3.54 times as long as broad. Aedeagus (Figs. 29, 44, 45) with three processes: two anteriorly directed lamellate processes arising from right side with the longer one spiral-like and produced at apical fifth and the shorter one produced at apical third; and the third posteriorly directed process slender, originating from ventral side; endosomal process digitiform; phallotrema exposed subapically on left side (Fig. 44); periandrium (Figs. 24, 44, 45) with a long, tongue-shaped process protruding backward from ventral apex. Material examined. Holotype ď, LAOS: Vientiane Prov., Ban Van Eue, 15.VIII. 1967 ���native collector��� (BPBM). Paratypes. LAOS: 1 ď, Vientiane Prov., Ban Van Eue, 30.IX. 1967 ���native collector���; 1 ��, Vientiane Prov., Ban Van Eue, malaise trap, 15.II. 1966 ���native collector���, Rondon-Bishop Mus. Collection) (both in BPBM). Etymology. This new species is named for its general bright color. Distribution. Laos (Vientiane). Remarks. This species can be distinguished from other known species in the genus by its general bright color and the male genitalic structure (Figs. 24, 28���31, 44, 45). In external appearance, this species is similar to S. extrema Melichar, 1914 from Burma (Tenasserim) and China (Chekiang), but differs from the latter in the vertex (Fig. 7) with anterior margin projected at an obtuse angle in dorsal view and the median black spots at apex roundish, the frons (Fig. 8) with median carina thick and the reddish transverse bands wider, and the fore wings with Cu 1 forked more basally and with 14 apical cells and 7 subapical cells (Fig. 19)., Published as part of Liang, Ai-Ping & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2008, A review of the Oriental planthopper genus Sogana Matsumura 1914 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) with descriptions of three new species, pp. 29-44 in Zootaxa 1732 on pages 33-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181357, {"references":["Melichar, L. (1914) Monographie der Tropiduchinen (Homoptera). Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins in Brunn, 53, 1 - 145."]}

Sogana pseudohopponis sp. nov. (Figs. 5, 13���15, 21, 23, 26, 36���39, 48, 49) Description. Length (from apex of vertex to tip of fore wings): ď 10.0 mm. Similar to S. hopponis Matsumura, but color lighter, yellowish brown. Vertex (Figs. 5, 13, 14) with four black spots at apex (the basal one brownish); lateral carina (Fig. 13) blackish; central disc with a pair of fuscous patches on posterior margin. Ocelli (Fig. 15) without suffusion. Vertex with anterior margin projected at an obtuse angle in dorsal view, lateral areas depressed; median carina diverging medially, protruding forward from base to anterior level of eyes. Fore wings with 16 apical cells and 7 subapical cells, the two middle anteapical cells not equally long. Spines of hind legs: hind tibia laterally 3, distally 7, basitarsus distally 7. Proportions. Vertex with ratio of median length to the widest breadth 1.03: 1, frons with ratio of median length to the widest breadth 1.54: 1, pronotum with ratio of width to median length 4.35: 1, pronotum and mesonotum together medially about 1.54 times as long as median length of vertex, fore wings with ratio of length to maximum breadth 3.54: 1. Male genitalia (Figs. 26, 36���39, 48, 49) with pygofer with dorsolateral angles produced, distinctly forming an obtuse angle in lateral view (Fig. 26). Anal tube (Figs. 26, 36) slightly bent ventrad, distinctly transverse-concave in distal fifth. Gonostylus (26, 38, 39) 3.8 times as long as broad in lateral view. Aedeagus (Figs. 37, 48, 49) with three processes: one anterodorsally directed process arising from the left side at apical fifth, reaching to middle of aedeagus, and having a distinct, sub-apical tooth directed dorsally and inwardly; one anterodorsally directed process arising from the right side at apical third, with a stout sub-apical tooth directed dorsally and inwardly; the third process relatively long and strong, apically lanceolate, arising below the right process from ventral side and directed posteriorly; endosoma more or less expanded, endosomal process sinuous, long and thin; phallotrema exposed apically (Figs. 48, 49); periandrium stout, with a tongueshaped process directed caudad on ventral side. Material examined. Holotype ď, LAOS: Nam Kading (stream), 21.IV. 1965 (J. L. Gressitt) (BPBM). Etymology. This new species is named for its general similar appearance with S. hopponis Matsumura, 1914. Distribution. Laos (Nam Kading). Remarks. In external appearance, this species is very similar to hopponis Matsumura, 1914 from Taiwan, but differs from the latter in the vertex with median carina diverging medially, aedeagus with left process very short, just reaching to middle of aedeagus, with a distinct, sub-apical tooth directed dorsally and inwardly, the right process with a stout, sub-apical tooth directed dorsally and inwardly, and in having a long and thin endosomal process (Figs. 48, 49)., Published as part of Liang, Ai-Ping & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2008, A review of the Oriental planthopper genus Sogana Matsumura 1914 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) with descriptions of three new species, pp. 29-44 in Zootaxa 1732 on page 40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181357, {"references":["Matsumura, S. (1914) Beitrag zur kenntnis der Fulgoriden Japans. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 12, 261 - 305."]}

Eilithyia singaporensis sp. nov. (Figures 1, 3– 19) Description. Length (from apex of vertex to tip of fore wings): ɗ 8.8 mm, Ψ 9.5 mm. General color pale brownish; vertex with lateral margins, median carina with basal half, postclypeus with basal area, clypeus with lateral margins, pronotum with anterior disc and lateral portion, meso- and metapleura, and mesonotum with anterior portion all suffused with fuscous; apex of head with one black spot, inserting between two linear blackish stripes; two blackish linear stripes along anterior margins of depression on vertex, anterior area of depression suffused with two reddish patches, posterior area of depression with a pair of fuscous spots; frons with 5 red transverse bands on each depression, carinae of frons orange, median carina of clypeus reddish distally; genae with reddish patch between eyes and lateral margin of vertex; ocelli surrounded with reddish; mesonotum with four brownish spots near basal margins; carinae of pronotum and mesonotum pale reddish; legs reddish, postfemora with distinct long reddish stripes, tarsi blackish; fore wings yellowish brown, all transverse veinlets, costal cell with basal area, middle of clavus suffused in fuscous; hind wings yellowish brown, Cu underlying apex of clavus and costal cell basally fuscous. Head with eyes narrower than pronotum, broadly produced in front of eyes; apex broadly convex in dorsal view and in lateral view, forming a smooth surface interposed between the discal areas of the vertex and frons; vertex and frons not separated and their lateral carinae percurrent. Vertex (Figs 1, 3) subquadrate, slightly shorter than the breadth at anterior margin of eyes (0.72: 1), distinctly longer than pronotum at midline; lateral margins ridged and converged anteriorly; posterior margin angulately concave; central disc between median and sublateral carinae distinctly depressed, lateral margins of depression incurving anteriorly and uniting with median carina medially; median carina ridged, abruptly becoming very broad flattened ridge at the level of anterior margin of eyes, and uniting with posterior margin. Frons (Fig. 4) longer in middle than the widest breadth (1.38: 1), disc slightly depressed between median and lateral carinae, each depression with 5 indistinct gibbosities; lateral margins converging from under level of antennae to apex; posterior margin straight; median carina straight and thin, bifurcate anteriorly; lateral carinae approaching frontoclypeal suture. Postclypeus and anteclypeus ridged medially, with distinct median carina; postclypeus with lateral carinae surpassing mid-length. Rostrum long, reaching between hind coxae. Eyes oval. Ocelli small. Antennae (Figs 4, 5) short, scape cylindrical; pedicel distally expanded, about 3 times as long as scape, with microsetae extending to base. Pronotum (Figs 1, 3) wider than long medially (4.56: 1), distinctly shorter than mesonotum in midline; median carina broadly ridged, lateral carinae converging anteriorly; disc arched anteriorly, deeply depressed between median and lateral carina and with an impression on each side; posterior margin obtuse-angled excavated. Mesonotum (Figs 1, 3) tricarinate, with a distinct transverse suture separating mesoscutellum; median carina straight, reaching to transverse suture; lateral carinae curving anteriorly towards median carina; pronotum and mesonotum together medially 2.05 times as long as median length of vertex. Fore wings (Fig. 6) translucent, elongate and narrow, 3.38 times as long as maximum breadth; corium without granulation, costal cell without cross veins; Sc+R and M forking at node; Cu 1 forking about level of junction of claval veins, which extending to about middle of clavus; nodal line forming a zigzag transverse line; with 5–6 subapical and 15–16 apical cells various in size. Hind wings (Fig. 7) hyaline, posterior margin strongly sinuate, with a series of disconnected transverse veins before apical area. Legs elongate; hind tibia with 3 distinct lateral spines, distally with 6 spines, basal metatarsal segment distally with 6 spines. Male genitalia with pygofer (Fig. 8) narrow and high, dorsal posterior margin angulately produced posteriorly in lateral view, dorsad of which having a stout tooth, dorsa 1 margin deeply excavated to accommodate anal tube. Anal tube (Figs 8, 12) elongate, distinctly projected caudad, apical margin rounded, nearly parallelsided in dorsal view, anal styles relatively short and small. Gonostylus (Figs 8, 13, 14) symmetrical, relatively elongate and narrow, 4.11 times as long as broad in lateral view, tapering to apex in distal half, membranously fused with pygofer at base, dorsal edge with a stubby, dorsoposteriorly directed prominence near middle and two hook-like, inward and outward respectively directed teeth beyond this prominence. Aedeagus (Figs 9–11) elongate, sclerotized and expended into a subcircular membranous endosoma apically, asymmetrical, basal part directed anterodorsally, then strongly curved and directed ventrally, shaft of aedeagus with three sclerotized processes: left process with a stubby knob-like prominence in dorsal margin medially, basad of which is a double-pronged processes with margin denticulated; ventral process abruptly expended into triangular plate, together with left process embracing endosoma; right process long and thin, gently curved, slightly expended apically. Structure tectiform of connective (Figs 8–10) developed; corpus connective (Figs 8–10) present; periandrium (Figs 9–11) well developed, asymmetrical, broadly fused with ventral base of anal segment, surrounding penis from base to middle, with two processes: one process stout and twist, directed ventrad at ventral side; the other process arising from right side, longer than three-quarters of aedeagus length, with a distinct tooth basally, apically acute. Female genitalia with anal tube (Fig. 17) relatively short, apical margin acute in dorsal view, anal styles relatively short and small. Gonopophyses VIII (first valvulae) (Figs 16, 17, 19) sawlike, strongly sclerotized with about 6 blunt teeth on dorsal margin, a single relatively large tooth at apex, ventral margin denticulate with several teeth, 2–3 apical teeth blunt, laterally at base with an sinuate row of many minute teeth, and two relatively large teeth distad of teeth row. Gonopophyses IX (second valvular) (Fig. 18) triangular, fused together on inner-lateral margin and strongly reduced but well sclerotized, apical ends not meeting together, acute at apex, gonospiculum (Figs 16, 18) shorter than median length of triangular part 0.57: 1, infundibuliform apically, flattened laterally. Gonoplac (third valvular) (Figs 16, 17) with 11–12 teeth extending along ventral margin from apex. Material examined. Holotype ɗ, SINGAPORE: Botanic Gardens, 25 m, 11.XII. 1958 (T. C. Maa) (BPBM). Paratype. 1 Ψ, MALAYA: (W) Selangor, Ulu Gombak, 300 m, 15.VI. 1961 (J. L. Gressitt) (BPBM). Etymology. This species is named for its occurrence in Singapore. Distribution. Singapore, Malaya. Remarks. This species is externally similar to E. insularis Distant, 1912 from Narkondam Islands, but can be distinguished from the latter by the characters given in the key.

Key to the species of genus Eilithyia 1. Length: 7.5mm (male). Frons and postclypeus with lateral carina indistinct, frons with median carina broad with each adjacent depressed area without gibbosities; fore wings with ratio of length to maximum width 2.8: 1 (see Melichar, 1914: 73, Fig. 22; Distant, 1916: 54, fig. 37); male genital capsule with anal tube long and gonostylus with dorsal prominence slightly basad of mid-length (Fig. 2). Narkondam Island ........................................................................................................................................ E. insularis Distant -. Length: 8.8mm (male). Frons and postclypeus with lateral carina distinct (Figs 4, 5), frons with median carina narrow with each adjacent depressed area having 5 indistinct gibbosities, (Fig. 4); fore wings with ratio of length to maximum breadth 3.38: 1 (Fig. 6); male genital capsule with anal tube moderately long and gonostylus with dorsal prominence slightly distad of midlength (Fig. 8). Singapore........................... ............................................................................................................................... E. singaporensis sp. nov.

Sogana extrema Melichar Sogana extrema Melichar, 1914: 115, fig. 28; Distant, 1916: 54, fig. 38; Metcalf, 1954: 131; Wilson & Malenovsky, 2007: 141. Holotype ��, Burma (Tenasserim) (deposited in the Moravian Museum, Brno) [not examined]. Logana [sic] extrema Uhl. [sic]; Lallemand, 1942: 70. Diagnosis. Length: ��, body 9.0 mm. General color yellowish brown, vertex with three black spots at apex with the median one longish; frons with each lateral half with 5 carmine transverse bands. Postfemora with long blackish stripes. Vertex with anterior margin projected, nearly straight in dorsal view; lateral areas distinctly depressed; median carina percurrent, joining together with sublateral carinae anteriorly. Frons with median carina thin and narrow. Fore wings with 16 apical cells and 7 subapical cells, the two middle anteapical cells equally long, Cu 1 bifurcated at caudad of middle of clavus. (After Melichar, 1914: 115; Fig. 28). Male unknown. Distribution. Burma (Tenasserim), southeastern China (Zhejiang [Chekiang]) (?), northern Vietnam (Hoa Binh) (?). Remarks. Melichar (1914) described S. extrema based on one single female specimen from Tenasserim, Burma. We were not able to see any specimens of this species. This species can be distinguished from other species in the genus by the vertex with three black spots at apex with the median one longish, and the fore wings with the two middle anteapical cells equally long and with 16 apical cells and 7 subapical cells (see Melichar, 1914). It is necessary to make a note on the distribution of S. extrema. In Metcalf���s (1954) catalogue of world Tropiduchidae, Chekiang [Zhejiang], China is listed as one distribution record of this species. However, this record, judged from Lallemand���s (1942) paper by Metcalf (1954), is questionable. Lallemand (1942) received some materials, sent by R. P. De Cooman, collected in Hoa Binh (northern Vietnam) and just after, specimens, sent by R. P. Piel, some collected in Hoa Binh and others in the Mountains of T���ienmu-shan (prov. Chekiang, China). Lallemand (1942) just provided a list of the species he identified but he did not give any information on the specimens he examined and the distribution data of the species. It is not possible to determine if the specimens of S. extrema identified by Lallemand come from Hoa Binh in northern Vietnam or from Chekiang in southeastern China. A re-examination of the Lallemand���s (1942) specimens is needed. Lallemand���s (1942) identification of S. extrema Melichar also needs to be checked. It is interesting to note that in Lallemand���s (1942) paper the identified species was wrongly spelled as Logana extrema UHL., Published as part of Liang, Ai-Ping & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2008, A review of the Oriental planthopper genus Sogana Matsumura 1914 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) with descriptions of three new species, pp. 29-44 in Zootaxa 1732 on pages 35-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181357, {"references":["Melichar, L. (1914) Monographie der Tropiduchinen (Homoptera). Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins in Brunn, 53, 1 - 145.","Distant, W. L. (1916) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota 6 (Homoptera: Appendix). Taylor & Francis, London. pp. 17 - 145.","Metcalf, Z. P. (1954) General Catalogue of the Homoptera. Fasc. IV. Fulgoroidea. Part 11. Tropiduchidae. North Carolina State College, Raleigh, NC, USA. 167 pp.","Wilson, M. R. & Malenovsky, I. (2007) Tropiduchidae described by Leopold Melichar (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae (Brno), 92, 137 - 153.","Lallemand, H. (1942). Notes sur quelques especes recueillies par le R. P. Piel (Musee Heude Shanghai) et le R. P. De Cooman (Hoa Binh, Tonkin). Notes d'entomologie Chinoise, 9, 69 - 77."]}

Sogana longiceps Fennah (Fig. 4) Sogana longiceps Fennah, 1978: 262 ���263, figs. 219���226; Chou et al., 1985: 40, fig. 36. Holotype ♂, Vietnam (deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw) [not examined]. Diagnosis. Length (from apex of vertex to tip of fore wings): ď 8.8 mm, �� 9.3���11.0 mm. General color ochraceous-green or ochraceous; vertex with a blackish spot at apex, intercarinal areas suffused with fuscous, lateral margins and sublateral carinae dull orange red. Frons with 6 pairs of reddish transverse bands. Fore wings milky-hyaline, with brownish nebula apically. Legs with fore and middle femora with a diffuse ring near apex, tibiae with fuscous suffusion at base, hind femora with incomplete fuscous stripes. Vertex with anterior margin projected at an obtuse angle in dorsal view, lateral areas depressed; median carina protruding forward from base to the level of eyes. Fore wings with 18 apical cells and 7 subapical cells, two middle anteapical cells equally long. Spines of hind legs: hind tibia laterally 3, distally 7, basitarsus distally 7. Male genitalia with pygofer more or less broad, with dorsolateral angles produced, obtusely angulate. Anal tube elongate, narrow, parallel-sided, dorsally sulcate in distal half, apically transverse-convex. Gonostylus elongate, apical margin very oblique; with two short stout spinose processes, one directed mesad, the other laterad, on dorsal margin at two-thirds from base. Aedeagus long, with endosama abruptly expanded into a subcircular plate apically, microdenticulate along its less deeply rounded edge; apex of aedeagus comprising a small horizontal lobe dorsally and a stout heavily-pigmented triangular lobe, denticulate along its upper margin, a short distance below it. (After Fennah, 1978). Material examined. VIETNAM: 1 ��, Tonkin, Hoa-Binn, no date (A. de Cooman) (IZCAS). CHINA: 1 ��, Guangxi, Huanjiang County, Mulun, 370 m, 24. VII. 2006 (J. Liu) (IZCAS). Distribution. China (Guangdong, Guangxi), Vietnam (Hanoi, Tonkin). Remarks. This species was described by Fennah (1978) from northern Vietnam on the basis of one male specimen. Chou et al. (1985) recorded it from Guangdong in southern China. This species can be distinguished from other known species in the genus by the vertex with median carina protruding forward from base to the level of eyes (see Fennah, 1978, Fig. 220) and the fore wings with two middle anteapical cells equally long and the fore wings with nebula dark brown (see Fennah, 1978, Fig. 222)., Published as part of Liang, Ai-Ping & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2008, A review of the Oriental planthopper genus Sogana Matsumura 1914 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) with descriptions of three new species, pp. 29-44 in Zootaxa 1732 on page 37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181357, {"references":["Fennah, R. G. (1978) Fulgoroidea (Homoptera) from Vietnam. Annales Zoologici (Warszawa), 34 (9), 207 - 279.","Chou, I, Lu, J. S., Huang, J. & Wang, S. Z. (1985) Economic Insect Fauna of China. Fasc. 36. Homoptera: Fulgoroidea. Science Press, Beijing, China, 152 pp., 2 pls. [In Chinese, English summary p. 137.]"]}

Sogana robustocarina sp. nov. (Figs. 6, 16���18, 22, 27, 40���43, 50, 51) Description. Length (from apex of vertex to tip of fore wings): ď 10.5 mm, �� 10.5 mm. General color tawny brown. Vertex (Figs. 6, 16���18) with blackish, I-shaped stripes at apex; central disc suffused with blackish, lateral margins black; lateral areas and all carinae on vertex, pronotum and mesonotum yellowish brown. Frons (Fig. 17) with 6 pairs of carmine transverse bands, carinae on frons and clypeus orange to reddish. Gena (Fig. 18) with a black patch. Ocelli (Fig. 18) suffused with red. Legs brown, trochanters fuscous, apex of femora reddish, postfemora with long fuscous stripes. Vertex (Figs. 6, 16) with anterior margin broadly convex in dorsal view, lateral areas convex and ridged; median carina percurrent and broadly thickened, diverging medially. Fore wings (Fig. 22) with 14���15 apical cells (sometimes the left and right fore wings are different) and 5 subapical cells. Spines of hind legs: hind tibia laterally 3, distally 6, basitarsus distally 6. Proportions. Vertex with ratio of median length to the widest breadth 1.11: 1, frons with ratio of median length to the widest breadth 1.67: 1, pronotum with ratio of width to median length 4.22: 1, pronotum and mesonotum together medially about 1.4 times as long as median length of vertex, fore wings with ratio of length to maximum breadth 3.31: 1. Male genitalia (Figs. 27, 40���43, 50, 51) with pygofer very narrow and high, wider dorsally than ventrally, with dorsal posterior margin angularly produced posteriorly in lateral view (Fig. 27). Anal tube with apical margin oblique concave in dorsal view (Fig. 40), more or less bent ventrad in lateral view (Fig. 27). Gonostylus (Figs. 27, 42, 43) 3.31 times as long as broad in lateral view. Aedeagus (Figs. 41, 50, 51) with three stout processes: one anterodorsally directed process arising from left side at apical fifth, which is longer than threequarters of aedeagus, reaching approximately to base of aedeagus, with distinctly teeth along margin and a sharp protrusion on basal margin; the other anterodorsally directed process arising from dorsal margin at apical fifth, with 5���8 stout spines on ventral margin; the third process forked basally, arising below the left process on right side and directed posteriorly; endosoma membranous, distinctly expanded, with 2 processes: the dorsal one stubby, the ventral one slender and cuspidal; phallotrema long and narrow, exposed subapically on the left side (Figs. 50, 51); periandrium developed, ventrally protruding into a very short, triangular process at apex. Material examined. Holotype ď, [MALAYSIA:] British N. Borneo, Kalabakan, Primary forest, 15.XI. 1958 (T. C. Maa) (BPBM). Paratypes. [MALAYSIA:] 1 ď, British N. Borneo, Keningan, 12���17.I. 1959 (T. C. Maa); 1 ��, British N. Borneo, Kalabakan, Primary forest, 10.XI. 1958 (T. C. Maa) (both in BPBM). Etymology. This new species is named for the presence of a robust median carina on the vertex. Distribution. Malaysia (Borneo). Remarks. This species is externally similar to S. stimulata Melichar, 1914 from Mentawei Islands, Indonesia in having the vertex with lateral areas between sublateral carinae and lateral carinae not distinctly depressed (shallowly depressed in S. stimulata; convex in S. robustocarina sp. nov.). It can be distinguished from the latter species by the shape of the median carina of vertex (Figs. 6, 16), pigmentary pattern on vertex (Figs. 6, 16���18), and its distinct aedeagal structure (Figs. 27, 41, 50, 51)., Published as part of Liang, Ai-Ping & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2008, A review of the Oriental planthopper genus Sogana Matsumura 1914 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) with descriptions of three new species, pp. 29-44 in Zootaxa 1732 on pages 40-41, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181357, {"references":["Melichar, L. (1914) Monographie der Tropiduchinen (Homoptera). Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins in Brunn, 53, 1 - 145."]}

Key to the species of genus Sogana 1 Vertex with lateral areas between sublateral and lateral carinae distinctly depressed (Figs. 1���5, 7, 10, 13)..................................................................................................................................................................... 2 - Vertex with lateral areas between sublateral and lateral carinae weakly depressed or flat (Figs. 6, 16).... 6 2 Fore wings with two middle anteapical cells equally long (Fig. 19; see Melichar, 1914: 115, Fig. 28).... 3 - Fore wings with two middle anteapical cells not equally long (Figs. 21, 22)............................................ 5 3 Vertex with median carina approaching the level of eyes (see Fennah, 1978: 262, Fig. 220); fore wings with dark brown nebula apically (see Fennah, 1978: 262, Fig. 222) ........................... S. longiceps Fennah - Vertex with median carina surpassing the level of eyes (Fig. 7; see Melichar, 1914: 115, Fig. 28); fore wings with brownish nebula apically (Fig. 22; see Melichar, 1914: 115, Fig. 28)..................................... 4 4 Vertex with anterior margin projected at an obtuse angle in dorsal view, the median spot at apex roundish (Figs. 7, 8); frons with median carina thick and wide (Fig. 8) .......................................... S. clara sp. nov. - Vertex with anterior margin projected, nearly straight in dorsal view, the median spot at apex longish (see Melichar, 1914: 115; Fig. 28); frons with median carina thin and narrow (see Melichar, 1914: 115; Fig. 28) ................................................................................................................................. S. extrema Melichar 5 Vertex with median carina diverging medially; aedeagus with process arising from left side at apical fifth reaching to middle of aedeagus and having a distinct, sub-apical tooth directed dorsally and inwardly; the process arising from right side at apical third directed anterodorsally, with a stout sub-apical tooth directed dorsally and inwardly; endosomal process long and thin (Figs. 48, 49)................................................................................................................................................................................. S. pseudohopponis sp. nov. - Vertex with median carina diverging basally; aedeagus with process arising from left side at apical fifth reaching approximately to base of aedeagus, and having 3���4 tiny sub-middle teeth directed ventrally and inwardly; the process arising from right side at apical third directed dorsally, with 2���3 fine spines; endosomal process short and thick (Figs. 46, 47) ............................................................... S. hopponis Matsumura 6 Vertex with lateral areas weakly depressed (see Melichar, 1914), sublateral carinae strongly curved outwards, almost approaching to lateral margin; fore wings without nebula apically .... S. stimulata Melichar - Vertex with lateral areas flat (Figs. 6, 16), sublateral carinae nearly straight; fore wings with brownish nebula apically ...................................................................................................... S. robustocarina sp. nov., Published as part of Liang, Ai-Ping & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2008, A review of the Oriental planthopper genus Sogana Matsumura 1914 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) with descriptions of three new species, pp. 29-44 in Zootaxa 1732 on page 33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181357, {"references":["Melichar, L. (1914) Monographie der Tropiduchinen (Homoptera). Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins in Brunn, 53, 1 - 145.","Fennah, R. G. (1978) Fulgoroidea (Homoptera) from Vietnam. Annales Zoologici (Warszawa), 34 (9), 207 - 279."]}

Checklist of Machaerota Burmeister from China Machaerota choui Lu, 1982 (China: Yunnan) M. conicapita sp. nov. (China: Yunnan; Laos: Borikhane) M. coomani Lallemand, 1942 (China: Hainan Island; Vietnam) M. coronata (Maa, 1947) (China: Fujian, Hongkong) M. esakii Kato, 1939 (China: Taiwan) M. formosana Kato, 1928 (China: Taiwan) M. fukienicola Maa, 1947 (China: Fujian) M. jiangxiensis Lu, 1982 (China: Jiangxi) M. notoceras Schmidt, 1907 (China: Hainan Island; Malaysia; Indonesia: Sumatra, Java) M. shaanxiensis Lu, 1982 (China: Shaanxi) M. taiheisana (Matsumura, 1940) (China: Taiwan) M. yunnanensis Lu, 1982 (China: Yunnan), Published as part of Nie, Jing & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2008, A new species of Machaerota Burmeister (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Machaerotidae) from China and Laos, pp. 63-68 in Zootaxa 1727 on page 64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181252, {"references":["Lu, Z. (1982) One new genus and five new species of Machaerotidae from China (Homoptera: Cercopoidea). Entomotaxonomia, 4 (4), 273 - 278."]}

Key to species of Machaerota from China 1. Head produced anteriorly both in dorsal and lateral views........................................................................ 2 - Head broadly rounded................................................................................................................................. 3 2. Head subangularly produced; antero- and posterolateral margins of pronotum subequal in length............ ............................................................................................................................................... M. esakii Kato - Head produced both forwards and upwards into a distinct subconic process; anterolateral margin of prono- tum about 1.5 X as long as posterolateral margin ...................................................... M. conicapita sp. nov. 3. Veins of forewing with fine punctures........................................................................................................ 4 - Veins of forewing without punctures.......................................................................................................... 6 4. Median carina of pronotum complete; punctures on the veins of forewing without setae........................... ................................................................................................................................. M. coomani Lallemand - Median carina of pronotum poorly defined at posterior 1 / 3; punctures on the veins of forewing setigerous..................................................................................................................................................................... 5 5. Tylus convex; discoidal and apical cells of forewing wrinkled ................................. M. notoceras Schmidt - Tylus flattened, discoidal and apical cells of forewing smooth ....................................... M. jiangxiensis Lu 6. Posterolateral angle of pronotum broadly rounded; apical cells of forewing smooth................................ 7 - Posterolateral angle of pronotum acute or spine-like; apical cells of forewing wrinkled........................ 11 7. Pronotum black, discally with 2 large brown markings extending nearly to posterior margin; postclypeus keeled ................................................................................................................. M. taiheisana (Matsumura) - Pronotum not colored as above; postclypeus not distinctly keeled............................................................ 8 8. Discoidal cell of forewing not more than 2 X as long as broad ...................................... M. fukienicola Maa - Discoidal cell of forewing 2.4 X as long as broad or longer....................................................................... 9 9. Oblique ental carina of pronotum long and strong; posterior margin straight ............... M. formosana Kato - Oblique ental carina of pronotum short; posterior margin incurved at middle........................................ 10 10. Scutellum proper posteriorly strongly convex in lateral view; dorsal sulcus narrowed basally and apically, rather wide in the middle ........................................................................................................... M. choui Lu - Scutellum proper gently rised in lateral view, dorsally slightly concaved in the middle; dorsal sulcus grad- ually narrowed caudad ................................................................................................... M. shaanxiensis Lu 11. Oblique ental carina of pronotum absent; lateral stripe of scutellum not definable ....... M. coronata (Maa) - Oblique ental carina of pronotum short and weak; lateral stripe of scutellum definable M. yunnanensis Lu, Published as part of Nie, Jing & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2008, A new species of Machaerota Burmeister (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Machaerotidae) from China and Laos, pp. 63-68 in Zootaxa 1727 on page 64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181252

Eilithyia Distant Eilithyia Distant, 1912: 184. Type species: E. insularis Distant, by monotypy. Diagnosis: head relatively short, broadly produced in front of eyes; frons longer than broad, with median carina bifurcate anteriorly; pronotum tricarinate, with anterior margin arched anteriorly and posterior margin obtuse-angled excavated; mesonotum tricarinate; fore wings relatively narrow and slender, corium without granulation, costal cell without cross veins; Cu 1 forking well before or about level of junction of claval veins, which extending to about middle of clavus; nodal line forming a zigzag transverse line; with 5���7 subapical and 16���21 apical cells, subapical cells as long as apical; hind tibiae with 3 spines laterally and 6 apically, basal metatarsal segment with 6 spines apically, second metatarsal segment with 2 spines apically. Male genitalia with gonostylus relatively long and narrow, tapering to apex in distal half, dorsal edge with a stubby, dorsoposteriorly directed prominence near middle and a hook-like tooth beyond this prominence., Published as part of Wang, Rong-Rong, Liang, Ai-Ping & Webb, Michael D., 2008, The Oriental planthopper genus Eilithyia Distant (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) with description of one new species, pp. 63-68 in Zootaxa 1676 on page 64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274059, {"references":["Distant, W. L. (1912) Descriptions of New genera and species of Oriental Homoptera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8 (9), 181 - 194."]}

Sogana hopponis Matsumura (Figs. 2, 3, 10���12, 20, 25, 32���35, 46, 47) Sogana hopponis Matsumura, 1914: 268, figs. 3 a-e; Melichar, 1914: 114, 116; Esaki, 1937: 24, pl. 3, fig. 2; Metcalf, 1954: 131; Tsaur, 1990: 245, fig. 2; Liang & Suwa, 1998: 163; Wilson & Malenovsky, 2007: 148. Lectotype ♂, designated by Liang & Suwa, 1998: 163, Taiwan (HU) [examined]. Redescription. Length (from apex of vertex to tip of fore wings): ď 9.0���10.0 mm, �� 9.3���11.0 mm. General color tawny brown. Vertex (Figs. 2, 3, 10) with four black spots at apex; lateral areas between sublateral carinae and lateral carinae suffused with blackish; median carina blackish with apical half obliterate; sublateral and lateral carinae pale orange, lateral margins orange to reddish; central disc with a blackish stripe along the inner side of each sublateral carina. Carinae on pronotum and mesonotum yellowish brown. Frons (Fig. 11) with 6 pairs of reddish transverse bands, carinae on frons and clypeus brown. Gena (Fig. 12) with one black patch. Ocelli (Fig. 12) surrounded with red. Fore wings with brownish nebula apically. Legs yellowish brown; fore femora, bases of tibiae, and long stripes on hind femora blackish; basal part of hind femora with one reddish stripe. Vertex with anterior margin projected at an obtuse angle in dorsal view, lateral areas distinctly depressed; median carina protruding forward from base to apical fourth. Fore wings with 16���18 apical cells and 7 subapical cells, two middle anteapical cells not equally long. Spines of hind legs: hind tibia laterally 3, distally 6���7, basitarsus distally 8���9. Proportions. Vertex with ratio of median length to the widest breadth 1.03: 1, frons with ratio of median length to the widest breadth 1.54: 1, pronotum with ratio of width to median length 4.82: 1, pronotum and mesonotum together medially about 1.53 times as long as median length of vertex, fore wings with ratio of length to maximum breadth 3.54: 1. Male genitalia (Figs. 25, 32���35, 46, 47) with pygofer relatively high and broad, posterior margin relatively broadly expanded caudad in lateral view (Fig. 25). Anal tube (Figs. 25, 32) relatively narrow and long. Gonostylus (Figs. 25, 34, 35) 3.93 times as long as broad in lateral view. Aedeagus (Figs. 33, 46, 47) with three processes: the longest one arising from left side at apical fifth and approximately reaching to base of aedeagus, having 3���4 tiny, sub-middle, ventrally and inwardly directed teeth; the shortest one arising from right side at apical third, directed dorsally, with 2���3 fine spines; the third process stout, apically lanceolate, posteriorly directed, arising below the shortest process on ventral side; endosomal process twisted, relatively short and thick; phallotrema exposed apically (Figs. 46, 47); periandrium (Figs. 38, 55, 56) with a relatively long and broad, tongue-shaped process protruding backward from ventral apex. Material examined. Lectotype ď, designated by Liang & Suwa (1998: 163), Formosa Matsumura [underside] Shoka 7 / 20 -06 (HU). Taiwan: 1 �� (paralectotype), 8 /VIII Hoppo, [Matsumura���s handwriting] Sogana hopponis n. sp.; [red label] Type Matsumura; 2 ���� (paralectotypes), Formosa Matsumura [underside] 20 /VII 1906 Shoka (all in HU). JAPAN: 1 ď, Iriomote Loochoo Is., 19.VIII. 1934 (L. Gressitt) (NCSU); Ryukyu Islands, Ishigaki, 25��� 30.XI. 1952 (G. Bohart) (BPBM). CHINA: 1 ď, Taiwan (Formosa), Horisha, XII. 1913 (F. Muir.) (Sogana hopponis Mats. det. F. M) (BPBM); 1 ď, 1 ��, Taiwan N., Tsaoshan (Sozan), 200���300 m, 4���5.VIII. 1963 (J. L. Gressitt) (BPBM); 1 ď, Taiwan, Tzepeng, Taitung Hsien, I���II. 1964 (T. C. Maa) (BPBM); 1 ��, Taiwan, Keelung, 100 m, 16.VIII. 1958 (K. S. Lin) (BPBM); 1 ď, Hainan Id., Ta Han, 23.VI. 1935 (L. Gressitt) (NCSU); 1 ď, Hainan Island, Wanning, 18.III. 1964 (S. L. Liu) (NU); 1 ď, Hainan Id., Ta Han, 23.VI. 1935 (L. Gressitt) (NCSU). Distribution. China (Taiwan, Hainan Island), Japan (Amami���Oshima, Ryukyu Islands, Iriomote Loochoo Islands). Remarks. This species is externally similar to S. longiceps Fennah, 1978 but can be distinguished from the latter by the vertex with median carina surpassing basal half (Fig. 7), fore wings (Fig. 20) with the two middle anteapical cells not equally long, and the aedeagus (Figs. 33, 46, 47) with the endosoma not dilated apically and the endosomal process twisted, relatively short and thick., Published as part of Liang, Ai-Ping & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2008, A review of the Oriental planthopper genus Sogana Matsumura 1914 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) with descriptions of three new species, pp. 29-44 in Zootaxa 1732 on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181357, {"references":["Matsumura, S. (1914) Beitrag zur kenntnis der Fulgoriden Japans. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 12, 261 - 305.","Melichar, L. (1914) Monographie der Tropiduchinen (Homoptera). Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins in Brunn, 53, 1 - 145.","Esaki, T. (1937) Some note-worthy insects hitherto unrecorded from the Island Amami-Oshima. Akitu 1, 23 - 25. [In Japanese]","Metcalf, Z. P. (1954) General Catalogue of the Homoptera. Fasc. IV. Fulgoroidea. Part 11. Tropiduchidae. North Carolina State College, Raleigh, NC, USA. 167 pp.","Tsaur, S. - C. (1990) Tropiduchidae of Taiwan (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea), supplement. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 29 (4), 243 - 248.","Liang, A. - P. & Suwa, M. (1998) Type specimens of Matsumura's species of Fulgoroidea (excluding Delphacidae) in the Hokkaido University insect collection, Japan (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha). Insecta Matsumurana (New Series), 54, 133 - 166.","Wilson, M. R. & Malenovsky, I. (2007) Tropiduchidae described by Leopold Melichar (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae (Brno), 92, 137 - 153.","Fennah, R. G. (1978) Fulgoroidea (Homoptera) from Vietnam. Annales Zoologici (Warszawa), 34 (9), 207 - 279."]}

Sogana stimulata Melichar Sogana stimulata Melichar, 1914: 115; Metcalf, 1954: 132; Wilson & Malenovsky, 2007: 145. Holotype ♂, Indonesia (Mentawei Islands) (deposited in the Moravian Museum, Brno) [not examined]. Diagnosis. Length (from apex of vertex to tip of fore wings): ď 9.0 mm. General color yellowish brown; vertex with one black spot at apex and a blackish linear stripe along the margins of sublateral carinae, carinae on vertex, pronotum and mesonotum reddish; frons with 5 carmine transverse bands. Fore wings without nebula apically. Postfemora with reddish stripes. Vertex with sublateral carinae distinctly curved outwards, nearly reaching to lateral margins; lateral areas between sublateral carinae and lateral carinae shallowly depressed. (After Melichar, 1914). Female unknown. Distribution. Indonesia (Mentawei Islands). Remarks. Melichar (1914) described stimulata Melichar, 1914 based on one single male species from Mentawei Islands, Indonesia. We were not able to see any specimens of this species. This species is externally similar to S. robustocarina sp. nov. from Borneo (Kalabakan) but can be distinguished from the latter by the vertex with one black spot at apex, frons with 5 carmine transverse bands, fore wings without nebula apically, and vertex with the sublateral carinae distinctly curving outwards (see Melichar, 1914)., Published as part of Liang, Ai-Ping & Wang, Rong-Rong, 2008, A review of the Oriental planthopper genus Sogana Matsumura 1914 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae) with descriptions of three new species, pp. 29-44 in Zootaxa 1732 on page 41, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181357, {"references":["Melichar, L. (1914) Monographie der Tropiduchinen (Homoptera). Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins in Brunn, 53, 1 - 145.","Metcalf, Z. P. (1954) General Catalogue of the Homoptera. Fasc. IV. Fulgoroidea. Part 11. Tropiduchidae. North Carolina State College, Raleigh, NC, USA. 167 pp.","Wilson, M. R. & Malenovsky, I. (2007) Tropiduchidae described by Leopold Melichar (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae (Brno), 92, 137 - 153."]}

Machaerota conicapita sp. nov. (Figs. 1���3) Description: male, length (from apex of postclypeus to tip of forewings) 8.2 ���10.0mm, length of forewing 6.2���7.9mm. Relative breadths of head (including eyes), pronotum and scutellum 31: 68: 30. General color brown, richly marked with brownish black. Postclypeus shining black, or mainly rufous, black only at upper portion of its anterior carina. Tentorial pit black. Upper portion of gena proper brown, lower part black. Pronotum yellow brown, richly marked with fuscous; median carina black on anterior 3 / 4, yellow brown on posterior 1 / 4, or entirely yellow brown; calli dark brown, or yellow orange; oblique ental carina and apical part of lateral angle brown. Scutellum proper brown, with darker punctures; lateral stripe yellowish white; postero-inferior margin fuscous on upper 1 / 2, yellowish white on lower 1 / 2; scutellar process brown; basilateral depression black, or black on basal part and brown on apical part. Forewing hyaline, veins yellowish brown, without darker punctures; corium apically tinted with brown. Legs brown. Abdomen blackish brown, with a yellowish white longitudinal stripe in the middle of tergites; tergite 3 yellowish brown (Figs. 1 A, B). Postclypeus (Figs. 2 A, B, E, F) produced both forwards and upwards into a distinct subconic process, with 4 longitudinal carinae, anterior one broad, gradually widened and weakened towards anteclypeus, other 3 carinae narrow and short, only feebly indicated near apex of the process, posterior carina much shorter than lateral ones; postclypeus laterally with 10���12 haired transverse impressed lines, lower ones indistinct; tylus (Fig. 2 A) without median fovea, strongly descending laterad, slightly longer than its widest breadth when viewed vertically to its plane. Apex of head process higher than eye in profile. Antennal ledge (Figs. 2 A, E) curved; ocellar area (Fig. 2 A) gently descending laterad. Ocellus (Fig. 2 A) slightly closer to occipital margin than to transverse frontal suture; interocellar distance nearly 2 X ocello-ocular distance. Tentorial pit shallow, elliptic, connected with occipital margin. Occipital margin (Fig. 2 A) strongly reflexed at middle. Pleurostome and lorum (Fig. 2 B) haired and non-wrinkled, they are almost equal in breadth and both narrower than gena proper. Anteclypeus (Fig. 2 F) without median carina. Pronotum (Figs. 1 B; 2 A, B, E) convex, width to length about 17: 10; strongly punctate except at ante-callus area; median carina strong at anterior 3 / 4, posterior 1 / 4 indistinct; calli elliptic; anterior margin of pronotum curved forwards at middle, longer than posterior margin; anterolateral margin reflexed at anterior 1 / 3, about 1.5 X as long as posterolateral margin; lateral angle produced into angulate lamina, protruding beyond level of basal sclerites of closed forewings; oblique ental carina long; posterolateral margin concavely curved; posterolateral angle acute, protruding behind; posterior margin sinuate at middle. Scutellum (Figs. 1 A; 2 A, B) similarly sculptured as pronotum, posteriorly strongly elevated; lateral stripe exceedingly upcurved, distinctly narrowed caudad, meeting dorsal sulcus, about 4 X as long as its widest breadth; dorsal sulcus about 5 / 7 as long as scutellum proper, slightly narrowed near apex, its rims slightly explanated; height of scutellum proper to length of lateroventral margin about 13: 10. Scutellar process almost as long as scutellum proper, strongly arched in profile; basilateral depression much longer than its breadth; basidorsal carina hardly entering dorsal sulcus. Forewing (Fig. 2 C) about 3.8���4.3 X as long as broad, apically acute; discoidal cell about 3.3���3.5 X as long as broad, smooth; claval vein apically branched; apical cells slightly wrinkled, membrane and apex of corium slightly wrinkled. Hind leg (Figs. 1 A; 2 D) slender, long; tibia lacking lateral spine; inner apical lobe of tarsomere 1 slightly longer than outer lobe, that of tarsomere 2 about 2 X as long as its corresponding outer one. Male genitalia (Figs. 3 A, C, D) with apical lobe of pygofer (Fig. 3 A) narrowly rounded, scabrous area black, sculpture finely roundish. Pygofer with a haired roundish area (Figs. 3 A, C) in the middle of its membranous part in hind view, this area protruded as a hemisphere in lateral view. Genital plates (Figs. 3 B, D) connected at basal 1 / 3, separated at apical 2 / 3. Paramere (Fig. 3 E) basally wide in profile, with a fovea on the middle of its dorsal margin, apical part narrow and thickly haired. Aedeagus (Fig. 3 F) without scales. Female: Unknown. Specimens examined: Holotype: male, China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Menglong, Mengsong, 1600m, 28 April 1958 (Xu-Wu Meng) (IZCAS). Paratypes: 2 males, China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Menga, 1050m, 12 May 1958 (Han-Hua Cheng) (IZCAS); 1 male, Laos, Borikhane Province, Pakkading, 100���200m, 23 April 1965 (J. L. Gressitt) (BPBM). Etymology: This new species is named for its subconic head process. Remarks: This new species can be easily distinguished from most of its congeners by the shape of head (Figs. 2 A, B, E, F) and from most by the elongate and apically acute forewing (Figs. 2 B, C). Externally it is similar to M. punctatonervosa Signoret, 1879 from Sri Lanka (see Maa, 1963), but can be separated from the latter by the following characters: scutellum with lateral stripe; veins of forewing without superimposed spots; head process produced both forwards and upwards; tylus without median fovea; anteclypeuse without median carina; lateral angle of pronotum acute, protruding beyond level of basal sclerites of closed forewings; pronotum with distinct oblique ental carinae; and discoidal cell of forewing about 3.3���3.5 X as long as broad. Distribution: Southwestern China (Yunnan Prov.), Laos (Borikhane Prov.)., Published as part of Nie, Jing & Liang, Ai-Ping, 2008, A new species of Machaerota Burmeister (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Machaerotidae) from China and Laos, pp. 63-68 in Zootaxa 1727 on pages 65-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181252, {"references":["Maa, T. C. (1963) A Review of the Machaerotidae (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea). Pacific Insects Monograph, 5, 1 - 166."]}